1
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Müller T, Bronkhorst J, Müller J, Safari N, Hahn M, Sprakel J, Scheuring D. Plant infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis requires actin-dependent generation of high invasive turgor pressure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:192-201. [PMID: 39107894 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The devastating pathogen Botrytis cinerea infects a broad spectrum of host plants, causing great socio-economic losses. The necrotrophic fungus rapidly kills plant cells, nourishing their wall and cellular contents. To this end, necrotrophs secrete a cocktail of cell wall degrading enzymes, phytotoxic proteins and metabolites. Additionally, many fungi produce specialized invasion organs that generate high invasive pressures to force their way into the plant cell. However, for most necrotrophs, including Botrytis, the biomechanics of penetration and its contribution to virulence are poorly understood. Here, we use a combination of quantitative micromechanical imaging and CRISPR-Cas-guided mutagenesis to show that Botrytis uses substantial invasive pressure, in combination with strong surface adherence, for penetration. We found that the fungus establishes a unique mechanical geometry of penetration that develops over time during penetration events, and which is actin cytoskeleton dependent. Furthermore, interference of force generation by blocking actin polymerization was found to decrease Botrytis virulence, indicating that also for necrotrophs, mechanical pressure is important in host colonization. Our results demonstrate for the first time mechanistically how a necrotrophic fungus such as Botrytis employs this 'brute force' approach, in addition to the secretion of lytic proteins and phytotoxic metabolites, to overcome plant host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Müller
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jochem Bronkhorst
- Green Mechanobiology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonas Müller
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nassim Safari
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Green Mechanobiology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David Scheuring
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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2
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Zhang Y, Jia C, Liu Y, Li G, Li B, Shi W, Zhang Y, Hou J, Qin Q, Zhang M, Qin J. The Fungal Transcription Factor BcTbs1 from Botrytis cinerea Promotes Pathogenicity via Host Cellulose Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:20816-20830. [PMID: 39261294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Zn(II)2Cys6 proteins constitute the largest group of fungal-specific transcription factors. However, little is known about their functions in the crop killer Botrytis cinerea. In this work, a T-DNA insertion strain M13448 was identified which was inserted into the Zn(II)2Cys6 TF-encoding gene BcTBS1. Knockout of BcTBS1 did not affect mycelia growth, appressorium formation, and sclerotium germination, but impaired fungal conidiation, conidial morphogenesis, conidial germination, infection cushion development, and sclerotial formation. Accordingly, ΔBctbs1 mutants showed reduced virulence in its host plants. Further study proved that BcTBS1, BCIN_15g03870, and BCIN_12g06630 were induced by cellulose. Subsequent cellulase activity assays revealed that the loss of BcTBS1 significantly decreased cellulase activity. In addition, we verified that the BCIN_15g03870 and BCIN_12g06630 genes were positive regulated by BcTBS1 by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Taken together, these results suggested that BcTBS1 can promote pathogenicity by modulating cellulase-encoding genes that participate in host cellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshan Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chengguo Jia
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wuliang Shi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biotechnology of Jilin Province in Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Qingming Qin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianchun Qin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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3
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Yang S, Sun J, Xue A, Li G, Sun C, Hou J, Qin QM, Zhang M. Novel Botrytis cinerea Zn(II) 2Cys 6 Transcription Factor BcFtg1 Enhances the Virulence of the Gray Mold Fungus by Promoting Organic Acid Secretion and Carbon Source Utilization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18824-18839. [PMID: 39140189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The Zn(II)2Cys6 zinc cluster protein family comprises a subclass of zinc-finger proteins that serve as transcriptional regulators involved in a diverse array of fugal biological processes. However, the roles and mechanisms of the Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factors in mediating Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold in over 1000 plant species, development and virulence remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate that a novel B. cinerea pathogenicity-associated factor BcFTG1 (fungal transcription factor containing the GAL4 domain), identified from a virulence-attenuated mutant M20162 from a B. cinerea T-DNA insertion mutant library, plays an important role in oxalic acid (OA) secretion, carbon source absorption and cell wall integrity. Loss of BcFTG1 compromises the ability of the pathogen to secrete OA, absorb carbon sources, maintain cell wall integrity, and promote virulence. Our findings provide novel insights into fungal factors mediating the pathogenesis of the gray mold fungus via regulation of OA secretion, carbon source utilization and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Coal-Based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Datong University, Datong, Shanxi 037009, China
| | - Aoran Xue
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guihua Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chenhao Sun
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Engineering Research Centre of Forestry Biotechnology of Jilin Province in Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Xie J, Li B, Li J, Zhang K, Ran L, Ge B. Effect of Combining Wuyiencin and Pyrimethanil on Controlling Grape Gray Mold and Delaying Resistance Development in Botrytis cinerea. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1383. [PMID: 39065151 PMCID: PMC11279109 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
By screening the compounding combination of Wuyiencin and chemical agents, this study aims to delay the emergence of chemical agent resistance, and provide a technical reference for scientific and rational fungicides technology. This study investigated the impacts of the antibiotic wuyiencin derived from Streptomyces albulus var. wuyiensis and its combination with pyrimethanil on the inhibition of Botrytis cinerea. Treatment with wuyiencin (≥80 µg mL-1) strongly inhibited the pathogenicity of B. cinerea and activated the plant defense response against B. cinerea. Application of 80-100 µg mL-1 wuyiencin effectively controlled grape gray mold (by 57.6-88.1% on leaves and 46.7-96.6% on fruits). Consequently, the application of 80-100 µg mL-1 wuyiencin effectively mitigated grape gray mold incidence, leading to a substantial reduction in disease symptoms to nearly imperceptible levels. When wuyiencin (at the median effective concentration [EC50]) was combined with pyrimethanil (EC50) at a ratio of 7:3, it exhibited the highest efficacy in inhibiting B. cinerea growth. This combination was significantly more potent (p < 0.05) than using wuyiencin or pyrimethanil alone in controlling gray mold on grape leaves and fruits. Furthermore, the combination effectively delayed resistance development in gray mold. The experimental results show that wuyiencin can delay resistance development by affecting the expression of methionine biosynthesis genes and reducing the activity of the cell wall-degrading enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (J.X.); (B.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Boya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (J.X.); (B.L.); (K.Z.)
- College of Forestry Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Kecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (J.X.); (B.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Longxian Ran
- College of Forestry Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Beibei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (J.X.); (B.L.); (K.Z.)
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5
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Escaray FJ, Felipo-Benavent A, Antonelli CJ, Balaguer B, Lopez-Gresa MP, Vera P. Plant triterpenoid saponins function as susceptibility factors to promote the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1073-1089. [PMID: 38807367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes diseases in hundreds of plant species, including high-value crops. Its polyxenous nature and pathogenic success are due to its ability to perceive host signals in its favor. In this study, we found that laticifer cells of Euphorbia lathyris are a source of susceptibility factors required by B. cinerea to cause disease. Consequently, poor-in-latex (pil) mutants, which lack laticifer cells, show full resistance to this pathogen, whereas lot-of-latex mutants, which produce more laticifer cells, are hypersusceptible. These S factors are triterpenoid saponins, which are widely distributed natural products of vast structural diversity. The downregulation of laticifer-specific oxydosqualene cyclase genes, which encode the first committed step enzymes for triterpene and, therefore, saponin biosynthesis, conferred disease resistance to B. cinerea. Likewise, the Medicago truncatula lha-1 mutant, compromised in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, showed enhanced resistance. Interestingly, the application of different purified triterpenoid saponins pharmacologically complemented the disease-resistant phenotype of pil and hla-1 mutants and enhanced disease susceptibility in different plant species. We found that triterpenoid saponins function as plant cues that signal transcriptional reprogramming in B. cinerea, leading to a change in its growth habit and infection strategy, culminating in the abundant formation of infection cushions, the multicellular appressoria apparatus dedicated to plant penetration and biomass destruction in B. cinerea. Taken together, these results provide an explanation for how plant triterpenoid saponins function as disease susceptibility factors to promote B. cinerea pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Escaray
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amelia Felipo-Benavent
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristian J Antonelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Balaguer
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Lopez-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Vera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, acceso G, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Spada M, Pugliesi C, Fambrini M, Pecchia S. Challenges and Opportunities Arising from Host- Botrytis cinerea Interactions to Outline Novel and Sustainable Control Strategies: The Key Role of RNA Interference. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6798. [PMID: 38928507 PMCID: PMC11203536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea (Pers., 1794), the causative agent of gray mold disease, causes significant losses in agricultural production. Control of this fungal pathogen is quite difficult due to its wide host range and environmental persistence. Currently, the management of the disease is still mainly based on chemicals, which can have harmful effects not only on the environment and on human health but also because they favor the development of strains resistant to fungicides. The flexibility and plasticity of B. cinerea in challenging plant defense mechanisms and its ability to evolve strategies to escape chemicals require the development of new control strategies for successful disease management. In this review, some aspects of the host-pathogen interactions from which novel and sustainable control strategies could be developed (e.g., signaling pathways, molecules involved in plant immune mechanisms, hormones, post-transcriptional gene silencing) were analyzed. New biotechnological tools based on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) are emerging in the crop protection scenario as versatile, sustainable, effective, and environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of chemicals. RNAi-based fungicides are expected to be approved soon, although they will face several challenges before reaching the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Spada
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Pecchia
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Zhang J, Pan L, Xu W, Yang H, He F, Ma J, Bai L, Zhang Q, Zhou Q, Gao H. Extracellular vesicles in plant-microbe interactions: Recent advances and future directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:111999. [PMID: 38307350 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that have a crucial role in mediating intercellular communication in mammals by facilitating the transport of proteins and small RNAs. However, the study of plant EVs has been limited for a long time due to insufficient isolation and detection methods. Recent research has shown that both plants and plant pathogens can release EVs, which contain various bioactive molecules like proteins, metabolites, lipids, and small RNAs. These EVs play essential roles in plant-microbe interactions by transferring these bioactive molecules across different kingdoms. Additionally, it has been discovered that EVs may contribute to symbiotic communication between plants and pathogens. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pivotal roles played by EVs in mediating interactions between plants and microbes, including pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and symbiotic pathogens. We highlight the potential of EVs in transferring immune signals between plant cells and facilitating the exchange of active substances between different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Hongchao Yang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Fuge He
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Linlin Bai
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Qingchen Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China.
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8
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García-Soto I, Formey D, Mora-Toledo A, Cárdenas L, Aragón W, Tromas A, Duque-Ortiz A, Jiménez-Bremont JF, Serrano M. AtRAC7/ROP9 Small GTPase Regulates A. thaliana Immune Systems in Response to B. cinerea Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:591. [PMID: 38203762 PMCID: PMC10779071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that can cause gray mold in over 1400 plant species. Once it is detected by Arabidopsis thaliana, several defense responses are activated against this fungus. The proper activation of these defenses determines plant susceptibility or resistance. It has been proposed that the RAC/ROP small GTPases might serve as a molecular link in this process. In this study, we investigate the potential role of the Arabidopsis RAC7 gene during infection with B. cinerea. For that, we evaluated A. thaliana RAC7-OX lines, characterized by the overexpression of the RAC7 gene. Our results reveal that these RAC7-OX lines displayed increased susceptibility to B. cinerea infection, with enhanced fungal colonization and earlier lesion development. Additionally, they exhibited heightened sensitivity to bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas syringae and Pectobacterium brasiliense. By characterizing plant canonical defense mechanisms and performing transcriptomic profiling, we determined that RAC7-OX lines impaired the plant transcriptomic response before and during B. cinerea infection. Global pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested that RAC7 influences pathogen perception, cell wall homeostasis, signal transduction, and biosynthesis and response to hormones and antimicrobial compounds through actin filament modulation. Herein, we pointed out, for first time, the negative role of RAC7 small GTPase during A. thaliana-B. cinerea interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette García-Soto
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Angélica Mora-Toledo
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Wendy Aragón
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Blvd. Príncipe Akishino s/n, Tapachula 30798, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Alexandre Tromas
- La Cité College, Bureau de la Recherche et de l’Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1K 4R3, Canada;
| | - Arianna Duque-Ortiz
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.F.J.-B.)
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.F.J.-B.)
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
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9
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Liu H, Wang S, Lang B, Li Y, Wang X, Chen J. Fused expression of Sm1-Chit42 proteins for synergistic mycoparasitic response of Trichoderma afroharzianum on Botrytis cinerea. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:156. [PMID: 37592265 PMCID: PMC10433591 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sm1 and Chit42 of Trichoderma have been universally confirmed as crucial biocontrol factors against pathogen infection through induced resistance and mycoparasitism, respectively. However, not enough work has been conducted to understand the novel function of fused expression of these two proteins in Trichoderma. The results of this study demonstrated that Sm1-Chit42 protein (SCf) engineered T. afroharzianum strain OE:SCf exerted synergistic inhibition to Botrytis cinerea growth at multiple stages of mycoparasitic interaction of T. afroharzianum and B. cinerea including chemotropism sensing, hyphal coiling, hydrophobicity modulation, cell wall adhesion, virulence reduction and pathogen killing by ROS. These results highlight a novel mycoparasitic system in Trichoderma strains engineered with Sm1-Chit42 chimeric protein to combat B. cinerea growth and reproduction, which would lay a strong foundation for exploring a new engineered Trichoderma biofungicide created with chimeric proteins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqing Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Lang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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He B, Wang H, Liu G, Chen A, Calvo A, Cai Q, Jin H. Fungal small RNAs ride in extracellular vesicles to enter plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4383. [PMID: 37474601 PMCID: PMC10359353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) of the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can enter plant cells and hijack host Argonaute protein 1 (AGO1) to silence host immunity genes. However, the mechanism by which these fungal sRNAs are secreted and enter host cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B. cinerea utilizes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to secrete Bc-sRNAs, which are then internalized by plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The B. cinerea tetraspanin protein, Punchless 1 (BcPLS1), serves as an EV biomarker and plays an essential role in fungal pathogenicity. We observe numerous Arabidopsis clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) around B. cinerea infection sites and the colocalization of B. cinerea EV marker BcPLS1 and Arabidopsis CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 1, one of the core components of CCV. Meanwhile, BcPLS1 and the B. cinerea-secreted sRNAs are detected in purified CCVs after infection. Arabidopsis knockout mutants and inducible dominant-negative mutants of key components of the CME pathway exhibit increased resistance to B. cinerea infection. Furthermore, Bc-sRNA loading into Arabidopsis AGO1 and host target gene suppression are attenuated in those CME mutants. Together, our results demonstrate that fungi secrete sRNAs via EVs, which then enter host plant cells mainly through CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alejandra Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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11
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Mustafa MH, Corre MN, Heurtevin L, Bassi D, Cirilli M, Quilot-Turion B. Stone fruit phenolic and triterpenoid compounds modulate gene expression of Monilinia spp. in culture media. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1085-1097. [PMID: 37495299 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic and triterpenoid compounds are essential components in stone fruit skin and flesh tissues. They are thought to possess general antimicrobial activity. However, regarding brown rot disease, investigations were only confined to a limited number of phenolics, especially chlorogenic acid. The activity of triterpenoids against Monilinia spp., as an essential part of the peach cuticular wax, has not been studied before. In this work, the anti-fungal effect of some phenolics, triterpenoids, and fruit surface compound (FSC) extracts of peach fruit at two developmental stages were investigated on Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa characteristics during in vitro growth. A new procedure for assaying anti-fungal activity of triterpenoids, which are notoriously difficult to assess in vitro because of their hydrophobicity, has been developed. Measurements of colony diameter, sporulation, and germination of second-generation conidia were recorded. Furthermore, the expression of twelve genes of M. fructicola associated with germination and/or appressorium formation and virulence-related genes was studied relative to the presence of the compounds. The study revealed that certain phenolics and triterpenoids showed modest anti-fungal activity while dramatically modulating gene expression in mycelium of M. fructicola on culture medium. MfRGAE1 gene was overexpressed by chlorogenic and ferulic acids and MfCUT1 by betulinic acid, at 4- and 7- days of mycelium incubation. The stage II FSC extract, corresponding to the period when the fruit is resistant to Monilinia spp., considerably up-regulated the MfLAE1 gene. These findings effectively contribute to the knowledge of biochemical compounds effects on fungi on in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Hassan Mustafa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy; INRAE, GAFL, F-84143, Montfavet, France
| | | | | | - Daniele Bassi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cirilli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
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12
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He B, Wang H, Liu G, Chen A, Calvo A, Cai Q, Jin H. Fungal small RNAs ride in extracellular vesicles to enter plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545159. [PMID: 37398405 PMCID: PMC10312686 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) of the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can enter plant cells and hijack host Argonaute protein 1 (AGO1) to silence host immunity genes. However, the mechanism by which these fungal sRNAs are secreted and enter host cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B. cinerea utilizes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to secrete Bc-sRNAs, which are then internalized by plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The B. cinerea tetraspanin protein, Punchless 1 (BcPLS1), serves as an EV biomarker and plays an essential role in fungal pathogenicity. We observe numerous Arabidopsis clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) around B. cinerea infection sites and the colocalization of B. cinerea EV marker BcPLS1 and Arabidopsis CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 1, one of the core components of CCV. Meanwhile, BcPLS1 and the B. cinerea-secreted sRNAs are detected in purified CCVs after infection. Arabidopsis knockout mutants and inducible dominant-negative mutants of key components of CME pathway exhibit increased resistance to B. cinerea infection. Furthermore, Bc-sRNA loading into Arabidopsis AGO1 and host target gene suppression are attenuated in those CME mutants. Together, our results demonstrate that fungi secrete sRNAs via EVs, which then enter host plant cells mainly through CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alejandra Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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13
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Song P, Dong W. Identification and Characterization of an Antifungal Gene Mt1 from Bacillus subtilis by Affecting Amino Acid Metabolism in Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108857. [PMID: 37240206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease that causes significant economic losses worldwide. Fusarium graminearum is a crucial pathogen that requires close attention when controlling wheat diseases. Here, we aimed to identify genes and proteins that could confer resistance to F. graminearum. By extensively screening recombinants, we identified an antifungal gene, Mt1 (240 bp), from Bacillus subtilis 330-2. We recombinantly expressed Mt1 in F. graminearum and observed a substantial reduction in the production of aerial mycelium, mycelial growth rate, biomass, and pathogenicity. However, recombinant mycelium and spore morphology remained unchanged. Transcriptome analysis of the recombinants revealed significant down-regulation of genes related to amino acid metabolism and degradation pathways. This finding indicated that Mt1 inhibited amino acid metabolism, leading to limited mycelial growth and, thus, reduced pathogenicity. Based on the results of recombinant phenotypes and transcriptome analysis, we hypothesize that the effect of Mt1 on F. graminearum could be related to the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), the most affected metabolic pathway with significant down-regulation of several genes. Our findings provide new insights into antifungal gene research and offer promising targets for developing novel strategies to control Fusarium head blight in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Song
- Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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14
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Bhunjun CS, Phukhamsakda C, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Saxena RK, Li Q. Do all fungi have ancestors with endophytic lifestyles? FUNGAL DIVERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-023-00516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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15
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Knockdown of Bmp1 and Pls1 Virulence Genes by Exogenous Application of RNAi-Inducing dsRNA in Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054869. [PMID: 36902297 PMCID: PMC10003348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a pathogen of wide agronomic and scientific importance partly due to its tendency to develop fungicide resistance. Recently, there has been great interest in the use of RNA interference as a control strategy against B. cinerea. In order to reduce the possible effects on non-target species, the sequence-dependent nature of RNAi can be used as an advantage to customize the design of dsRNA molecules. We selected two genes related to virulence: BcBmp1 (a MAP kinase essential for fungal pathogenesis) and BcPls1 (a tetraspanin related to appressorium penetration). After performing a prediction analysis of small interfering RNAs, dsRNAs of 344 (BcBmp1) and 413 (BcPls1) nucleotides were synthesized in vitro. We tested the effect of topical applications of dsRNAs, both in vitro by a fungal growth assay in microtiter plates and in vivo on artificially inoculated detached lettuce leaves. In both cases, topical applications of dsRNA led to gene knockdown with a delay in conidial germination for BcBmp1, an evident growth retardation for BcPls1, and a strong reduction in necrotic lesions on lettuce leaves for both genes. Furthermore, a strongly reduced expression of the BcBmp1 and BcPls1 genes was observed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, suggesting that these genes could be promising targets for the development of RNAi-based fungicides against B. cinerea.
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16
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Soares F, Pimentel D, Erban A, Neves C, Reis P, Pereira M, Rego C, Gama-Carvalho M, Kopka J, Fortes AM. Virulence-related metabolism is activated in Botrytis cinerea mostly in the interaction with tolerant green grapes that remain largely unaffected in contrast with susceptible green grapes. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac217. [PMID: 36479580 PMCID: PMC9720446 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is responsible for the gray mold disease, severely affecting Vitis vinifera grapevine and hundreds of other economically important crops. However, many mechanisms of this fruit-pathogen interaction remain unknown. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of green fruits infected with B. cinerea from susceptible and tolerant genotypes was never performed in any fleshy fruit, mostly because green fruits are widely accepted to be resistant to this fungus. In this work, peppercorn-sized fruits were infected in the field or mock-treated, and berries were collected at green (EL32) stage from a susceptible (Trincadeira) and a tolerant (Syrah) variety. RNAseq and GC-MS data suggested that Syrah exhibited a pre-activated/basal defense relying on specific signaling pathways, hormonal regulation, namely jasmonate and ethylene metabolisms, and linked to phenylpropanoid metabolism. In addition, putative defensive metabolites such as shikimic, ursolic/ oleanolic, and trans-4-hydroxy cinnamic acids, and epigallocatechin were more abundant in Syrah than Trincadeira before infection. On the other hand, Trincadeira underwent relevant metabolic reprogramming upon infection but was unable to contain disease progression. RNA-seq analysis of the fungus in planta revealed an opposite scenario with higher gene expression activity within B. cinerea during infection of the tolerant cultivar and less activity in infected Trincadeira berries. The results suggested an activated virulence state during interaction with the tolerant cultivar without visible disease symptoms. Together, this study brings novel insights related to early infection strategies of B. cinerea and the green berry defense against necrotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Soares
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Pimentel
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Catarina Neves
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Pereira
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Rego
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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17
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Li L, Yu MX, Guo J, Hao ZN, Zhang Z, Lu ZQ, Wang JY, Zhu XM, Wang YL, Chen J, Sun GC, Lin FC. The peroxins BcPex8, BcPex10, and BcPex12 are required for the development and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:962500. [PMID: 36147853 PMCID: PMC9488000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.962500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes have been proved playing roles in infection of several plant pathogens. Although the contribution of a portion of peroxins in pathogenicity was demonstrated, most of them are undocumented in fungi, especially, Botrytis cinerea. The homologs of Pex8, Pex10, and Pex12 in B. cinerea were functionally characterized in this work using gene disruption strategies. Compared with the wild-type strain (WT), the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants exhibited significant reduction in melanin production, fatty acid utilization, and decreased tolerance to high osmotic pressure and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mycelial growth and conidiation of were significantly inhibited in Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 strains. The mycelial growth rates of Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 were reduced by 32, 35, and 34%, respectively, compared with WT and ectopic transformant (ET), and the conidiation was reduced by approximately 89, 27, and 88%, respectively. The conidial germination, germ tube elongation, and the formation of initiate infection structures (IFSs) were also reduced by the deletion of the genes. The pathogenicity was tested on the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, and fruits of tomato. On the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants could not induce necrotic lesions, and the lesions on tomato fruits infected with the mutants were significantly reduced than those of the wide type. The results indicated that BcPEX8, BcPEX10, and BcPEX12 are indispensable for the development and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-na Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao-yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao-yu Wang,
| | - Xue-ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Guo-Chang Sun,
| | - Fu-cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Zhao H, Liu K, Fan Y, Cao J, Li H, Song W, Liu Y, Miao M. Cell-free supernatant of Bacillus velezensis suppresses mycelial growth and reduces virulence of Botrytis cinerea by inducing oxidative stress. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980022. [PMID: 35992680 PMCID: PMC9389153 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As a notorious pathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea has been reported to infect more than 1400 species of plants and cause postharvest gray mold of numerous economic fruits, leading to substantial economic losses. Traditional chemical fungicides in pathogen control have potential issues regarding environmental pollution, disease resistance and human health. More safety and efficacious prevention technique of postharvest gray mold are in urgent demand. This study aims to investigate the potential function and mechanism of Bacillus velezensis to control gray mold for harvested fruits. The results showed that the cell-free supernatant (CFS) generated from B. velezensis strain A4 was able to inhibit spore germination, germ tube elongation and hyphal growth of B. cinerea in vitro, and impair the pathogenicity of B. cinerea on the four tested fruits. Further analysis demonstrated that CFS significantly reduced the expression of genes associated with growth and pathogenicity and weakened the ability of B. cinerea spores to penetrate plant cell walls in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the CFS destroyed the membrane of hyphae, resulting in exosmosis of cell contents and caused hyphal cells to accumulate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to hyphal oxidative damage. Our findings indicate that B. velezensis CFS can damage B. cinerea mycelial cells by promoting excessive accumulation of ROS to realize its biological control function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanlan Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Kui Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciencess, Beijing, China
| | - Yezhen Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jiacan Cao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huanghuan Li
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wu Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Miao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Min Miao,
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19
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Feng S, Lu W, Jian Y, Chen Y, Meng R, Deng J, Liu Q, Yu T, Jin L, Yang X, Li Z, Jian W. Biocontrol Effect and Possible Mechanism of Food-Borne Sulfide 3-Methylthio-1-Propanol Against Botrytis cinerea in Postharvest Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:763755. [PMID: 34970281 PMCID: PMC8713891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.763755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens causing tremendous losses in fresh fruit or vegetables. 3-Methylthio-1-propanol (3-MP) is a naturally occurring food-borne sulfide, which is mainly used to increase the flavor in food. However, the potential application of 3-MP in the postharvest phase to manage fruit fungal diseases has not been explored. In this study, the antifungal activity of 3-MP against B. cinerea was evaluated, and the possible mechanism involved was explored. In vitro 3-MP treatment could effectively inhibit the mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea. 3-MP also impaired the spore viability and membrane integrity of B. cinerea as well as increased the leakage of nucleic acids, proteins, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in B. cinerea. In vivo 3-MP fumigation treatment inhibited the infection of B. cinerea on tomato fruits. Also, the fruits with 3-MP fumigation treatment exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activity, lower MDA content, and a significant delay of induction of the expression of most of the stress-related genes when compared to the control group. Moreover, a cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that 3-MP had no toxicity to normal cells in a certain concentration range. Collectively, our research results will provide evidence for the development of food-borne sulfide 3-MP as a fungicide in food and agriculture and will provide an important reference for the formulation of B. cinerea biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongfei Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Run Meng
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Piombo E, Vetukuri RR, Broberg A, Kalyandurg PB, Kushwaha S, Funck Jensen D, Karlsson M, Dubey M. Role of Dicer-Dependent RNA Interference in Regulating Mycoparasitic Interactions. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0109921. [PMID: 34549988 PMCID: PMC8557909 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01099-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicer-like proteins (DCLs) play a vital role in RNA interference (RNAi), by cleaving RNA filament into small RNAs. Although DCL-mediated RNAi can regulate interspecific communication between pathogenic/mutualistic organisms and their hosts, its role in mycoparasitic interactions is yet to be investigated. In this study, we deleted dcl genes in the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea and characterize the functions of DCL-dependent RNAi in mycoparasitism. Deletion of dcl2 resulted in a mutant with reduced secondary metabolite production, antagonism toward the plant-pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, and reduced ability to control Fusarium foot rot disease on wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum. Transcriptome sequencing of the in vitro interaction between the C. rosea Δdcl2 strain and B. cinerea or F. graminearum identified the downregulation of genes coding for transcription factors, membrane transporters, hydrolytic enzymes, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis enzymes putatively involved in antagonistic interactions, in comparison with the C. rosea wild-type interaction. A total of 61 putative novel microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) were identified in C. rosea, and 11 were downregulated in the Δdcl2 mutant. In addition to putative endogenous gene targets, these milRNAs were predicted to target B. cinerea and F. graminearum virulence factor genes, which showed an increased expression during interaction with the Δdcl2 mutant incapable of producing the targeting milRNAs. In summary, this study constitutes the first step in elucidating the role of RNAi in mycoparasitic interactions, with important implications for biological control of plant diseases, and poses the base for future studies focusing on the role of cross-species RNAi regulating mycoparasitic interactions. IMPORTANCE Small RNAs mediated RNA interference (RNAi) known to regulate several biological processes. Dicer-like endoribonucleases (DCLs) play a vital role in the RNAi pathway by generating sRNAs. In this study, we investigated a role of DCL-mediated RNAi in interference interactions between mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea and the two fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum (here called mycohosts). We found that the dcl mutants were not able to produce 11 sRNAs predicted to finetune the regulatory network of genes known to be involved in production of hydrolytic enzymes, antifungal compounds, and membrane transporters needed for antagonistic action of C. rosea. We also found C. rosea sRNAs putatively targeting known virulence factors in the mycohosts, indicating RNAi-mediated cross-species communication. Our study expanded the understanding of underlying mechanisms of cross-species communication during interference interactions and poses a base for future works studying the role of DCL-based cross-species RNAi in fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pruthvi B. Kalyandurg
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kushwaha
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cytokinin Inhibits Fungal Development and Virulence by Targeting the Cytoskeleton and Cellular Trafficking. mBio 2021; 12:e0306820. [PMID: 34663100 PMCID: PMC8524340 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03068-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) is an important plant developmental regulator, having activities in many aspects of plant life and response to the environment. CKs are involved in diverse processes in the plant, including stem cell maintenance, vascular differentiation, growth and branching of roots and shoots, leaf senescence, nutrient balance, and stress tolerance. In some cases, phytopathogens secrete CKs. It has been suggested that to achieve pathogenesis in the host, CK-secreting biotrophs manipulate CK signaling to regulate the host cell cycle and nutrient allocation. CK is known to induce host plant resistance to several classes of phytopathogens from a few works, with induced host immunity via salicylic acid signaling suggested to be the prevalent mechanism for this host resistance. Here, we show that CK directly inhibits the growth, development, and virulence of fungal phytopathogens. Focusing on Botrytis cinerea (Bc), we demonstrate that various aspects of fungal development can be reversibly inhibited by CK. We also found that CK affects both budding and fission yeast in a similar manner. Investigating the mechanism by which CK influences fungal development, we conducted RNA next-generation sequencing (RNA-NGS) on mock- and CK-treated B. cinerea samples, finding that CK alters the cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and endocytosis. Cell biology experiments demonstrated that CK affects cytoskeleton components and cellular trafficking in Bc, lowering endocytic rates and endomembrane compartment sizes, likely leading to reduced growth rates and arrested developmental programs. Mutant analyses in yeast confirmed that the endocytic pathway is altered by CK. Our work uncovers a remarkably conserved role for a plant growth hormone in fungal biology, suggesting that pathogen-host interactions resulted in fascinating molecular adaptations on fundamental processes in eukaryotic biology.
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Rosa S, Pesaresi P, Mizzotti C, Bulone V, Mezzetti B, Baraldi E, Masiero S. Game-changing alternatives to conventional fungicides: small RNAs and short peptides. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:320-337. [PMID: 34489105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungicide use is one of the core elements of intensive agriculture because it is necessary to fight pathogens that would otherwise cause large production losses. Oomycete and fungal pathogens are kept under control using several active compounds, some of which are predicted to be banned in the near future owing to serious concerns about their impact on the environment, non-targeted organisms, and human health. To avoid detrimental repercussions for food security, it is essential to develop new biomolecules that control existing and emerging pathogens but are innocuous to human health and the environment. This review presents and discusses the use of novel low-risk biological compounds based on small RNAs and short peptides that are attractive alternatives to current contentious fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rosa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy.
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23
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Chethana KWT, Jayawardena RS, Chen YJ, Konta S, Tibpromma S, Phukhamsakda C, Abeywickrama PD, Samarakoon MC, Senwanna C, Mapook A, Tang X, Gomdola D, Marasinghe DS, Padaruth OD, Balasuriya A, Xu J, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Appressorial interactions with host and their evolution. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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Li H, James A, Shen X, Wang Y. Roles of microbiota in the formation of botrytized grapes and wines. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.1958925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Armachius James
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
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25
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Wang Y, Qiao Y, Zhang M, Ma Z, Xue Y, Mi Q, Wang A, Feng J. Potential value of small-molecule organic acids for the control of postharvest gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 177:104884. [PMID: 34301352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a total of 21 natural or synthetic small-molecule organic acids were selected and determined for their activity against postharvest gray mold caused by B. cinerea. Overall, cuminic acid, which was extracted from the seed of Cuminum cyminum L, showed the most promising antifungal activity against B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. The study on action mechanism showed that cuminic acid could inhibit the development of sclerotia and the secretion of oxalic acid, destroy the cell membrane integrity, and down regulate the expression of several key genes involved in sclerotia development and pathogenicity of B. cinerea. Furthermore, cuminic acid could potentially reduce the degradation of TSS and TA content, while it had no significant effect on the weight loss, firmness, and VC content of apple and tomato. Importantly, cuminic acid could enhance the antioxidant enzyme activities of the fruits. All these results demonstrate the antifungal activity and highlight the great potential of cuminic acid as an alternative environmental-friendly agent for the control of postharvest gray mold both on fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yonghui Qiao
- College of plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- College of plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- College of plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanji Xue
- College of plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Mi
- College of plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aling Wang
- College of plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- College of plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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26
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Chethana KWT, Jayawardena RS, Chen YJ, Konta S, Tibpromma S, Abeywickrama PD, Gomdola D, Balasuriya A, Xu J, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Diversity and Function of Appressoria. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060746. [PMID: 34204815 PMCID: PMC8231555 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic, saprobic, and pathogenic fungi have evolved elaborate strategies to obtain nutrients from plants. Among the diverse plant-fungi interactions, the most crucial event is the attachment and penetration of the plant surface. Appressoria, specialized infection structures, have been evolved to facilitate this purpose. In this review, we describe the diversity of these appressoria and classify them into two main groups: single-celled appressoria (proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria) and compound appressoria. The ultrastructure of appressoria, their initiation, their formation, and their function in fungi are discussed. We reviewed the molecular mechanisms regulating the formation and function of appressoria, their strategies to evade host defenses, and the related genomics and transcriptomics. The current review provides a foundation for comprehensive studies regarding their evolution and diversity in different fungal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. W. Thilini Chethana
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Yi-Jyun Chen
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sirinapa Konta
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Pranami D. Abeywickrama
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Deecksha Gomdola
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Abhaya Balasuriya
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka;
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (R.S.J.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.K.); (P.D.A.); (D.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
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27
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Cyclophilin BcCyp2 Regulates Infection-Related Development to Facilitate Virulence of the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041694. [PMID: 33567582 PMCID: PMC7914984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin (Cyp) and Ca2+/calcineurin proteins are cellular components related to fungal morphogenesis and virulence; however, their roles in mediating the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold on over 1000 plant species, remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that disruption of cyclophilin gene BcCYP2 did not impair the pathogen mycelial growth, osmotic and oxidative stress adaptation as well as cell wall integrity, but delayed conidial germination and germling development, altered conidial and sclerotial morphology, reduced infection cushion (IC) formation, sclerotial production and virulence. Exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) rescued the deficiency of IC formation of the ∆Bccyp2 mutants, and exogenous cyclosporine A (CsA), an inhibitor targeting cyclophilins, altered hyphal morphology and prevented host-cell penetration in the BcCYP2 harboring strains. Moreover, calcineurin-dependent (CND) genes are differentially expressed in strains losing BcCYP2 in the presence of CsA, suggesting that BcCyp2 functions in the upstream of cAMP- and Ca2+/calcineurin-dependent signaling pathways. Interestingly, during IC formation, expression of BcCYP2 is downregulated in a mutant losing BcJAR1, a gene encoding histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylase that regulates fungal development and pathogenesis, in B. cinerea, implying that BcCyp2 functions under the control of BcJar1. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into cyclophilins mediating the pathogenesis of B. cinerea and potential targets for drug intervention for fungal diseases.
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28
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Reboledo G, Agorio A, Vignale L, Batista-García RA, Ponce De León I. Botrytis cinerea Transcriptome during the Infection Process of the Bryophyte Physcomitrium patens and Angiosperms. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 33379257 PMCID: PMC7824268 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes grey mold in many plant species, including crops and model plants of angiosperms. B. cinerea also infects and colonizes the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens (previously Physcomitrella patens), which perceives the pathogen and activates defense mechanisms. However, these defenses are not sufficient to stop fungal invasion, leading finally to plant decay. To gain more insights into B. cinerea infection and virulence strategies displayed during moss colonization, we performed genome wide transcriptional profiling of B. cinerea during different infection stages. We show that, in total, 1015 B. cinerea genes were differentially expressed in moss tissues. Expression patterns of upregulated genes and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that infection of P. patens tissues by B. cinerea depends on reactive oxygen species generation and detoxification, transporter activities, plant cell wall degradation and modification, toxin production and probable plant defense evasion by effector proteins. Moreover, a comparison with available RNAseq data during angiosperm infection, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum and Lactuca sativa, suggests that B. cinerea has virulence and infection functions used in all hosts, while others are more specific to P. patens or angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Astrid Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Lucía Vignale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (G.R.); (A.A.); (L.V.)
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29
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Zhang M, Sun C, Liu Y, Feng H, Chang H, Cao S, Li G, Yang S, Hou J, Zhu‐Salzman K, Zhang H, Qin Q. Transcriptome analysis and functional validation reveal a novel gene, BcCGF1, that enhances fungal virulence by promoting infection-related development and host penetration. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:834-853. [PMID: 32301267 PMCID: PMC7214349 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous transcriptome analyses of both host plants and pathogens, and functional validation of the identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) allow us to better understand the mechanisms underlying their interactions. Here, we analyse the mixed transcriptome derived from Botrytis cinerea (the causal agent of grey mould) infected tomato leaves at 24 hr after inoculation, a critical time point at which the pathogen has penetrated and developed in the leaf epidermis, whereas necrotic symptoms have not yet appeared. Our analyses identified a complex network of genes involved in the tomato-B. cinerea interaction. The expression of fungal transcripts encoding candidate effectors, enzymes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis, hormone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and autophagy-related proteins was up-regulated, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the initial infection processes. Specifically, tomato genes involved in phytoalexin production, stress responses, ATP-binding cassette transporters, pathogenesis-related proteins, and WRKY DNA-binding transcription factors were up-regulated. We functionally investigated several B. cinerea DEGs via gene replacement and pathogenicity assays, and demonstrated that BcCGF1 was a novel virulence-associated factor that mediates fungal development and virulence via regulation of conidial germination, conidiation, infection structure formation, host penetration, and stress adaptation. The fungal infection-related development was controlled by BcCGF-mediated ROS production and exogenous cAMP restored the mutant infection-related development. Our findings provide new insights into the elucidation of the simultaneous tactics of pathogen attack and host defence. Our systematic elucidation of BcCGF1 in mediating fungal pathogenesis may open up new targets for fungal disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Chen‐Hao Sun
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Hui‐Qiang Feng
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Hao‐Wu Chang
- College of Computer Science, Technology, Symbol Computation and Knowledge EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Sheng‐Nan Cao
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Gui‐Hua Li
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Song Yang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
- College of ForestryBeiHua UniversityJinlinChina
| | - Keyan Zhu‐Salzman
- Department of EntomologyNorman Borlaug CenterTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Technology, Symbol Computation and Knowledge EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
| | - Qing‐Ming Qin
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun, JilinChina
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30
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Dubey O, Dubey S, Schnee S, Glauser G, Nawrath C, Gindro K, Farmer EE. Plant surface metabolites as potent antifungal agents. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 150:39-48. [PMID: 32112998 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Triunsaturated fatty acids are substrates for the synthesis of the defense hormone jasmonate which plays roles in resistance to numerous fungal pathogens. However, relatively little is known about other potential roles of di-unsaturated and triunsaturated fatty acids in resistance to fungal pathogens - in particular those that can attack plants at the seedling stage. We examined the roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Arabidopsis thaliana during attack by the necrotrophic pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. We found that PUFA-deficient Arabidopsis mutants (fad2-1, fad2-3 and fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8 [fad trip]) displayed an unexpectedly strong resistance to B. cinerea at the cotyledon stage. Preliminary analyses revealed no changes in the expression of defense genes, however cuticle permeability defects were detected in both fad2-1 and fad trip mutants. Analysis of B. cinerea development on the surface of cotyledons revealed arrested hyphal growth on fad2-3 and fad trip mutants and 28% reduction in fungal adhesion on fad2-3 cotyledons. Surface metabolite analysis from the cotyledons of PUFA mutants led to the identification of 7-methylsulfonylheptyl glucosinolate (7MSOHG), which over-accumulated on the plant surface. We linked the appearance of 7MSOHG to defects in cuticle composition and permeability of mutants and show that its appearance correlates with resistance to B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dubey
- Agrosustain SA, c/o Agroscope, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260, Nyon, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Federal Agricultural Research Station in Changins, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Dubey
- Agrosustain SA, c/o Agroscope, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260, Nyon, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Federal Agricultural Research Station in Changins, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260, Nyon, Switzerland; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Schnee
- Agroscope, Swiss Federal Agricultural Research Station in Changins, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Agroscope, Swiss Federal Agricultural Research Station in Changins, Route de Duillier 60, CH-1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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The Subtilisin-Like Protease Bcser2 Affects the Sclerotial Formation, Conidiation and Virulence of Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020603. [PMID: 31963451 PMCID: PMC7013506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a ubiquitous necrotrophic plant-pathogenic fungus, is responsible for grey mold and rot disease in a very wide range of plant species. Subtilisin-like proteases (or subtilases) are a very diverse family of serine proteases present in many organisms and are reported to have a broad spectrum of biological functions. Here, we identified two genes encoding subtilisin-like proteases (Bcser1 and Bcser2) in the genome of B. cinerea, both of which contain an inhibitor I9 domain and a peptidase S8 domain. The expression levels of Bcser1 and Bcser2 increased during the sclerotial forming stage, as well as during a later stage of hyphal infection on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, but the up-regulation of Bcser1 was significantly higher than that of Bcser2. Interestingly, deletion of Bcser1 had no effect on the fungal development or virulence of B. cinerea. However, deletion of Bcser2 or double deletion of Bcser1 and Bcser2 severely impaired the hyphal growth, sclerotial formation and conidiation of B. cinerea. We also found that ∆Bcser2 and ∆Bcser1/2 could not form complete infection cushions and then lost the ability to infect intact plant leaves of Arabidopsis and tomato but could infect wounded plant tissues. Taken together, our results indicate that the subtilisin-like protease Bcser2 is crucial for the sclerotial formation, conidiation, and virulence of B. cinerea.
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Proteomic study of the membrane components of signalling cascades of Botrytis cinerea controlled by phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9860. [PMID: 31285484 PMCID: PMC6614480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and membrane proteins play an important role in the infection of plants by phytopathogenic fungi, given their involvement in signal transduction cascades. Botrytis cinerea is a well-studied necrotrophic fungus taken as a model organism in fungal plant pathology, given its broad host range and adverse economic impact. To elucidate relevant events during infection, several proteomics analyses have been performed in B. cinerea, but they cover only 10% of the total proteins predicted in the genome database of this fungus. To increase coverage, we analysed by LC-MS/MS the first-reported overlapped proteome in phytopathogenic fungi, the "phosphomembranome" of B. cinerea, combining the two most important signal transduction subproteomes. Of the 1112 membrane-associated phosphoproteins identified, 64 and 243 were classified as exclusively identified or overexpressed under glucose and deproteinized tomato cell wall conditions, respectively. Seven proteins were found under both conditions, but these presented a specific phosphorylation pattern, so they were considered as exclusively identified or overexpressed proteins. From bioinformatics analysis, those differences in the membrane-associated phosphoproteins composition were associated with various processes, including pyruvate metabolism, unfolded protein response, oxidative stress response, autophagy and cell death. Our results suggest these proteins play a significant role in the B. cinerea pathogenic cycle.
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Green KA, Eaton CJ, Savoian MS, Scott B. A homologue of the fungal tetraspanin Pls1 is required for Epichloë festucae expressorium formation and establishment of a mutualistic interaction with Lolium perenne. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:961-975. [PMID: 31008572 PMCID: PMC6589725 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë festucae is an endophytic fungus that forms a mutualistic symbiotic association with the grass host Lolium perenne. Endophytic hyphae exit the host by an appressorium-like structure known as an expressorium. In plant-pathogenic fungi, the tetraspanin Pls1 and the NADPH oxidase component Nox2 are required for appressorium development. Previously we showed that the homologue of Nox2, NoxB, is required for E. festucae expressorium development and establishment of a mutualistic symbiotic interaction with the grass host. Here we used a reverse genetics approach to functionally characterize the role of the E. festucae homologue of Pls1, PlsA. The morphology and growth of ΔplsA in axenic culture was comparable to wild-type. The tiller length of plants infected with ΔplsA was significantly reduced. Hyphae of ΔplsA had a proliferative pattern of growth within the leaves of L. perenne with increased colonization of the intercellular spaces and the vascular bundles. The ΔplsA mutant was also defective in expressorium development although the phenotype was not as severe as for ΔnoxB, highlighting potentially distinct roles for PlsA and NoxB in signalling through the NoxB complex. Hyphae of ΔplsA proliferate below the cuticle surface but still occasionally form an expressorium-like structure that enables the mutant hyphae to exit the leaf to grow on the surface. These expressoria still form a septin ring-like structure at the point of cuticle exit as found in the wild-type strain. These results establish that E. festucae PlsA has an important, but distinct, role to NoxB in expressorium development and plant symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Green
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Carla J. Eaton
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Savoian
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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Vieira A, Silva DN, Várzea V, Paulo OS, Batista D. Genome-Wide Signatures of Selection in Colletotrichum kahawae Reveal Candidate Genes Potentially Involved in Pathogenicity and Aggressiveness. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1374. [PMID: 31275287 PMCID: PMC6593080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and their pathogens are engaged in continuous evolutionary battles, with pathogens evolving to circumvent plant defense mechanisms and plants responding through enhanced protection to prevent or mitigate damage induced by pathogen attack. Managed ecosystems are composed of genetically identical populations of crop plants with few changes from year to year. These environments are highly conducive to the emergence and dissemination of pathogens and they exert selective pressure for both qualitative virulence factors responsible for fungal pathogenicity, and quantitative traits linked to pathogen fitness, such as aggressiveness. In this study, we used a comparative genome-wide approach to investigate the genomic basis underlying the pathogenicity and aggressiveness of the fungal coffee pathogen Colletotrichum kahawae infecting green coffee berries. The pathogenicity was investigated by comparing genomic variation between C. kahawae and its non-pathogenic sibling species, while the aggressiveness was studied by a genome-wide association approach with groups of isolates with different phenotypic profiles. High genetic differentiation was observed between C. kahawae and the most closely related species with 5,560 diagnostic SNPs identified, in which a significant enrichment of non-synonymous mutations was detected. Functional annotation of these non-synonymous mutations revealed a significant enrichment mainly in two gene ontology categories, “oxidation–reduction process” and “integral component of membrane.” Finally, the annotation of several genes potentially under-selection revealed that C. kahawae’s pathogenicity may be a complex biological process, in which important biological functions, such as, detoxification and transport, regulation of host and pathogen gene expression, and signaling are involved. On the other hand, the genome-wide association analyses for aggressiveness were able to identify 10 SNPs and 15 SNPs of small effect in single and multi-association analysis, respectively, from which 7 were common, giving in total 18 SNPs potentially associated. The annotation of these genomic regions allowed the identification of four candidate genes encoding F-box domain-containing, nitrosoguanidine resistance, Fungal specific transcription factor domain-containing and C6 transcription factor that could be associated with aggressiveness. This study shed light, for the first time, on the genetic mechanisms of C. kahawae host specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vieira
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.,Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Nuno Silva
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.,Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitor Várzea
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.,Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Octávio Salgueiro Paulo
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Batista
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.,Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Liu Y, Liu J, Li G, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Hou J, Yang S, Sun J, Qin Q. A novel Botrytis cinerea-specific gene BcHBF1 enhances virulence of the grey mould fungus via promoting host penetration and invasive hyphal development. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:731-747. [PMID: 31008573 PMCID: PMC6637910 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is the causative agent of grey mould on over 1000 plant species and annually causes enormous economic losses worldwide. However, the fungal factors that mediate pathogenesis of the pathogen remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a novel B. cinerea-specific pathogenicity-associated factor BcHBF1 (hyphal branching-related factor 1), identified from virulence-attenuated mutant M8008 from a B. cinerea T-DNA insertion mutant library, plays an important role in hyphal branching, infection structure formation, sclerotial formation and full virulence of the pathogen. Deletion of BcHBF1 in B. cinerea did not impair radial growth of mycelia, conidiation, conidial germination, osmotic- and oxidative-stress adaptation, as well as cell wall integrity of the ∆Bchbf1 mutant strains. However, loss of BcHBF1 impaired the capability of hyphal branching, appressorium and infection cushion formation, appressorium host penetration and virulence of the pathogen. Moreover, disruption of BcHBF1 altered conidial morphology and dramatically impaired sclerotial formation of the mutant strains. Complementation of BcHBF1 completely rescued all the phenotypic defects of the ∆Bchbf1 mutants. During young hyphal branching, host penetration and early invasive growth of the pathogen, BcHBF1 expression was up-regulated, suggesting that BcHBF1 is required for these processes. Our findings provide novel insights into the fungal factor mediating pathogenesis of the grey mould fungus via regulation of its infection structure formation, host penetration and invasive hyphal branching and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jiane‐Kang Liu
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityChangchun130062China
- Present address:
College of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Gui‐Hua Li
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Ming‐Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Ying‐Ying Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Wang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
- Department of ForestForest College of Beihua UniversityJilin132013China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jiao Sun
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Qing‐Ming Qin
- College of Plant SciencesKey Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin UniversityChangchun130062China
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36
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Valero-Jiménez CA, Veloso J, Staats M, van Kan JAL. Comparative genomics of plant pathogenic Botrytis species with distinct host specificity. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:203. [PMID: 30866801 PMCID: PMC6417074 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi of the genus Botrytis (presently containing ~ 35 species) are able to infect more than 1400 different plant species and cause losses in a wide range of crops of economic importance. The best studied species is B. cinerea, which has a broad host range and is one of the best studied necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi. Most other Botrytis spp. have a narrow host range and have been studied in less detail. To characterize genomic variation among different representatives of Botrytis spp., we sequenced and annotated the draft genomes of nine Botrytis species: B. calthae, B. convoluta, B. elliptica, B. galanthina, B. hyacinthi, B. narcissicola, B. paeoniae, B. porri and B. tulipae. RESULTS Bioinformatics and comparative genomics tools were applied to determine a core of 7668 shared protein families in all Botrytis species, which grouped them in two distinct phylogenetic clades. The secretome of all nine Botrytis spp. was similar in number (ranging from 716 to 784 predicted proteins). A detailed analysis of the molecular functions of the secretome revealed that shared activities were highly similar. Orthologs to effectors functionally studied in B. cinerea were also present in the other Botrytis species. A complex pattern of presence/absence of secondary metabolite biosynthetic key enzymes was observed. CONCLUSIONS Comparative genomics of Botrytis show that overall, species share the main signatures and protein families in the secreted proteins, and of known effectors. Our study provides leads to study host range determinants in the genus Botrytis and provides a stepping stone to elucidate the roles of effector candidates in the infection process of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Veloso
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Martijn Staats
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Present address: RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, 6708WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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37
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Jimenez-Jimenez S, Hashimoto K, Santana O, Aguirre J, Kuchitsu K, Cárdenas L. Emerging roles of tetraspanins in plant inter-cellular and inter-kingdom communication. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1581559. [PMID: 30829110 PMCID: PMC6512927 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1581559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inter-cellular and inter-kingdom signaling systems of various levels of complexity regulate pathogenic and mutualistic interactions between bacteria, parasites, and fungi and animal and plant hosts. Inter-kingdom interactions between mutualistic bacteria such as rhizobia and legumes during nodulation and between fungi and plants during mycorrhizal associations, are characterized by the extensive exchange of molecular signals, which allow nitrogen and phosphate assimilation, respectively. A novel aspect of this signaling exchange is the existence of specific structures, the exosomes, that carry important molecules that shape the plant-pathogen interactions. Exosomes contain a wide array of molecules, such as lipids, proteins, messenger RNA, and microRNAs, that play important roles in cell-to-cell communication in animal and plant cells by affecting gene expression and other physiological activity in distant cells within the same organism (e.g., during cancer metastases and neuron injuries). In plant cells, it has been recently reported that exosomes go beyond organism boundaries and inhibit a pathogenic interaction in plants. Plant produce and send exosomes loaded with specific small miRNA which inhibit the pathogen infection, but the pathogen can also produce exosomes carrying pro-pathogenic proteins and microRNAs. Therefore, exosomes are the important bridge regulating the signal exchange. Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which carries selected cargos from the cytoplasm (protein, lipids, and microRNAs) and under certain circumstances, they fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the small vesicles as cargo-carrying exosomes into the extracellular space during intercellular and inter-kingdom communication. Animal and plant proteomic studies have demonstrated that tetraspanin proteins are an integral part of exosome membranes, positioning tetraspanins as essential components for endosome organization, with key roles in membrane fusion, cell trafficking, and membrane recognition. We discuss the similarities and differences between animal tetraspanins and plant tetraspanins formed during plant-microbe interactions and their potential role in mutualistic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Jimenez-Jimenez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
- CONTACT Luis Cárdenas Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
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38
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Liang X, Rollins JA. Mechanisms of Broad Host Range Necrotrophic Pathogenesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1128-1140. [PMID: 30048598 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0197-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among necrotrophic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is remarkable for its extremely broad host range and for its aggressive host tissue colonization. With full genome sequencing, transcriptomic analyses and the increasing pace of functional gene characterization, the factors underlying the basis of this broad host range necrotrophic pathogenesis are now being elucidated at a greater pace. Among these, genes have been characterized that are required for infection via compound appressoria in addition to genes associated with colonization that regulate oxalic acid (OA) production and OA catabolism. Moreover, virulence-related secretory proteins have been identified, among which are candidates for manipulating host activities apoplastically and cytoplasmically. Coupled with these mechanistic studies, cytological observations of the colonization process have blurred the heretofore clear-cut biotroph versus necrotroph boundary. In this review, we reexamine the cytology of S. sclerotiorum infection and put more recent molecular and genomic data into the context of this cytology. We propose a two-phase infection model in which the pathogen first evades, counteracts and subverts host basal defense reactions prior to killing and degrading host cells. Spatially, the pathogen may achieve this via the production of compatibility factors/effectors in compound appressoria, bulbous subcuticular hyphae, and primary invasive hyphae. By examining the nuances of this interaction, we hope to illuminate new classes of factors as targets to improve our understanding of broad host range necrotrophic pathogens and provide the basis for understanding corresponding host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- First author: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University; and second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville 32611-0680
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- First author: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University; and second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville 32611-0680
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39
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Liu JK, Chang HW, Liu Y, Qin YH, Ding YH, Wang L, Zhao Y, Zhang MZ, Cao SN, Li LT, Liu W, Li GH, Qin QM. The key gluconeogenic gene PCK1 is crucial for virulence of Botrytis cinerea via initiating its conidial germination and host penetration. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1794-1814. [PMID: 29614212 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The process of initiation of host invasion and survival of some foliar phytopathogenic fungi in the absence of external nutrients on host leaf surfaces remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate that gluconeogenesis plays an important role in the process and nutrient-starvation adaptation before the pathogen host invasion. Deletion of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene BcPCK1 in gluconeogenesis in Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of grey mould, resulted in the failure of the ΔBcpck1 mutant conidia to germinate on hard and hydrophobic surface and penetrate host cells in the absence of glucose, reduction in conidiation and slow conidium germination in a nutrient-rich medium. The wild-type and ΔBcpck1 conidia germinate similarly in the presence of glucose (higher concentration) as the sole carbon source. Conidial glucose-content should reach a threshold level to initiate germination and host penetration. Infection structure formation by the mutants displayed a glucose-dependent fashion, which corresponded to the mutant virulence reduction. Exogenous glucose or complementation of BcPCK1 completely rescued all the developmental and virulence defects of the mutants. Our findings demonstrate that BcPCK1 plays a crucial role in B. cinerea pathogenic growth and virulence, and provide new insights into gluconeogenesis mediating pathogenesis of plant fungal pathogens via initiation of conidial germination and host penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hao-Wu Chang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu Haity Qin
- College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yu-Han Ding
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lan Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Cao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Le-Tao Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,College of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin, 134002, China
| | - Gui-Hua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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40
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Chen PH, Chen RY, Chou JY. Screening and Evaluation of Yeast Antagonists for Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea on Strawberry Fruits. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:33-46. [PMID: 29998031 PMCID: PMC6037076 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1454013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most common diseases of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) worldwide. Although many chemical fungicides are used for controlling the growth of B. cinerea, the risk of the fungus developing chemical resistance together with consumer demand for reducing the use of chemical fungicides have necessitated an alternative method to control this pathogen. Various naturally occurring microbes aggressively attack plant pathogens and benefit plants by suppressing diseases; these microbes are referred to as biocontrol agents. However, screening of potent biocontrol agents is essential for their further development and commercialization. In this study, 24 strains of yeast with antagonistic ability against gray mold were isolated, and the antifungal activity of the volatile and diffusible metabolites was evaluated. Putative mechanisms of action associated with the biocontrol capacity of yeast strains against B. cinerea were studied through in vitro and in vivo assays. The volatile organic compounds produced by the Galactomyces candidum JYC1146 could be useful in the biological control of plant pathogens and therefore are potential alternative fungicides with low environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Chen
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Yun Chen
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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41
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Cao SN, Yuan Y, Qin YH, Zhang MZ, de Figueiredo P, Li GH, Qin QM. The pre-rRNA processing factor Nop53 regulates fungal development and pathogenesis via mediating production of reactive oxygen species. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1531-1549. [PMID: 29488307 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic plant fungal pathogen that annually causes enormous economic losses worldwide. The ribosome is an organelle for cellular protein biosynthesis. However, little is known about how the ribosome operates as a machine to mediate microbial pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that Nop53, a late-acting factor for 60S ribosomal subunit maturation, is crucial for the pathogen's development and virulence. BcNop53 is functionally equivalent to yeast nop53p. Complementation of BcNOP53 completely restored the growth defect of the yeast Δnop53 mutant. BcNop53 is located in nuclei and disruption of BcNOP53 also dramatically impaired pathogen growth. Deletion of BcNOP53 blocked infection structure formation and abolished virulence of the pathogen, possibly due to reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, loss of BcNOP53 impaired pathogen conidiation and stress adaptation, altered conidial and sclerotial morphology, retarded conidium and sclerotium germination as well as reduced the activities of cell-wall degradation-associated enzymes. Sclerotium production was, however, increased. Complementation with the wild-type BcNOP53 allele rescued defects found in the ΔBcnop53 mutant. Our work establishes a systematic elucidation of Nop53 in regulating microbial development and pathogenesis, provides novel insights into ribosomal processes that regulate fungal pathogenesis, and may open up new targets for addressing fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Cao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu Haity Qin
- College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gui-Hua Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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42
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Liu J, Sui Y, Chen H, Liu Y, Liu Y. Proteomic Analysis of Kiwifruit in Response to the Postharvest Pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:158. [PMID: 29497428 PMCID: PMC5818428 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, is the most significant postharvest disease of kiwifruit. In the present study, iTRAQ with LC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify the kiwifruit proteins associated with the response to B. cinerea. A total of 2,487 proteins in kiwifruit were identified. Among them, 292 represented differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs), with 196 DAPs having increased, and 96 DAPs having decreased in accumulation in B. cinerea-inoculated vs. water-inoculated, control kiwifruits. DAPs were associated with penetration site reorganization, cell wall degradation, MAPK cascades, ROS signaling, and PR proteins. In order to examine the corresponding transcriptional levels of the DAPs, RT-qPCR was conducted on a subset of 9 DAPs. In addition, virus-induced gene silencing was used to examine the role of myosin 10 in kiwifruit, a gene modulating host penetration resistance to fungal infection, in response to B. cinerea infection. The present study provides new insight on the understanding of the interaction between kiwifruit and B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, College of Forestry and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, College of Forestry and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- College of Biology Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, College of Forestry and Life Science, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Liang D. A Salutary Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Intercellular Tunnel-Mediated Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29503816 PMCID: PMC5821100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species, generally labeled toxic due to high reactivity without target specificity, are gradually uncovered as signaling molecules involved in a myriad of biological processes. But one important feature of ROS roles in macromolecule movement has not caught attention until recent studies with technique advance and design elegance have shed lights on ROS signaling for intercellular and interorganelle communication. This review begins with the discussions of genetic and chemical studies on the regulation of symplastic dye movement through intercellular tunnels in plants (plasmodesmata), and focuses on the ROS regulatory mechanisms concerning macromolecule movement including small RNA-mediated gene silencing movement and protein shuttling between cells. Given the premise that intercellular tunnels (bridges) in mammalian cells are the key physical structures to sustain intercellular communication, movement of macromolecules and signals is efficiently facilitated by ROS-induced membrane protrusions formation, which is analogously applied to the interorganelle communication in plant cells. Although ROS regulatory differences between plant and mammalian cells exist, the basis for ROS-triggered conduit formation underlies a unifying conservative theme in multicellular organisms. These mechanisms may represent the evolutionary advances that have enabled multicellularity to gain the ability to generate and utilize ROS to govern material exchanges between individual cells in oxygenated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Sun K, van Tuinen A, van Kan JAL, Wolters AMA, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Silencing of DND1 in potato and tomato impedes conidial germination, attachment and hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:235. [PMID: 29212470 PMCID: PMC5719932 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogenic fungus, attacks many crops including potato and tomato. Major genes for complete resistance to B. cinerea are not known in plants, but a few quantitative trait loci have been described in tomato. Loss of function of particular susceptibility (S) genes appears to provide a new source of resistance to B. cinerea in Arabidopsis. RESULTS In this study, orthologs of Arabidopsis S genes (DND1, DMR6, DMR1 and PMR4) were silenced by RNAi in potato and tomato (only for DND1). DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants showed significantly reduced diameters of B. cinerea lesions as compared to control plants, at all-time points analysed. Reduced lesion diameter was also observed on leaves of DMR6 silenced potato plants but only at 3 days post inoculation (dpi). The DMR1 and PMR4 silenced potato transformants were as susceptible as the control cv Desiree. Microscopic analysis was performed to observe B. cinerea infection progress in DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato leaves. A significantly lower number of B. cinerea conidia remained attached to the leaf surface of DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants and the hyphal growth of germlings was hampered. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a cytological investigation of Botrytis development on DND1-silenced crop plants. Silencing of DND1 led to reduced susceptibility to Botrytis, which was associated with impediment of conidial germination and attachment as well as hyphal growth. Our results provide new insights regarding the use of S genes in resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ageeth van Tuinen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Tayal P, Raj S, Sharma E, Kumar M, Dayaman V, Verma N, Jogawat A, Dua M, Kapoor R, Johri AK. A Botrytis cinerea KLP-7 Kinesin acts as a Virulence Determinant during Plant Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10664. [PMID: 28878341 PMCID: PMC5587557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that infects many important crops. In an attempt to unravel some novel factors that govern pathogenicity in B. cinerea, Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (ATMT) was deployed, and a number of tagged transformants were generated. Among these, a mutant, BCM-29 exhibited slower growth rate, reduced conidia size, conidiation and penetration. The mutant was also defective in secretion of oxalic acid (OA) and exhibited reduced activities of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin methyl esterases (PME). TAIL-PCR followed by BLAST search identified the tagged gene as KLP-7 that encodes for kinesin. Targeted deletion of KLP-7 resulted in several folds decrease in virulence of mutants as compared to WT, while complementation of the gene helped in rescue of virulence traits. This is the first time when a unique kinesin KLP-7 that is mainly found in the phylum Pezizomycotina has been linked to virulence in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamil Tayal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sumit Raj
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Esha Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Vikram Dayaman
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Nidhi Verma
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Abhimanyu Jogawat
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Meenakshi Dua
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India.
| | - Atul Kumar Johri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110 067, India.
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Abstract
Fungi are among the dominant causal agents of plant diseases. To colonize plants and cause disease, pathogenic fungi use diverse strategies. Some fungi kill their hosts and feed on dead material (necrotrophs), while others colonize the living tissue (biotrophs). For successful invasion of plant organs, pathogenic development is tightly regulated and specialized infection structures are formed. To further colonize hosts and establish disease, fungal pathogens deploy a plethora of virulence factors. Depending on the infection strategy, virulence factors perform different functions. While basically all pathogens interfere with primary plant defense, necrotrophs secrete toxins to kill plant tissue. In contrast, biotrophs utilize effector molecules to suppress plant cell death and manipulate plant metabolism in favor of the pathogen. This article provides an overview of plant pathogenic fungal species and the strategies they use to cause disease.
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Cohrs KC, Burbank J, Schumacher J. A new transformant selection system for the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea based on the expression of fenhexamid-insensitive ERG27 variants. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 100:42-51. [PMID: 28188884 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea features a wide host range and causes severe economic losses, making it an important object for molecular research. Thus far, genetic modification of the fungus mainly is relied on two selection systems (nourseothricin and hygromycin), while other selection systems hold significant disadvantages. To broaden the spectrum of available molecular tools, a new selection system based on the cheap and widely used fungicide fenhexamid (hydroxyanilide group) was established. Fenhexamid specifically targets the 3-ketoreductase ERG27 from the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. We generated a set of expression vectors suitable for deletion or expression of genes of interest (GOIs) in B. cinerea based on fenhexamid-insensitive ERG27 variants. Expression of BcERG27F412I and Fusarium fujikuroi ERG27 in the sensitive B. cinerea strain B05.10 causes resistance towards fenhexamid (fenR) and allows for the selection of transformants and their genetic purification. A modified split-marker approach facilitates the site-specific integration and expression of GOIs at the bcerg27 locus. No undesired secondary phenotypes regarding virulence, stress responses, the formation of reproductive structures or conidial germination were observed in strains expressing fenhexamid-insensitive ERG27 variants. Thus, the fenR system represents a third reliable selection system for genetic modifications of fenhexamid-sensitive B. cinerea strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Christopher Cohrs
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48153 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Burbank
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48153 Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48153 Münster, Germany.
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Liñeiro E, Chiva C, Cantoral JM, Sabidó E, Fernández-Acero FJ. Modifications of fungal membrane proteins profile under pathogenicity induction: A proteomic analysis ofBotrytis cinereamembranome. Proteomics 2016; 16:2363-76. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Liñeiro
- Andalusian Center for Grape and Grapevine Research (IVAGRO), CeiA3, Marine and Environmental Sciences Faculty; University of Cadiz; Puerto Real Spain
| | - Cristina Chiva
- Proteomics Unit; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Barcelona Spain
- Proteomics Unit; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - Jesús M. Cantoral
- Andalusian Center for Grape and Grapevine Research (IVAGRO), CeiA3, Marine and Environmental Sciences Faculty; University of Cadiz; Puerto Real Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Proteomics Unit; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Barcelona Spain
- Proteomics Unit; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Fernández-Acero
- Andalusian Center for Grape and Grapevine Research (IVAGRO), CeiA3, Marine and Environmental Sciences Faculty; University of Cadiz; Puerto Real Spain
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Zhao YL, Zhou TT, Guo HS. Hyphopodium-Specific VdNoxB/VdPls1-Dependent ROS-Ca2+ Signaling Is Required for Plant Infection by Verticillium dahliae. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005793. [PMID: 27463643 PMCID: PMC4962994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a phytopathogenic fungus obligate in root infection. A few hyphopodia differentiate from large numbers of hyphae after conidia germination on the root surface for further infection. However, the molecular features and role of hyphopodia in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae remain elusive. In this study, we found that the VdPls1, a tetraspanin, and the VdNoxB, a catalytic subunit of membrane-bound NADPH oxidases for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, were specifically expressed in hyphopodia. VdPls1 and VdNoxB highly co-localize with the plasma membrane at the base of hyphopodia, where ROS and penetration pegs are generated. Mutant strains, VdΔnoxb and VdΔpls1, in which VdPls1 and VdNoxB were deleted, respectively, developed defective hyphpodia incapable of producing ROS and penetration pegs. Defective plasma membrane localization of VdNoxB in VdΔpls1 demonstrates that VdPls1 functions as an adaptor protein for the recruitment and activation of the VdNoxB. Furthermore, in VdΔnoxb and VdΔpls1, tip-high Ca2+ accumulation was impaired in hyphopodia, but not in vegetative hyphal tips. Moreover, nuclear targeting of VdCrz1 and activation of calcineurin-Crz1 signaling upon hyphopodium induction in wild-type V. dahliae was impaired in both knockout mutants, indicating that VdPls1/VdNoxB-dependent ROS was specifically required for tip-high Ca2+ elevation in hyphopodia to activate the transcription factor VdCrz1 in the regulation of penetration peg formation. Together with the loss of virulence of VdΔnoxb and VdΔpls1, which are unable to initiate colonization in cotton plants, our data demonstrate that VdNoxB/VdPls1-mediated ROS production activates VdCrz1 signaling through Ca2+ elevation in hyphopodia, infectious structures of V. dahliae, to regulate penetration peg formation during the initial colonization of cotton roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
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Sharma M, Guleria S, Kulshrestha S. Diacylglycerol acyl transferase: A pathogenicity related gene in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1308-1315. [PMID: 27254647 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pathogenesis, restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) mutagenesis identified the mutants of C. gloeosporioides impaired in pathogenicity. Transformants screened for defects in pathogenicity using detached leaves and fruits. Of the 20 REMI transformants tested, two mutants (H4 and H7) showed reduced pathogenicity on leaves of apple, kiwi, mango, peach, and fruits of guava, apple, and capsicum. One tagged gene from the genome sequence of mutant H4 was recovered by inverse PCR. Sequence analysis of the tagged site in mutant H4 revealed insertion in diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene which encodes diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzyme, catalyzing the steps involved in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol, an important component of biological membranes and source of energy. Therefore, tagging of diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene in mutant H4 resulted in reduced pathogenicity, indicating possible role of this gene in pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shiwani Guleria
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kulshrestha
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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