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Ouyang X, Reihill JA, Douglas LEJ, Martin SL. Airborne indoor allergen serine proteases and their contribution to sensitisation and activation of innate immunity in allergic airway disease. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230126. [PMID: 38657996 PMCID: PMC11040391 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Common airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander and those from fungi and insects) are the main triggers of type I allergic disorder in the respiratory system and are associated with allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, as well as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. These allergens promote IgE crosslinking, vasodilation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, mucosal barrier dysfunction, extracellular matrix deposition and smooth muscle spasm, which collectively cause remodelling of the airways. Fungus and insect (house dust mite and cockroaches) indoor allergens are particularly rich in proteases. Indeed, more than 40 different types of aeroallergen proteases, which have both IgE-neutralising and tissue-destructive activities, have been documented in the Allergen Nomenclature database. Of all the inhaled protease allergens, 85% are classed as serine protease activities and include trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and collagenolytic serine proteases. In this article, we review and compare the allergenicity and proteolytic effect of allergen serine proteases as listed in the Allergen Nomenclature and MEROPS databases and highlight their contribution to allergic sensitisation, disruption of the epithelial barrier and activation of innate immunity in allergic airways disease. The utility of small-molecule inhibitors of allergen serine proteases as a potential treatment strategy for allergic airways disease will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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2
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Dramburg S, Hilger C, Santos AF, de Las Vecillas L, Aalberse RC, Acevedo N, Aglas L, Altmann F, Arruda KL, Asero R, Ballmer-Weber B, Barber D, Beyer K, Biedermann T, Bilo MB, Blank S, Bosshard PP, Breiteneder H, Brough HA, Bublin M, Campbell D, Caraballo L, Caubet JC, Celi G, Chapman MD, Chruszcz M, Custovic A, Czolk R, Davies J, Douladiris N, Eberlein B, Ebisawa M, Ehlers A, Eigenmann P, Gadermaier G, Giovannini M, Gomez F, Grohman R, Guillet C, Hafner C, Hamilton RG, Hauser M, Hawranek T, Hoffmann HJ, Holzhauser T, Iizuka T, Jacquet A, Jakob T, Janssen-Weets B, Jappe U, Jutel M, Kalic T, Kamath S, Kespohl S, Kleine-Tebbe J, Knol E, Knulst A, Konradsen JR, Korošec P, Kuehn A, Lack G, Le TM, Lopata A, Luengo O, Mäkelä M, Marra AM, Mills C, Morisset M, Muraro A, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Nugraha R, Ollert M, Palosuo K, Pastorello EA, Patil SU, Platts-Mills T, Pomés A, Poncet P, Potapova E, Poulsen LK, Radauer C, Radulovic S, Raulf M, Rougé P, Sastre J, Sato S, Scala E, Schmid JM, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Schrama D, Sénéchal H, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Valverde-Monge M, van Hage M, van Ree R, Verhoeckx K, Vieths S, Wickman M, Zakzuk J, Matricardi PM, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K. EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34 Suppl 28:e13854. [PMID: 37186333 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE) as a mediator of allergic diseases in 1967, our knowledge about the immunological mechanisms of IgE-mediated allergies has remarkably increased. In addition to understanding the immune response and clinical symptoms, allergy diagnosis and management depend strongly on the precise identification of the elicitors of the IgE-mediated allergic reaction. In the past four decades, innovations in bioscience and technology have facilitated the identification and production of well-defined, highly pure molecules for component-resolved diagnosis (CRD), allowing a personalized diagnosis and management of the allergic disease for individual patients. The first edition of the "EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide" (MAUG) in 2016 rapidly became a key reference for clinicians, scientists, and interested readers with a background in allergology, immunology, biology, and medicine. Nevertheless, the field of molecular allergology is moving fast, and after 6 years, a new EAACI Taskforce was established to provide an updated document. The Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0 summarizes state-of-the-art information on allergen molecules, their clinical relevance, and their application in diagnostic algorithms for clinical practice. It is designed for both, clinicians and scientists, guiding health care professionals through the overwhelming list of different allergen molecules available for testing. Further, it provides diagnostic algorithms on the clinical relevance of allergenic molecules and gives an overview of their biology, the basic mechanisms of test formats, and the application of tests to measure allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dramburg
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rob C Aalberse
- Sanquin Research, Dept Immunopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, Colombia
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karla L Arruda
- Department of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brasil, Brazil
| | - Riccardo Asero
- Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano, Italy
| | - Barbara Ballmer-Weber
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Domingo Barber
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine Nemesio Diez (IMMAND), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
- RETIC ARADyAL and RICORS Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Beatrice Bilo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Allergy Unit Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Torrette, Italy
| | - Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp P Bosshard
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helen A Brough
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dianne Campbell
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, Colombia
| | - Jean Christoph Caubet
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Celi
- Centro DH Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica ASST- MANTOVA (MN), Mantova, Italy
| | | | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Czolk
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Janet Davies
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Emergency Operations Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Douladiris
- Allergy Department, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bernadette Eberlein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Anna Ehlers
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Eigenmann
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mattia Giovannini
- Allergy Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francisca Gomez
- Allergy Unit IBIMA-Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Spanish Network for Allergy research RETIC ARADyAL, Malaga, Spain
| | - Rebecca Grohman
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Internal Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carole Guillet
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Robert G Hamilton
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Hauser
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Hawranek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Jürgen Hoffmann
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Tomona Iizuka
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alain Jacquet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Bente Janssen-Weets
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Dept. of Pneumology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Poelten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Sandip Kamath
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sabine Kespohl
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr- Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleine-Tebbe
- Allergy & Asthma Center Westend, Outpatient Clinic and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward Knol
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André Knulst
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jon R Konradsen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Korošec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gideon Lack
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Lopata
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olga Luengo
- RETIC ARADyAL and RICORS Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), Madrid, Spain
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mika Mäkelä
- Division of Allergy, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Department, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Antonella Muraro
- Food Allergy Referral Centre, Department of Woman and Child Health, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Roni Nugraha
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Aquatic Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kati Palosuo
- Department of Allergology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sarita Ulhas Patil
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Platts-Mills
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Pascal Poncet
- Institut Pasteur, Immunology Department, Paris, France
- Allergy & Environment Research Team Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Ekaterina Potapova
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Radauer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Suzana Radulovic
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Raulf
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr- Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Toulouse, France
| | - Joaquin Sastre
- Allergy Service, Fundación Jiménez Díaz; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sakura Sato
- Allergy Department, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Enrico Scala
- Clinical and Laboratory Molecular Allergy Unit - IDI- IRCCS, Fondazione L M Monti Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Johannes M Schmid
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Denise Schrama
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Hélène Sénéchal
- Allergy & Environment Research Team Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Marcela Valverde-Monge
- Allergy Service, Fundación Jiménez Díaz; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Department of Immunology and Dermatology/ Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Magnus Wickman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, Colombia
| | - Paolo M Matricardi
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Öztürk BÖ, Akdemir İ, Azap A, Çelik G, Bavbek S, Mungan D. Anaphylaxis is rare due to CoronaVac in a population of healthcare workers. Asia Pac Allergy 2022; 12:e35. [DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2022.12.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Betül Özdel Öztürk
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İrem Akdemir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alpay Azap
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülfem Çelik
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevim Bavbek
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilşad Mungan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Li L, Guan K, Zheng SG. Biochemical Characteristics and Allergenic Activity of Common Fungus Allergens. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:170-185. [PMID: 31309887 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190712121243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fungi form a large kingdom with more than 1.5 million species. Fungal spores are universal atmospheric components and are generally recognized as important causes of allergic disorders, including allergic rhinitis, allergic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The 4 genera which have the closest connection with allergic disorder are Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium. The cDNA sequences of many fungi allergens and the amino acids involved in their immunoglobulin E binding and T-cell activation have already been elucidated. Until now, 111 allergens from 29 fungal genera have been approved by the International Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee. This review mainly focuses on the biochemical characteristics and allergenic activity of important allergens from common environmental fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Li
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Ohio State College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Odebode A, Adekunle A. Immunologic and inflammatory responses in mice after intranasal instillation of spores of Aspergillus and Penicillium isolated from outdoor air in South West Nigeria. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2019.1573458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeyinka Odebode
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Environmental and Natural Science, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Adedotun Adekunle
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Krysko O, Teufelberger A, Van Nevel S, Krysko DV, Bachert C. Protease/antiprotease network in allergy: The role of Staphylococcus aureus protease-like proteins. Allergy 2019; 74:2077-2086. [PMID: 30888697 DOI: 10.1111/all.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is being recognized as a major cofactor in atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and asthma. The understanding of the relationship between S aureus virulence factors and the immune system is continuously improving. Although the precise mechanism of the host's immune response adaptation to the variable secretion profile of S aureus strains continues to be a matter of debate, an increasing number of studies have reported on central effects of S aureus secretome in allergy. In this review, we discuss how colonization of S aureus modulates the innate and adaptive immune response, thereby predisposing the organism to allergic sensitization and disrupting immune tolerance in the airways of patients with asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Next, we provide a critical overview of novel concepts dealing with S aureus in the initiation and persistence of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma. The role of the S aureus serine protease-like proteins in the initiation of a type 2 response and the contribution of the IL-33/ST2 signaling axis in allergic responses induced by bacterial allergens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department Head and Skin Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Andrea Teufelberger
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department Head and Skin Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sharon Van Nevel
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department Head and Skin Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent Ghent Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department Head and Skin Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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Resende RDO, Ynoue LH, Miranda JS, de Almeida KC, Silva DADO, Sopelete MC, Alves R, Gennari-Cardoso ML, Taketomi EA. IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 Reactivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Glycosylated Extract in Allergic Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9840890. [PMID: 31467923 PMCID: PMC6699324 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9840890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mites are important allergen sources and some of these allergenic proteins may contain carbohydrate moieties, which are able to be isolated using lectins, as Concanavalin A (ConA). This study aimed to investigate allergenicity (IgE) and antigenicity (IgG1 and IgG4) of ConA-unbound and ConA-bound Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) crude extracts using sera of mite-allergic patients as well as inhibition capacity of antibody binding. MATERIAL AND METHODS We obtained mannose-enriched and mannose-depleted fractions from Dpt by ConA affinity chromatography. Both ConA-bound and ConA-unbound fractions were evaluated by ELISA and Western Blotting for specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 reactivity with sera obtained from 95 mite-allergic patients (DP+) and 92 nonallergic (NA) subjects. Inhibition ELISA was used to assess cross-reactivity between Dpt extract and its fractions. RESULTS Among the DP+ patients, no difference was found between ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions regarding the levels of specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4. Nonallergic subjects had the same levels of specific IgG1 to both ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions, although for specific IgG4, values were higher for ConA-bound. A positive correlation was found among specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 levels when Dpt was compared to ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions. Recognition of crude Dpt by IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 was highly inhibited by ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions. Western Blotting revealed a broad spectrum of bands ranging from 14 to 116 kDa recognized by specific IgE and IgG4. However, IgG1 reached higher frequency values on high molecular weight polypeptides. CONCLUSION ConA-unbound and ConA-bound fractions derived from D. pteronyssinus crude extract revealed important components involved in the IgE recognition in allergic patients as well as IgG1 and/or IgG4 in allergic and healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Hideki Ynoue
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Miranda
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Karine Cristine de Almeida
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Monica Camargo Sopelete
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Ernesto Akio Taketomi
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): the Derivatives and Triggers of Inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:63. [PMID: 30267163 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergen is an umbrella term for irritants of diverse origin. Along with other offenders such as pathogens, mutagens, xenobiotics, and pollutants, allergens can be grouped as inflammatory agents. Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are altered metabolism products of necrotic or stressed cells, which are deemed as alarm signals by the innate immune system. Like inflammation, DAMPs play a role in correcting the altered physiological state, but in excess, they can be lethal due to their signal transduction roles. In a vicious loop, inflammatory agents are DAMP generators and DAMPs create a pro-inflammatory state. Only a handful of DAMPs such as uric acid, mtDNA, extracellular ATP, HSPs, amyloid β, S100, HMGB1, and ECM proteins have been studied till now. A large number of DAMPs are still obscure, in need to be unveiled. The identification and functional characterization of those DAMPs in inflammation pathways can be insightful. RECENT FINDINGS As inflammation and immune activation have been implicated in almost all pathologies, studies on them have been intensified in recent times. Consequently, the pathologic mechanisms of various DAMPs have emerged. Following PRR ligation, the activation of inflammasome, MAPK, and NF-kB is some of the common pathways. The limited number of recognized DAMPs are only a fraction of the vast array of other DAMPs. In fact, any misplaced or abnormal level of metabolite can be a DAMP. Sophisticated analysis studies can reveal the full profile of the DAMPs. Lowering the level of DAMPs is useful therapeutic intervention but certainly not as effective as avoiding the DAMP generators, i.e., the inflammatory agents. So, rather than mitigating DAMPs, efforts should be focused on the elimination of inflammatory agents.
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Bhattacharya K, Sircar G, Dasgupta A, Gupta Bhattacharya S. Spectrum of Allergens and Allergen Biology in India. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018; 177:219-237. [PMID: 30056449 DOI: 10.1159/000490805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of allergy and asthma in India has become a major health concern with symptoms ranging from mild rhinitis to severe asthma and even life-threatening anaphylaxis. The "allergen repertoire" of this subcontinent is highly diverse due to the varied climate, flora, and food habits. The proper identification, purification, and molecular characterization of allergy-eliciting molecules are essential in order to facilitate an accurate diagnosis and to design immunotherapeutic vaccines. Although several reports on prevalent allergens are available, most of these studies were based on preliminary detection and identification of the allergens. Only a few of these allergen molecules have been characterized by recombinant technology and structural biology. The present review first describes the composition, distribution pattern, and natural sources of the predominant allergens in India along with the prevalence of sensitization to these allergens across the country. We go on to present a comprehensive report on the biochemical, immunological, and molecular information on the allergens reported so far from India. The review also covers the studies on allergy- related biosafety assessment of transgenic plants. Finally, we discuss the allergen-specific immunotherapy trials performed in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Angira Dasgupta
- Department of Chest Medicine, B.R. Singh Hospital and Centre for Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Patel S. A critical review on serine protease: Key immune manipulator and pathology mediator. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:579-591. [PMID: 28236540 PMCID: PMC7126602 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic activity is fundamental to survival, so it is not surprising that all living organisms have proteases, especially seine protease. This enzyme in its numerous isoforms and homologues, constitutes the quintessential offence and defence factors, in the form of surface proteins, secreted molecules, gut digestive enzymes, venom in specialised glands or plant latex, among other manifestations. Occurring as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, collagenase, thrombin, subtilisin etc., it mediates a diverse array of functions, including pathological roles as inflammatory, coagulatory to haemorrhagic. This review emphasizes that despite the superficial differences in mechanisms, most health issues, be they infectious, allergic, metabolic, or neural have a common conduit. This enzyme, in its various glycosylated forms leads to signal misinterpretations, wreaking havoc. However, organisms are endowed with serine protease inhibitors which might restrain this ubiquitous yet deleterious enzyme. Hence, serine proteases-driven pathogenesis and antagonising role of inhibitors is the focal point of this critical review.
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McKenna OE, Posselt G, Briza P, Lackner P, Schmitt AO, Gadermaier G, Wessler S, Ferreira F. Multi-Approach Analysis for the Identification of Proteases within Birch Pollen. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071433. [PMID: 28677627 PMCID: PMC5535924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Birch pollen allergy is highly prevalent, with up to 100 million reported cases worldwide. Proteases in such allergen sources have been suggested to contribute to primary sensitisation and exacerbation of allergic disorders. Until now the protease content of Betula verrucosa, a birch species endemic to the northern hemisphere has not been studied in detail. Hence, we aim to identify and characterise pollen and bacteria-derived proteases found within birch pollen. The pollen transcriptome was constructed via de novo transcriptome sequencing and analysis of the proteome was achieved via mass spectrometry; a cross-comparison of the two databases was then performed. A total of 42 individual proteases were identified at the proteomic level. Further clustering of proteases into their distinct catalytic classes revealed serine, cysteine, aspartic, threonine, and metallo-proteases. Further to this, protease activity of the pollen was quantified using a fluorescently-labelled casein substrate protease assay, as 0.61 ng/mg of pollen. A large number of bacterial strains were isolated from freshly collected birch pollen and zymographic gels with gelatinase and casein, enabled visualisation of proteolytic activity of the pollen and the collected bacterial strains. We report the successful discovery of pollen and bacteria-derived proteases of Betula verrucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E McKenna
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Peter Lackner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Armin O Schmitt
- Department of Breeding Informatics, Georg August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Silja Wessler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
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Dey D, Saha B, Sircar G, Ghosal K, Bhattacharya SG. Mass spectrometry-based identification of allergens from Curvularia pallescens, a prevalent aerospore in India. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:869-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yeh CC, Tai HY, Chou H, Wu KG, Shen HD. Vacuolar Serine Protease Is a Major Allergen of Fusarium proliferatum and an IgE-Cross Reactive Pan-Fungal Allergen. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:438-44. [PMID: 27334782 PMCID: PMC4921698 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.5.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Fusarium species are among prevalent airborne fungi and causative agents of human respiratory atopic disorders. We previously identified a 36.5-kDa F. proliferatum component recognized by IgE antibodies in 9 (53%) of the 17 F. proliferatum-sensitized atopic serum samples. The purpose of this study is to characterize the 36.5-kDa allergen of F. proliferatum. Methods Characterization of allergens and determination of IgE cross-reactivity were performed by cDNA cloning/expression and immunoblot inhibition studies. Results Based on the finding that the 36.5-kDa IgE-binding component reacted with the mouse monoclonal antibody FUM20 against fungal vacuolar serine protease allergens, the cDNA of F. proliferatum vacuolar serine protease (Fus p 9.0101) was subsequently cloned. Nine serum samples from respiratory atopic patients with IgE binding to the vacuolar serine protease allergen of Penicillium chrysogenum (Pen ch 18) also showed IgE-immunoblot reactivity to rFus p 9.0101. The purified rFus p 9.0101 can inhibit IgE and FUM20 binding to the 36.5-kDa component of F. proliferatum. Thus, a novel and important Fus p 9.0101 was identified. The rPen ch 18 can inhibit IgE binding to Fus p 9.0101. It indicates that IgE cross-reactivity between Fus p 9.0101 and Pen ch 18 also exists. Furthermore, neither rFus p 9.0101 K88A nor rPen ch 18 K89A mutants inhibited IgE binding to rFus p 9.0101. Lys88 was considered a critical core amino acid in IgE binding to r Fus p 9.0101 and a residue responsible for IgE cross-reactivity between Fus p 9.0101 and Pen ch 18 allergens. Conclusions Results obtained from this study indicate that vacuolar serine protease may be a major allergen of F. proliferatum and an important IgE cross-reactive pan-fungal allergen, and provide important bases for clinical diagnosis of fungal allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ching Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao Yun Tai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hong Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Keh Gong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Horng Der Shen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Saw S, Arora N. PI3K and ERK1/2 kinase inhibition potentiate protease inhibitor to attenuate allergen induced Th2 immune response in mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 776:176-84. [PMID: 26905476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteases affect immune response by activating PI3K, ERK1/2 and p38 kinase. In present study, therapeutic effect of PI3K, ERK1/2 and p38 kinase inhibitor in combination with serine protease inhibitor was evaluated in cockroach extract (CE) induced airway inflammatory disease. Mice were sensitized on day 0, 7 and 14 and challenged on day 27, 28 and 29 with CE. Mice were given PI3K, ERK1/2 and the p38 kinase inhibitor (iPI3K, iERK1/2 and the ip38) alone or with serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF), 1h before challenge. On day 30 airway resistance of mice were determined and euthanized to collect blood, BAL fluid and lung for analysis. CE immunized mice showed PI3K, ERK1/2 and p38 kinase activation, increased airway resistance, cellular infiltration, Th2 cytokines IgE and IgG1. AEBSF given to mice reduced the CE induced allergic response. AEBSF given in combination of iPI3K/iERK1/2 reduced cellular infiltration in lungs. Furthermore, iPI3K/iERK1/2 with AEBSF significantly reduced the CE induced Th2 cytokines in comparison to monotherapy of kinase inhibitor and AEBSF (P<0.05). The combination of iPI3K/iERK1/2 with AEBSF enhanced IL-12 level that could further provide a mean of Th2 reduction. Best effect in reduction of allergic response in mice was observed on administration of AEBSF with iPI3K. Conclusively, the combination of PI3K kinase inhibitor with AEBSF reduced allergen induced airway response and has therapeutic potential for add-on therapy in allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saw
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
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15
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Protease inhibitor reduces airway response and underlying inflammation in cockroach allergen-induced murine model. Inflammation 2015; 38:672-82. [PMID: 25052477 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protease(s) enhances airway inflammation and allergic cascade. In the present study, effect of a serine protease inhibitor was evaluated in mouse model of airway disease. Mice were sensitized with cockroach extract (CE) or Per a 10 and treated with 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) 1 h before or after challenge to measure airway response. Mice were euthanized to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood, and lung to evaluate inflammation. AEBSF treatment significantly reduced the AHR in allergen-challenged mice in dose-dependent manner (p≤ 0.01). IgE (p≤0.05) and Th2 cytokines (p≤0.05) were significantly reduced in treated mice. AEBSF treatment lowered total cell (p≤0.05), eosinophil (p≤0.05), and neutrophil (p≤0.05) in BALF and lung tissue. Oxidative stress parameters were impaired on treatment in allergen-challenged mice (p≤0.05). AEBSF had therapeutic effect in allergen-induced airway resistance and underling inflammation and had potential for combination or as add-on therapy for respiratory diseases.
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Agrawal K, Kale SL, Arora N. Protease activity of Per a 10 potentiates Th2 polarization by increasing IL-23 and OX40L. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3375-85. [PMID: 26417883 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are implicated in exacerbation of allergic diseases. In this study, the role of proteolytic activity of Per a 10 was evaluated on Th2 polarization. Intranasal administration of Per a 10 in mice led to allergic airway inflammation as seen by higher IgE levels, cellular infiltration, IL-17A, and Th2 cytokines, whereas, inactive (Δ)Per a 10 showed attenuated response. There was an increased OX40L expression on lung and lymph node dendritic cells in Per a 10 immunized group and on Per a 10 stimulated BMDCs. Reduction in CD40 expression without any change at transcript level in lungs of Per a 10 immunized mice suggested CD40 cleavage. BMDCs pulsed with Per a 10 showed reduced CD40 expression with lower IL-12p70 secretion as compared to heat inactivated Per a 10. IL-23, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in Per a 10 stimulated BMDCs supernatant. In DC-T cell coculture studies, Per a 10 pulsed BMDCs showed higher levels of IL-4 and IL-13 that were reduced on blocking of either IL-23 or OX40L. In conclusion, the data suggests a critical role of protease activity of Per a 10 in promoting Th2 polarization by increasing IL-23 secretion and OX40L expression on dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Agrawal
- Allergy and Immunology section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sagar L Kale
- Allergy and Immunology section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IGIB Campus, New Delhi, India
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Characterization of recombinant per a 10 from Periplaneta americana. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:262-8. [PMID: 23254302 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00461-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cockroach allergen is a major risk factor for IgE-mediated allergic response and asthma in sensitized individuals. Serine proteases have been identified from various sources and characterized as major allergens. The present study was aimed to express and characterize recombinant allergen Per a 10 (rPer a 10) from Periplaneta americana. rPer a 10 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified in soluble form, yielding 0.75 mg/liter of culture. Homology of the Per a 10 protein sequence exhibited 27 to 38% similarity to the mite serine protease and 41 to 52% similarity to other insect trypsins. The purified rPer a 10 protein resolved at 28 kDa on SDS-PAGE and was recognized by cockroach-hypersensitive patients' sera by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In competitive ELISA, rPer a 10 required 96 ng of purified protein for 50% inhibition of IgE binding, whereas 34 ng of native protein (nPer a 10) was required for the same inhibition. rPer a 10 and nPer a 10 induced basophil histamine release in the range of 47 to 64% and 60 to 85%, respectively, when sensitized with cockroach-hypersensitive patients' sera. In conclusion, Per a 10 was subcloned, and the protein was purified to homogeneity. rPer a 10 showed reduced IgE binding and histamine release and showed no proteolytic activity. These data suggest that rPer a 10 has potential for immunotherapy.
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Warmbold C, Uliczka K, Rus F, Suck R, Petersen A, Silverman N, Ulmer AJ, Heine H, Roeder T. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Major Allergen 1 Activates the Innate Immune Response of the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Saw S, Kale SL, Arora N. Serine protease inhibitor attenuates ovalbumin induced inflammation in mouse model of allergic airway disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41107. [PMID: 22829914 PMCID: PMC3400607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serine proteases promote inflammation and tissue remodeling by activating proteinase-activated receptors, urokinase, metalloproteinases and angiotensin. In the present study, 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF) a serine protease inhibitor was evaluated for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment in mouse model of airway allergy. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitized by i.p route and challenged with ovalbumin. They were treated i.n. with 2, 10 and 50 µg of AEBSF, one hour before or after challenge and euthanized to collect BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), blood and lungs. Proteolytic activity, total cell/eosinophil/neutrophil count eosinophil peroxidase activity (EPO), IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, cysteinyl leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane were determined in BALF and immunoglobulins were measured in serum. H&E and PAS stained lung sections were examined for cellular infiltration and airway inflammation. Results Mice exposed to ovalbumin and treated with PBS showed increased cellular infiltration in lungs and higher serum IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a levels as compared to sham mice. Treatment with AEBSF reduced total cells/eosinophil/neutrophil infiltration. Both prophylactic and therapeutic AEBSF treatment of 10 or 50 µg reduced serum IgE and IgG1 significantly (p<0.05) than control. AEBSF treatment reduced the proteolytic activity in BALF. IL-4 IL-5 and IL-13 levels decreased significantly (p<0.05) after AEBSF treatment while IL-10 levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in BALF. Airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia reduced as demonstrated by lung histopathology, EPO activity and cysteinyl leukotrienes in BALF after treatment. AEBSF treatment also suppressed oxidative stress in terms of 8-isoprostane in BALF. Among the treatment doses, 10 or 50 µg of AEBSF were most effective in reducing the inflammatory parameters. Conclusions Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with serine protease inhibitor attenuates the airway inflammation in mouse model of airway allergy and have potential for adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saw
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Sagar Laxman Kale
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Goel C, Govindaraj D, Singh BP, Farooque A, Kalra N, Arora N. Serine protease Per a 10 from Periplaneta americana bias dendritic cells towards type 2 by upregulating CD86 and low IL-12 secretions. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:412-22. [PMID: 22356142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease activity of Per a 10 from Periplaneta americana induces airway inflammation and systemic Th2 response towards self and bystander allergen. OBJECTIVE In the present study the effect of proteolytic activity of Per a 10 allergen on dendritic cells (DCs) polarization and consequent T cell response was investigated. METHODS Non-atopic subjects with no family history of asthma/allergy were recruited for the study. CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes were purified, differentiated to immature DCs and stimulated with proteolytically active/inactivated native or recombinant Per a 10. DCs phenotype was analysed with flow cytometry and antigen presenting function assessed by co-culturing with autologous CD4(+) T cells. Cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS Immature DCs differentiated into mature CD14(-)CD83(+)HLA-DR(+) cells after incubating with proteolytically active/inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. Proteolytically active Per a 10 induced significant CD86 up-regulation on DCs compared to inactivated or recombinant Per a 10 lacking enzymatic activity. Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 showed dose-dependent effect on expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a and HLA-DR. However, no significant differences were observed phenotypically in active or inactive forms except for CD86. Active Per a 10 stimulated DCs secreted significantly low IL-12 (P < 0.01) and high IL-6, compared to inactive forms of Per a 10. Naive CD4(+) T cells primed with active Per a 10 pulsed DCs also secreted significantly less IL-12 (P < 0.01) and high IL-4, IL-5 plus IL-6 (P < 0.01); in contrast to DCs pulsed with inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 modulates DCs towards type 2 by CD86 up-regulation, high IL-6 and reduced IL-12 secretions. Proteolytically inactive Per a 10 can be further explored for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goel
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi, India
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He S, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Wei J, Yang L, Yang H, Sun W, Zeng X, Yang P. Analysis of properties and proinflammatory functions of cockroach allergens Per a 1.01s. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:288-295. [PMID: 21535080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches have been identified as one of the major indoor allergens inducing perennial rhinitis and asthma. Per a 1s are a group of the major allergens from American cockroach. Although Per a 1s are major allergens from American cockroach, factors contributing to the allergenicity of Per a 1s are still poorly defined. To investigate the effects of Per a 1s on the expression of PARs and the release of proinflammatory cytokines from mast cells. Per a 1.0101 and Per a 1.0104 were cloned from American cockroach and then expressed in Eschericia coli. The purified allergens were used to stimulate P815 mast cells, and the expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) was determined by real-time RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in culture media were detected with ELISA. Sera from 80 and 77.3% of cockroach allergy patients reacted to recombinant Per a (rPer a) 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104, confirming they are major allergens. Both rPer a 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104 had no enzymatic activity, but rPer a 1.0101 upregulated the expression of PAR-1 and PAR-2, and rPer a 1.0104 enhanced the expression of PAR-1 and PAR-4 proteins. Both recombinant allergens were able to increase the release of IL-4 and IL-13 from P815 mast cells. This is the first study aiming to investigate functions of group 1 allergens of American cockroach. rPer a 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104 have the capacity to upregulate the expression of PARs and to enhance Th2 cytokine production in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S He
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Z Zhang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - H Zhang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J Wei
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L Yang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - H Yang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - W Sun
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - X Zeng
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P Yang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Nair S, Kukreja N, Singh BP, Arora N. Identification of B cell epitopes of alcohol dehydrogenase allergen of Curvularia lunata. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20020. [PMID: 21647452 PMCID: PMC3102081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Epitope identification assists in developing molecules for clinical applications and is useful in defining molecular features of allergens for understanding structure/function relationship. The present study was aimed to identify the B cell epitopes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) allergen from Curvularia lunata using in-silico methods and immunoassay. Method B cell epitopes of ADH were predicted by sequence and structure based methods and protein-protein interaction tools while T cell epitopes by inhibitory concentration and binding score methods. The epitopes were superimposed on a three dimensional model of ADH generated by homology modeling and analyzed for antigenic characteristics. Peptides corresponding to predicted epitopes were synthesized and immunoreactivity assessed by ELISA using individual and pooled patients' sera. Result The homology model showed GroES like catalytic domain joined to Rossmann superfamily domain by an alpha helix. Stereochemical quality was confirmed by Procheck which showed 90% residues in most favorable region of Ramachandran plot while Errat gave a quality score of 92.733%. Six B cell (P1–P6) and four T cell (P7–P10) epitopes were predicted by a combination of methods. Peptide P2 (epitope P2) showed E(X)2GGP(X)3KKI conserved pattern among allergens of pathogenesis related family. It was predicted as high affinity binder based on electronegativity and low hydrophobicity. The computational methods employed were validated using Bet v 1 and Der p 2 allergens where 67% and 60% of the epitope residues were predicted correctly. Among B cell epitopes, Peptide P2 showed maximum IgE binding with individual and pooled patients' sera (mean OD 0.604±0.059 and 0.506±0.0035, respectively) followed by P1, P4 and P3 epitopes. All T cell epitopes showed lower IgE binding. Conclusion Four B cell epitopes of C. lunata ADH were identified. Peptide P2 can serve as a potential candidate for diagnosis of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Nair
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Neetu Kukreja
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Bhanu Pratap Singh
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Jacquet A. Interactions of airway epithelium with protease allergens in the allergic response. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 41:305-11. [PMID: 21121984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the apparently innocuous environmental proteins routinely inhaled by human subjects, only a small proportion of these antigens triggers allergy in susceptible individuals. Although the molecular basis of the allergenicity of these airborne proteins remains to be fully characterized, numerous studies suggest that the ability of such proteins to promote allergic responses is at least due to their proteolytic activity. This review will summarize insights into the interactions of protease allergens with the respiratory epithelium. In addition to their capacity to facilitate their antigen presentation through epithelial barrier degradation, protease allergens can directly activate airway mucosal surfaces to recruit inflammatory cells and to initiate the airway remodelling process. A greater understanding of the effects of protease allergens in the airways inflammation as well as on the relevant targets could define novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jacquet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Maciel FM, Laberty MA, Oliveira ND, Felix SP, Soares AMDS, Verícimo MA, Machado OLT. A new 2S albumin from Jatropha curcas L. seeds and assessment of its allergenic properties. Peptides 2009; 30:2103-7. [PMID: 19686791 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Significant effort has been made world-wide to boost biofuels with the expectation of a positive contribution to renewable fuel and greenhouse gas reduction. Jatropha curcas L. has proved to be an opportunistic crop in tropical areas, particularly in unfavorable environments. For this reason, analyses of toxicity and allergy caused by its seeds and pollen are necessary. A 12kDa, allergenic 2S albumin, denoted Jat c 1, was isolated from Physic nut (J. curcas) seeds. Jat c 1 binds IgE attached to rat mast cells, inducing histamine release. It also showed strong cross-reactivity with the major allergens from castor bean, Ric c 1 and Ric c 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Menezes Maciel
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro, 2000 Parque Califórnia, RJ CEP 28013-602, Brazil
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25
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Sharma V, Singh BP, Gaur SN, Pasha S, Arora N. Bioinformatics and Immunologic Investigation on B and T Cell Epitopes of Cur l 3, a Major Allergen of Curvularia lunata. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2650-5. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800784q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhu Sharma
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), and V. P. Chest Institute, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Bhanu P. Singh
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), and V. P. Chest Institute, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra N. Gaur
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), and V. P. Chest Institute, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Pasha
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), and V. P. Chest Institute, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), and V. P. Chest Institute, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
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26
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Kukreja N, Sridhara S, Singh BP, Gaur SN, Arora N. Purification and immunological characterization of a 12-kDa allergen from Epicoccum purpurascens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:32-40. [PMID: 19239492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Epicoccum purpurascens is implicated in respiratory allergies and asthma. Several allergens of clinical importance were identified in Epicoccum extract (EE), but only one allergen has been isolated and characterized. In the present study, a 12-kDa allergen was isolated from an Epicoccum spore-mycelial extract by concanavalin-A sepharose, reverse-phase hydrophobic and gel filtration chromatography. The purified protein was recognized as a single 12-kDa allergen on immunoblot with a serum pool of Epicoccum-sensitive patients. Of the 94 respiratory allergy patients tested intradermally, 17 showed marked positive skin reactions to EE and 12 of them reacted with the 12-kDa protein, indicating a diagnostic sensitivity of 70%. More than 80% patients' sera showed immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to the purified protein in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot, identifying it as a major allergen. Preincubation of pooled serum with the protein led to inhibition of IgE binding to solid-phase-bound EE (effective concentration 50%=180 ng). Twelve of the 17 serum samples showed significant basophil histamine release upon stimulation with purified protein. The protein induced significant proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 13 patients. A high level of interleukin-4 in the culture supernatant of these cells indicated induction of a T-helper type 2 response. The purified 12-kDa protein is a clinically relevant allergen and has potential for the diagnosis and therapy of Epicoccum allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Kukreja
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
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Serine protease activity of Cur l 1 from Curvularia lunata augments Th2 response in mice. J Clin Immunol 2008; 29:292-302. [PMID: 19020963 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Studies with mite allergens demonstrated that proteolytic activity augments allergic airway inflammation. This knowledge is limited to few enzyme allergens. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of serine protease Cur l 1 from Curvularia lunata in airway inflammation/hyper-responsiveness. METHODS Cur l 1 was purified and inactivated using a serine protease inhibitor. Balb/c mice were sensitized with enzymatically active Cur l 1 or C. lunata extract. Sensitized mice were given booster dose on day 14 with active or inactivated Cur l 1. Intranasal challenge was given on day 28, 29, and 30. Airway hyper-responsiveness was measured by plethysmography. Blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), spleen, and lungs from mice were analyzed for cellular infiltration, immunoglobulins, and cytokine levels. RESULTS Mice challenged with enzymatically active Cur l 1 demonstrated significantly higher airway inflammation than inactive Cur l 1 group mice (p < 0.01). There was a significant difference in serum IgE and IgG1 levels among mice immunized with active Cur l 1 and inactive Cur l 1 (p < 0.01). IL-4 and IL-5 were higher in BALF and splenocyte culture supernatant of active Cur l 1 than inactive Cur l 1 mice. Lung histology revealed increased eosinophil infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus secretion in active group. CONCLUSION Proteolytic activity of Cur l 1 plays an important role in airway inflammation and the inactivated Cur l 1 has potential to be explored for immunotherapy.
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Park K, Kwak IS. Expression of Chironomus riparius serine-type endopeptidase gene under di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:349-54. [PMID: 18762262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stressors can induce changes in gene expression that can be useful as biomarkers. To identify potential biomarkers of water quality, we characterized full-length cDNA sequences of the serine-type endopeptidase (SP) gene from Chironomus riparius. Their expression was analyzed during different life-history stages and in response to treatment with various concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) for short and long periods of time. A comparative molecular and phylogenetic investigation was then conducted among different orders of insects using sequence database analysis. The sequence of the C. riparius SP gene was found to be most closely related to the sequence of SPs isolated from Aedes aegypti. In addition, the basal level of C. riparius SP mRNA was more highly expressed in larvae than in other life-history stages. However, the expression of C. riparius SP was primarily limited to the gut in larvae. When the effects of short-term exposure to DEHP were evaluated, C. riparius SP gene expression decreased within 1 h of treatment, regardless of dose. We also investigated expression of the C. riparius SP gene following long-term DEHP exposure (10 days) and found that it decreased significantly across all DEHP dosages. Finally, the response of the SP gene was more sensitive in C. riparius that were exposed to low concentrations of DEHP than in those that were exposed to high concentrations. These results show that suppression of the C. riparius SP gene by DEHP is as a potential biomarker that could be useful for monitoring aquatic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Sudha VT, Arora N, Gaur SN, Pasha S, Singh BP. Identification of a serine protease as a major allergen (Per a 10) of Periplaneta americana. Allergy 2008; 63:768-76. [PMID: 18445191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroach allergens are associated with the development of asthma, but none of these has been characterized for proteolytic activity. This study was undertaken to isolate and characterize a protease from Periplaneta americana and determine its allergenicity. METHODS A serine protease was isolated from P. americana extract using benzamidine sepharose column and characterized by immunobiochemical methods. Allergenicity of the protease was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, intradermal testing, histamine release and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferation. RESULTS Affinity purified protein of approximately 28 kDa (Per a 10) showed a single band of activity in gelatin zymogram and agarose plate assay. N-terminal sequence (IVGGRPAQI) revealed similarity with mite serine protease allergens and insect trypsins. It demonstrated proteolytic activity with azocollagen > gelatin > defatted-milk > casein including serine protease specific substrate, N-benzoyl-arginine-ethyl-ester-hydrochloride. It was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, namely aprotinin > pefabloc > AEBSF > PMSF > benzamidine > antipain > leupeptin and trypsin-specific inhibitor (tosyl-lysyl-chloromethyl-ketone) suggesting it to be a trypsin-like serine protease. Per a 10 was recognized as a major allergen, showing IgE reactivity with >80% of cockroach sensitized patients by skin tests and immunoblot. It could induce significant histamine release (P < 0.05) in blood and secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4) (P < 0.05) and IL-5 (P < 0.05) in culture supernatant of PBMCs from cockroach hypersensitive patients, suggesting a strong allergenic potency. CONCLUSION A serine protease isolated from P. americana was demonstrated to be a major allergen (Per a 10). It has a potential for component-based diagnosis of allergy and will be useful in elucidating the mechanism of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Sudha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
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Chou H, Tam MF, Lee LH, Chiang CH, Tai HY, Panzani RC, Shen HD. Vacuolar serine protease is a major allergen of Cladosporium cladosporioides. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008; 146:277-86. [PMID: 18362473 DOI: 10.1159/000121462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cladosporium is an important allergenic fungus worldwide. We report here a major allergen of C. cladosporioides. METHODS Major C. cladosporioides allergens were characterized by immunoblotting, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, protein purification and cDNA cloning. RESULTS Seventy-four sera (38%) from 197 bronchial asthmatic patients demonstrated IgE binding against C. cladosporioides extracts. Among these 74 sera, 41 (55%) and 38 (51%) showed IgE binding against a 36- and a 20-kDa protein of C. cladosporioides, respectively. Both IgE-reacting components reacted with FUM20, a monoclonal antibody against fungal serine proteases. N-terminal amino acid sequencing results suggest that they are vacuolar serine proteases, and the 20-kDa component is possibly a degraded product of the 36-kDa allergen. A corresponding 5'-truncated 1,425-bp cDNA fragment was isolated. The mature protein after N-terminal processing starts with an N-terminal serine that is the ninth residue encoded by the 5'-truncated cDNA. The protein sequence deduced shares 69-72% sequence identity with Penicillium vacuolar serine proteases and was designated as Cla c 9. The purified 36-kDa Cla c 9 allergen showed proteolytic activity with peptide Z-Ala-Ala-Leu-pNA as substrate. IgE cross-reactivity was detected between the purified Cla c 9 and serine protease allergens from Aspergillusfumigatus and Penicillium chrysogenum. CONCLUSION We identified a vacuolar serine protease as a major allergen of C. cladosporioides (Cla c 9) and a major pan-allergen of prevalent airborne fungi. IgE cross-reactivity among these highly conserved serine protease pan-fungal allergens was also detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chou
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sharma V, Singh BP, Gaur SN, Arora N. Molecular and immunological characterization of cytochrome c: a potential cross-reactive allergen in fungi and grasses. Allergy 2008; 63:189-97. [PMID: 18186808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant allergens are required for component-resolved diagnosis/therapy of allergic disorders. The study was aimed to express and characterize an allergenic protein from Curvularia lunata and study its cross-reactivity. METHODS A clone encoding a 12-kDa protein screened from the cDNA library of C. lunata was sequenced and expressed in pET22b+ vector. The purified protein was characterized by biophysical and immunological methods. RESULTS The sequence of gene encoding a 12-kDa protein showed homology to cytochrome c. It was expressed in Escherichia coli yielding 0.5 mg protein/l culture and designated as Cur l 3. The absorption and circular dichroism spectrum of Cur l 3 were similar to horse cytochrome c and the protein reacted with cytochrome c antibody. ELISA with different fungal-positive patients' sera showed > or = 3 times specific IgE to Cur l 3 compared with healthy controls. Mice anti-Cur l 3 reacted with tropical and temperate grass extracts. Protein also reacted with grass-positive patients' sera. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from C. lunata, fungi or grass-positive patients with it released significant levels of Th2 cytokines. In vivo testing of this protein in allergic patients showed marked positive skin reactivity in 60% fungal and 43% grass-positive cases. Cross inhibition assays (EC(50)) demonstrated allergenic cross-reactivity of Cur l 3 with fungi and grasses. CONCLUSIONS Cytochrome c, a major allergen from C. lunata was cloned, sequenced and expressed. It was identified as a cross-reactive allergen among fungi and grasses and has potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sharma
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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Shen HD, Tam MF, Tang RB, Chou H. Aspergillus and Penicillium allergens: focus on proteases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007; 7:351-6. [PMID: 17697643 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-007-0053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium and Aspergillus species are prevalent airborne fungi. It is imperative to identify and characterize their major allergens. Alkaline and/or vacuolar serine proteases are major allergens of several prevalent Penicillium and Aspergillus species. They are also major immunoglobulin (Ig) E-reacting components of the most prevalent airborne yeast, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and the most prevalent Cladosporium species, C. cladosporioides. IgE cross-reactivity has been detected among these major pan-fungal serine protease allergens. In addition, the alkaline serine protease of P. chrysogenum (Pen ch 13) induces histamine release from basophils of asthmatic patients, degrades the tight junction protein occludin, and stimulates release of proinflammatory mediators from human bronchial epithelial cells. In addition to induction of IgE and inflammatory airway responses, the alkaline serine protease allergen of A. fumigatus (Asp f 13) has synergistic effects on Asp f 2-induced immune response in mice. Studies of these serine protease major allergens elucidate the diverse allergic disease mechanisms and facilitate the development of better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horng-Der Shen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Shih-Pai, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
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Simon-Nobbe B, Denk U, Pöll V, Rid R, Breitenbach M. The spectrum of fungal allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 145:58-86. [PMID: 17709917 DOI: 10.1159/000107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can be found throughout the world. They may live as saprophytes, parasites or symbionts of animals and plants in indoor as well as outdoor environment. For decades, fungi belonging to the ascomycota as well as to the basidiomycota have been known to cause a broad panel of human disorders. In contrast to pollen, fungal spores and/or mycelial cells may not only cause type I allergy, the most prevalent disease caused by molds, but also a large number of other illnesses, including allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses, allergic sinusitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and atopic dermatitis; and, again in contrast to pollen-derived allergies, fungal allergies are frequently linked with allergic asthma. Sensitization to molds has been reported in up to 80% of asthmatic patients. Although research on fungal allergies dates back to the 19th century, major improvements in the diagnosis and therapy of mold allergy have been hampered by the fact that fungal extracts are highly variable in their protein composition due to strain variabilities, batch-to-batch variations, and by the fact that extracts may be prepared from spores and/or mycelial cells. Nonetheless, about 150 individual fungal allergens from approximately 80 mold genera have been identified in the last 20 years. First clinical studies with recombinant mold allergens have demonstrated their potency in clinical diagnosis. This review aims to give an overview of the biology of molds and diseases caused by molds in humans, as well as a detailed summary of the latest results on recombinant fungal allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Weber
- National Jewish Medical & Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Room J326, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Sharma V, Gupta R, Jhingran A, Singh BP, Sridhara S, Gaur SN, Arora N. Cloning, recombinant expression and activity studies of a major allergen "enolase" from the fungus Curvularia lunata. J Clin Immunol 2006; 26:360-9. [PMID: 16779678 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-006-9032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant allergens are required to study allergy at the molecular level and are helpful tools for the improvement of diagnosis and therapy. In the present study, enolase was expressed from Curvularia lunata and analyzed for its immunological reactivity as an allergen. cDNA library was synthesized in lambda zap vector and screened with sera obtained from C. lunata allergic patients. A cDNA clone with an ORF of 1.3 kb showed homology to enolases from different fungal sources. It was expressed in E. coli, purified from inclusion bodies yielding 0.5 mg/L and showed enzyme activity of 48 units/mg. It resolved as 48-kDa band on SDS-PAGE and was recognized by all the individual Curvularia positive patient sera in immunoblot and ELISA. r Cur l 2 stimulated patients' PBMCs and supernatant of these cells showed elevated levels of Th 2 cytokines. Ten B cell epitopes were predicted using computational software and one showed 90% homology to an important IgE epitope of Cla h 6. The various parameters predicted by computational approach can be validated later as a future study to draw conclusive evidence about putative antigenic epitopes. This can further help in generating knowledge about residues important for IgE binding and developing therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhu Sharma
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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Westwood GS, Huang SW, Keyhani NO. Allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Clin Mol Allergy 2005; 3:1. [PMID: 15644142 PMCID: PMC546202 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. Although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of Beauveria species has not been widely studied. Methods IgE-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. Skin reactivity to B. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal skin testing. Results Immunoblots of fungal extracts with pooled as well as individual sera showed a distribution of IgE reactive proteins present in B. bassiana crude extracts. Proteinase K digestion of extracts resulted in loss of IgE reactive epitopes, whereas EndoH and PNGaseF (glycosidase) treatments resulted in minor changes in IgE reactive banding patterns as determined by Western blots. Immunoblot inhibitions experiments showed complete loss of IgE-binding using self protein, and partial inhibition using extracts from common allergenic fungi including; Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum, Candida albicans, Epicoccum purpurascens, and Penicillium notatum. Several proteins including a strongly reactive band with an approximate molecular mass of 35 kDa was uninhibited by any of the tested extracts, and may represent B. bassiana specific allergens. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the in vitro results, demonstrating allergenic reactions in a number of individuals, including those who have had occupational exposure to B. bassiana. Conclusions Beauveria bassiana possesses numerous IgE reactive proteins, some of which are cross-reactive among allergens from other fungi. A strongly reactive potential B. bassiana specific allergen (35 kDa) was identified. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the allergenic potential of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S Westwood
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shih-Wen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 32610, USA
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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