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Dupuis JR, Sperling FAH. Phylogenomic test of mitochondrial clues to archaic ancestors in a group of hybridizing swallowtail butterflies. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 152:106921. [PMID: 32758535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genomics has revolutionized our understanding of hybridization and introgression, but most of the early evidence for these processes came from studies of mitochondrial introgression. To expand these evolutionary insights from mitochondrial patterns, we evaluate phylogenetic discordance across the nuclear genomes of a hybridizing system, the Papilio machaon group of swallowtail butterflies. This species group contains three hybrid lineages (P. brevicauda, P. joanae, and P. m. kahli) that are geographically disjunct across North America and have complete fixation of a mitochondrial lineage that is otherwise primarily found in P. m. hudsonianus, a boreal subspecies of the Holarctic P. machaon. Genome-wide nuclear markers place the three hybrid lineages as a monophyletic group that is sister to P. polyxenes/P. zelicaon rather than P. machaon, although ancient hybridization between a subspecies of P. machaon and the ancestor of these three lineages is also shown by their greater nuclear affinity to P. m. hudsonianus than to other subspecies of P. machaon. Individuals from contemporary hybrid swarms in Alberta, where mitochondrial DNA fixation has not occurred, were more intermediate between their respective parent species, demonstrating diversity in mito-nuclear discordance following hybrid interactions. Our new phylogenetic findings for the P. machaon species group also include: subspecific paraphyly within P. machaon itself across its Holarctic distribution; paraphyly of P. zelicaon relative to P. polyxenes; and more divergent placement of a Mediterranean species, P. hospiton. These results provide the first comprehensive genomic evaluation of relationships within this species group and provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of hybridization and mitochondrial introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Dupuis
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Ag Science Center North, 1100 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Levänen R, Kunnasranta M, Pohjoismäki J. Mitochondrial DNA Introgression at the Northern Edge of the Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus) Range. ANN ZOOL FENN 2018. [DOI: 10.5735/086.055.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Levänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mervi Kunnasranta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Pohjoismäki
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Cryptic genetic diversity in the mottled rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens with mitochondrial introgression at a contact zone in the South China Sea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193220. [PMID: 29466431 PMCID: PMC5821360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy of the mottled rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens species complex has long been challenging. In this study, we analyzed microsatellite genotypes, mitochondrial lineages, and morphometric data from 373 S. fuscescens individuals sampled from the northern Philippines and Hong Kong (South China Sea, Philippine Sea and Sulu Sea basins), to examine putative species boundaries in samples comprising three co-occurring mitochondrial lineages previously reported to characterize S. fuscescens (Clade A and Clade B) or S. canaliculatus (Clade C). We report the existence of two cryptic species within S. fuscescens in the northeast region of the South China Sea and northern Philippine Sea, supported by genetic and morphological differences. Individual-based assignment methods recovered concordant groupings of individuals into two nuclear genotype clusters (Cluster 1, Cluster 2) with (1) limited gene flow, if any, between them (FST = 0.241; P < 0.001); (2) low frequency of later-generation hybrids; (3) significant association with mitochondrial Clade A and Clade B, respectively; and (4) subtle yet significant body shape differences as inferred from geometric morphometric analysis. The divergence between mitochondrial Clade C and the two other clades was not matched by genetic differences at microsatellite marker loci. The occurrence of discordant mitonuclear combinations (20.5% of the total number of individuals) is thought to result from mitochondrial introgression, consistent with a scenario of demographic, and presumably spatial, post-Pleistocene expansion of populations from northern regions into a secondary contact zone in the South China Sea. Mitonuclear discordance due to introgression obscures phylogenetic relationships for recently-diverged lineages, and cautions against the use of mitochondrial markers alone for species identification within the mottled rabbitfish species complex in the South China Sea region.
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Rostgaard Nielsen L, Brandes U, Dahl Kjaer E, Fjellheim S. Introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) invades the genome of native populations in vulnerable heathland habitats. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2790-804. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lene Rostgaard Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Rolighedsvej 23 Frederiksberg C 1958 Denmark
| | - Ursula Brandes
- Department of Plant Sciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås NO-1432 Norway
| | - Erik Dahl Kjaer
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Rolighedsvej 23 Frederiksberg C 1958 Denmark
| | - Siri Fjellheim
- Department of Plant Sciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Ås NO-1432 Norway
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Mitchell SM, Muehlbauer LK, Freedberg S. Nuclear introgression without mitochondrial introgression in two turtle species exhibiting sex-specific trophic differentiation. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3280-8. [PMID: 27252833 PMCID: PMC4870212 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the presence of reproductive barriers between species, interspecific gene introgression has been documented in a range of natural systems. Comparing patterns of genetic introgression in biparental versus matrilineal markers can potentially reveal sex-specific barriers to interspecific gene flow. Hybridization has been documented in the freshwater turtles Graptemys geographica and G. pseudogeographica, whose ranges are largely sympatric. Morphological differentiation between the species is restricted to females, with female G. geographica possessing large heads and jaws compared to the narrow heads of G. pseudogeographica females. If hybrid females are morphologically intermediate, they may be less successful at exploiting parental feeding niches, thereby limiting the introgression of maternally inherited, but not biparental, molecular markers. We paired sequence data with stable isotope analysis and examined sex-specific genetic introgression and trophic differentiation in sympatric populations of G. geographica and G. pseudogeographica. We observed introgression from G. pseudogeographica into G. geographica at three nuclear loci, but not at the mitochondrial locus. Analysis of ∂(15)N and ∂(13)C was consistent with species differences in trophic positioning in females, but not males. These results suggest that ecological divergence in females may reduce the opportunity for gene flow in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Mitchell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011-1020
| | - Laura K Muehlbauer
- Department of Biology St. Olaf College 1520 St. Olaf Avenue Northfield Minnesota 55057
| | - Steven Freedberg
- Department of Biology St. Olaf College 1520 St. Olaf Avenue Northfield Minnesota 55057
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Sardell JM, Uy JAC. Hybridization following recent secondary contact results in asymmetric genotypic and phenotypic introgression between island species ofMyzomelahoneyeaters. Evolution 2016; 70:257-69. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Sardell
- Department of Biology; University of Miami; Coral Gables Florida 33146
| | - J. Albert C. Uy
- Department of Biology; University of Miami; Coral Gables Florida 33146
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Sánchez-Guillén RA, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Hansson B, Ott J, Wellenreuther M. Evolutionary consequences of climate-induced range shifts in insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:1050-1064. [PMID: 26150047 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Range shifts can rapidly create new areas of geographic overlap between formerly allopatric taxa and evidence is accumulating that this can affect species persistence. We review the emerging literature on the short- and long-term consequences of these geographic range shifts. Specifically, we focus on the evolutionary consequences of novel species interactions in newly created sympatric areas by describing the potential (i) short-term processes acting on reproductive barriers between species and (ii) long-term consequences of range shifts on the stability of hybrid zones, introgression and ultimately speciation and extinction rates. Subsequently, we (iii) review the empirical literature on insects to evaluate which processes have been studied, and (iv) outline some areas that deserve increased attention in the future, namely the genomics of hybridisation and introgression, our ability to forecast range shifts and the impending threat from insect vectors and pests on biodiversity, human health and crop production. Our review shows that species interactions in de novo sympatric areas can be manifold, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing species diversity. A key issue that emerges is that climate-induced hybridisations in insects are much more widespread than anticipated and that rising temperatures and increased anthropogenic disturbances are accelerating the process of species mixing. The existing evidence only shows the tip of the iceberg and we are likely to see many more cases of species mixing following range shifts in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Sánchez-Guillén
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden. .,Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto of Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 70 275, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto of Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 70 275, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Ott
- L.U.P.O. GmbH, 67705, Trippstadt, Germany
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden.,Plant and Food Research, Nelson, 7043, New Zealand
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Trigo TC, Tirelli FP, de Freitas TRO, Eizirik E. Comparative assessment of genetic and morphological variation at an extensive hybrid zone between two wild cats in southern Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108469. [PMID: 25250657 PMCID: PMC4177223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased attention towards the Neotropical cats Leopardus guttulus and L. geoffroyi was prompted after genetic studies identified the occurrence of extensive hybridization between them at their geographic contact zone in southern Brazil. This is a region where two biomes intersect, each of which is associated with one of the hybridizing species (Atlantic Forest with L. guttulus and Pampas with L. geoffroyi). In this study, we conducted in-depth analyses of multiple molecular markers aiming to characterize the magnitude and spatial structure of this hybrid zone. We also performed a morphological assessment of these species, aiming to test their phenotypic differentiation at the contact zone, as well as the correlation between morphological features and the admixture status of the individuals. We found strong evidence for extensive and complex hybridization, with at least 40% of the individuals sampled in Rio Grande do Sul state (southernmost Brazil) identified as hybrids resulting from post-F1 generations. Despite such a high level of hybridization, samples collected in this state still comprised two recognizable clusters (genetically and morphologically). Genetically pure individuals were sampled mainly in regions farther from the contact zone, while hybrids concentrated in a central region (exactly at the interface between the two biomes). The morphological data set also revealed a strong spatial structure, which was correlated with the molecular results but displayed an even more marked separation between the clusters. Hybrids often did not present intermediate body sizes and could not be clearly distinguished morphologically from the parental forms. This observation suggests that some selective pressure may be acting on the hybrids, limiting their dispersal away from the hybrid zone and perhaps favoring genomic combinations that maintain adaptive phenotypic features of one or the other parental species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane C. Trigo
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Flávia P. Tirelli
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thales R. O. de Freitas
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Eizirik
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, Brazil
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Rajaei Sh H, Struwe JF, Raupach MJ, Ahrens D, Wägele JW. Integration of cytochromecoxidase I barcodes and geometric morphometrics to delimit species in the genusGnopharmia(Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Ennominae). Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rajaei Sh
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160; 53113; Bonn; Germany
| | - Jan-Frederic Struwe
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160; 53113; Bonn; Germany
| | - Michael J. Raupach
- Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung; Senckenberg am Meer; Südstrand 44; 26382; Wilhelmshaven; Germany
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160; 53113; Bonn; Germany
| | - J. Wolfgang Wägele
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160; 53113; Bonn; Germany
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Zinetti F, Dapporto L, Vovlas A, Chelazzi G, Bonelli S, Balletto E, Ciofi C. When the rule becomes the exception. no evidence of gene flow between two Zerynthia cryptic butterflies suggests the emergence of a new model group. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65746. [PMID: 23755277 PMCID: PMC3675026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that most parapatric cryptic/sister taxa are reproductively compatible across their areas of contact. Consequently, the biological species concept, which assumes absence of interbreeding, is becoming a not so effective criterion in evolutionary ecology. Nevertheless, the few parapatric sister taxa showing complete reproductive barriers represent interesting models to study speciation processes and the evolution of reproductive isolation. In this study, we examined contact populations in northwestern Italy of two butterfly species, Zerynthia polyxena and Z. cassandra, characterized by different genitalic morphotypes. We studied levels of divergence among 21 populations distributed from Sicily to France using three genetic markers (the mitochondrial COI and ND1 genes and the nuclear wingless gene) and genitalic geometric morphometrics. Moreover, we performed species distribution modelling to estimate different climatic requirements of Z. polyxena and Z. cassandra. We projected climatic data into glacial maximum scenarios in order to verify if and to which extent glacial cycles could have contributed to speciation processes. Genetic and morphometric analyses identified two main groups. All specimens showed a concordant pattern of diversification, including those individuals sampled in the contact area. Haplotype distribution and climatic models showed that during glacial maxima both species experienced a strong range contraction and presumably remained separated into different microrefugia in southern France, in the Italian Peninsula and on the islands of Elba and Sicily. Long term separation was probably favoured by reduced dispersal ability and high phylopatry, while genitalic diversification probably favoured interbreeding avoidance. Conversely, the aposematic wing pattern remained almost identical. We compared our results with those obtained in other species and concluded that Z. polyxena and Z. cassandra represent a valuable model in the study of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zinetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- Istituto Comprensivo Materna Elementare Media Convenevole da Prato, Prato, Italy
| | - Alessio Vovlas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Chelazzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Balletto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Ciofi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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Roux C, Tsagkogeorga G, Bierne N, Galtier N. Crossing the species barrier: genomic hotspots of introgression between two highly divergent Ciona intestinalis species. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:1574-87. [PMID: 23564941 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring a realistic demographic model from genetic data is an important challenge to gain insights into the historical events during the speciation process and to detect molecular signatures of selection along genomes. Recent advances in divergence population genetics have reported that speciation in face of gene flow occurred more frequently than theoretically expected, but the approaches used did not account for genome-wide heterogeneity (GWH) in introgression rates. Here, we investigate the impact of GWH on the inference of divergence with gene flow between two cryptic species of the marine model Ciona intestinalis by analyzing polymorphism and divergence patterns in 852 protein-coding sequence loci. These morphologically similar entities are highly diverged molecular-wise, but evidence of hybridization has been reported in both laboratory and field studies. We compare various speciation models and test for GWH under the approximate Bayesian computation framework. Our results demonstrate the presence of significant extents of gene flow resulting from a recent secondary contact after >3 My of divergence in isolation. The inferred rates of introgression are relatively low, highly variable across loci and mostly unidirectional, which is consistent with the idea that numerous genetic incompatibilities have accumulated over time throughout the genomes of these highly diverged species. A genomic map of the level of gene flow identified two hotspots of introgression, that is, large genome regions of unidirectional introgression. This study clarifies the history and degree of isolation of two cryptic and partially sympatric model species and provides a methodological framework to investigate GWH at various stages of speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Roux
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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Wang RX. Gene flow across a hybrid zone maintained by a weak heterogametic incompatibility and positive selection of incompatible alleles. J Evol Biol 2012; 26:386-98. [PMID: 23279645 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization between incipient species is more likely to produce sterile or inviable F(1) offspring in the heterogametic (XY or ZW) sex than in the homogametic (XX or ZZ) sex, a phenomenon known as Haldane's rule. Population dynamics associated with Haldane's rule may play an important role in early speciation of sexually reproducing organisms. The dynamics of the hybrid zone maintained by incomplete hybrid inferiority (sterility/inviability) in the heterogametic sex (a 'weak' Haldane's rule) caused by a Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility was modelled. The influences and interplays of the strengths of incompatibility, dispersal, density-dependent regulation (DDR) and local adaptation of incompatible alleles in a scenario of short-range dispersal (the stepping-stone model) were examined. It was found that a partial heterogametic hybrid incompatibility could efficiently impede gene flow and maintain characteristic clinal noncoincidence and discordance of alleles. Density-dependent regulation appears to be an important factor affecting hybrid zone dynamics: it can effectively skew the effects of the partial incompatibility and dispersal as measured by effective dispersal, clinal structures and density depression. Unexpectedly, local adaptation of incompatible alleles in the parental populations, which would be critical for the establishment of the incompatibility, exerts little effect on hybrid zone dynamics. These results strongly support the plausibility of the adaptive origin of hybrid incompatibility and ecological speciation: an adaptive mutation, if it confers a marginal fitness advantage in the local population and happens to cause epistatic inferiority in hybrids, could efficiently drive further genetic divergence that may result in the gene becoming an evolutionary hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-X Wang
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Wiemers M, van Swaay C, Collins S, Dušej G, Maes D, Munguira ML, Rakosy L, Ryrholm N, Šašić M, Settele J, Thomas J, Verovnik R, Verstrael T, Warren M, Wynhoff I. Dos and Don’ts for butterflies of the Habitats Directive of the European Union. NATURE CONSERVATION 2012. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.1.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn R. Shurtliff
- Department of Biological Sciences; Idaho State University; Idaho; 83209; USA
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Dufková P, Macholán M, Piálek J. Inference of selection and stochastic effects in the house mouse hybrid zone. Evolution 2011; 65:993-1010. [PMID: 21463294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We explored the transition of 13 X-linked markers across two separate portions of the house mouse hybrid zone, asking whether such a comparison can distinguish the effects of selection from random factors. A heuristic search in the likelihood landscape revealed more complex likelihood profiles for data sampled in two-dimensional (2D) space relative to data sampled along a linear transect. Randomized resampling of localities analyzed for individual loci showed that deletion of sites away from the zone center can decrease cline width estimates whereas deletion of sites close to the center can significantly increase the width estimates. Deleting localities for all loci resulted in wider clines if the number of samples from the center was limited. The results suggest that, given the great variation in width estimates resulting from inclusion/exclusion of sampling sites, the geographic sampling design is important in hybrid zone studies and that our inferences should take into account measures of uncertainty such as support intervals. The comparison of the two transects indicates cline widths are narrower for loci in the central part of the X chromosome, suggesting selection is stronger in this region and genetic incompatibilities may have at least partly common architecture in the house mouse hybrid zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dufková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Schilthuizen M, Giesbers MCWG, Beukeboom LW. Haldane's rule in the 21st century. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 107:95-102. [PMID: 21224879 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Haldane's Rule (HR), which states that 'when in the offspring of two different animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous (heterogametic) sex', is one of the most general patterns in speciation biology. We review the literature of the past 15 years and find that among the ∼85 new studies, many consider taxa that traditionally have not been the focus for HR investigations. The new studies increased to nine, the number of 'phylogenetically independent' groups that comply with HR. They continue to support the dominance and faster-male theories as explanations for HR, although due to increased reliance on indirect data (from, for example, differential introgression of cytoplasmic versus chromosomal loci in natural hybrid zones) unambiguous novel results are rare. We further highlight how research on organisms with sex determination systems different from those traditionally considered may lead to more insight in the underlying causes of HR. In particular, haplodiploid organisms provide opportunities for testing specific predictions of the dominance and faster X chromosome theory, and we present new data that show that the faster-male component of HR is supported in hermaphrodites, suggesting that genes involved in male function may evolve faster than those expressed in the female function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schilthuizen
- Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity, Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Ackermann RR. Phenotypic traits of primate hybrids: Recognizing admixture in the fossil record. Evol Anthropol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Winkler KA, Pamminger-Lahnsteiner B, Wanzenböck J, Weiss S. Hybridization and restricted gene flow between native and introduced stocks of Alpine whitefish (Coregonus sp.) across multiple environments. Mol Ecol 2010; 20:456-72. [PMID: 21199024 PMCID: PMC3045663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Translocations of Baltic whitefish (Coregonus sp.) into Austrian Alpine lakes have created ‘artificial hybrid zones’, threatening the genetic integrity of native lineages. We evaluate the genetic structure of Coregonus in Austrian lakes and characterize hybridization and introgression between native and introduced lineages. Fifteen populations (N= 747) were assessed for allelic variation at eight microsatellite loci and a reduced set (N= 253) for variation across two mtDNA genes (cyt b and NADH-3). Bayesian approaches were used to estimate individual admixture proportions (q-values) and classify genotypes as native, introduced or hybrids. q-value distributions varied among populations highlighting differential hybridization and introgression histories. Many lakes revealed a clear distinction between native and introduced genotypes despite hybridization, whereas some locations revealed hybrid swarms. Genetic structure among lakes was congruent with morphological divergence and novelty raising speculation of multiple taxa, including a population south of the Alps, outside the putative native range of Coregonus. Although statistically congruent with inferences based on nuclear markers, mitochondrial haplotype data was not diagnostic with respect to native and non-native lineages, supporting that the Alpine region was colonized post-glacially by an admixture of mtDNA lineages, which coalesce >1 Ma. Mechanisms promoting or eroding lineage isolation are discussed, as well as a high potential to conserve native Alpine lineages despite the extensive historical use of introduced Baltic stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A Winkler
- Institute for Zoology, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz, Austria
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Raupach MJ, Astrin JJ, Hannig K, Peters MK, Stoeckle MY, Wägele JW. Molecular species identification of Central European ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) using nuclear rDNA expansion segments and DNA barcodes. Front Zool 2010; 7:26. [PMID: 20836845 PMCID: PMC2945340 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of vast numbers of unknown organisms using DNA sequences becomes more and more important in ecological and biodiversity studies. In this context, a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene has been proposed as standard DNA barcoding marker for the identification of organisms. Limitations of the COI barcoding approach can arise from its single-locus identification system, the effect of introgression events, incomplete lineage sorting, numts, heteroplasmy and maternal inheritance of intracellular endosymbionts. Consequently, the analysis of a supplementary nuclear marker system could be advantageous. RESULTS We tested the effectiveness of the COI barcoding region and of three nuclear ribosomal expansion segments in discriminating ground beetles of Central Europe, a diverse and well-studied invertebrate taxon. As nuclear markers we determined the 18S rDNA: V4, 18S rDNA: V7 and 28S rDNA: D3 expansion segments for 344 specimens of 75 species. Seventy-three species (97%) of the analysed species could be accurately identified using COI, while the combined approach of all three nuclear markers provided resolution among 71 (95%) of the studied Carabidae. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that the analysed nuclear ribosomal expansion segments in combination constitute a valuable and efficient supplement for classical DNA barcoding to avoid potential pitfalls when only mitochondrial data are being used. We also demonstrate the high potential of COI barcodes for the identification of even closely related carabid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Raupach
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160-162, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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McCormack JE, Heled J, Delaney KS, Peterson AT, Knowles LL. CALIBRATING DIVERGENCE TIMES ON SPECIES TREES VERSUS GENE TREES: IMPLICATIONS FOR SPECIATION HISTORY OF APHELOCOMA JAYS. Evolution 2010; 65:184-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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MUÑOZ AG, SALAZAR C, CASTAÑO J, JIGGINS CD, LINARES M. Multiple sources of reproductive isolation in a bimodal butterfly hybrid zone. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1312-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Excoffier L, Foll M, Petit RJ. Genetic Consequences of Range Expansions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 926] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Excoffier
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab (CMPG), Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Matthieu Foll
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab (CMPG), Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Rémy J. Petit
- INRA, UMR Biodiversity, Genes and Communities, F-33610 Cestas, France and Université de Bordeaux, UMR Biodiversity, Genes and Communities, F-33610 Cestas, France
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Verardi A, Canestrelli D, Nascetti G. Nuclear and Mitochondrial Patterns of Introgression between the Parapatric European TreefrogsHyla arboreaandH. intermedia. ANN ZOOL FENN 2009. [DOI: 10.5735/086.046.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Petit RJ, Excoffier L. Gene flow and species delimitation. Trends Ecol Evol 2009; 24:386-93. [PMID: 19409650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wahlberg N, Weingartner E, Warren AD, Nylin S. Timing major conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear genes in species relationships of Polygonia butterflies (Nymphalidae: Nymphalini). BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:92. [PMID: 19422691 PMCID: PMC2688511 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear genes in estimating species relationships is an increasingly common finding in animals. Usually this is attributed to incomplete lineage sorting, but recently the possibility has been raised that hybridization is important in generating such phylogenetic patterns. Just how widespread ancient and/or recent hybridization is in animals and how it affects estimates of species relationships is still not well-known. RESULTS We investigate the species relationships and their evolutionary history over time in the genus Polygonia using DNA sequences from two mitochondrial gene regions (COI and ND1, total 1931 bp) and four nuclear gene regions (EF-1alpha, wingless, GAPDH and RpS5, total 2948 bp). We found clear, strongly supported conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences in estimating species relationships in the genus Polygonia. Nodes at which there was no conflict tended to have diverged at the same time when analyzed separately, while nodes at which conflict was present diverged at different times. We find that two species create most of the conflict, and attribute the conflict found in Polygonia satyrus to ancient hybridization and conflict found in Polygonia oreas to recent or ongoing hybridization. In both examples, the nuclear gene regions tended to give the phylogenetic relationships of the species supported by morphology and biology. CONCLUSION Studies inferring species-level relationships using molecular data should never be based on a single locus. Here we show that the phylogenetic hypothesis generated using mitochondrial DNA gives a very different interpretation of the evolutionary history of Polygonia species compared to that generated from nuclear DNA. We show that possible cases of hybridization in Polygonia are not limited to sister species, but may be inferred further back in time. Furthermore, we provide more evidence that Haldane's effect might not be as strong a process in preventing hybridization in butterflies as has been previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wahlberg
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Andrew D Warren
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, SW 34th Street and Hull Road, PO Box 112710, Gainesville, FL 32611-2710, USA
- Museo de Zoología, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-399, México, DF 04510 México
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mallet J. Hybridization, ecological races and the nature of species: empirical evidence for the ease of speciation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:2971-86. [PMID: 18579473 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species are generally viewed by evolutionists as 'real' distinct entities in nature, making speciation appear difficult. Charles Darwin had originally promoted a very different uniformitarian view that biological species were continuous with 'varieties' below the level of species and became distinguishable from them only when divergent natural selection led to gaps in the distribution of morphology. This Darwinian view on species came under immediate attack, and the consensus among evolutionary biologists today appears to side more with the ideas of Ernst Mayr and Theodosius Dobzhansky, who argued 70 years ago that Darwin was wrong about species. Here, I show how recent genetic studies of supposedly well-behaved animals, such as insects and vertebrates, including our own species, have supported the existence of the Darwinian continuum between varieties and species. Below the level of species, there are well-defined ecological races, while above the level of species, hybridization still occurs, and may often lead to introgression and, sometimes, hybrid speciation. This continuum is evident, not only across vast geographical regions, but also locally in sympatry. The existence of this continuum provides good evidence for gradual evolution of species from ecological races and biotypes, to hybridizing species and, ultimately, to species that no longer cross. Continuity between varieties and species not only provides an excellent argument against creationism, but also gives insight into the process of speciation. The lack of a hiatus between species and ecological races suggests that speciation may occur, perhaps frequently, in sympatry, and the abundant intermediate stages suggest that it is happening all around us. Speciation is easy!
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mallet
- Galton Laboratory, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK.
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Carling MD, Brumfield RT. HALDANE'S RULE IN AN AVIAN SYSTEM: USING CLINE THEORY AND DIVERGENCE POPULATION GENETICS TO TEST FOR DIFFERENTIAL INTROGRESSION OF MITOCHONDRIAL, AUTOSOMAL, AND SEX-LINKED LOCI ACROSS THEPASSERINABUNTING HYBRID ZONE. Evolution 2008; 62:2600-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Currat M, Ruedi M, Petit RJ, Excoffier L. The hidden side of invasions: massive introgression by local genes. Evolution 2008; 62:1908-20. [PMID: 18452573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite hundreds of reports involving both plants and animals, the mechanisms underlying introgression remain obscure, even if some form of selection is frequently invoked. Introgression has repeatedly been reported in species that have recently colonized a new habitat, suggesting that demographic processes should be given more attention for understanding the mechanisms of introgression. Here we show by spatially explicit simulations that massive introgression of neutral genes takes place during the invasion of an occupied territory if interbreeding is not severely prevented between the invading and the local species. We also demonstrate that introgression occurs almost exclusively from the local to the invading species, especially for populations located far away from the source of the invasion, and this irrespective of the relative densities of the two species. This pattern is strongest at markers experiencing reduced gene flow, in keeping with the observation that organelle genes are often preferentially introgressed across species boundaries. A survey of the literature shows that a majority of published empirical studies of introgression during range expansions, in animals and in plants, follow the predictions of our model. Our results imply that speciation genes can be identified by comparing genomes of interfertile native and invading species pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Currat
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Zoology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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Nagata N, Kubota K, Yahiro K, Sota T. Mechanical barriers to introgressive hybridization revealed by mitochondrial introgression patterns in Ohomopterus ground beetle assemblages. Mol Ecol 2008; 16:4822-36. [PMID: 18028179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the role of diverged body size and genital morphology in reproductive isolation among closely related species, we examined patterns of, and factors limiting, introgressive hybridization between sympatric Ohomopterus ground beetles in central Japan using mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene sequences. We sampled 17 local assemblages that consisted of two to five species and estimated levels of interspecific gene flow using the genetic distance, D(A), and maximum-likelihood estimates of gene flow. Sharing of haplotypes or haplotype lineages was detected between six of seven species that occurred in the study areas, indicating mitochondrial introgression. The intensity and direction of mitochondrial gene flow were variable among species pairs. To determine the factors affecting introgression patterns, we tested the relationships between interspecific D(A) and five independent variables: difference in body size, difference in genital size, phylogenetic relatedness (nuclear gene sequence divergence), habitat difference, and species richness of the assemblage. Body and genital size differences contributed significantly to preventing gene flow. Thus, mechanical isolation mechanisms reduce the chance of introgressive hybridization between closely related species. Our results highlight the role of morphological divergence in speciation and assemblage formation processes through mechanical isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Nagata
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Gay L, Neubauer G, Zagalska-Neubauer M, Debain C, Pons JM, David P, Crochet PA. Molecular and morphological patterns of introgression between two large white-headed gull species in a zone of recent secondary contact. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:3215-27. [PMID: 17651198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete reproductive isolation promotes gene flow between diverging taxa. However, any gene encoding for traits involved in the reproductive barriers will be less prone to introgression than neutral markers. Comparing introgression rates among loci is thus informative of the number and functions of loci involved in the reproductive barriers. This study aimed at identifying possible mechanisms of restriction to gene flow across a zone of recent secondary contact between Larus argentatus and Larus cachinnans by comparing introgression patterns for nine microsatellite loci, a fragment of mitochondrial DNA and a set of phenotypic traits. The low linkage disequilibrium between neutral nuclear markers indicated introgression without any barrier to gene flow. However, asymmetric introgression of mitochondrial DNA suggested that interspecific crosses may be more successful in one direction. The introgression rate for phenotypic traits was variable and low compared to neutral molecular markers. This was particularly evident in colouration of bare parts: individuals with intermediate colouration were scarcer in sympatry than expected if the genomes recombined freely. We hypothesized that one of these variables, the orbital ring colour, may play a role in mate choice, acting as an incomplete premating barrier through assortative mating. This study emphasizes that multilocus approaches are useful to discriminate among possible mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of hybrid zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gay
- CEFE-CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Oliver JC, Shapiro AM. Genetic isolation and cryptic variation within the Lycaena xanthoides species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Mol Ecol 2007; 16:4308-20. [PMID: 17850265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species exist as biological entities with patterns of discontinuous phenotypic variation. However, the distinctness of taxa is called into question when morphological intermediates exist in areas of sympatry, reflecting either gene flow among variants of a species or hybridization between different species. Studying the partitioning of genetic variation provides a means to discern between the two possibilities. We used genetic and morphometric approaches to investigate the degree of isolation among the three members of the Lycaena xanthoides species group. Lycaena xanthoides, L. editha, and L. dione are predominantly allopatric and have been treated both as three separate species and as a single polytypic species. Using 618 bp of the mitochondrial gene COII, we found little phylogenetic resolution, but significant among-taxa genetic variance partitioning. Divergence among these taxa has been relatively recent, as evidenced by relatively low pairwise sequence divergence. Also, the existence of two well-supported clades within L. xanthoides sensu stricto, concordant with the Transverse Ranges of southern California, indicates divergence within this taxon, and a possible cryptic species. Significant morphological differentiation between L. editha and L. xanthoides supports the hypothesis that these taxa represent separate gene pools. Populations occurring in a narrow zone where the two species' ranges approach are characterized by intermediate morphology, suggesting incomplete morphological divergence or recent hybridization. These findings highlight the utility of genetic data in inferring species boundaries and the identification of cryptic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Oliver
- Interdisciplinary Program in Insect Science and Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Grill A, Raijmann LEL, VAN Ginkel W, Gkioka E, Menken SBJ. Genetic differentiation and natural hybridization between the Sardinian endemic Maniola nurag and the European Maniola jurtina. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:1255-70. [PMID: 17584221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean island of Sardinia is known for its multitude of unique genetic lineages. We view one of them in a larger phylogeographic context. The endemic Sardinian Meadow Brown butterfly, Maniola nurag, is restricted to the mountainous areas of the island, whereas its widespread close relative, Maniola jurtina, also occurs on the coast. At intermediate altitudes the species' distributions overlap. There, a number of individuals exhibit phenotypic characteristics intermediate between the two species. We examined patterns of intra- and interpopulation variation in 10 M. nurag populations from Sardinia and 16 M. jurtina populations from Sardinia and continental Europe, as well as 17 intermediate individuals, sampled in 1999-2002, by means of allozyme markers, combining it with a morphometric analysis based on 18 wing-characters of 52 males. At the 15 loci studied (aldolase, aat-1, aat-2, g6pdh, gpd, idh-1, idh-2, mdh-1, mdh-2, mpi, me, leu-ala, pgi, pgm, and 6pgdh), 76 different alleles were detected, 63 of which were shared by M. nurag and M. jurtina. None of the loci was found to be alternatively fixed between the two species. In that respect, this study testifies to the difficulties that may arise when trying to identify hybrids from genotypic data. Levels of genetic variation in island populations (M. jurtina: H(O) = 0.137-0.189; M. nurag: H(O) = 0.141-0.270) were comparable to those of mainland M. jurtina (H(O) = 0.141-0.236). A Bayesian admixture analysis supported the hypothesis of mixed (hybrid) ancestry of individuals occurring at intermediate altitudes. Similarly, neighbour-joining and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) analyses, as well as morphometrics hinted at the existence of a Maniola-hybrid zone in Sardinia at intermediate altitudes. We discuss the results in the light of the phylogeography of other Sardinian taxa with the aim to reach a general understanding of the biogeographic history of this island's endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grill
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Takami Y, Nagata N, Sasabe M, Sota T. Asymmetry in reproductive isolation and its effect on directional mitochondrial introgression in the parapatric ground beetles Carabus yamato and C. albrechti. POPUL ECOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-007-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Introgressive hybridization as the breakdown of postzygotic isolation: a theoretical perspective. Ecol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-007-0384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Tech C. Postzygotic incompatibilities between the pupfishes, Cyprinodon elegans and Cyprinodon variegatus: hybrid male sterility and sex ratio bias. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1830-7. [PMID: 17040380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
I examined the intrinsic postzygotic incompatibilities between two pupfishes, Cyprinodon elegans and Cyprinodon variegatus. Laboratory hybridization experiments revealed evidence of strong postzygotic isolation. Male hybrids have very low fertility, and the survival of backcrosses into C. elegans was substantially reduced. In addition, several crosses produced female-biased sex ratios. Crosses involving C. elegans females and C. variegatus males produced only females, and in backcrosses involving hybrid females and C. elegans males, males made up approximately 25% of the offspring. All other crosses produced approximately 50% males. These sex ratios could be explained by genetic incompatibilities that occur, at least in part, on sex chromosomes. Thus, these results provide strong albeit indirect evidence that pupfish have XY chromosomal sex determination. The results of this study provide insight on the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms, particularly the role of Haldane's rule and the 'faster-male' theory in taxa lacking well-differentiated sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tech
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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GRILL ANDREA, SCHTICKZELLE NICOLAS, CLEARY DANIELFR, NÈVE GABRIEL, MENKEN STEPHBJ. Ecological differentiation between the Sardinian endemic Maniola nurag and the pan-European M. jurtina. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Grassi F, Labra M, Minuto L, Casazza G, Sala F. Natural hybridization in Saxifraga callosa Sm. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:243-52. [PMID: 16547869 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-873047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Saxifraga callosa Sm. is an evergreen perennial species distributed from Eastern Spain, through the Western Alps and the Apennines, to southern Italy. The existence of high morphological variation within different subspecies indicates that phenotypic characters are useful but not sufficient taxonomic tools. Indeed, available morphological data already suggested that S. callosa subentity lantoscana may be an outcross between S. callosa and S. cochlearis. In this work, by analyzing ITS (Internal Transcribed Sequences), AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms), and cpDNA (chloroplast DNA) markers, a comprehensive study of the genomic relationships among S. callosa and related species has been carried out. The sequence of the ITS region of S. callosa subentity lantoscana gave no conclusive results on the taxonomy status of S. callosa subentity lantoscana. On the other hand, the use of the "NewHybrids" software to analyze an AFLP data-set (208 polymorphic amplified fragments) supported a significant posterior probability that S. callosa subentity lantoscana individuals are natural hybrids between S. callosa and S. cochlearis. The level of introgression of genes from alien genomes was confirmed by a simpler and quick methodology that analyze length variation in cpDNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grassi
- Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Streiff R, Veyrier R, Audiot P, Meusnier S, Brouat C. Introgression in natural populations of bioindicators: a case study of Carabus splendens and Carabus punctatoauratus. Mol Ecol 2006; 14:3775-86. [PMID: 16202095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary importance of hybridization in wild plants and animals has become increasingly widely recognized in the last decade. In practical terms, hybridization provides an exceptionally tough set of problems for conservation biologists. We illustrate this in a case study of two Carabidae species widely used to evaluate the impact of human activities on biodiversity. These two species live in a complex mosaic of sympatry/allopatry and are known to hybridize in controlled conditions. Hybridization has not been quantified in natural populations to date due to the lack of a simple set of phenotypic traits for identifying hybrids. We thus screened for hybrids in natural populations, by multilocus genotyping at nine microsatellite loci. A high level of genetic differentiation between these two taxa was observed, as shown by allelic frequency distributions. Two Bayesian assignment procedures without obligatory pure taxon references were used to infer different classes of hybrids (F(1), F(2) and backcrosses) and mixture proportions between the two species. A low level of hybridization (F(1) genotypes) was observed in natural populations, contrasting with results obtained in controlled conditions. A high level of introgression was, however, detected at three of 12 sites, as revealed by the detection of backcrossed genotypes. This interspecific gene flow was detected in a limited zone of the common geographical range of the two species and was not related to the pattern of sympatry/allopatry. We then considered the origin and repercussions of this introgression, based on intraspecific genetic diversity and geographical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Streiff
- Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez cedex, France.
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Vähä JP, Primmer CR. Efficiency of model-based Bayesian methods for detecting hybrid individuals under different hybridization scenarios and with different numbers of loci. Mol Ecol 2005; 15:63-72. [PMID: 16367830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate detection of offspring resulting from hybridization between individuals of distinct populations has a range of applications in conservation and population genetics. We assessed the hybrid identification efficiency of two methods (implemented in the STRUCTURE and NEWHYBRIDS programs) which are tailored to identifying hybrid individuals but use different approaches. Simulated first- and second-generation hybrids were used to assess the performance of these two methods in detecting recent hybridization under scenarios with different levels of genetic divergence and varying numbers of loci. Despite the different approaches of the methods, the hybrid detection efficiency was generally similar and neither of the two methods outperformed the other in all scenarios assessed. Interestingly, hybrid detection efficiency was only minimally affected by whether reference population allele frequency information was included or not. In terms of genotyping effort, efficient detection of F1 hybrid individuals requires the use of 12 or 24 loci with pairwise F(ST) between hybridizing parental populations of 0.21 or 0.12, respectively. While achievable, these locus numbers are nevertheless higher than the number of loci currently commonly applied in population genetic studies. The method of STRUCTURE seemed to be less sensitive to the proportion of hybrids included in the sample, while NEWHYBRIDS seemed to perform slightly better when individuals from both backcross and F1 hybrid classes were present in the sample. However, separating backcrosses from purebred parental individuals requires a considerable genotyping effort (at least 48 loci), even when divergence between parental populations is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha-Pekka Vähä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 65, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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TAKAMI YASUOKI, SUZUKI HIROBUMI. Morphological, genetic and behavioural analyses of a hybrid zone between the ground beetles Carabus lewisianus and C. albrechti (Coleoptera, Carabidae): asymmetrical introgression caused by movement of the zone? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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