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Stirling SA, Guercio AM, Patrick RM, Huang XQ, Bergman ME, Dwivedi V, Kortbeek RWJ, Liu YK, Sun F, Tao WA, Li Y, Boachon B, Shabek N, Dudareva N. Volatile communication in plants relies on a KAI2-mediated signaling pathway. Science 2024; 383:1318-1325. [PMID: 38513014 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released during plant-plant communication, within-plant self-signaling, and plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding VOC perception and downstream signaling is vital for unraveling the mechanisms behind information exchange in plants, which remain largely unexplored. Using the hormone-like function of volatile terpenoids in reproductive organ development as a system with a visual marker for communication, we demonstrate that a petunia karrikin-insensitive receptor, PhKAI2ia, stereospecifically perceives the (-)-germacrene D signal, triggering a KAI2-mediated signaling cascade and affecting plant fitness. This study uncovers the role(s) of the intermediate clade of KAI2 receptors, illuminates the involvement of a KAI2ia-dependent signaling pathway in volatile communication, and provides new insights into plant olfaction and the long-standing question about the nature of potential endogenous KAI2 ligand(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Stirling
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angelica M Guercio
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ryan M Patrick
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Matthew E Bergman
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yi-Kai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Fuai Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - W Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Benoît Boachon
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, LBVpam UMR 5079, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Nicastro GG, Burroughs AM, Iyer L, Aravind L. Functionally comparable but evolutionarily distinct nucleotide-targeting effectors help identify conserved paradigms across diverse immune systems. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:11479-11503. [PMID: 37889040 PMCID: PMC10681802 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
While nucleic acid-targeting effectors are known to be central to biological conflicts and anti-selfish element immunity, recent findings have revealed immune effectors that target their building blocks and the cellular energy currency-free nucleotides. Through comparative genomics and sequence-structure analysis, we identified several distinct effector domains, which we named Calcineurin-CE, HD-CE, and PRTase-CE. These domains, along with specific versions of the ParB and MazG domains, are widely present in diverse prokaryotic immune systems and are predicted to degrade nucleotides by targeting phosphate or glycosidic linkages. Our findings unveil multiple potential immune systems associated with at least 17 different functional themes featuring these effectors. Some of these systems sense modified DNA/nucleotides from phages or operate downstream of novel enzymes generating signaling nucleotides. We also uncovered a class of systems utilizing HSP90- and HSP70-related modules as analogs of STAND and GTPase domains that are coupled to these nucleotide-targeting- or proteolysis-induced complex-forming effectors. While widespread in bacteria, only a limited subset of nucleotide-targeting effectors was integrated into eukaryotic immune systems, suggesting barriers to interoperability across subcellular contexts. This work establishes nucleotide-degrading effectors as an emerging immune paradigm and traces their origins back to homologous domains in housekeeping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianlucca G Nicastro
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - A Maxwell Burroughs
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Lakshminarayan M Iyer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - L Aravind
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA
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Halawa M, Cortleven A, Schmülling T, Heyl A. Characterization of CHARK, an unusual cytokinin receptor of rice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1722. [PMID: 33462253 PMCID: PMC7814049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transduction of the plant hormone cytokinin is mediated by a His-to-Asp phosphorelay. The canonical cytokinin receptor consists of an extra cytoplasmic hormone binding domain named cyclase/histidine kinase associated sensory extracellular (CHASE) and cytoplasmic histidine kinase and receiver domains. In addition to classical cytokinin receptors, a different type receptor—named CHASE domain receptor serine/threonine kinase (CHARK)—is also present in rice. It contains the same ligand binding domain as other cytokinin receptors but has a predicted Ser/Thr—instead of a His-kinase domain. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that CHARK is a retrogene and a product of trans-splicing. Here, we analyzed whether CHARK can function as a bona fide cytokinin receptor. A biochemical assay demonstrated its ability to bind cytokinin. Transient expression of CHARK in protoplasts increased their response to cytokinin. Expression of CHARK in an Arabidopsis receptor double mutant complemented its growth defects and restored the ability to activate cytokinin response genes, clearly demonstrating that CHARK functions as a cytokinin receptor. We propose that the CHARK gene presents an evolutionary novelty in the cytokinin signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhyeddeen Halawa
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Heyl
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Biology Department, Adelphi University, 1 South Avenue, Garden City, NY, 11530-0701, USA.
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Zhao H, Yin CC, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Ethylene signaling in rice and Arabidopsis: New regulators and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102-125. [PMID: 33095478 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone which plays important roles in both plant growth and development and stress responses. Based on studies in the dicot model plant species Arabidopsis, a linear ethylene signaling pathway has been established, according to which ethylene is perceived by ethylene receptors and transduced through CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1 (CTR1) and ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2) to activate transcriptional reprogramming. In addition to this canonical signaling pathway, an alternative ethylene receptor-mediated phosphor-relay pathway has also been proposed to participate in ethylene signaling. In contrast to Arabidopsis, rice, a monocot, grows in semiaquatic environments and has a distinct plant structure. Several novel regulators and/or mechanisms of the rice ethylene signaling pathway have recently been identified, indicating that the ethylene signaling pathway in rice has its own unique features. In this review, we summarize the latest progress and compare the conserved and divergent aspects of the ethylene signaling pathway between Arabidopsis and rice. The crosstalk between ethylene and other plant hormones is also reviewed. Finally, we discuss how ethylene regulates plant growth, stress responses and agronomic traits. These analyses should help expand our knowledge of the ethylene signaling mechanism and could further be applied for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cui-Cui Yin
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Biology and Agriculture Research Center, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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5
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Overexpression of a Malus baccata NAC Transcription Factor Gene MbNAC25 Increases Cold and Salinity Tolerance in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041198. [PMID: 32054040 PMCID: PMC7072804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NAC (no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis thaliana transcription activation factor (ATAF1/2) and cup shaped cotyledon (CUC2)) transcription factors play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses. Nevertheless, to date, only a few reports regarding stress-related NAC genes are available in Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. In this study, the transcription factor MbNAC25 in M. baccata was isolated as a member of the plant-specific NAC family that regulates stress responses. Expression of MbNAC25 was induced by abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, high salinity and heat. The ORF of MbNAC25 is 1122 bp, encodes 373 amino acids and subcellular localization showed that MbNAC25 protein was localized in the nucleus. In addition, MbNAC25 was highly expressed in new leaves and stems using real-time PCR. To analyze the function of MbNAC25 in plants, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants that overexpressed MbNAC25. Under low-temperature stress (4 °C) and high-salt stress (200 mM NaCl), plants overexpressing MbNAC25 enhanced tolerance against cold and drought salinity conferring a higher survival rate than that of wild-type (WT). Correspondingly, the chlorophyll content, proline content, the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower. These results indicated that the overexpression of MbNAC25 in Arabidopsis plants improved the tolerance to cold and salinity stress via enhanced scavenging capability of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Tao JJ, Wei W, Pan WJ, Lu L, Li QT, Ma JB, Zhang WK, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS. An Alfin-like gene from Atriplex hortensis enhances salt and drought tolerance and abscisic acid response in transgenic Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2707. [PMID: 29426828 PMCID: PMC5807399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfin-like (AL) is a small plant-specific gene family with prominent roles in root growth and abiotic stress response. Here, we aimed to identify novel stress tolerance AL genes from the stress-tolerant species Atriplex hortensis. Totally, we isolated four AhAL genes, all encoding nuclear-localized proteins with cis-element-binding and transrepression activities. Constitutive expression of AhAL1 in Arabidopsis facilitated plants to survive under saline condition, while expressing anyone of the other three AhAL genes led to salt-hypersensitive response, indicating functional divergence of AhAL family. AhAL1 also conferred enhanced drought tolerance, as judged from enhanced survival, improved growth, decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) content and reduced water loss in AhAL1-expressing plants compared to WT. In addition, abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure and inhibition of seed germination and primary root elongation were enhanced in AhAL1-transgenic plants. Further analysis demonstrated that AhAL1 could bind to promoter regions of GRF7, DREB1C and several group-A PP2C genes and repress their expression. Correspondingly, the expression levels of positive stress regulator genes DREB1A, DREB2A and three ABFs were all increased in AhAL1-expressing plants. Based on these results, AhAL1 was identified as a novel candidate gene for improving abiotic stress tolerance of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wen-Jia Pan
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Long Lu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qing-Tian Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jin-Biao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Yu M, Yau CP, Yip WK. Differentially localized rice ethylene receptors OsERS1 and OsETR2 and their potential role during submergence. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1356532. [PMID: 28758833 PMCID: PMC5616157 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1356532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is gaseous plant hormone that controls a variety of physiologic activities. OsERS1 and OsETR2 are major ethylene receptors in rice that have been reported to have different regulatory functions. The GFP fused N-terminus of OsERS1 and OsETR2 showed differentially localization patterns when transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells. Base on these results, we suggested that OsERS1 could be localized to plasma membranes, whereas OsETR2 could be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, instead of the constitutive expression profile of OsERS1, OsETR2 is differentially expressed in seedlings of light/dark-grown conditions, submergence or exogenous ethylene treatments. Our results and others support the notion that OsERS1 and OsETR2 could have different roles during rice plant submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manda Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi Ping Yau
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Kin Yip
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CONTACT Wing Kin Yip 7S09 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Analysis of Ethylene Receptors: Assay for Histidine Kinase Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28293842 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6854-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The ethylene receptors of plants exist in two subfamilies. Members of subfamily-1 have functional histidine kinase domains, whereas members of subfamily-2 have diverged histidine-kinase-like domains that in some cases have been shown to exhibit Ser/Thr kinase activity. Here, we describe a method to biochemically characterize the enzymatic activity of these kinase domains in vitro. For this purpose, the histidine kinase domain of the receptors is transgenically expressed in yeast as a fusion to glutathione-S-transferase (GST) for subsequent affinity purification. Autophosphorylation activity is assessed by the use of an in vitro kinase assay with the purified protein. Acid/base stability of the incorporated phosphate can then be used as a diagnostic for whether His, Asp, or Ser/Thr/Tyr is phosphorylated.
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Peng X, Wang H, Jang JC, Xiao T, He H, Jiang D, Tang X. OsWRKY80-OsWRKY4 Module as a Positive Regulatory Circuit in Rice Resistance Against Rhizoctonia solani. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:63. [PMID: 27888467 PMCID: PMC5124021 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant WRKY transcription factors play pivotal roles in diverse biological processes but most notably in plant defense response to pathogens. Sheath blight represents one of the predominant diseases in rice. However, our knowledge about the functions of WRKY proteins in rice defense against sheath blight is rather limited. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that the expression of Oryza sativa WRKY80 gene (OsWRKY80) is rapidly and strongly induced upon infection of Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of rice sheath blight disease. OsWRKY80 expression is also induced by exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), but not by salicylic acid (SA). OsWRKY80-GFP is localized in the nuclei of onion epidermal cells in a transient expression assay. Consistently, OsWRKY80 exhibits transcriptional activation activity in a GAL4 assay in yeast cells. Overexpression of OsWRKY80 in rice plants significantly enhanced disease resistance to R. solani, concomitant with elevated expression of OsWRKY4, another positive regulator in rice defense against R. solani. Suppression of OsWRKY80 by RNA interference (RNAi), on the other hand, compromised disease resistance to R. solani. Results of yeast one-hybrid assay and transient expression assay in tobacco cells have revealed that OsWRKY80 specifically binds to the promoter regions of OsWRKY4, which contain W-box (TTGAC[C/T]) or W-box like (TGAC[C/T]) cis-elements. CONCLUSIONS We propose that OsWRKY80 functions upstream of OsWRKY4 as an important positive regulatory circuit that is implicated in rice defense response to sheath blight pathogen R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixu Peng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-polluted Soils, College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-polluted Soils, College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China.
| | - Jyan-Chyun Jang
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ting Xiao
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Xinke Tang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
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Light KM, Wisniewski JA, Vinyard WA, Kieber-Emmons MT. Perception of the plant hormone ethylene: known-knowns and known-unknowns. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:715-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang H, Meng J, Peng X, Tang X, Zhou P, Xiang J, Deng X. Rice WRKY4 acts as a transcriptional activator mediating defense responses toward Rhizoctonia solani, the causing agent of rice sheath blight. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:157-71. [PMID: 26275661 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors have been implicated in the regulation of transcriptional reprogramming associated with various plant processes but most notably with plant defense responses to pathogens. Here we demonstrate that expression of rice WRKY4 gene (OsWRKY4) was rapidly and strongly induced upon infection of Rhizoctonia solani, the causing agent of rice sheath blight, and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). OsWRKY4 is localized to the nucleus of plant cells and possesses transcriptional activation ability. Modulation of OsWRKY4 transcript levels by constitutive overexpression increases resistance to the necrotrophic sheath blight fungus, concomitant with elevated expression of JA- and ET-responsive pathogenesis-related (PR) genes such as PR1a, PR1b, PR5 and PR10/PBZ1. Suppression by RNA interference (RNAi), on the other hand, compromises resistance to the fungal pathogen. Yeast one-hybrid assay and transient expression in tobacco cells reveal that OsWRKY4 specifically binds to the promoter regions of PR1b and PR5 which contain W-box (TTGAC[C/T]), or W-box like (TGAC[C/T]) cis-elements. In conclusion, we propose that OsWRKY4 functions as an important positive regulator that is implicated in the defense responses to rice sheath blight via JA/ET-dependent signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Wang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils, College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China.
| | - Jiao Meng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Xixu Peng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Safe Utilization of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils, College of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Xinke Tang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Pinglan Zhou
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of the Pests and Diseases on Horticultural Crops in Hunan Province, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Xiang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobo Deng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
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12
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Zdarska M, Dobisová T, Gelová Z, Pernisová M, Dabravolski S, Hejátko J. Illuminating light, cytokinin, and ethylene signalling crosstalk in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4913-31. [PMID: 26022257 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrating important environmental signals with intrinsic developmental programmes is a crucial adaptive requirement for plant growth, survival, and reproduction. Key environmental cues include changes in several light variables, while important intrinsic (and highly interactive) regulators of many developmental processes include the phytohormones cytokinins (CKs) and ethylene. Here, we discuss the latest discoveries regarding the molecular mechanisms mediating CK/ethylene crosstalk at diverse levels of biosynthetic and metabolic pathways and their complex interactions with light. Furthermore, we summarize evidence indicating that multiple hormonal and light signals are integrated in the multistep phosphorelay (MSP) pathway, a backbone signalling pathway in plants. Inter alia, there are strong overlaps in subcellular localizations and functional similarities in components of these pathways, including receptors and various downstream agents. We highlight recent research demonstrating the importance of CK/ethylene/light crosstalk in selected aspects of plant development, particularly seed germination and early seedling development. The findings clearly demonstrate the crucial integration of plant responses to phytohormones and adaptive responses to environmental cues. Finally, we tentatively identify key future challenges to refine our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating crosstalk between light and hormonal signals, and their integration during plant life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Zdarska
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Dobisová
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gelová
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
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13
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Li ZG, Chen HW, Li QT, Tao JJ, Bian XH, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Three SAUR proteins SAUR76, SAUR77 and SAUR78 promote plant growth in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26207341 PMCID: PMC4513569 DOI: 10.1038/srep12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene perceived by a family of five receptors regulates many developmental processes in Arabidopsis. Here we conducted the yeast two-hybrid assay to screen for additional unidentified proteins that interact with subfamily II ethylene receptor ETR2. Three SAUR proteins, named SAUR76, 77 and 78, were identified to associate with both ETR2 and EIN4 in different assays. Interaction of SAUR76 and SAUR78 with ETR2 was further verified by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Expressions of SAUR76-78 are induced by auxin and ethylene treatments. Compared with wild type, SAUR-overexpressing plants exhibit reduced ethylene sensitivity, while SAUR-RNAi lines exhibit enhanced ethylene sensitivity. Overexpressing the three SAURs partially complements the phenotype of subfamily II ethylene receptor loss-of-function double mutant etr2-3ein4-4, which has increased ethylene response and small cotyledon and rosette. saur76 mutation partially suppresses the reduced ethylene sensitivity of etr2-2. SAUR76/78 proteins are regulated by 26S proteasome system and larger tag increases their protein stability. These findings suggest that SAUR76-78 may affect ethylene receptor signaling and promote plant growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing-Tian Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Bian
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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14
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Yang C, Lu X, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Ethylene signaling in rice and Arabidopsis: conserved and diverged aspects. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:495-505. [PMID: 25732590 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene as a gas phytohormone plays significant roles in the whole life cycle of plants, ranging from growth and development to stress responses. A linear ethylene signaling pathway has been established in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis. However, the ethylene signaling mechanism in monocotyledonous plants such as rice is largely unclear. In this review, we compare the ethylene response phenotypes of dark-grown seedlings of Arabidopsis, rice, and other monocotyledonous plants (maize, wheat, sorghum, and Brachypodium distachyon) and pinpoint that rice has a distinct phenotype of root inhibition but coleoptile promotion in etiolated seedlings upon ethylene treatment. We further summarize the homologous genes of Arabidopsis ethylene signaling components in these monocotyledonous plants and discuss recent progress. Although conserved in most aspects, ethylene signaling in rice has evolved new features compared with that in Arabidopsis. These analyses provide novel insights into the understanding of ethylene signaling in the dicotyledonous Arabidopsis and monocotyledonous plants, particularly rice. Further characterization of rice ethylene-responsive mutants and their corresponding genes will help us better understand the whole picture of ethylene signaling mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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15
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Cao YR, Chen HW, Li ZG, Tao JJ, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Tobacco ankyrin protein NEIP2 interacts with ethylene receptor NTHK1 and regulates plant growth and stress responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:803-18. [PMID: 25634961 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that regulates many processes involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. Previously, we found that the tobacco ethylene receptor NTHK1 (Nicotiana tabacum histidine kinase 1) promotes seedling growth and affects plant salt stress responses. In this study, NTHK1 ethylene receptor-interacting protein 2 (NEIP2) was identified and further characterized in relation to these processes. NEIP2 contains three ankyrin repeats that mediate an interaction with NTHK1 as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. NTHK1 phosphorylates NEIP2 in vitro. Salt stress and ethylene treatment induce NEIP2 accumulation in the first few hours and then the NEIP2 can be phosphorylated in planta. The overexpression of NTHK1 enhances NEIP2 accumulation in the presence of ethylene and salt stress. NEIP2 overexpression promotes plant growth but reduces ethylene responses, which is consistent with the functions of NTHK1. Additionally, NEIP2 improves plant performance under salt and oxidative stress. These results suggest that ethylene-induced NEIP2 probably acts as a brake to reduce ethylene response but resumes growth through interaction with NTHK1. Manipulation of NEIP2 may be beneficial for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Rong Cao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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16
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Chen LJ, Wuriyanghan H, Zhang YQ, Duan KX, Chen HW, Li QT, Lu X, He SJ, Ma B, Zhang WK, Lin Q, Chen SY, Zhang JS. An S-domain receptor-like kinase, OsSIK2, confers abiotic stress tolerance and delays dark-induced leaf senescence in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1752-65. [PMID: 24143807 PMCID: PMC3850199 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.224881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases play important roles in plant development and defense responses; however, their functions in other processes remain unclear. Here, we report that OsSIK2, an S-domain receptor-like kinase from rice (Oryza sativa), is involved in abiotic stress and the senescence process. OsSIK2 is a plasma membrane-localized protein with kinase activity in the presence of Mn(2+). OsSIK2 is expressed mainly in rice leaf and sheath and can be induced by NaCl, drought, cold, dark, and abscisic acid treatment. Transgenic plants overexpressing OsSIK2 and mutant sik2 exhibit enhanced and reduced tolerance to salt and drought stress, respectively, compared with the controls. Interestingly, a truncated version of OsSIK2 without most of the extracellular region confers higher salt tolerance than the full-length OsSIK2, likely through the activation of different sets of downstream genes. Moreover, seedlings of OsSIK2-overexpressing transgenic plants exhibit early leaf development and a delayed dark-induced senescence phenotype, while mutant sik2 shows the opposite phenotype. The downstream PR-related genes specifically up-regulated by full-length OsSIK2 or the DREB-like genes solely enhanced by truncated OsSIK2 are all induced by salt, drought, and dark treatments. These results indicate that OsSIK2 may integrate stress signals into a developmental program for better adaptive growth under unfavorable conditions. Manipulation of OsSIK2 should facilitate the improvement of production in rice and other crops.
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17
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Ma B, He SJ, Duan KX, Yin CC, Chen H, Yang C, Xiong Q, Song QX, Lu X, Chen HW, Zhang WK, Lu TG, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Identification of rice ethylene-response mutants and characterization of MHZ7/OsEIN2 in distinct ethylene response and yield trait regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1830-48. [PMID: 23718947 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays essential roles in adaptive growth of rice plants in water-saturating environment; however, ethylene signaling pathway in rice is largely unclear. In this study, we report identification and characterization of ethylene-response mutants based on the specific ethylene-response phenotypes of etiolated rice seedlings, including ethylene-inhibited root growth and ethylene-promoted coleoptile elongation, which is different from the ethylene triple-response phenotype in Arabidopsis. We establish an efficient system for screening and a set of rice mutants have been identified. Genetic analysis reveals that these mutants form eight complementation groups. All the mutants show insensitivity or reduced sensitivity to ethylene in root growth but exhibit differential responses in coleoptile growth. One mutant group mhz7 has insensitivity to ethylene in both root and coleoptile growth. We identified the corresponding gene by a map-based cloning method. MHZ7 encodes a membrane protein homologous to EIN2, a central component of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Upon ethylene treatment, etiolated MHZ7-overexpressing seedlings exhibit enhanced coleoptile elongation, increased mesocotyl growth and extremely twisted short roots, featuring enhanced ethylene-response phenotypes in rice. Grain length was promoted in MHZ7-transgenic plants and 1000-grain weight was reduced in mhz7 mutants. Leaf senescent process was also affected by MHZ7 expression. Manipulation of ethylene signaling may improve adaptive growth and yield-related traits in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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18
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Peng X, Hu Y, Tang X, Zhou P, Deng X, Wang H, Guo Z. Constitutive expression of rice WRKY30 gene increases the endogenous jasmonic acid accumulation, PR gene expression and resistance to fungal pathogens in rice. PLANTA 2012; 236:1485-98. [PMID: 22798060 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors are crucial regulatory components of plant responses to pathogen infection. In the present study, we report isolation and functional characterization of the pathogen-responsive rice WRKY30 gene, whose transcripts accumulate rapidly in response to salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. Overexpression of WRKY30 in rice enhanced resistance to rice sheath blight fungus Rhizoctonia solani and blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. The enhanced resistance in the transgenic lines overexpressing WRKY30 was associated with activated expression of JA synthesis-related genes LOX, AOS2 and pathogenesis-related (PR)3 and PR10, and increased endogenous JA accumulation under the challenge of fungal pathogens. WRKY30 was nuclear-localized and had transcriptional activation ability in yeast cells, supporting that it functions as a transcription factor. Together, our findings indicate that JA plays a crucial role in the WRKY30-mediated defense responses to fungal pathogens, and that the rice WRKY30 seems promising as an important candidate gene to improve disease resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixu Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Rd., Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
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19
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Kamiyoshihara Y, Tieman DM, Huber DJ, Klee HJ. Ligand-induced alterations in the phosphorylation state of ethylene receptors in tomato fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:488-97. [PMID: 22797658 PMCID: PMC3440222 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.202820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perception of the plant hormone ethylene is essential to initiate and advance ripening of climacteric fruits. Since ethylene receptors negatively regulate signaling, the suppression is canceled upon ethylene binding, permitting responses including fruit ripening. Although receptors have autophosphorylation activity, the mechanism whereby signal transduction occurs has not been fully determined. Here we demonstrate that LeETR4, a critical receptor for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening, is multiply phosphorylated in vivo and the phosphorylation level is dependent on ripening stage and ethylene action. Treatment of preclimacteric fruits with ethylene resulted in accumulation of LeETR4 with reduced phosphorylation whereas treatments of ripening fruits with ethylene antagonists, 1-methylcyclopropene and 2,5-norbornadiene, induced accumulation of the phosphorylated isotypes. A similar phosphorylation pattern was also observed for Never ripe, another ripening-related receptor. Alteration in the phosphorylation state of receptors is likely to be an initial response upon ethylene binding since treatments with ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene rapidly influenced the LeETR4 phosphorylation state rather than protein abundance. The LeETR4 phosphorylation state closely paralleled ripening progress, suggesting that the phosphorylation state of receptors is implicated in ethylene signal output in tomato fruits. We provide insights into the nature of receptor on and off states.
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20
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Ju C, Chang C. Advances in ethylene signalling: protein complexes at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. AOB PLANTS 2012; 2012:pls031. [PMID: 23119138 PMCID: PMC3485614 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene plays critical roles in plant responses to environmental and endogenous signals that modulate growth and development. Over the past 25 years, great progress has been made in elucidating the ethylene signalling pathway. Genetic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have identified key components of the pathway, and subcellular localization studies have shown that most of these components, other than transcription factors and protein turnover machinery, are associated with or lie within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The ethylene receptors are found in high-molecular-mass protein complexes and interact with the CTR1 serine/threonine protein kinase and the genetically downstream EIN2 Nramp-like protein. To more fully understand the ethylene signalling pathway, recent research has focused on examining the molecular connections between these components and how they are regulated. Here, we review recent advances and remaining gaps in our understanding of the early steps in the ethylene signalling pathway taking place at the ER.
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21
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Lei G, Shen M, Li ZG, Zhang B, Duan KX, Wang N, Cao YR, Zhang WK, Ma B, Ling HQ, Chen SY, Zhang JS. EIN2 regulates salt stress response and interacts with a MA3 domain-containing protein ECIP1 in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1678-92. [PMID: 21631530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene signalling regulates plant growth and development. However, its roles in salt stress response are less known. Here we studied functions of EIN2, a central membrane protein of ethylene signalling, and its interacting protein ECIP1 in salt stress responses. Mutation of EIN2 led to extreme salt sensitivity as revealed by phenotypic and physiological changes, and overexpression of C-terminus of EIN2 suppressed salt sensitivity in ein2-5, indicating that EIN2 is required for salt tolerance. Downstream components EIN3 and EIL1 are also essential for salt tolerance because ein3-1eil1-1 double mutant showed extreme salt-sensitive phenotype. A MA3 domain-containing protein ECIP1 was further identified to interact with EIN2 in yeast two-hybrid assay and GST pull-down assay. Loss-of-function of ECIP1 resulted in enhanced ethylene response but altered salt response during seed germination and plant growth. Double mutant analysis revealed that ein2-1 was epistatic to ecip1, and ecip1 mutation partially suppressed ethylene-insensitivity of etr2-1 and ein4-1. These studies strengthen that interactions between ECIP1 and EIN2 or ethylene receptors regulate ethylene response and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lei
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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22
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23
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Ouyang SQ, Liu YF, Liu P, Lei G, He SJ, Ma B, Zhang WK, Zhang JS, Chen SY. Receptor-like kinase OsSIK1 improves drought and salt stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:316-29. [PMID: 20128882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play essential roles in plant growth, development and responses to environmental stresses. A putative RLK gene, OsSIK1, with extracellular leucine-rich repeats was cloned and characterized in rice (Oryza sativa). OsSIK1 exhibits kinase activity in the presence of Mn(2+), and the OsSIK1 kinase domain has the ability to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate myelin basic protein (MBP). OsSIK1 promoter-GUS analysis revealed that OsSIK1 is expressed mainly in the stem and spikelet in rice. The expression of OsSIK1 is mainly induced by salt, drought and H(2)O(2) treatments. Transgenic rice plants with overexpression of OsSIK1 show higher tolerance to salt and drought stresses than control plants. On the contrary, the knock-out mutants sik1-1 and sik1-2, as well as RNA interference (RNAi) plants, are sensitive to drought and salt stresses. The activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase are enhanced significantly in OsSIK1-overexpressing plants. Also, the accumulation of H(2)O(2) in leaves of OsSIK1-overexpressing plants is much less than that of the mutants, RNAi plants and control plants, as measured by 3,3'-diamino benzidine (DAB) staining. We also show that OsSIK1 affects stomatal density in the abaxial and adaxial leaf epidermis of rice. These results indicate that OsSIK1 plays important roles in salt and drought stress tolerance in rice, through the activation of the antioxidative system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Qiang Ouyang
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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24
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Wei W, Huang J, Hao YJ, Zou HF, Wang HW, Zhao JY, Liu XY, Zhang WK, Ma B, Zhang JS, Chen SY. Soybean GmPHD-type transcription regulators improve stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7209. [PMID: 19789627 PMCID: PMC2747011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the most important crops for oil and protein resource. Improvement of stress tolerance will be beneficial for soybean seed production. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Six GmPHD genes encoding Alfin1-type PHD finger protein were identified and their expressions differentially responded to drought, salt, cold and ABA treatments. The six GmPHDs were nuclear proteins and showed ability to bind the cis-element "GTGGAG". The N-terminal domain of GmPHD played a major role in DNA binding. Using a protoplast assay system, we find that GmPHD1 to GmPHD5 had transcriptional suppression activity whereas GmPHD6 did not have. In yeast assay, the GmPHD6 can form homodimer and heterodimer with the other GmPHDs except GmPHD2. The N-terminal plus the variable regions but not the PHD-finger is required for the dimerization. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the GmPHD2 showed salt tolerance when compared with the wild type plants. This tolerance was likely achieved by diminishing the oxidative stress through regulation of downstream genes. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide important clues for soybean stress tolerance through manipulation of PHD-type transcription regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Jun Hao
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Feng Zou
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Wen Wang
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yun Zhao
- Institute of economic crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Xue-Yi Liu
- Institute of economic crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Chen T, Liu J, Lei G, Liu YF, Li ZG, Tao JJ, Hao YJ, Cao YR, Lin Q, Zhang WK, Ma B, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Effects of tobacco ethylene receptor mutations on receptor kinase activity, plant growth and stress responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1636-50. [PMID: 19608714 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene receptor is the first component of ethylene signaling that regulates plant growth, development and stress responses. Previously, we have demonstrated that tobacco subfamily 2 ethylene receptor NTHK1 had Ser/Thr kinase activity, and overexpression of NTHK1 caused large rosette, reduced ethylene sensitivity, and increased salt sensitivity in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Here we found that N-box mutation in the NTHK1 kinase domain abolished the kinase activity and led to disruption of NTHK1 roles in conferring reduced ethylene sensitivity and salt sensitive response in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. However, N-box mutation had partial effects on NTHK1 regulation of rosette growth and expression of salt- and ethylene-responsive genes AtNAC2, AtERF1 and AtCor6.6. Mutation of conserved residues in the H box did not affect kinase activity, seedling growth, ethylene sensitivity or salt-induced epinasty in transgenic plants but did influence NTHK1 function in control of specific salt- and ethylene-responsive gene expression. Compared with NTHK1, the tobacco subfamily 1 ethylene receptor NtETR1 had His kinase activity and played a weak role in regulation of rosette growth, triple response and salt response. Mutation of the conserved His residue in the NtETR1 H box eliminated phosphorylation and altered the effect of Ntetr1-1 on reporter gene activity. These results imply that the Ser/Thr kinase activity of NTHK1 is differentially required for various responses, and NTHK1 plays a larger role than NtETR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Plant Gene Expression Center, National Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Wuriyanghan H, Zhang B, Cao WH, Ma B, Lei G, Liu YF, Wei W, Wu HJ, Chen LJ, Chen HW, Cao YR, He SJ, Zhang WK, Wang XJ, Chen SY, Zhang JS. The ethylene receptor ETR2 delays floral transition and affects starch accumulation in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:1473-94. [PMID: 19417056 PMCID: PMC2700534 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.065391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development in dicotyledonous plants; however, its roles in monocotyledonous plants are poorly known. Here, we characterized a subfamily II ethylene receptor, ETHYLENE RESPONSE2 (ETR2), in rice (Oryza sativa). The ETR2 receptor with a diverged His kinase domain is a Ser/Thr kinase, but not a His kinase, and can phosphorylate its receiver domain. Mutation of the N box of the kinase domain abolished the kinase activity of ETR2. Overexpression of ETR2 in transgenic rice plants reduced ethylene sensitivity and delayed floral transition. Conversely, RNA interference (RNAi) plants exhibited early flowering and the ETR2 T-DNA insertion mutant etr2 showed enhanced ethylene sensitivity and early flowering. The effective panicles and seed-setting rate were reduced in the ETR2-overexpressing plants, while thousand-seed weight was substantially enhanced in both the ETR2-RNAi plants and the etr2 mutant compared with controls. Starch granules accumulated in the internodes of the ETR2-overexpressing plants, but not in the etr2 mutant. The GIGANTEA and TERMINAL FLOWER1/CENTRORADIALIS homolog (RCN1) that cause delayed flowering were upregulated in ETR2-overexpressing plants but downregulated in the etr2 mutant. Conversely, the alpha-amylase gene RAmy3D was suppressed in ETR2-overexpressing plants but enhanced in the etr2 mutant. Thus, ETR2 may delay flowering and cause starch accumulation in stems by regulating downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hada Wuriyanghan
- Plant Gene Research Center, National Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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27
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Yoo SD, Cho Y, Sheen J. Emerging connections in the ethylene signaling network. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:270-9. [PMID: 19375376 PMCID: PMC3063992 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene acts as a pivotal mediator to respond to and coordinate internal and external cues in modulating plant growth dynamics and developmental programs. Genetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana has been used to identify key components and to build a linear ethylene-signaling pathway from the receptors through to the nuclear transcription factors. Studies applying integrative approaches have revealed new regulators, molecular connections and mechanisms in ethylene signaling and unexpected links to other plant hormones. Here, we review and discuss recent discoveries about the functional mode of ethylene receptor complexes, dual mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade signaling, stability control of the master nuclear transcription activator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3), and the contextual relationships between ethylene and other plant hormones, such as auxin and gibberellins, in organ-specific growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Dong Yoo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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28
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Lin Z, Ho CW, Grierson D. AtTRP1 encodes a novel TPR protein that interacts with the ethylene receptor ERS1 and modulates development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3697-714. [PMID: 19567478 PMCID: PMC2736885 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis AtTRP1 is an orthologue of SlTPR1, a tomato tetratricopeptide repeat protein that interacts with the tomato ethylene receptors LeETR1 and NR in yeast 2-hybrid assays and in vitro, and modulates plant development. AtTRP1 is encoded by a single copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome, and is related to TCC1, a human protein that competes with Raf-1 for Ras binding, and distantly related to the immunophilin-like FK-binding proteins TWD1 and PAS1. The former is involved in auxin transport and the latter is translocated to the nucleus in response to auxin. AtTRP1 interacted preferentially with the Arabidopsis ethylene receptor ERS1 in yeast two-hybrid assays. This association was confirmed by in vivo co-immunoprecipitation. AtTRP1 promoter-GUS was highly expressed in vascular tissue, mature anthers, the abscission zone, and was induced by ACC. Overexpression of AtTRP1 in wild-type Arabidopsis resulted in dwarf plants with reduced fertility, altered leaf/silique morphology, and enhanced expression of the ethylene responsive gene AtChitB. Exogenous GA did not reverse the dwarf habit. Etiolated transgenic seedlings overexpressing AtTRP1 displayed enhanced sensitivity to low ACC and this was correlated with the transgene expression. Seedlings overexpressing AtTRP1 at high levels exhibited shortened and swollen hypocotyls, inhibited root growth, and an altered apical hook. Plants overexpressing AtTRP1 also showed a reduced response to exogenous IAA and altered expression of a subset of auxin early responsive genes. These results indicated that overexpression of AtTRP1 affects cross-talk between ethylene and auxin signalling and enhances some ethylene responses and alters some auxin responses. A model for AtTRP1 action is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Don Grierson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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Lin Z, Zhong S, Grierson D. Recent advances in ethylene research. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3311-36. [PMID: 19567479 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene regulates many aspects of the plant life cycle, including seed germination, root initiation, flower development, fruit ripening, senescence, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It thus plays a key role in responses to the environment that have a direct bearing on a plant's fitness for adaptation and reproduction. In recent years, there have been major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating ethylene synthesis and action. Screening for mutants of the triple response phenotype of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings, together with map-based cloning and candidate gene characterization of natural mutants from other plant species, has led to the identification of many new genes for ethylene biosynthesis, signal transduction, and response pathways. The simple chemical nature of ethylene contrasts with its regulatory complexity. This is illustrated by the multiplicity of genes encoding the key ethylene biosynthesis enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase, multiple ethylene receptors and signal transduction components, and the complexity of regulatory steps involving signalling relays and control of mRNA and protein synthesis and turnover. In addition, there are extensive interactions with other hormones. This review integrates knowledge from the model plant Arabidopsis and other plant species and focuses on key aspects of recent research on regulatory networks controlling ethylene synthesis and its role in flower development and fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefeng Lin
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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30
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Cao YR, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Ethylene signaling regulates salt stress response: An overview. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:761-3. [PMID: 19513226 PMCID: PMC2634369 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.10.5934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene has long been regarded as a stress-related hormone, but only recently the link between ethylene signaling pathway and salt stress was primarily established. Ethylene signaling modulates salt response at different levels, including membrane receptors, components in cytoplasm, and nuclear transcription factors in the pathway. However the relevant mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, we described how ethylene signaling pathway regulates salt stress response and discussed the challenges of ethylene and receptor signaling in salt response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Rong Cao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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31
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Zhu Z, Guo H. Genetic basis of ethylene perception and signal transduction in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:808-15. [PMID: 18713391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a simple gaseous hormone in plants. It plays important roles in plant development and stress tolerance. In the presence of ethylene treatment, all ethylene receptors are in an activated form, which can physically interact with CTR1 and consequently recruit CTR1 protein to endoplasmic reticulum membraneto activate it. Activated CTR1 suppresses the downstream signal transduction by an unknown mechanism. Upon binding to its receptors, ethylene will inactivate the receptor/CTR1 module and in turn alleviate their inhibitory effect on two positive regulators acting downstream of CTR1: EIN2 and EIN3. Genetic study reveals that EIN2 is an essential component in the ethylene signaling pathway but its biochemical function remains a mystery. EIN3 is a plant-specific transcription factor and its protein abundance in the nucleus is rapidly induced upon ethylene treatment. In the absence of ethylene signal, EIN3 protein is degraded by an SCF complex containing one of the two F-box proteins EBF1/EBF2 in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. EIN3 can bind to the promoter sequences of a number of downstream components, such as ERFs, which in turn bind to a GCC box, a cis-element found in many ethylene-regulated defense genes. Ethylene has been shown to also regulate many other hormones' signaling pathways including auxin, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid, implying the existence of complicated signaling networks in the growth, development and defense responses of various plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhu
- National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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32
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Voet-van-Vormizeele J, Groth G. Ethylene controls autophosphorylation of the histidine kinase domain in ethylene receptor ETR1. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:380-7. [PMID: 19825547 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Perception of the phytohormone ethylene is accomplished by a small family of integral membrane receptors. In Arabidopsis, five ethylene receptor proteins are known, including ethylene resistant 1 (ETR1). The hydrophobic amino-terminal domain of these receptors contains the ethylene-binding site while the carboxyl-terminal part consists of a histidine kinase domain and a response regulator domain, which are well known elements found in bacterial two-component signaling. The soluble membrane-extrinsic carboxyl-terminal part of the receptor, which is likely to play an important role in signal transduction, showed intrinsic kinase activity when expressed and purified on its own. However, a correlation between signal input and autokinase activity was not established in these studies, as receptors were missing the transmembrane amino-terminal sensor domain. Thus, it is still unclear whether autophosphorylation occurs in response to perception of the ethylene signal. Here, we report on autophosphorylation studies of purified full-length ETR1. Autokinase activity of the purified receptor is controlled by ethylene or by ethylene agonists like the pi-acceptor compound cyanide. In fact, both signal molecules were able to completely turn off the intrinsic kinase activity. Furthermore, the observed inhibition of autophosphorylation in ETR1 by both molecules could be prevented when the ethylene antagonist 1-methyl-cyclopropene (MCP) was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Voet-van-Vormizeele
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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33
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Dong CH, Rivarola M, Resnick JS, Maggin BD, Chang C. Subcellular co-localization of Arabidopsis RTE1 and ETR1 supports a regulatory role for RTE1 in ETR1 ethylene signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:275-86. [PMID: 17999643 PMCID: PMC2194639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is an important plant growth regulator perceived by membrane-bound ethylene receptors. The ETR1 ethylene receptor is positively regulated by a predicted membrane protein, RTE1, based on genetic studies in Arabidopsis. RTE1 homologs exist in plants, animals and protists, but the molecular function of RTE1 is unknown. Here, we examine RTE1 expression and subcellular protein localization in order to gain a better understanding of RTE1 and its function in relation to ETR1. Arabidopsis plants transformed with the RTE1 promoter fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene revealed that RTE1 expression partly correlates with previously described sites of ETR1 expression or sites of ethylene response, such as the seedling root, root hairs and apical hook. RTE1 transcript levels are also enhanced by ethylene treatment, and reduced by the inhibition of ethylene signaling. For subcellular localization of RTE1, a functional RTE1 fusion to red fluorescent protein (RFP) was expressed under the control of the native RTE1 promoter. Using fluorescence microscopy, RTE1 was observed primarily at the Golgi apparatus and partially at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in stably transformed Arabidopsis protoplasts, roots and root hairs. Next, a functional ETR1 fusion to a 5xMyc epitope tag was expressed under the control of the native ETR1 promoter. Immunohistochemistry of root hairs not only showed ETR1 residing at the ER as previously reported, but revealed substantial localization of ETR1 at the Golgi apparatus. Lastly, we demonstrated the subcellular co-localization of RTE1 and ETR1. These findings support and enhance the genetic model that RTE1 plays a role in regulating ETR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Caren Chang
- *For correspondence (fax +1 301 314 9081; e-mail )
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Lin Z, Arciga-Reyes L, Zhong S, Alexander L, Hackett R, Wilson I, Grierson D. SlTPR1, a tomato tetratricopeptide repeat protein, interacts with the ethylene receptors NR and LeETR1, modulating ethylene and auxin responses and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:4271-87. [PMID: 19036844 PMCID: PMC2639023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous hormone ethylene is perceived by a family of ethylene receptors which interact with the Raf-like kinase CTR1. SlTPR1 encodes a novel TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) protein from tomato that interacts with the ethylene receptors NR and LeETR1 in yeast two-hybrid and in vitro protein interaction assays. SlTPR1 protein with a GFP fluorescent tag was localized in the plasmalemma and nuclear membrane in Arabidopsis, and SlTPR1-CFP and NR-YFP fusion proteins were co-localized in the plasmalemma and nuclear membrane following co-bombardment of onion cells. Overexpression of SlTPR1 in tomato resulted in ethylene-related pleiotropic effects including reduced stature, delayed and reduced production of inflorescences, abnormal and infertile flowers with degenerate styles and pollen, epinasty, reduced apical dominance, inhibition of abscission, altered leaf morphology, and parthenocarpic fruit. Similar phenotypes were seen in Arabidopsis overexpressing SlTPR1. SlTPR1 overexpression did not increase ethylene production but caused enhanced accumulation of mRNA from the ethylene responsive gene ChitB and the auxin-responsive gene SlSAUR1-like, and reduced expression of the auxin early responsive gene LeIAA9, which is known to be inhibited by ethylene and to be associated with parthenocarpy. Cuttings from the SlTPR1-overexpressors produced fewer adventitious roots and were less responsive to indole butyric acid. It is suggested that SlTPR1 overexpression enhances a subset of ethylene and auxin responses by interacting with specific ethylene receptors. SlTPR1 shares features with human TTC1, which interacts with heterotrimeric G-proteins and Ras, and competes with Raf-1 for Ras binding. Models for SlTPR1 action are proposed involving modulation of ethylene signalling or receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Don Grierson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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35
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Wang HW, Zhang B, Hao YJ, Huang J, Tian AG, Liao Y, Zhang JS, Chen SY. The soybean Dof-type transcription factor genes, GmDof4 and GmDof11, enhance lipid content in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 52:716-29. [PMID: 17877700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important leguminous seed crops among the oil crops. Although the pathways for lipid biosynthesis have been identified, the factors that regulate the biosynthetic pathways at the transcriptional level are largely unknown. Here, we report our findings on the involvement of soybean Dof-type transcription factor genes in the regulation of the lipid content in soybean seeds. We identified 28 Dof-type transcription factor genes in soybean plants, and these genes displayed diverse patterns of expression in various organs. Seven flower/pod-specific genes and one constitutively expressed gene were further investigated. The proteins encoded by these seven genes were localized in the nucleus, and exhibited different abilities for transcriptional activation and DNA binding. Two genes, GmDof4 and GmDof11, were found to increase the content of total fatty acids and lipids in GmDof4 and GmDof11 transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. We also found that the 1000-seed weight was increased in the GmDof4 and GmDof11 transgenic plants. Using microarray and DNA binding analysis, we found that the two Dof-like proteins, GmDof4 and GmDof11, activated the acetyl CoA carboxylase gene and long-chain-acyl CoA synthetase gene, respectively, by direct binding to the cis-DNA elements in their promoter regions. In addition, both proteins downregulated the storage protein gene, CRA1, through direct binding. These results suggest that the two GmDof genes may augment the lipid content of soybean seeds by upregulating genes that are associated with the biosynthesis of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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36
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Germain H, Houde J, Gray-Mitsumune M, Sawasaki T, Endo Y, Rivoal J, Matton DP. Characterization of ScORK28, a transmembrane functional protein receptor kinase predominantly expressed in ovaries from the wild potato species Solanum chacoense. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5137-42. [PMID: 17936756 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solanum chacoense ovule receptor kinase 28 (ScORK28) was found among 30 receptor kinases from an ovule cDNA library enriched for weakly expressed mRNAs. This LRR-RLK displayed high level of tissue specificity at the RNA and protein levels and was predominantly expressed in female reproductive tissues. Protein expression analyses in planta revealed that ScORK28 was N-glycosylated and ScORK28::GFP fusion analyses showed that it was localized at the plasma membrane. Bacterial expression of ScORK28 catalytic domain followed by kinase activity assays revealed that ScORK28 is an active Mg2+-dependent protein kinase and that the juxtamembrane domain is necessary for kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Germain
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC, Canada H1X 2B2
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37
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Wuriyanghan H, Chen L, Dong Y, Lei G, Jia F, Zhang J, Chen S. Rice receptor-like kinase OsSI-RLK2 inhibits internode elongation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Liu X, Bai X, Wang X, Chu C. OsWRKY71, a rice transcription factor, is involved in rice defense response. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:969-79. [PMID: 16919842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
WRKY proteins are a large family of transcription factors that mainly participate in plant biotic stress responses. So far, one hundred and five OsWRKY genes have been predicted in the rice genome. To identify OsWRKY genes that might function in inducible defense responses, a phylogenetic tree including 184 WRKY proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, and other species was constructed. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, ten candidate OsWRKY genes that may be involved in defense responses were isolated from salicylic acid (SA)-treated rice seedlings. One of them, OsWRKY71, was up-regulated by several defense signaling molecules, such as SA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), as well as wounding and pathogen infection, suggesting that OsWRKY71 might function in rice biotic stress response. Transient expression of OsWRKY71:GFP fusion protein in onion epidermis cells revealed that OsWRKY71 was localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of OsWRKY71 gene in rice resulted in enhanced resistance to virulent bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) 13751. Furthermore, two marker genes in defense signaling pathway, OsNPR1 and OsPR1b, were constitutively expressed in OsWRKY71-overexpressing transgenic plants. These results suggest that OsWRKY71 might function as a transcriptional regulator upstream of OsNPR1 and OsPR1b in rice defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
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39
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Cao WH, Liu J, He XJ, Mu RL, Zhou HL, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Modulation of ethylene responses affects plant salt-stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:707-19. [PMID: 17189334 PMCID: PMC1803741 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.094292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene signaling plays important roles in multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Its functions in abiotic stress responses remain largely unknown. Here, we report that alteration of ethylene signaling affected plant salt-stress responses. A type II ethylene receptor homolog gene NTHK1 (Nicotiana tabacum histidine kinase 1) from tobacco (N. tabacum) conferred salt sensitivity in NTHK1-transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants as judged from the phenotypic change, the relative electrolyte leakage, and the relative root growth under salt stress. Ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid suppressed the salt-sensitive phenotype. Analysis of Arabidopsis ethylene receptor gain-of-function mutants further suggests that receptor function may lead to salt-sensitive responses. Mutation of EIN2, a central component in ethylene signaling, also results in salt sensitivity, suggesting that EIN2-mediated signaling is beneficial for plant salt tolerance. Overexpression of the NTHK1 gene or the receptor gain-of-function activated expression of salt-responsive genes AtERF4 and Cor6.6. In addition, the transgene NTHK1 mRNA was accumulated under salt stress, suggesting a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism. These findings imply that ethylene signaling may be required for plant salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hong Cao
- National Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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40
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Liu X, Qian W, Liu X, Qin H, Wang D. Molecular and functional analysis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:448-461. [PMID: 17635220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPT) occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. However, the molecular and functional properties of plant HGPT are not well understood. In this study, it was found that the putative HGPT proteins from dicot and monocot plant species exhibited significant identities to their homologs from other cellular organisms. Ectopic expression of the HGPTs from Arabidopsis, soybean or wheat complemented HGPT deficiency in the hpt1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombinant Arabidopsis HGPT (AtHGPT) catalyzed both forward and reverse reactions in in vitro biochemical assays. The relative catalytic efficiency for the synthesis of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) was significantly greater than that for the production of guanine from GMP. Further investigations led to identification of the candidate residues that may form the pyrophosphate (PPi) binding loop in AtHGPT. AtHGPT expression level was dynamically regulated in Arabidopsis organs and during leaf development and senescence and seed germination. AtHGPT knockout mutant germinated more slowly than wild type control, whereas its overexpression mutant exhibited accelerated germination. Collectively, the data suggest that functional HGPTs are expressed in higher plants. In Arabidopsis, HGPT plays an active role in the salvage of purine bases and its activity is required for efficient seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Weiqiang Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huanju Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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41
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Schaller GE, Binder BM. Biochemical Characterization of Plant Ethylene Receptors Following Transgenic Expression in Yeast. Methods Enzymol 2007; 422:270-87. [PMID: 17628144 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)22013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ethylene receptors of plants are related to and originated from bacterial histidine kinases. As such they represent a system by which one can study not only how the ethylene signal is perceived and its signal transduced, but also how bacterial two-component systems have been adapted for signal transduction in a eukaryote. Much of the biochemical characterization of the ethylene receptors, including the demonstration of kinase activity, ethylene binding, and interaction with other signaling components, has relied on the ability of the receptors to be functionally expressed in transgenic yeast. This chapter describes some of the key approaches used for such work, with a special emphasis on techniques employed to analyze ethylene binding. In many cases the approaches used in transgenic yeast may also be used for studies of the receptors in the native plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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42
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Cao WH, Liu J, Zhou QY, Cao YR, Zheng SF, Du BX, Zhang JS, Chen SY. Expression of tobacco ethylene receptor NTHK1 alters plant responses to salt stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1210-9. [PMID: 17080944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene has been regarded as a stress hormone involved in many stress responses. However, ethylene receptors have not been studied for the roles they played under salt stress condition. Previously, we characterized an ethylene receptor gene NTHK1 from tobacco, and found that NTHK1 is salt-inducible. Here, we report a further investigation towards the function of NTHK1 in response to salt stress by using a transgenic approach. We found that NTHK1 promotes leaf growth in the transgenic tobacco seedlings but affects salt sensitivity in these transgenic seedlings under salt stress condition. Differential Na+/K+ ratio was observed in the control Xanthi and NTHK1-transgenic plants after salt stress treatment. We further found that the NTHK1 transgene is also salt-inducible in the transgenic plants, and the higher NTHK1 expression results in early inductions of the ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) oxidase gene NtACO3 and ethylene responsive factor (ERF) genes NtERF1 and NtERF4 under salt stress. However, NTHK1 suppresses the salt-inducible expression of the ACC synthase gene NtACS1. These results indicate that NTHK1 regulates salt stress responses by affecting ion accumulation and related gene expressions, and hence have significance in elucidation of ethylene receptor functions during stress signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Resnick JS, Wen CK, Shockey JA, Chang C. REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1, a conserved gene that regulates ethylene receptor function in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7917-22. [PMID: 16682642 PMCID: PMC1458508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602239103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana has five ethylene hormone receptors, which bind ethylene and elicit responses critical for plant growth and development. Here we describe a negative regulator of ethylene responses, REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 (RTE1), which regulates the function of at least one of the receptors, ETR1, in Arabidopsis. RTE1 was identified based on the ability of rte1 mutations to suppress ethylene insensitivity of the dominant gain-of-function allele etr1-2. rte1 loss-of-function mutants have an enhanced ethylene response that closely resembles the etr1 null phenotype. The etr1 rte1 double null mutant is identical to the etr1 and rte1 single null mutants, suggesting that the two genes act in the same pathway. rte1 is unable to suppress the etr1-1 gain-of-function allele, placing RTE1 at or upstream of ETR1. rte1 also fails to suppress gain-of-function mutations in each of the four other ethylene receptor genes. RTE1 encodes a previously undescribed predicted membrane protein, which is highly conserved in plants, animals [corrected] and protists but absent in fungi and prokaryotes. Ethylene treatment induces RTE1 expression, and overexpression of RTE1 confers reduced ethylene sensitivity that partially depends on ETR1. These findings demonstrate that RTE1 is a negative regulator of ethylene signaling and suggest that RTE1 plays an important role in ETR1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine S. Resnick
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Chi-Kuang Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Jason A. Shockey
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Liu XQ, Bai XQ, Qian Q, Wang XJ, Chen MS, Chu CC. OsWRKY03, a rice transcriptional activator that functions in defense signaling pathway upstream of OsNPR1. Cell Res 2006; 15:593-603. [PMID: 16117849 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
WRKY family proteins are a class of plant specific transcription factors that involve in many stress response pathways. It has been shown that one Arabidopsis WRKY protein, AtWRKY29/22, is activated by MAP kinase signaling cascade and confers resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, little is known about the biological roles of WRKY proteins in rice. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of rice AtWRKY29/22 homolog, OsWRKY03, under different conditions, and also its possible role involved in plant defense. Our results showed that OsWRKY03 was up-regulated by several defense signaling molecules or different treatments. Further analysis revealed that the expression of OsWRKY03 was light dependent. Transcriptional activation activity of OsWRKY03 was also demonstrated by yeast functional assay. Transient expression of OsWRKY03-GFP fusion protein in onion epidermis cells showed that OsWRKY03 was a nuclear localized protein. OsNPR1 as well as several other pathogenesis-related genes, such as OsPR1b, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (ZB8) and peroxidase (POX22.3), were induced in OsWRKY03-overexpressing transgenic plants. These results indicated that OsWRKY03 is located upstream of OsNPR1 as a transcriptional activator in salicylic acid (SA)-dependent or jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defense signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qiang Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhou HL, Cao WH, Cao YR, Liu J, Hao YJ, Zhang JS, Chen SY. Roles of ethylene receptor NTHK1 domains in plant growth, stress response and protein phosphorylation. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1239-50. [PMID: 16442528 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene receptors sense ethylene and regulate downstream signaling events. Tobacco ethylene receptor NTHK1, possessing Ser/Thr kinase activity, has been found to function in plant growth and salt-stress responses. NTHK1 contains transmembrane domains, a GAF domain, a kinase domain and a receiver domain. We examined roles of these domains in regulation of plant leaf growth, salt-stress responses and salt-responsive gene expressions using an overexpression approach. We found that the transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the transmembrane domain plus kinase domain exhibited large rosettes, had reduction in ethylene sensitivity, and showed enhanced salt sensitivity. The transgenic plants harboring the transmembrane domain plus GAF domain also showed larger rosettes. Truncations of NTHK1 affected salt-induced gene expressions. Transmembrane domain plus kinase domain promoted RD21A and VSP2 expression but decreased salt-induction of AtNAC2. The kinase domain itself promoted AtERF4 gene expression. The GAF domain itself enhanced Cor6.6 induction. Moreover, the NTHK1 functional kinase domain phosphorylated the HIS and ATP subdomains, and five putative phosphorylation sites were identified in these two subdomains. In addition, the salt-responsive element of the NTHK1 gene was in the transmembrane-coding region but not in the promoter region. These results indicate that NTHK1 domains or combination of them have specific functions in plant leaf growth, salt-stress response, gene expression and protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lin Zhou
- National Key Lab of Plant Genomic, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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He XJ, Mu RL, Cao WH, Zhang ZG, Zhang JS, Chen SY. AtNAC2, a transcription factor downstream of ethylene and auxin signaling pathways, is involved in salt stress response and lateral root development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 44:903-16. [PMID: 16359384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An NAC-type transcription factor gene AtNAC2 was identified from Arabidopsis thaliana when expression patterns of the genes from a microarray analysis were examined. The AtNAC2 expression was induced by salt stress and this induction was reduced in magnitude in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing tobacco ethylene receptor gene NTHK1. AtNAC2 is localized in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. It can form a homodimer in yeast. AtNAC2 was highly expressed in roots and flowers, but less expressed in other organs examined. In addition to the salt induction, the AtNAC2 can also be induced by abscisic acid (ABA), ACC and NAA. The salt induction was enhanced in the ethylene overproducer mutant eto1-1, but suppressed in the ethylene-insensitive mutants etr1-1 and ein2-1, and in the auxin-insensitive mutant tir1-1when compared with that in wild-type plants. However, the salt induction of AtNAC2 was not significantly affected in the ABA-insensitive mutants abi2-1, abi3-1 and abi4-1. These results indicate that the salt response of AtNAC2 requires ethylene signaling and auxin signaling pathways but does not require ABI2, ABI3 and ABI4, intermediates of the ABA signaling pathway. Overexpression of AtNAC2 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants resulted in promotion of lateral root development. AtNAC2 also promoted or inhibited downstream gene expressions. These results indicate that AtNAC2 may be a transcription factor incorporating the environmental and endogenous stimuli into the process of plant lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jian He
- National Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Wang YJ, Li YD, Luo GZ, Tian AG, Wang HW, Zhang JS, Chen SY. Cloning and characterization of an HDZip I gene GmHZ1 from soybean. PLANTA 2005; 221:831-43. [PMID: 15754189 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
By using cDNA-AFLP, we analyzed a recombinant inbred line population of soybean that was derived from a soybean mosaic virus (SMV) resistant cultivar Kefeng No.1 and a susceptible cultivar Nannong 1138-2. One hundred and eight fragments showing polymorphism between SMV resistant and susceptible pools were identified. One fragment w27 was 96 bp in length and showed homology to homeobox ggth with a coding region of 738 bp, encoding a protein of 245 amino acids. The genomic sequence analysis defined an intron of 521 bp in the coding region. GmHZ1 was characterized by the presence of a homeodomain (HD) with a closely linked leucine zipper motif (Zip). Southern blot analysis indicated that there was a single copy of GmHZ1 in the soybean genome. When inoculated with SMV strain N3, resistant and susceptible varieties showed reduced and increased expression of the GmHZ1, respectively. The fusion protein of GmHZ1 with GFP was targeted only in nucleus. Yeast two hybrid studies revealed that the GmHZ1 had transcriptional activation activity and can form homodimer. GmHZ1 can bind two 9-bp pseudopalindromic elements (CAAT(A/T)ATTG and CAAT(C/G)ATTG) with different affinity. Using GUS as a reporter gene, GmHZ1 was proved to be a transcriptional activator and enhanced GUS expression by binding with the two elements in plant cells. These results indicate that the GmHZ1 may have a transcriptional activator function in plant response to SMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Wang
- The National Plant Gene Reasearch Center (Beijing), National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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CHEN YIFENG, ETHERIDGE NAOMI, SCHALLER GERIC. Ethylene signal transduction. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 95:901-15. [PMID: 15753119 PMCID: PMC4246747 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 12/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytohormone ethylene is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Components of the pathway for ethylene signal transduction were identified by genetic approaches in Arabidopsis and have now been shown to function in agronomically important plants as well. SCOPE This review focuses on recent advances in our knowledge on ethylene signal transduction, in particular on recently proposed components of the pathway, on the interaction between the pathway components and on the roles of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in ethylene signalling. CONCLUSIONS Data indicate that the site of ethylene perception is at the endoplasmic reticulum and point to the importance of protein complexes in mediating the initial steps in ethylene signal transduction. The expression level of pathway components is regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, degradation of the transcription factor EIN3 being a primary means by which the sensitivity of plants to ethylene is regulated. EIN3 also represents a control point for cross-talk with other signalling pathways, as exemplified by the effects of glucose upon its expression level. Amplification of the initial ethylene signal is likely to play a significant role in signal transduction and several mechanisms exist by which this may occur based on properties of known pathway components. Signal output from the pathway is mediated in part by carefully orchestrated changes in gene expression, the breadth of these changes now becoming clear through expression analysis using microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- YI-FENG CHEN
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - NAOMI ETHERIDGE
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - G. ERIC SCHALLER
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Wang YJ, Hao YJ, Zhang ZG, Chen T, Zhang JS, Chen SY. Isolation of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene from tobacco and its functional analysis in yeast cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:215-23. [PMID: 15779831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide composed of two glucose units joined by an alpha, alpha-1, 1 linkage, and has been found in bacteria, yeast, fungi, invertebrates and plants. Accumulation of trehalose in organisms plays a role in enhancing the stress tolerance. A trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene, NtTPPL, was isolated from tobacco in this report. The predicted NtTPPL protein has a putative trehalose_PPase domain. The transcription of the NtTPPL gene was significantly induced by heat stress, and was only slightly induced by NaCl, PEG and low-temperature treatments. When expressing in yeast tps2 mutant, NtTPPL rescued the mutant phenotype under high temperature. This result indicated that NtTPPL functioned as a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase in yeast and may play similar roles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract
Completing the primary genomic sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana was a major milestone, being the first plant genome and only the third high-quality finished eukaryotic genome sequence. Understanding how the genome sequence comprehensively encodes developmental programs and environmental responses is the next major challenge for all plant genome projects. This requires fully characterizing the genes, the regulatory sequences, and their functions. We discuss several functional genomics approaches to decode the linear sequence of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana, including full-length cDNA collections, microarrays, natural variation, knockout collections, and comparative sequence analysis. Genomics provides the essential tools to speed the work of the traditional molecular geneticist and is now a scientific discipline in its own right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Borevitz
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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