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Seethalakshmi PS, Rajeev R, Prabhakaran A, Kiran GS, Selvin J. The menace of colistin resistance across globe: Obstacles and opportunities in curbing its spread. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127316. [PMID: 36812837 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Colistin-resistance in bacteria is a big concern for public health, since it is a last resort antibiotic to treat infectious diseases of multidrug resistant and carbapenem resistant Gram-negative pathogens in clinical settings. The emergence of colistin resistance in aquaculture and poultry settings has escalated the risks associated with colistin resistance in environment as well. The staggering number of reports pertaining to the rise of colistin resistance in bacteria from clinical and non-clinical settings is disconcerting. The co-existence of colistin resistant genes with other antibiotic resistant genes introduces new challenges in combatting antimicrobial resistance. Some countries have banned the manufacture, sale and distribution of colistin and its formulations for food producing animals. However, to tackle the issue of antimicrobial resistance, a one health approach initiative, inclusive of human, animal, and environmental health needs to be developed. Herein, we review the recent reports in colistin resistance in bacteria of clinical and non-clinical settings, deliberating on the new findings obtained regarding the development of colistin resistance. This review also discusses the initiatives implemented globally in mitigating colistin resistance, their strength and weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Seethalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | - Riya Rajeev
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | | | - George Seghal Kiran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
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Lees P, Pelligand L, Giraud E, Toutain PL. A history of antimicrobial drugs in animals: Evolution and revolution. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:137-171. [PMID: 32725687 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary process of antimicrobial drug (AMD) uses in animals over a mere eight decades (1940-2020) has led to a revolutionary outcome, and both evolution and revolution are ongoing, with reports on a range of uses, misuses and abuses escalating logarithmically. As well as veterinary therapeutic perspectives (efficacy, safety, host toxicity, residues, selection of drug, determination of dose and measurement of outcome in treating animal diseases), there are also broader, nontherapeutic uses, some of which have been abandoned, whilst others hopefully will soon be discontinued, at least in more developed countries. Although AMD uses for treatment of animal diseases will continue, it must: (a) be sustainable within the One Health paradigm; and (b) devolve into more prudent, rationally based therapeutic uses. As this review on AMDs is published in a Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, its scope has been made broader than most recent reviews in this field. Many reviews have focused on negative aspects of AMD actions and uses, especially on the question of antimicrobial resistance. This review recognizes these concerns but also emphasizes the many positive aspects deriving from the use of AMDs, including the major research-based advances underlying both the prudent and rational use of AMDs. It is structured in seven sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Sulfonamide history; (3) Nontherapeutic and empirical uses of AMDs (roles of agronomists and veterinarians); (4) Rational uses of AMDs (roles of pharmacologists, clinicians, industry and regulatory controls); (5) Prudent use (residue monitoring, antimicrobial resistance); (6) International and inter-disciplinary actions; and (7) Conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Etienne Giraud
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Grabowski T, Jaroszewski JJ, Gad SC, Feder M. Relationship between drug structure and minimal inhibitory concentration value used for acceptable daily intake analysis. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:490-7. [PMID: 25359732 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814557044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antimicrobial agent for a microbial population (MIC(50, obs) and MIC(90, obs)) is an interpolated value determined for antibacterial drugs by in vitro methods. Many studies have tried to determine the correlation between the MIC(50, obs) or MIC(90, obs) value and the physicochemical parameters to allow quantitaive structure activity relationship (QSAR) predictions of efficacy. A rigorous evaluation of approaches to this problem is presented here. In order to find a correlation between chemical structure and the derivatives of the MIC values for 9 indicatory bacterial strains, it is necessary to employ a number of physicochemical parameters in combination. Only an arithmetic expression composed of many features illustrating the chemical structure of the molecule can be linked to the ƒMIC(50, obs) value. This article demonstrated that, despite the complexity of the MIC value used as the end point, it is possible to validate the model in a limited extent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerzy Jan Jaroszewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Feder
- Department of Research and Development, ADAMED Sp. z o.o., Pieńków, Czosnów, Poland
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Grabowski T, Jaroszewski JJ, Piotrowski W, Feder M. Qualitative structure residue relationship analysis in the determination of the maximum residue limit of veterinary drugs. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:312-318. [PMID: 22226366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aim of the present study was an attempt to find a correlation between physicochemical structure of veterinary drugs and the maximum residue limit (MRL) for muscle tissue of food producing animals. Direct correlation and analysis in quintile groups for 52 physicochemical parameters were performed. An internal validation using leave-one-out cross-validation was performed. In the quintile groups, there were 11 arithmetic expressions created for the limited group of individual parameters (13 from 52 analyzed), which showed a significant linear or quadratic correlation between the number of quintile group and the mean value of MRL within the quintile. The results obtained suggest that there is no direct correlation between individual physicochemical parameters and MRL value in muscle tissue; however, such correlation can be determined for arithmetic expressions created on the basis of several physicochemical parameters, using quintile group analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grabowski
- Centre of Pharmacokinetics Research Filab, Ravimed Sp. z o.o., Polna 54, 05-119 Łajski, Poland.
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Ahn Y, Linder SW, Veach BT, Steve Yan S, Haydée Fernández A, Pineiro SA, Cerniglia CE. In vitro enrofloxacin binding in human fecal slurries. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 62:74-84. [PMID: 22178170 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Most antibiotic inactivation studies have been conducted through in vitro incubations of human use aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and fluoroquinolones, usually at fecal concentrations expected with therapeutic dose regimens in humans and animals. Less is known about the inactivation of these molecules when ingested at concentrations consistent with residue levels present in animal-derived foods from antibiotic treated animals. In this investigation, we used the fluoroquinolone, enrofloxacin which is specifically marketed for veterinary medicine as test compound. Fecal suspensions at 10%, 25%, and 50% (w/v) were subjected to physicochemical and molecular characterization and used in the drug binding studies. The fecal binding of enrofloxacin added at concentrations of 0.06, 0.1, 1, 5, 15, 50, and 150 mg/L was determined in various fecal slurry suspensions using analytical chemistry and microbiological assay methods. There was consistent correlation between both assay methods. By the analytical chemistry assay, the 10%, 25% and 50% diluted autoclaved fecal samples dosed with enrofloxacin showed binding of 50±4.6%, 54±6.5% and 56±6.8% of the enrofloxacin, respectively. Binding of enrofloxacin to fecal contents occurred rapidly within 10 min and remained constant over the incubation period. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses and pyrosequencing analysis showed varied profiles of the bacterial composition of the human intestinal microbiota for fecal samples from different individuals. This study provided information on methodological questions that have concerned regulatory authorities on in vitro testing to determine if concentrations of veterinary antimicrobial agent residues entering the human colon remain microbiologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbeom Ahn
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA
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Jeong SH, Song YK, Cho JH. Risk assessment of ciprofloxacin, flavomycin, olaquindox and colistin sulfate based on microbiological impact on human gut biota. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 53:209-16. [PMID: 19545513 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trace levels of veterinary antibiotics that reside in livestock products may disturb the balance of human intestinal microbiota and impair the colonized barrier function, which is critical to protect against the invasion or overgrowth of exogenous pathogens. We investigated the colonization barrier disruption effect of ciprofloxacin, flavomycin, olaquindox and colistin sulfate by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay in pure culture of human gut bacteria and evaluated the no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) and acceptable daily intake (ADI) based on the microbiological impact. MICs of the antibiotics were tested for total 100 isolates composed of 10 isolates from each of 10 predominant genera of human faeces that were freshly collected from healthy women at 1x10(5) and 1x10(9) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml. MIC assay was also conducted with 10 ATCC standard bacteria species of human fecal microbiota for the comparison with freshly isolated human fecal mirobiota. The most susceptible bacteria were Escherichia coli for ciprofloxacin and colistin sulfate, Fusobacterium spp. for flavomycin and Eubacterium spp. for olaquindox. MIC values were lower at 1x10(5) than at 1x10(9)CFU/ml. The susceptibility of feacal microbiota freshly isolated from healthy women tended to be similar with those of ATCC standard bactera. NOEC (microg/ml) and ADI (microg/kg BW/day) were evaluated as 0.008 and 0.15 for ciprofloxacin, 0.25 and 1 for flavomycin, 0.125 and 3 for olaquindox and 1.0 and 7 for colistin sulfate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Jeong
- Toxicology & Chemistry Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480, Anyang-6-dong, Anyang City, Kyung Gi, 430-016, Republic of Korea.
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Woodward K. Assessment of user safety, exposure and risk to veterinary medicinal products in the European Union. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 50:114-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cerniglia CE, Kotarski S. Approaches in the safety evaluations of veterinary antimicrobial agents in food to determine the effects on the human intestinal microflora. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 28:3-20. [PMID: 15720510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The administration of antimicrobial agents to livestock creates potential for antibiotic residues to enter the food supply and be consumed by humans. Therefore, as a process of food animal drug registration, national regulatory agencies and international committees evaluate data regarding the chemical, microbiologic, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmacologic, toxicologic, and antimicrobial properties of veterinary drugs to assess the safety of ingested antimicrobial residues to consumers. Currently, European, Australian and United States guidelines for veterinary drug registration require a safety assessment of microbiologic hazards from consumption of antimicrobial residues taking into account the potentially adverse effects on human intestinal microflora. The main concerns addressed are selection of resistant bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and disruption of the colonization barrier of the resident intestinal microflora. Current requirements differ among national agencies. Efforts are ongoing internationally to review and harmonize approaches and test methods and protocols for application to these microbiologic safety evaluations of antimicrobial drug residues in food. This review describes the background to current regulatory approaches used in applying in vitro and in vivo methods to set a microbiologic acceptable daily intake for residues in food derived from animals treated with an antimicrobial agent. This paper also examines the current research needs to support these evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cerniglia
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Abstract
Pharmacovigilance is a growing discipline and nowhere is this more true than in the context of the legislative requirements for veterinary pharmacovigilance within the European Union (EU), or more specifically, within the European Economic Area. Since 1995, the legislation governing the authorization of veterinary medicinal products in the EU has resulted in the older national procedures being replaced by the mutual recognition procedure and the centralized procedure. Also since 1995, the regulatory requirements for pharmacovigilance have developed and grown, as have the associated guidelines. The recent review of European veterinary medicines legislation, which concluded with the publication of an amending directive and a new regulation in March 2004, has introduced refinements to the pharmacovigilance system. This paper examines the EU legislation governing the authorization of veterinary medicinal products, including the elaboration of maximum residue limits, and the way in which this relates to the requirements of pharmacovigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Woodward
- Schering-Plough Animal Health, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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Cerniglia CE, Kotarski S. Evaluation of veterinary drug residues in food for their potential to affect human intestinal microflora. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1999; 29:238-61. [PMID: 10388611 DOI: 10.1006/rtph.1999.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals may result in trace quantities of the drugs or their metabolites being present as residues in food. The effects of veterinary drugs intended for use in food-producing animals on intestinal microflora are evaluated in drug registration since these residues may pose a risk due to their antibiotic activity. This article reviews the different in vivo and in vitro experimental test systems and approaches used by animal health industries, contract laboratories, and regulatory authorities to assess the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods for human consumption. Furthermore, we propose a systematic approach to assess the effects and safety of veterinary drug residues on the human intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cerniglia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079, USA.
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