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Perrot T, Pauly M, Ramírez V. Emerging Roles of β-Glucanases in Plant Development and Adaptative Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091119. [PMID: 35567119 PMCID: PMC9099982 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant β-glucanases are enzymes involved in the synthesis, remodelling and turnover of cell wall components during multiple physiological processes. Based on the type of the glycoside bond they cleave, plant β-glucanases have been grouped into three categories: (i) β-1,4-glucanases degrade cellulose and other polysaccharides containing 1,4-glycosidic bonds to remodel and disassemble the wall during cell growth. (ii) β-1,3-glucanases are responsible for the mobilization of callose, governing the symplastic trafficking through plasmodesmata. (iii) β-1,3-1,4-glucanases degrade mixed linkage glucan, a transient wall polysaccharide found in cereals, which is broken down to obtain energy during rapid seedling growth. In addition to their roles in the turnover of self-glucan structures, plant β-glucanases are crucial in regulating the outcome in symbiotic and hostile plant-microbe interactions by degrading non-self glucan structures. Plants use these enzymes to hydrolyse β-glucans found in the walls of microbes, not only by contributing to a local antimicrobial defence barrier, but also by generating signalling glucans triggering the activation of global responses. As a counterpart, microbes developed strategies to hijack plant β-glucanases to their advantage to successfully colonize plant tissues. This review outlines our current understanding on plant β-glucanases, with a particular focus on the latest advances on their roles in adaptative responses.
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Naoumkina M, Thyssen GN, Fang DD, Bechere E, Li P, Florane CB. Mapping-by-sequencing the locus of EMS-induced mutation responsible for tufted-fuzzless seed phenotype in cotton. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:1041-1049. [PMID: 34110475 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cotton fiber mutants are valuable resources for studying functions of altered genes and their roles in fiber development. The n4t is a recessive tufted-fuzzless seed mutant created through chemical mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. Genetic analysis indicated that the tufted-fuzzless phenotype is controlled by a single recessive locus. In this study, we developed an F2 population of 602 progeny plants and sequenced the genomes of the parents and two DNA bulks from F2 progenies showing the mutant phenotype. We identified DNA sequence variants between the tufted-fuzzless mutant and wild type by aligning the sequence reads to the reference TM-1 genome and designed subgenome-specific SNP markers. We mapped the n4t locus on chromosome D04 within a genomic interval of about 411 kb. In this region, seven genes showed significant differential expression between the tufted-fuzzless mutant and wild type. Possible candidate genes are discussed in this study. The utilization of the n4t mutant along with other fiber mutants will facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cotton fiber cell growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Naoumkina
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Gregory N Thyssen
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.,Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - David D Fang
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Efrem Bechere
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
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3
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Chukhchin DG, Bolotova K, Sinelnikov I, Churilov D, Novozhilov E. Exosomes in the phloem and xylem of woody plants. PLANTA 2019; 251:12. [PMID: 31776666 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes in the secondary phloem and secondary xylem of angiosperms and gymnosperms have physiological roles in the storage and transport of endoglucanases. Knowledge of plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) is limited by their presence in the apoplastic fluid of seeds and leaves. The contents of plant EVs and their biological functions are unclear. The aim of the present study was to expand our knowledge of EVs in woody plants. Sample splits were prepared from branch and stem samples from angiosperms and gymnosperms after cryomechanical destruction with liquid nitrogen. The study methods included scanning electron (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), endoglucanase activity measurement. EVs visualized on the internal layers of the cell walls proved to be exosomes according to their diameter (65-145 nm). SEM revealed cup-shaped structures characteristic of exosomes in a dry state. Plant exosomes in the form of globules in the native state were visualized for the first time by AFM. Exosomes were present both in the active and dormant cambium. Erosion zones were observed at the sites of exosome localization. The activity of endo-1,4-β-glucanase was detected in Picea xylem, while the RNA level was very low, suggesting that endo-1,4-β-glucanases were preserved in the exosomes. There are grounds to assert that endo-1,4-β-glucanases delivered by exosomes participated in pit cavity formation in the S1 layer of xylary fibres. A possible mechanism of endo-1,4-β-glucanase action in the biosynthesis of the secondary wall is proposed. These results demonstrate that the physiological role of the exosomes in the phloem and xylem is the storage and transport of endo-1,4-β-glucanases participating in cell wall remodeling in woody plants. Present study expands our knowledge about plant exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry G Chukhchin
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ksenia Bolotova
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal State Institution "Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Leninsky Prospect, 33, Build. 2, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Churilov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Novozhilov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
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Origin, evolution and functional characterization of the land plant glycoside hydrolase subfamily GH5_11. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 138:205-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yu L, Li Q, Zhu Y, Afzal MS, Li L. An auxin-induced β-type endo-1,4-β-glucanase in poplar is involved in cell expansion and lateral root formation. PLANTA 2018; 247:1149-1161. [PMID: 29387930 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PtrGH9A7, a poplar β-type endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene induced by auxin, promotes both plant growth and lateral root development by enhancing cell expansion. Endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EGase) family genes function in multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Our previous study found that PtrCel9A6, a poplar EGase gene of the β subfamily, is specifically expressed in xylem tissue and is involved in the cellulose biosynthesis required for secondary cell wall formation (Yu et al. in Mol Plant 6:1904-1917, 2013). To further explore the functions and regulatory mechanism of β-subfamily EGases, we cloned and characterized another poplar β-type EGase gene PtrGH9A7, a close homolog of PtrCel9A6. In contrast to PtrCel9A6, PtrGH9A7 is predominantly expressed in parenchyma tissues of the above-ground part; in roots, PtrGH9A7 expression is specifically restricted to lateral root primordia at all stages from initiation to emergence and is strongly induced by auxin application. Heterologous overexpression of PtrGH9A7 promotes plant growth by enhancing cell expansion, suggesting a conserved role for β-type EGases in 1,4-β-glucan chains remodeling, which is required for cell wall loosening. Moreover, the overexpression of PtrGH9A7 significantly increases lateral root number, which might result from improved lateral root primordium development due to enhanced cell expansion. Taken together, these results demonstrate that this β-type EGase induced by auxin signaling has a novel role in promoting lateral root formation as well as in enhancing plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Qiong Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Muhammad Saddique Afzal
- Shanghai Key Lab of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Release, Recycle, Rebuild: Cell-Wall Remodeling, Autodegradation, and Sugar Salvage for New Wall Biosynthesis during Plant Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:31-46. [PMID: 28859907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain elaborate polysaccharide networks and regulate plant growth, development, mechanics, cell-cell communication and adhesion, and defense. Despite conferring rigidity to support plant structures, the cell wall is a dynamic extracellular matrix that is modified, reorganized, and degraded to tightly control its properties during growth and development. Far from being a terminal carbon sink, many wall polymers can be degraded and recycled by plant cells, either via direct re-incorporation by transglycosylation or via internalization and metabolic salvage of wall-derived sugars to produce new precursors for wall synthesis. However, the physiological and metabolic contributions of wall recycling to plant growth and development are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss long-standing and recent evidence supporting the occurrence of cell-wall recycling in plants, make predictions regarding the developmental processes to which wall recycling might contribute, and identify outstanding questions and emerging experimental tools that might be used to address these questions and enhance our understanding of this poorly characterized aspect of wall dynamics and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Neb D, Das A, Hintelmann A, Nehls U. Composite poplars: a novel tool for ectomycorrhizal research. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1959-1970. [PMID: 29063187 PMCID: PMC5668338 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Composite poplars were used for ectomycorrhiza formation. Structurally normal mycorrhizas of transgenic roots revealed better fungal sugar support. Targeting fluorescent proteins to peroxisomes allowed easy in planta visualization of successful transformation. A bottle neck in ectomycorrhizal research is the time demand for generation of transgenic plants. An alternative strategy for such root-centered research might be the formation of the so-called composite plants, where transgenic roots are formed by non-transgenic shoots. We have developed an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated root transformation protocol using axenic Populus tremula × tremuloides and P. tremula × alba cuttings. When comparing four different bacterial strains, A. rhizogenes K599 turned out to be the most suitable for poplar transformation. Transgenic roots revealed only minor hairy root phenotype when plants were grown on agar plates with synthetic growth medium in the absence of a sugar source. When using different ectomycorrhizal fungi, formation of ectomycorrhizas by transgenic roots of composite poplars was not affected and mycorrhizas were anatomically indistinguishable from mycorrhizas of non-transgenic roots. Elevated trehalose content and marker gene expression, however, pointed towards somewhat better fungal carbon nutrition in ectomycorrhizas of transgenic compared to non-transgenic roots. Cell wall autofluorescence of poplar fine roots is an issue that can limit the use of fluorescent proteins as visual markers for in planta analysis, especially after ectomycorrhiza formation. By targeting marker proteins to peroxisomes, sensitive fluorescence detection, easily distinguishable from cell wall autofluorescence, was obtained for both poplar fine roots and ectomycorrhizas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Neb
- Faculty 2, Biology/Chemistry, Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Arpita Das
- Faculty 2, Biology/Chemistry, Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Annette Hintelmann
- Faculty 2, Biology/Chemistry, Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Uwe Nehls
- Faculty 2, Biology/Chemistry, Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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Shi X, Ma M, Lin S. Cell Cycle-Dependent Expression Dynamics of G1/S Specific Cyclin, Cellulose Synthase and Cellulase in the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1118. [PMID: 28676796 PMCID: PMC5476699 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates undergo a typical eukaryotic cell cycle consisting of G1, S, G2, and M phases and some of the typical cell cycle related genes have been computationally identified. However, very few of these genes have been experimentally linked to the cell cycle phases. Besides, although thecate dinoflagellates are known to possess theca composed of cellulose, information on cellulose synthesis and degradation associated with the cell cycle is also limited. In this study, we isolated G1/S cyclin, cellulose synthase and cellulase encoding genes in dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense. Further, using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), we characterized the expression profiles of the three genes throughout the cell cycle. All three showed clear expression dynamics throughout the cell cycle, with fold changes of 26, 2.4 and 9.3 for G1/S cyclin, cellulose synthase and cellulase gene, respectively. The transcript abundance of G1/S cyclin increased in late G1 phase and dropped in early S phase, indicating that this protein is involved in the G1/S transition. Throughout the cell cycle, the average transcript level of cellulose synthase was 4.5-fold higher than that of cellulase. Cellulose synthase and cellulase gene expressions showed peak transcript abundances at middle G1 phase and G2M phase, respectively, indicating the respective roles of these enzymes in the growth of newly divided cells and in cytokinesis. Our results suggest that G1/S cyclin, cellulase, and cellulose synthase genes associated with G1/S transition, G2M, and G1 phases of the cell cycle and are candidates of biomarkers for assessing growth status of P. donghaiense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Minglei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, GrotonCT, United States
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Yu L, Sun J, Li L. PtrCel9A6, an endo-1,4-β-glucanase, is required for cell wall formation during xylem differentiation in populus. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1904-17. [PMID: 23770836 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-β-glucanases (EGases) are involved in many aspects of plant growth. Our previous study found that an EGase, PtrCel9A6, is specifically expressed in differentiating xylem cells during Populus secondary growth. In this study, the xylem-specific PtrCel9A6 was characterized for its role in xylem differentiation. The EGase is localized on the plasma membrane with catalytic domain toward the outside cell wall, hydrolyzing amorphous cellulose. Suppression of PtrCel9A6 expression caused secondary cell wall defects in xylem cells and significant cellulose reduction in Populus. Heterologous expression of PtrCel9A6 in Arabidopsis enhanced plant growth as well as increased fiber cell length. In addition, introduction of PtrCel9A6 into Arabidopsis resulted in male sterility due to defects in anther dehiscence. Together, these results demonstrate that PtrCel9A6 plays a critical role in remodeling the 1,4-β-glucan chains in the wall matrix and is required for cell wall thickening during Populus xylem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics/CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Hobson N, Deyholos MK. LuFLA1PRO and LuBGAL1PRO promote gene expression in the phloem fibres of flax (Linum usitatissimum). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:517-528. [PMID: 23328964 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell type-specific promoters were identified that drive gene expression in an industrially important product. To identify flax (Linum usitatissimum) gene promoters, we analyzed the genomic regions upstream of a fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein (LuFLA1) and a beta-galactosidase (LuBGAL1). Both of these genes encode transcripts that have been found to be highly enriched in tissues bearing phloem fibres. Using a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter construct, we found that a 908-bp genomic sequence upstream of LuFLA1 (LuFLA1PRO) directed GUS expression with high specificity to phloem fibres undergoing secondary cell wall development. The DNA sequence upstream of LuBGAL1 (LuBGAL1PRO) likewise produced GUS staining in phloem fibres with developing secondary walls, as well as in tissues of developing flowers and seed bolls. These data provide further evidence of a specific role for LuFLA1 in phloem fibre development, and demonstrate the utility of LuFLA1PRO and LuBGAL1PRO as tools for biotechnology and further investigations of phloem fibre development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Zhang JW, Xu L, Wu YR, Chen XA, Liu Y, Zhu SH, Ding WN, Wu P, Yi KK. OsGLU3, a putative membrane-bound endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, is required for root cell elongation and division in rice (Oryza sativa L.). MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:176-86. [PMID: 21976713 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots move through the soil by elongation. This is vital to their ability to anchor the plant and acquire water and minerals from the soil. In order to identify new genes involved in root elongation in rice, we screened an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized rice library, and isolated a short root mutant, Osglu3-1. The map-based cloning results showed that the mutant was due to a point mutation in OsGLU3, which encodes a putative membrane-bound endo-1,4-β-glucanase. Osglu3-1 displayed less crystalline cellulose content in its root cell wall, shorter root cell length, and a slightly smaller root meristem as visualized by restricted expression of OsCYCB1,1:GUS. Exogenous application of glucose can suppress both the lower root cell wall cellulose content and short root phenotypes of Osglu3-1. Consistently, OsGLU3 is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues with strong expression in root tip, lateral root, and crown root primodia. The fully functional OsGLU3-GFP was detected in plasma membrane, and FM4-64-labeled compartments in the root meristem and elongation zones. We also found that phosphate starvation, an environmental stress, altered cell wall cellulose content to modulate root elongation in a OsGLU3-dependant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kwok AC, Wong JT. The activity of a wall-bound cellulase is required for and is coupled to cell cycle progression in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1281-98. [PMID: 20407022 PMCID: PMC2879759 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.070243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis, but not its degradation, is generally thought to be required for plant cell growth. In this work, we cloned a dinoflagellate cellulase gene, dCel1, whose activities increased significantly in G(2)/M phase, in agreement with the significant drop of cellulose content reported previously. Cellulase inhibitors not only caused a delay in cell cycle progression at both the G(1) and G(2)/M phases in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii, but also induced a higher level of dCel1p expression. Immunostaining results revealed that dCel1p was mainly localized at the cell wall. Accordingly, the possible role of cellulase activity in cell cycle progression was tested by treating synchronized cells with exogenous dCelp and purified antibody, in experiments analogous to overexpression and knockdown analyses, respectively. Cell cycle advancement was observed in cells treated with exogenous dCel1p, whereas the addition of purified antibody resulted in a cell cycle delay. Furthermore, delaying the G(2)/M phase independently with antimicrotubule inhibitors caused an abrupt and reversible drop in cellulase protein level. Our results provide a conceptual framework for the coordination of cell wall degradation and reconstruction with cell cycle progression in organisms with cell walls. Since cellulase activity has a direct bearing on the cell size, the coupling between cellulase expression and cell cycle progression can also be considered as a feedback mechanism that regulates cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph T.Y. Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Takahashi J, Rudsander UJ, Hedenström M, Banasiak A, Harholt J, Amelot N, Immerzeel P, Ryden P, Endo S, Ibatullin FM, Brumer H, del Campillo E, Master ER, Vibe Scheller H, Sundberg B, Teeri TT, Mellerowicz EJ. KORRIGAN1 and its Aspen Homolog PttCel9A1 Decrease Cellulose Crystallinity in Arabidopsis Stems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:1099-115. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Takata N, Saito S, Tanaka Saito C, Nanjo T, Shinohara K, Uemura M. Molecular phylogeny and expression of poplar circadian clock genes, LHY1 and LHY2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:808-819. [PMID: 19140936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
LHY/CCA1 genes play a key role in the plant circadian clock system and are highly conserved among plant species. However, the evolutionary process of the LHY/CCA1 gene family remains unclear in angiosperms. To obtain details of the phylogeny of these genes, this study characterized LHY/CCA1 genes in a model woody plant,Populus tree.The evolutionary process of angiosperm LHY/CCA1 genes was elucidated using three approaches: comparison of exon–intron structures, reconstruction of phylogenetic trees and examination of syntenic relationships. In addition, the molecular evolutionary rates and the expression patterns of Populus LHYs were analyzed.Gene duplication events of Populus LHYs and Arabidopsis LHY/CCA1 had occurred independently by different chromosomal duplication events arising in each evolutionary lineage. Populus LHYs were under purifying selection by estimating substitution rates of these genes. Further, Populus LHYs conserved diurnal expressions in leaves and stems but the transcripts of LHY2 were more abundant than those of LHY1 in Populus plants.This study uncovered phylogenetic relationships of the LHY/CCA1 gene family in angiosperms. In addition, the transcript abundance and the evolutionary differences between Populus LHY1 and LHY2 imply that Populus LHY2, rather than LHY1, may have a major role in the Populus clock system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takata
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Laboratory of Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Claire Tanaka Saito
- Laboratory of Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8551, Japan
| | - Tokihiko Nanjo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenji Shinohara
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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15
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Levée V, Major I, Levasseur C, Tremblay L, MacKay J, Séguin A. Expression profiling and functional analysis of Populus WRKY23 reveals a regulatory role in defense. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:48-70. [PMID: 19674332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors are key regulators that activate and fine-tune stress responses, including defense responses against pathogens. We isolated a poplar (Populus tremulaxPopulus alba) cDNA sequence, PtWRKY23, that encodes the ortholog of Arabidopsis WRKY23 and present the functional analysis of WRKY23, with emphasis on its potential role in resistance to rust infection. To investigate the function of PtWRKY23, we examined PtWRKY23 expression after stress treatments by qRT-PCR and generated PtWRKY23-misexpressing plants. Transgenic plants were assessed for resistance to Melampsora rust and were analyzed using the poplar Affymetrix GeneChip and histological techniques to study the consequences of PtWRKY23 misexpression. PtWRKY23 is rapidly induced by Melampsora infection and elicitor treatments and poplars overexpressing and underexpressing PtWRKY23 were both more susceptible to Melampsora infection than wild type. Transcriptome analysis of PtWRKY23 overexpressors revealed a significant overlap with the Melampsora-infection response. Transcriptome analysis also suggests that PtWRKY23 affects redox homeostasis and cell wall-related metabolism, which was confirmed by analyses that showed that PtWRKY23-misexpressing plants have altered peroxidase activity, apparent H(2)O(2) accumulation and lignin deposition. Our results show that PtWRKY23 affects resistance to Melampsora infection and that this may be caused by deregulation of genes that disrupt redox homeostasis and cell wall metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Levée
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
| | - Ian Major
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
| | - Caroline Levasseur
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
| | - Laurence Tremblay
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
| | - John MacKay
- Faculté de foresterie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
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Johnson EG, Sparks JP, Dzikovski B, Crane BR, Gibson DM, Loria R. Plant-pathogenic Streptomyces species produce nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide in response to host signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:43-50. [PMID: 18215772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent intercellular signal for defense, development, and metabolism in animals and plants. In mammals, highly regulated nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) generate NO. NOS homologs exist in some prokaryotes, but direct evidence for NO production by these proteins has been lacking. Here, we demonstrate that a NOS in plant-pathogenic Streptomyces species produces diffusible NO. NOS-dependent NO production increased in response to cellobiose, a plant cell wall component, and occurred at the host-pathogen interface, demonstrating induction by host signals. These data document in vivo production of NO by prokaryotic NOSs and implicate pathogen-derived NO in host-pathogen interactions. NO may serve as a signaling molecule in other NOS-containing bacteria, including the medically and environmentally important organisms Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Deinococcus radiodurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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17
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Wieczorek K, Hofmann J, Blöchl A, Szakasits D, Bohlmann H, Grundler FMW. Arabidopsis endo-1,4-beta-glucanases are involved in the formation of root syncytia induced by Heterodera schachtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:336-51. [PMID: 18069944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes induce root syncytia with specific features such as hypertrophy, increased metabolic activity and fusion with adjacent cells. Cell walls of the syncytia undergo massive changes such as thickening, local dissolution and formation of ingrowths. Cell wall degrading and modifying proteins are apparently involved in syncytium formation but detailed knowledge of this is still limited. Therefore, we studied the regulation and function of the entire Arabidopsis endo-1,4-beta-glucanase gene family in syncytia induced by Heterodera schachtii. Endo-1,4-beta-glucanases hydrolyze the 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages between glucose residues. Using semi-quantitative and quantitative approaches we identified seven genes that are upregulated in syncytia. Two of these genes, coding for secreted AtCel2 and membrane-bound KOR3, are shoot-specific but show high expression in syncytia at different developmental stages. In silico analysis of the promoter regions of both genes compared with other genes with modified regulation in nematode feeding sites did not reveal specific cis-acting elements that could be related to specific transcription in syncytia. However, motifs responsive to sugar and different plant hormones were identified. Accordingly, treatments with sucrose, gibberellic acid and NAA induced upregulation of AtCel2, whereas ABA triggered downregulation of both AtCel2 and KOR3 in roots. As AtCel2 is related to degradation of the cell wall matrix, we analysed the hemicellulose content in syncytia. The measured values resembled the expression pattern of AtCel2. A distinctly reduced number of females developed in cel2 and kor3 T-DNA mutants, and we therefore conclude that endo-1,4-beta-glucanases play an important role in the formation and function of syncytia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Harrison EJ, Bush M, Plett JM, McPhee DP, Vitez R, O’Malley B, Sharma V, Bosnich W, Séguin A, MacKay J, Regan S. Diverse developmental mutants revealed in an activation-tagged population of poplarThis article is one of a selection of papers published on the Special Issue of Poplar Research in Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/b07-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have produced the largest population of activation-tagged poplar trees to date, approximately 1800 independent lines, and report on phenotypes of interest that have been identified in tissue culture and greenhouse conditions. Activation tagging is an insertional mutagenesis technique that results in the dominant upregulation of an endogenous gene. A large-scale Agrobacterium -mediated transformation protocol was used to transform the pSKI074 activation-tagging vector into Populus tremula × Populus alba hybrid poplar. We have screened the first 1000 lines for developmental abnormalities and have a visible mutant frequency of 2.4%, with alterations in leaf and stem structure as well as overall stature. Most of the phenotypes represent new phenotypes that have not previously been identified in poplar and, in some cases, not in any other plant either. Molecular analysis of the T-DNA inserts of a subpopulation of mutant lines reveal both single and double T-DNA inserts with double inserts more common in lines with visible phenotypes. The broad range of developmental mutants identified in this pilot screen of the population reveals that it will be a valuable resource for gene discovery in poplar. The full value of this population will only be realized as we screen these lines for a wide range of phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Harrison
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Michael Bush
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Plett
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Daniel P. McPhee
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Robin Vitez
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Brendan O’Malley
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Vijaya Sharma
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Whynn Bosnich
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Armand Séguin
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - John MacKay
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Sharon Regan
- Biology Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada
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Joshi MV, Bignell DRD, Johnson EG, Sparks JP, Gibson DM, Loria R. The AraC/XylS regulator TxtR modulates thaxtomin biosynthesis and virulence in Streptomyces scabies. Mol Microbiol 2007; 66:633-42. [PMID: 17919290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces scabies is the best studied of those streptomycetes that cause an economically important disease known as potato scab. The phytotoxin thaxtomin is made exclusively by these pathogens and is required for virulence. Here we describe regulation of thaxtomin biosynthesis by TxtR, a member of the AraC/XylS family of transcriptional regulators. The txtR gene is imbedded in the thaxtomin biosynthetic pathway and is located on a conserved pathogenicity island in S. scabies, S. turgidiscabies and S. acidiscabies. Thaxtomin biosynthesis was abolished and virulence was almost eliminated in the txtR deletion mutant of S. scabies 87.22. Accumulation of thaxtomin biosynthetic gene (txtA, txtB, txtC, nos) transcripts was reduced compared with the wild-type S. scabies 87.22. NOS-dependent nitric oxide production by S. scabies was also reduced in the mutant. The TxtR protein bound cellobiose, an inducer of thaxtomin production, and transcription of txtR and thaxtomin biosynthetic genes was upregulated in response to cellobiose. TxtR is the first example of an AraC/XylS family protein regulated by cellobiose. Together, these data suggest that cellobiose, the smallest oligomer of cellulose, may signal the availability of expanding plant tissue, which is the site of action of thaxtomin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita V Joshi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904, USA
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20
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DeBolt S, Gutierrez R, Ehrhardt DW, Somerville C. Nonmotile cellulose synthase subunits repeatedly accumulate within localized regions at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis hypocotyl cells following 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:334-8. [PMID: 17911650 PMCID: PMC2048739 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth DeBolt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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21
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Shani Z, Dekel M, Roiz L, Horowitz M, Kolosovski N, Lapidot S, Alkan S, Koltai H, Tsabary G, Goren R, Shoseyov O. Expression of endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (cel1) in Arabidopsis thaliana is associated with plant growth, xylem development and cell wall thickening. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2006; 25:1067-74. [PMID: 16758197 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana CEL1 protein was detected in young expanding tissues. Immunostaining revealed that CEL1 accumulated mostly in xylem cells. The primary, as well as the secondary xylem showed considerable CEL1 staining. CEL1 was also observed in young epidermal cells, in which the thicker lateral and tangential walls stained more intensely than the inner walls. In newly formed cell walls, the lateral tangential walls were labeled more intensively than the inner walls. Cellulase activity was found to be significantly higher in growing tissue compared to mature parts of the plant. Cel1 expression concurrently with cellulase activity could be restored in detached matured leaves by sucrose treatment after 48 h in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Shani
- CBD-Technologies Ltd., Tamar Science Park, PO Box 199, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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22
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Geisler-Lee J, Geisler M, Coutinho PM, Segerman B, Nishikubo N, Takahashi J, Aspeborg H, Djerbi S, Master E, Andersson-Gunnerås S, Sundberg B, Karpinski S, Teeri TT, Kleczkowski LA, Henrissat B, Mellerowicz EJ. Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes. Gene identification and expression analyses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:946-62. [PMID: 16415215 PMCID: PMC1400564 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.072652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over 1,600 genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray) genome were identified based on sequence homology, annotated, and grouped into families of glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases, carbohydrate esterases, polysaccharide lyases, and expansins. Poplar (Populus spp.) had approximately 1.6 times more CAZyme genes than Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Whereas most families were proportionally increased, xylan and pectin-related families were underrepresented and the GT1 family of secondary metabolite-glycosylating enzymes was overrepresented in poplar. CAZyme gene expression in poplar was analyzed using a collection of 100,000 expressed sequence tags from 17 different tissues and compared to microarray data for poplar and Arabidopsis. Expression of genes involved in pectin and hemicellulose metabolism was detected in all tissues, indicating a constant maintenance of transcripts encoding enzymes remodeling the cell wall matrix. The most abundant transcripts encoded sucrose synthases that were specifically expressed in wood-forming tissues along with cellulose synthase and homologs of KORRIGAN and ELP1. Woody tissues were the richest source of various other CAZyme transcripts, demonstrating the importance of this group of enzymes for xylogenesis. In contrast, there was little expression of genes related to starch metabolism during wood formation, consistent with the preferential flux of carbon to cell wall biosynthesis. Seasonally dormant meristems of poplar showed a high prevalence of transcripts related to starch metabolism and surprisingly retained transcripts of some cell wall synthesis enzymes. The data showed profound changes in CAZyme transcriptomes in different poplar tissues and pointed to some key differences in CAZyme genes and their regulation between herbaceous and woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Geisler-Lee
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Sweden
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23
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Bailey BA, Bae H, Strem MD, Antúnez de Mayolo G, Guiltinan MJ, Verica JA, Maximova SN, Bowers JH. Developmental expression of stress response genes in Theobroma cacao leaves and their response to Nep1 treatment and a compatible infection by Phytophthora megakarya. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:611-22. [PMID: 15979314 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Developmental expression of stress response genes in Theobroma cacao leaves and their response to Nep1 and a compatible infection by Phytophthora megakarya were studied. Ten genes were selected to represent genes involved in defense (TcCaf-1, TcGlu1,3, TcChiB, TcCou-1, and TcPer-1), gene regulation (TcWRKY-1 and TcORFX-1), cell wall development (TcCou-1, TcPer-1, and TcGlu-1), or energy production (TcLhca-1 and TcrbcS). Leaf development was separated into unexpanded (UE), young red (YR), immature green (IG), and mature green (MG). Our data indicates that the constitutive defense mechanisms used by cacao leaves differ between different developmental stages. TcWRKY-1 and TcChiB were highly expressed in MG leaves, and TcPer-1, TcGlu-1, and TcCou-1 were highly expressed in YR leaves. TcGlu1,3 was highly expressed in UE and YR leaves, TcCaf-1 was highly expressed in UE leaves, and TcLhca-1 and TcrbcS were highly expressed in IG and MG leaves. NEP1 encodes the necrosis inducing protein Nep1 produced by Fusarium oxysporum and has orthologs in Phytophthora species. Nep1 caused cellular necrosis on MG leaves and young pods within 24 h of application. Necrosis was observed on YR leaves 10 days after treatment. Expression of TcWRKY-1, TcORFX-1, TcPer-1, and TcGlu-1 was enhanced and TcLhca-1 and TcrbcS were repressed in MG leaves after Nep1 treatment. Expression of TcWRKY-1 and TcORFX-1 was enhanced in YR leaves after Nep1 treatment. Infection of MG leaf disks by P. megakarya zoospores enhanced expression of TcGlu-1, TcWRKY-1, and TcPer-1 and repressed expression of TcChiB, TcLhca-1 and TcrbcS. Five of the six genes that were responsive to Nep1 were responsive to infection by P. megakarya. Susceptibility of T. cacao to P. megakarya includes altered plant gene expression and phytotoxic molecules like Nep1 may contribute to susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, USDA/ARS, Room 342, Building 001, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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24
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Yokoyama R, Nishitani K. Genomic basis for cell-wall diversity in plants. A comparative approach to gene families in rice and Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:1111-21. [PMID: 15509833 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Monocotyledons and dicotyledons are distinct, not only in their body plans and developmental patterns, but also in the structural features of their cell walls. The recent completion of the rice (Oryza sativa) genomic sequence and publication of the sequence data, together with the completed database of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, provide the first opportunity to compare the full complement of cell-wall-related genes from the two distinct classes of flowering plants. We made this comparison by exploiting the fact that Arabidopsis and rice have type I and type II walls, respectively, and therefore represent the two extremes in terms of the structural features of plant cell walls. In this review article, we classify all cell-wall-related genes into 32 gene families, and generate their phylogenetic trees. Using these data, we can phylogenetically compare individual genes of particular interest between Arabidopsis and rice. This comparative genome approach shows that the differences in wall architecture in the two plant groups actually mirror the diversity of the individual gene families involved in the cell-wall dynamics of the respective plant species. This study also identifies putative rice orthologs of genes with well-defined functions in Arabidopsis and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
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25
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Fry SC. Primary cell wall metabolism: tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:641-675. [PMID: 33873719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous examples have been presented of enzyme activities, assayed in vitro, that appear relevant to the synthesis of structural polysaccharides, and to their assembly and subsequent degradation in the primary cell walls (PCWs) of higher plants. The accumulation of the corresponding mRNAs, and of the (immunologically recognized) proteins, has often also (or instead) been reported. However, the presence of these mRNAs, antigens and enzymic activities has rarely been shown to correspond to enzyme action in the living plant cell. In some cases, apparent enzymic action is observed in vivo for which no enzyme activity can be detected in in-vitro assays; the converse also occurs. Methods are reviewed by which reactions involving structural wall polysaccharides can be tracked in vivo. Special attention is given to xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET), one of the two enzymic activities exhibited in vitro by xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) proteins, because of its probable importance in the construction and restructuring of the PCW's major hemicellulose. Attention is also given to the possibility that some reactions observed in the PCW in vivo are not directly enzymic, possibly involving the action of hydroxyl radicals. It is concluded that some proposed wall enzymes, for example XTHs, do act in vivo, but that for other enzymes this is not proven. Contents I. Primary cell walls: composition, deposition and roles 642 II. Reactions that have been proposed to occur in primary cell walls 645 III. Tracking the careers of wall components in vivo: evidence for action of enzymes in the walls of living plant cells 656 IV. Evidence for the occurrence of nonenzymic polymer scission in vivo? 666 VI. Conclusion 667 References 667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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26
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Park YW, Tominaga R, Sugiyama J, Furuta Y, Tanimoto E, Samejima M, Sakai F, Hayashi T. Enhancement of growth by expression of poplar cellulase in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:1099-106. [PMID: 12631333 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To study the role of cellulose and cellulase in plant growth, we expressed poplar cellulase (PaPopCel1) constitutively in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression increased the size of the rosettes due to increased cell size. The change in growth was accompanied by changes in biomechanical properties due to cell wall structure indicative of decrease in xyloglucan cross-linked with cellulose microfibrils by chemical analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The result supports the concept that the paracrystalline sites of cellulose microfibrils are attacked by poplar cellulase to loosen xyloglucan intercalation and this irreversible wall modification promotes the enlargement of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Park
- Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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