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Li C, Wang F, Li R, Ishfaq M, Chen H, Liu F, Liu Y. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for 1-month-old specific-pathogen-free Landrace pigs. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:76-80. [PMID: 33550680 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals (RIs) provide valuable data for the nutritional status and clinical diagnosis of animals. However, the specific hematologic and biochemical RIs for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) Landrace pigs has not been determined. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to establish the hematologic and biochemical RIs for SPF 1-month-old Landrace pigs. METHODS Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 105 SPF 1-month-old Landrace pigs (50 males and 55 females), and complete blood counts and biochemical examinations were performed. The mean, RI, and 90% confidence interval were calculated for each variable, and gender differences were analyzed. RESULTS Reference intervals for SPF 1-month-old Landrace pigs were generated. The results revealed that there was generally no significant difference between male and female hematologic and serum biochemical variables (P > .05). However, a significant difference was noted in serum triglyceride concentrations between male and female pigs (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides hematologic and biochemical RIs for SPF 1-month-old Landrace pigs and provides basic data for the research and application of SPF Landrace pigs as a laboratory animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fangping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
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McGregor CGA, Ricci D, Miyagi N, Stalboerger PG, Du Z, Oehler EA, Tazelaar HD, Byrne GW. Human CD55 expression blocks hyperacute rejection and restricts complement activation in Gal knockout cardiac xenografts. Transplantation 2012; 93:686-92. [PMID: 22391577 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182472850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic expression of human complement regulatory proteins reduces the frequency of hyperacute rejection (HAR) in Gal-positive cardiac xenotransplantation. In this study, we examined the impact of human CD55 (hCD55) expression on a Gal knockout (GTKO) background using pig-to-primate heterotopic cardiac xenotransplantation. METHODS Cardiac xenotransplantation was performed with GTKO (group 1; n=6) and GTKO.hCD55 (group 2; n=5) donor pigs using similar immunosuppression. Cardiac biopsies were obtained 30 min after organ reperfusion. Rejection was characterized by histology and immunohistology. Intragraft gene expression, serum non-Gal antibody, and antibody recovered from rejected hearts were analyzed. RESULTS HAR of a GTKO heart was observed. Remaining grafts developed delayed xenograft rejection. Median survival was 21 and 28 days for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Vascular antibody deposition was uniformly detected 30 min after organ reperfusion and at explant. A higher frequency of vascular C5b deposition was seen in GTKO organs at explant. Serum non-Gal antibody, antibody recovered from the graft, and intragraft gene expression were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION HAR of GTKO hearts without hCD55 may occur. Expression of hCD55 seemed to restrict local complement activation but did not improve graft survival. Chronic vascular antibody deposition with evidence of protracted endothelial cell activation was seen. These observations suggest that non-Gal antibody-induced chronic endothelial cell activation coupled to possible hemostatic incompatibilities may be the primary stimulus for delayed xenograft rejection of GTKO hearts. To avoid possible HAR, future clinical studies should use donors expressing human complement regulatory proteins in the GTKO background.
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Maccarrone M. CB2 receptors in reproduction. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153:189-98. [PMID: 17828289 PMCID: PMC2219526 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been always identified as harmful drugs because of their negative effects on male and female reproduction. The discovery of the 'endocannabinoid system (ECS)', composed of bioactive lipids (endocannabinoids), their receptors and their metabolic enzymes, and the generation of mouse models missing cannabinoid receptors or other elements of the ECS, has enabled a wealth of information on the significance of endocannabinoid signalling in multiple reproductive events: Sertoli cell survival, spermatogenesis, placentation, fertilization, preimplantation embryo development, implantation and postimplantation embryonic growth. These studies have also opened new perspectives in clinical applications, pointing to the ECS as a new target for correcting infertility and for improving reproductive health in humans. This review will focus on the involvement of type-2 cannabinoid (CB2) receptors in reproductive biology, covering both the male and female sides. It will also discuss the potential relevance of the immunological activity of CB2 at the maternal/foetal interface, as well as the distinctiveness of CB2 versus type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors that might be exploited for a receptor subtype-specific regulation of fertility. In this context, the different signalling pathways triggered by CB1 and CB2 (especially those controlling the intracellular tone of nitric oxide), the different activation of CB1 and CB2 by endogenous agonists (like anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and the different localization of CB1 and CB2 within membrane subdomains, termed 'lipid rafts', will be discussed. It is hoped that CB2-dependent endocannabinoid signalling might become a useful target for correcting infertility, in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maccarrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
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Maccarrone M, Barboni B, Paradisi A, Bernabò N, Gasperi V, Pistilli MG, Fezza F, Lucidi P, Mattioli M. Characterization of the endocannabinoid system in boar spermatozoa and implications for sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:4393-404. [PMID: 16144868 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anandamide (AEA) is the endogenous ligand of cannabinoid (CB) receptors, and as such it plays several central and peripheral activities. Regulation of female fertility by AEA has attracted growing interest, yet a role for this endocannabinoid in controlling sperm function and male fertility in mammals has been scarcely investigated. In this study we report unprecedented evidence that boar sperm cells have the biochemical machinery to bind and degrade AEA, i.e. type-1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R), vanilloid receptors (TRPV1), AEA-synthesizing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), AEA transporter (AMT) and AEA hydrolase (FAAH). We also show that the non-hydrolyzable AEA analogue methanandamide reduces sperm capacitation and, as a consequence, inhibits the process of acrosome reaction (AR) triggered by the zona pellucida, according to a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway triggered by CB1R activation. Furthermore, activation of TRPV1 receptors seems to play a role of stabilization of the plasma membranes in capacitated sperm, as demonstrated by the high incidence of spontaneous AR occurring during the cultural period when TRPV1 activity was antagonized by capsazepine. We show that sperm cells have a complete and efficient endocannabinoid system, and that activation of cannabinoid or vanilloid receptors controls, at different time-points, sperm functions required for fertilization. These observations open new perspectives on the understanding and treatment of male fertility problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Pizza A. Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Beschorner WE, Sudan DL, Radio SJ, Yang T, Franco KL, Hill AC, Shearon CC, Thompson SC, Dixon RS, Johnson ND, Kuszynski CA, Rubocki RJ, Lechtenberg KF, Matamoros A, Goertzen TC, Fox IJ, Langnas AN. Heart xenograft survival with chimeric pig donors and modest immune suppression. Ann Surg 2003; 237:265-72. [PMID: 12560785 PMCID: PMC1522128 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000048456.81319.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the use of donor pigs with cellular chimerism for prevention of acute rejection with modest immune suppression. The clinical use of pig organ xenografts is currently precluded by severe acute rejection, which resists standard immune suppression. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA For long-term survival of pig organ xenografts, immune suppression significantly greater than used with allografts would currently be necessary, leaving the recipient immune deficient and at increased risk for infections. Induction of immune tolerance and tissue accommodation could enhance xenograft survival but would lead to complications and frequent graft failure. Induction of cellular chimerism within the donor pigs, however, could accomplish these goals before transplantation, significantly reducing the risk. METHODS Marrow cells from sheep were infused into fetal pigs. Heart xenografts from chimeric or nonchimeric pigs were transplanted heterotopically into recipient sheep, simultaneous with infusion of splenocytes. Posttransplant suppression consisted of cyclosporine and tapered corticosteroids, comparable with allotransplants. RESULTS All of the control grafts (n = 12) were rejected by acute vascular rejection in 4 to 8 days. In contrast, only one episode of vascular rejection was observed in the experimental group (n = 13). Four experimental recipients had an episode of moderate diffuse cellular rejection (grade 3) and one had moderate focal cellular rejection (grade 2). Each episode responded to pulse steroids. Seven grafts showed no significant rejection. There was little evidence of immune deficiency, infection, or toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Acute vascular rejection was prevented in a large animal model without the need for severe immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Beschorner
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Section, University Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3285, USA.
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Carter DB, Lai L, Park KW, Samuel M, Lattimer JC, Jordan KR, Estes DM, Besch-Williford C, Prather RS. Phenotyping of transgenic cloned piglets. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2003; 4:131-45. [PMID: 12171705 DOI: 10.1089/153623002320253319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reports list the abnormalities obtained from cloning sheep and cattle. To date, few reports provide detailed information regarding the overall health status and performance data of cloned animals. This report follows three litters totaling 10 transgenic cloned piglets from birth through puberty. Significant findings from physical examinations and response to treatments are included, as well as necropsy data from five of the piglets that died during the study. The birth weights, placental weights, and growth rates for this group of piglets were not different from that of control animals raised in the same environment. Hematology and serum chemistry data were collected at 2 days of age, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age. Results indicated a mild anemia and hypoproteinemia in the cloned piglets from birth through 4 weeks of age, but both conditions were corrected by 8 weeks of age. Echocardiography was performed on seven of the piglets. No anatomical defects were detected, but three of the piglets had decreased cardiac output values. However, both animals are growing and show no evidence of clinical disease. The immune system was evaluated by quantification of serum IgM and IgG levels and by determining the population of B-cells, macrophages, helper T-cells (CD4), cytotoxic T-cell (CD8), and double positive T-cells (CD4/CD8). With the exception of one animal, no abnormalities were detected with the immune system of the examined piglets. During the course of this study, five of the 10 piglets were euthanized or died, indicating there is a high mortality rate among cloned piglets, but the remaining five cloned piglets are free from detectable defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bart Carter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Diamond LE, Byrne GW, Schwarz A, Davis TA, Adams DH, Logan JS. Analysis of the control of the anti-gal immune response in a non-human primate by galactose alpha1-3 galactose trisaccharide-polyethylene glycol conjugate. Transplantation 2002; 73:1780-7. [PMID: 12085001 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200206150-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current limitation to the clinical application of xenotransplantation using pig organs is a rejection process that has been termed delayed xenograft rejection or acute vascular rejection. It is thought that acute vascular rejection may be mediated at least in part by both the continued synthesis, of preexisting, and the induction, posttransplantation, of antibodies against the carbohydrate moiety galalpha1-3gal that is present on glycoproteins and glycolipids of the pig endothelium. The synthesis of these antibodies has proven difficult to control with currently available immunosuppressive agents. METHODS We have synthesized galalpha1-3gal conjugated polyethylene glycol polymers that can bind to anti-galalpha1-3gal antibodies and tested their activity in non-human primates. RESULTS These conjugates when administered to non-human primates can substantially reduce the levels of preexisting and control the induction of anti-galalpha1-3gal antibodies. The level of circulating antibody-secreting cells that make anti-galalpha1-3gal antibodies is also reduced. CONCLUSION These alpha-gal polyethylene glycol conjugates may have the potential to control the anti-gal antibody response in a pig to primate organ transplant setting and may be a useful therapeutic agent in prolonging graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Diamond
- Nextran Inc., 303B College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Prospects for xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-200203000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Recent developments in transplantation medicine improved the short- and long-term survival of solid-organ transplantation. However, chronic allograft rejection, the side effects of the long-term immunosuppressive treatment, and organ shortage are still the major obstacles to achieving long-term survival. Gene therapy has the potential to meet these challenges and has unique advantages in transplantation. In this review we summarize the studies using gene therapy in solid-organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Akalin
- Division of Nephrology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, and Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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KURIHARA T, KUROME M, WAKO N, OCHIAI T, MIZUNO K, FUJIMURA T, TAKAHAGI Y, MURAKAMI H, KANO K, MIYAGAWA S, SHIRAKURA R, NAGASHIMA H. Developmental Competence of In Vitro Matured Porcine Oocytes after Electrical Activation. J Reprod Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.48.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi KURIHARA
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mayuko KUROME
- Laboratory of Reproduction Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University
| | - Naohiro WAKO
- Laboratory of Reproduction Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University
| | - Takashi OCHIAI
- Laboratory of Reproduction Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University
| | - Kenichi MIZUNO
- Laboratory of Reproduction Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University
| | | | | | | | - Koichiro KANO
- Department of Animal Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Shuji MIYAGAWA
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryota SHIRAKURA
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi NAGASHIMA
- Laboratory of Reproduction Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University
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Kirschfink M, Mollnes TE. C1-inhibitor: an anti-inflammatory reagent with therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001; 2:1073-83. [PMID: 11583058 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2.7.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the protein cascade systems often leads to severe inflammatory tissue destruction with potential life-threatening outcome. These include clinical disorders, such as capillary leak syndrome, septic shock, myocardial infarction and other ischaemia/reperfusion injuries, trauma, burns, multiple organ failure, as well as graft rejection. A therapeutic substitution of appropriate regulators appears to be a reasonable approach to reduce undesirable inflammatory reactions. C1-inhibitor, a multifunctional regulator of the various kinin-generating cascade systems, is frequently reduced in patients suffering from severe inflammation. C1-inhibitor concentrate has been used for decades as a substitution therapy to treat acute attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema. Studies including pathophysiologically relevant animal models now provide sufficient evidence that C1-inhibitor may also serve as an effective means to protect against inflammatory tissue injury. Promising clinical results are emerging which support C1-inhibitor as a candidate for therapy in severe inflammatory disorders. Although treatment with C1-inhibitor is regarded as safe, recent reports on possible side effects in certain clinical situations emphasise the importance of controlled clinical studies. The following review will focus on the impact of C1-inhibitor treatment on diseases, where complement contributes to the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kirschfink
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kendall WF, Collins BH, Opara EC. Islet cell transplantation for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001; 1:109-19. [PMID: 11727540 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.1.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is estimated to affect at least 16 million individuals in the United States and 135 million persons worldwide. It is a significant cause of morbidity and early mortality. The related expenses are astronomical with at least 15% of healthcare expenditures in the United States being used for the treatment of diabetes and its complications, a figure that approaches US$100 billion annually. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) convincingly showed that intensive glucose management delays the onset and slows the progression of diabetic complications. Numerous studies have shown that pancreas transplantation not only delays the onset and progression of diabetic complications, but in some cases reverses some of the effects of diabetes. Human islet cell transplantation provides an alternative, less invasive alternative to whole organ transplantation. Human islet allotransplantation would only exacerbate the organ shortage, as recipients usually require islets from more than one pancreas. Xenotransplantation of porcine islets is a more attractive option; however, the recipient's immune response to xenografted tissue would be a formidable obstacle. Microencapsulation of the islets is a method of immunoisolation that would prevent the need for immunosuppressive drugs and the risks associated with their long-term use and have the potential to make xenoislet transplantation a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Kendall
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
Pig-to-primate organ survival has been extended from a few minutes to weeks and occasionally months, following the development of transgenic pigs that express human complement-regulatory proteins, efficient antibody removal technologies and immunosuppressive strategies. The current limitation to the clinical application of this technology is acute vascular rejection, and an understanding of the mechanisms of this process and the development of modalities to overcome it are key to making significant progress at solving the critical shortage of organs for transplantation. Approaches that address this issue are underway in a number of laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Logan
- Nextran Incorporated, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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Development of a hybrid artificial liver support system and preclinical animal experiments. J Artif Organs 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02479976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bösch S, Arnauld C, Jestin A. Study of full-length porcine endogenous retrovirus genomes with envelope gene polymorphism in a specific-pathogen-free Large White swine herd. J Virol 2000; 74:8575-81. [PMID: 10954559 PMCID: PMC116370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.18.8575-8581.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) swine appear to be the most appropriate candidate for pig to human xenotransplantation. Still, the risk of endogenous retrovirus transmission represents a major obstacle, since two human-tropic porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) had been characterized in vitro (P. Le Tissier, J. P. Stoye, Y. Takeuchi, C. Patience, and R. A. Weiss, Nature 389:681-682, 1997). Here we addressed the question of PERV distribution in a French Large White SPF pig herd in vivo. First, PCR screening for previously described PERV envelope genes envA, envB, and envC (D. E. Akiyoshi, M. Denaro, H. Zhu, J. L. Greenstein, P. Banerjee, and J. A. Fishman, J. Virol. 72:4503-4507, 1998; Le Tissier et al., op. cit.). demonstrated ubiquity of envA and envB sequences, whereas envC genes were absent in some animals. On this basis, selective out-breeding of pigs of remote origin might be a means to reduce proviral load in organ donors. Second, we investigated PERV genome carriage in envC negative swine. Eleven distinct full-length PERV transcripts were isolated. The sequence of the complete envelope open reading frame was determined. The deduced amino acid sequences revealed the existence of four clones with functional and five clones with defective PERV PK-15 A- and B-like envelope sequences. The occurrence of easily detectable levels of PERV variants in different pig tissues in vivo heightens the need to assess PERV transmission in xenotransplantation animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bösch
- Zoopôle Developement, Rond Point du Zoopôle, France
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