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Application of Fucoidan in Caco-2 Model Establishment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040418. [PMID: 35455415 PMCID: PMC9024647 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caco-2 model is a common cell model for material intestinal absorption in vitro, which usually takes 21 days to establish. Although some studies have shown that adding puromycin (PM) can shorten the model establishment period to 7 days, this still requires a long modeling time. Therefore, exploring a shorter modeling method can reduce the experimental costs and promote the development and application of the model. Fucoidan is an acidic polysaccharide with various biological activities. Our study showed that the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value could reach 600 Ω·cm2 on the fourth day after the addition of fucoidan and puromycin, which met the applicable standards of the model (>500 Ω). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, fluorescein sodium transmittance, and cell morphology of this model all met the requirements of model establishment. Fucoidan did not affect the absorption of macromolecular proteins and drugs. The results indicate that fucoidan can be applied to establish the Caco-2 model and can shorten the model establishment period to 5 days.
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Nagano H, Ogata S, Ito S, Masuda T, Ohtsuki S. Knockdown of podocalyxin post-transcriptionally induces the expression and activity of ABCB1/MDR1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1812-1819. [PMID: 35182544 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a highly sialylated transmembrane protein that is expressed on the luminal membrane of brain microvascular endothelial cells. To clarify the role of PODXL in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the present study aimed to investigate the effect of PODXL-knockdown on protein expression, especially the expression of ABCB1/MDR1, in human microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). By quantitative proteomics, gene ontology enrichment with differentially expressed proteins showed that PODXL-knockdown influenced the immune response and intracellular trafficking. Among transporters, the protein expression of ABCB1/MDR1 and ABCG2/BCRP was significantly elevated by approximately 2-fold in the PODXL-knockdown cells. In the knockdown cells, the efflux activity of ABCB1/MDR1 was significantly increased, while its mRNA expression was not significantly different from that of the control cells. As receptors and tight junction proteins, levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and occludin were significantly increased, while those of transferrin receptor and claudin-11 were significantly decreased in the knockdown cells. The present results suggest that PODXL functions as a modulator of BBB function, including transport, tight junctions, and immune responses. Furthermore, PODXL post-transcriptionally regulates the protein expression and efflux activity of ABCB1/MDR1 at the BBB, which may affect drug distribution in the brain.
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Key Words
- Blood-brain barrier, brain microvascular endothelial cells, ABCB1, MDR1, podocalyxin, proteomics, regulation, List of Abbreviations, BMECs
- Bood-brain barrier, HFD
- Brain microvascular endothelial cells, BBB
- Control hCMEC/D3 cells, shPODXL
- High-fat diet, LRP1
- Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, MS
- Mass spectrometry, PODXL
- PODXL-knockdown hCMEC/D3 cells, SEM
- Podocalyxin, shNT
- Standard error of the mean, TFRC
- Transferrin receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Nagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Seiryo Ogata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Hou H, Li J, Zhou L, Liang J, Wang J, Li J, Hou R, Li J, Yang X, Zhang K. An effective method of isolating microvascular endothelial cells from the human dermis. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2588-2597. [PMID: 32808723 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Jiao Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Jiannan Liang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Junqin Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Juan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China
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Transport Mechanisms of Polymannuronic Acid and Polyguluronic Acid Across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020167. [PMID: 32079270 PMCID: PMC7076430 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the intestinal transport of polymannuronic acid (PM) and polyguluronic acid (PG) is critical for understanding their biological activities. To investigate the transport in the gastrointestinal tract, PM and PG were chemically modified with tyramine and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to synthesize FITC-PM (F-PM) and FITC-PG (F-PG) successfully. The transport mechanisms of F-PM and F-PG across the intestinal epithelial cell monolayers (Caco-2 cell monolayers) were then investigated. The results demonstrated that the transport of F-PM and F-PG into epithelial cells was time- and energy-dependent, which was mediated by the macropinocytosis pathway and the clathrin- and caveolae (or lipid raft)-mediated endocytic pathway. The transport process of F-PM and F-PG in Caco-2 cells depended on the acidification of endosomes and involved lysosomes. Tubulin mediated the transport of F-PM, but not of F-PG. Moreover, the absorption enhancer chitosan (CS) promoted the transport of F-PM and F-PG, increasing the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) by 1.9-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively, by reversibly opening the tight junction (TJ). In summary, this study provided a comprehensive understanding of the transport of PM and PG in the small intestinal epithelial cells, which will provide a theoretical basis for the development of PM and PG with good intestinal absorption.
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Puscas I, Bernard-Patrzynski F, Jutras M, Lécuyer MA, Bourbonnière L, Prat A, Leclair G, Roullin VG. IVIVC Assessment of Two Mouse Brain Endothelial Cell Models for Drug Screening. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110587. [PMID: 31717321 PMCID: PMC6920823 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since most preclinical drug permeability assays across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are still evaluated in rodents, we compared an in vitro mouse primary endothelial cell model to the mouse b.End3 and the acellular parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) models for drug screening purposes. The mRNA expression of key feature membrane proteins of primary and bEnd.3 mouse brain endothelial cells were compared. Transwell® monolayer models were further characterized in terms of tightness and integrity. The in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was obtained by the correlation of the in vitro permeability data with log BB values obtained in mice for seven drugs. The mouse primary model showed higher monolayer integrity and levels of mRNA expression of BBB tight junction (TJ) proteins and membrane transporters (MBRT), especially for the efflux transporter Pgp. The IVIVC and drug ranking underlined the superiority of the primary model (r2 = 0.765) when compared to the PAMPA-BBB (r2 = 0.391) and bEnd.3 cell line (r2 = 0.019) models. The primary monolayer mouse model came out as a simple and reliable candidate for the prediction of drug permeability across the BBB. This model encompasses a rapid set-up, a fair reproduction of BBB tissue characteristics, and an accurate drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Puscas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
| | - Florian Bernard-Patrzynski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
| | - Martin Jutras
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
| | - Marc-André Lécuyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherc and du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (M.-A.L.); (L.B.); (A.P.)
- Centre for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lyne Bourbonnière
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherc and du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (M.-A.L.); (L.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherc and du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (M.-A.L.); (L.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (V.G.R.)
| | - V. Gaëlle Roullin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (V.G.R.)
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Tome ME, Jarvis CK, Schaefer CP, Jacobs LM, Herndon JM, Hunn KC, Arkwright NB, Kellohen KL, Mierau PC, Davis TP. Acute pain alters P-glycoprotein-containing protein complexes in rat cerebral microvessels: Implications for P-glycoprotein trafficking. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2209-2222. [PMID: 30346224 PMCID: PMC6282220 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18803623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (PgP) is the major drug efflux pump in human cerebral microvessels. PgP prevents pathogens, toxins and therapeutic drugs from entering the CNS. Understanding the molecular regulation of PgP activity will suggest novel mechanisms to improve CNS drug delivery. Previously, we found that during peripheral inflammatory pain (PIP) (3 h after λ carrageenan injection in the rat paw), PgP traffics to the cortical microvessel endothelial cell plasma membrane concomitant with increased PgP activity. In the current study, we measured the changes in composition of PgP-containing protein complexes after PIP in rat microvessel isolates. We found that a portion of the PgP is contained in a multi-protein complex that also contains the caveolar proteins CAV1, SDPR, PTRF and PRKCDBP. With PIP, total CAV1 bound to PgP was unchanged; however, phosphorylated CAV1 (Y14P-CAV1) in the complex increased. There were few PgP/CAV1 complexes relative to total PgP and CAV1 in the microvessels suggesting CAV1 bound to PgP is unlikely to affect total PgP activity. However, both PgP and CAV1 trafficked away from the nucleus in response to PIP. These data suggest that P-CAV1 bound to PgP potentially regulates PgP trafficking and contributes to the acute PgP activity increase after a PIP stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Tome
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chelsea K Jarvis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Leigh M Jacobs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph M Herndon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kristen C Hunn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Peyton C Mierau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Qi X, Li C, Wu C, Yu C, Liu M, Gao M, Li C, Yan H, Ren J. Dephosphorylation of Tak1 at Ser412 greatly contributes to the spermatocyte-specific testis toxicity induced by (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:594-601. [PMID: 30090373 PMCID: PMC6062262 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00409h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), a novel triptolide derivative, will proceed to phase II clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. However, the selection of disease and patients is largely limited by the testis toxicity, yet toxicity mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, LLDT-8 dose and time-dependently decreased the testes weight, germinal cell layers and induced abnormal spermatid development. Analysis of the germ cell-specific marker showed that spermatocytes were more sensitive to LLDT-8, which was confirmed by the in vitro sensitivity assay with spermatocyte-like GC-2spd and sertoli-like TM4 cells. In GC-2spd, LLDT-8 induced G1/S arrest and apoptosis. MAPK activity screening identified that TGF-β activated kinase 1 (Tak1) is critical in LLDT-8 induced apoptosis. LLDT-8 reduced the Tak1 protein and dephosphorylated Tak1 at Ser412 in GC-2spd and the testes, but not in TM4. RNAi mediated depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of Tak1 induced apoptosis in GC-2spd. Meanwhile, activating Tak1 rescued up to 50% of the GC-2spd cells from the apoptosis induced by LLDT-8. Altogether, our study firstly revealed the important role of Tak1 in the survival of spermatocytes, and dephosphorylation of Tak1 at Ser412 may contribute to the spermatocyte-specific testis toxicity induced by LLDT-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Qi
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road , Shanghai 201203 , China . ; #1303 ; Tel: +86-21-20231000#1303
| | - Chunzhu Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road , Shanghai 201203 , China . ; #1303 ; Tel: +86-21-20231000#1303
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Cunzhi Yu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road , Shanghai 201203 , China . ; #1303 ; Tel: +86-21-20231000#1303
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road , Shanghai 201203 , China . ; #1303 ; Tel: +86-21-20231000#1303
| | - Man Gao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road , Shanghai 201203 , China . ; #1303 ; Tel: +86-21-20231000#1303
| | - Chenggang Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road , Shanghai 201203 , China . ; #1303 ; Tel: +86-21-20231000#1303
| | - Hong Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road , Shanghai 201203 , China . ; #1303 ; Tel: +86-21-20231000#1303
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 501 Haike Road , Shanghai 201203 , China . ; #1303 ; Tel: +86-21-20231000#1303
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Walter FR, Veszelka S, Pásztói M, Péterfi ZA, Tóth A, Rákhely G, Cervenak L, Ábrahám CS, Deli MA. Tesmilifene modifies brain endothelial functions and opens the blood-brain/blood-glioma barrier. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1040-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina R. Walter
- Group of Biological Barriers; Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- Group of Biological Barriers; Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Mária Pásztói
- Group of Biological Barriers; Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
- Experimental Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Zoltán A. Péterfi
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - András Tóth
- Faculty of Science and Informatics; Department of Biotechnology; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - Gábor Rákhely
- Faculty of Science and Informatics; Department of Biotechnology; University of Szeged; Szeged Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Research Laboratory; 3rd Department of Internal Medicine; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Csongor S. Ábrahám
- Group of Biological Barriers; Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Mária A. Deli
- Group of Biological Barriers; Institute of Biophysics; Biological Research Centre; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
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Alms D, Fedrowitz M, Römermann K, Noack A, Löscher W. Marked differences in the effect of antiepileptic and cytostatic drugs on the functionality of P-glycoprotein in human and rat brain capillary endothelial cell lines. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1588-604. [PMID: 24477677 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is increased in brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. This may restrict the penetration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) into the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying increased Pgp expression in epilepsy patients are not known. One possibility is that AEDs induce the expression and functionality of Pgp in BCECs. Several older AEDs that induce human cytochrome P450 enzymes also induce Pgp in hepatocytes and enterocytes, but whether this extends to Pgp at the human BBB and to newer AEDs is not known. METHODS This prompted us to study the effects of various old and new AEDs on Pgp functionality in the human BCEC line, hCMEC/D3, using the rhodamine 123 (Rho123) efflux assay. For comparison, experiments were performed in two rat BCEC lines, RBE4 and GPNT, and primary cultures of rat and pig BCECs. Furthermore, known Pgp inducers, such as dexamethasone and several cytostatic drugs, were included in our experiments. RESULTS Under control conditions, GPNT cells exhibited the highest and RBE4 the lowest Pgp expression and Rho123 efflux, while intermediate values were determined in hCMEC/D3. Known Pgp inducers increased Rho123 efflux in all cell lines, but marked inter-cell line differences in effect size were observed. Of the various AEDs examined, only carbamazepine (100 μM) moderately increased Pgp functionality in hCMEC/D3, while valproate (300 μM) inhibited Pgp. CONCLUSIONS These data do not indicate that treatment with AEDs causes a clinically relevant induction in Pgp functionality in BCECs that form the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Alms
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Accelerated Caco-2 cell permeability model for drug discovery. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:334-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Lei Y, Overby DR, Read AT, Stamer WD, Ethier CR. A new method for selection of angular aqueous plexus cells from porcine eyes: a model for Schlemm's canal endothelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5744-50. [PMID: 20554623 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors sought to develop a technique for isolating and culturing angular aqueous plexus (AAP) cells from more plentiful porcine eyes. AAP is an analogue of Schlemm's canal. METHODS Cells were differentially selected with puromycin, a toxin often used to select brain microvascular endothelial cells based on the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug resistance efflux pump. Trabecular meshwork containing AAP was dissected and pooled from fresh porcine eyes, digested in collagenase I, washed, filtered, and cultured for 8 days in a gelatin-coated plastic flask. Cells were then selected by exposure to 4 μg/mL puromycin for 2 days in the culture medium. Cells were fixed and immunostained for P-gp, ICAM II, von Willebrand factor (vWF), VE-cadherin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). RESULTS Histology of the limbus showed that the dissection was limited to the trabecular meshwork region, including the AAP. Before puromycin treatment, cells appeared heterogeneous and polygonal, suggestive of a mixed population. More than 90% of the cells were removed by puromycin, leaving a population that appeared uniformly cobblestone-like when grown to confluence and that was contact inhibited. Puromycin-selected cells stained positively for the endothelial markers ICAM II, vWF, and VE-cadherin but negatively for α-SMA, consistent with staining patterns in whole tissue. CONCLUSIONS Based on marker expression, morphology, and behavior in culture, puromycin-selected cells from porcine outflow tissues are AAP endothelial cells. Thus, porcine eyes can provide a plentiful alternative cell source for studying Schlemm's canal biology related to ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lei
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
The ABC-transporter, p-glycoprotein-1 (pgp-1), is expressed on brain endothelium and is reported to be induced by several cytotoxic drugs, which are themselves substrates of pgp-1. Pgp-1 was increased on a human brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) after treatment with puromycin or verapamil. However, flow cytometry showed that the apparent upregulation caused by puromycin was not because of a global increase in expression levels, but selective cell death of a subpopulation of endothelium expressing the lowest levels of pgp-1. If a cytotoxic substrate of pgp-1 increases pgp-1 expression in vitro, it can easily be misinterpreted as a transcriptional activator of pgp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Male
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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13
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Robertson SJ, Kania KD, Hladky SB, Barrand MA. P-glycoprotein expression in immortalised rat brain endothelial cells: comparisons following exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide and after hypoxia-reoxygenation. J Neurochem 2009; 111:132-41. [PMID: 19656260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Levels of multidrug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels are important for limiting access of many compounds to the brain. In vivo studies have indicated that ischaemia-reperfusion that generates reactive oxygen species also increases P-gp levels in brain endothelial cells. To investigate possible mechanisms, in vitro studies were performed on immortalised (GPNT) and primary rat brain endothelial cells. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide (200 microM) resulted in intracellular oxidative stress as detected from higher levels of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and raised levels of P-gp protein, mdr1a and mdr1b transcripts and, in GPNT cells, increased mdr1a and mdr1b promoter activity. The P-gp protein increases were abolished by pre-treatment with polyethylene glycol-catalase and were curtailed by co-culture with primary rat astrocytes. Exposure of GPNT cells to 6 h hypoxia followed by 24 h reoxygenation produced less intracellular oxidative stress as judged from smaller increments in dichlorofluorescein fluorescence but still resulted in raised levels of P-gp protein, an effect partially abolished by pre-treatment with polyethylene glycol-catalase. However, transcript levels and promoter activities were not significantly increased. These data suggest that hydrogen peroxide contributes to P-gp up-regulation following hypoxia-reoxygenation but the underlying mechanisms of its actions differ from those occurring after direct hydrogen peroxide application.
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Yu C, Argyropoulos G, Zhang Y, Kastin AJ, Hsuchou H, Pan W. Neuroinflammation activates Mdr1b efflux transport through NFkappaB: promoter analysis in BBB endothelia. Cell Physiol Biochem 2008; 22:745-56. [PMID: 19088456 PMCID: PMC2677694 DOI: 10.1159/000185558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although it is known that drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may be hampered by efflux transport activity of the multidrug resistance (mdr) gene product P-glycoprotein, it is not clear how inflammation regulates efflux transporters. In rat brain endothelial (RBE4) cells of BBB origin, the proinflammatory cytokine TNF mainly induced transcriptional upregulation of mdr1b, and to a lesser extent mdr1a, resulting in greater efflux of the substrates. This study further determines the mechanisms by which TNF activates mdr1b promoter activity. METHODS/RESULTS Luciferase reporter assays and DNA binding studies show that (1) maximal basal promoter activity was conferred by a 476 bp sequence upstream to the mdr1b transcriptional initiation site; (2) TNF induced upregulation of promoter activity by NFkappaB nuclear translocation; and (3) the NFkappaB binding site of the mdr1b promoter was solely responsible for basal and TNF-activated gene transcription, whereas the p53 binding site was not involved. Binding of the p65 subunit of NFkappaB to nuclear DNA from RBE4 cells was shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. CONCLUSION NFkappaB mediates TNF-induced upregulation of mdr1b promoter activity, illustrating how inflammation activates BBB efflux transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Zozulya A, Weidenfeller C, Galla HJ. Pericyte–endothelial cell interaction increases MMP-9 secretion at the blood–brain barrier in vitro. Brain Res 2008; 1189:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Zozulya AL, Reinke E, Baiu DC, Karman J, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Dendritic cell transmigration through brain microvessel endothelium is regulated by MIP-1alpha chemokine and matrix metalloproteinases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:520-9. [PMID: 17182592 PMCID: PMC1950722 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) accumulate in the CNS during inflammatory diseases, but the exact mechanism regulating their traffic into the CNS remains to be defined. We now report that MIP-1alpha increases the transmigration of bone marrow-derived, GFP-labeled DCs across brain microvessel endothelial cell monolayers. Furthermore, occludin, an important element of endothelial tight junctions, is reorganized when DCs migrate across brain capillary endothelial cell monolayers without causing significant changes in the barrier integrity as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance. We show that DCs produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2 and -9 and GM6001, an MMP inhibitor, decreases both baseline and MIP-1alpha-induced DC transmigration. These observations suggest that DC transmigration across brain endothelial cell monolayers is partly MMP dependent. The migrated DCs express higher levels of CD40, CD80, and CD86 costimulatory molecules and induce T cell proliferation, indicating that the transmigration of DCs across brain endothelial cell monolayers contributes to the maintenance of DC Ag-presenting function. The MMP dependence of DC migration across brain endothelial cell monolayers raises the possibility that MMP blockers may decrease the initiation of T cell recruitment and neuroinflammation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla L. Zozulya
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Emily Reinke
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Dana C. Baiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jozsef Karman
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Zsuzsanna Fabry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, 6130 MSC, Madison, WI 53706. E-mail address:
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Roux F, Couraud PO. Rat brain endothelial cell lines for the study of blood-brain barrier permeability and transport functions. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:41-58. [PMID: 15962508 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-004-1376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) In vitro models of the BBB have been developed from cocultures between bovine, porcine, rodent or human brain capillary endothelial cells with rodent or human astrocytes. Since most in vivo BBB studies have been performed with small laboratory animals, especially rats, it is important to establish a rat brain endothelial (RBE) cell culture system that will allow correlations between in vitro and in vivo results. The present review will constitute a brief description of the best characterized RBE cell lines (RBE4, GP8/3.9, GPNT, RBEC1, TR-BBBs and rBCEC4 cell lines) and will summarize their recent and important contribution to our current knowledge of the BBB transport functions and permeability to blood-borne solutes, drugs, and cells. (2) In most cases, primary cultures of RBE cells were transduced with an immortalizing gene (SV40 or polyoma virus large T-antigen or adenovirus E1A), either by transfection of plasmid DNA or by infection using retroviral vectors. In one case however, the conditionally immortalized TR-BBB cell line was derived from primary cultures of brain endothelial cells of SV40-T-expressing transgenic rats. (3) All cell lines appear to have an endothelial morphology. The absence of foci formation would mean that the cells are not transformed. The endothelial origin is shown by the expression of Factor VIII-related antigen. Immortalized RBE cells express all the enzymes and transporters that are considered as specific for the blood-brain barrier endothelium, with similar characteristics to those expected from in vivo analyses, but at a significantly lower level. Some RBE cell lines are responsive to astroglial factors, such as RBE4 cells, rBEC4, and TR-BBB cells. None of the immortalized RBE cell lines appear to generate the necessary restrictive paracellular barrier properties that would allow to use them in transendothelial permeability screening. (4) RBE cell lines have been used to demonstrate that transporters such as organic cation transporter/carnitine transporter, serotonin transporter, and the ATA2 system A isoform are expressed in rat brain endothelium. When the transporter is shown to be expressed with the same properties in the immortalized RBE cells as in vivo, regulation studies may be initiated even if the transporter is down-regulated. Pharmacological applications have been proposed with well-characterized transporters such as monocarboxylic acid transporter-1, large neutral amino acid tansporter-1, nucleoside carrier systems, and P-glycoprotein. RBE cell monolayers have also been used to investigate the mechanism of the transendothelial transport of large molecules, such as immunoliposomes or nanoparticles, potentially useful as drug delivery vectors to the brain. (5) RBE4 and GP8 cell lines have been extensively used to demonstrate that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) engagement in brain endothelial cells triggers multiple signal transduction pathways. Using functional assays, it was established that ICAM-1 signaling is intimately and actively involved in facilitating lymphocyte infiltration. (6) Several RBE cell lines have been described, which constitute tentative in vitro models of the rat BBB. The major limitation of these models generally appears to be due to their relatively high paracellular permeability to small molecules, thus limiting their use for permeability studies. The strategies developed for the production of these RBE cell lines will enable the characterization of still more efficient permeability models, as well as the immortalization of human brain endothelial cells.
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Bauer B, Hartz AMS, Fricker G, Miller DS. Modulation of p-glycoprotein transport function at the blood-brain barrier. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2005; 230:118-27. [PMID: 15673560 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) effects of many therapeutic drugs are blunted because of restricted entry into the brain. The basis for this poor permeability is the brain capillary endothelium, which comprises the blood-brain barrier. This tissue exhibits very low paracellular (tight-junctional) permeability and expresses potent, multispecific, drug export pumps. Together, these combine to limit use of pharmacotherapy to treat CNS disorders such as brain cancer and bacterial or viral infections. Of all the xenobiotic efflux pumps highly expressed in brain capillary endothelial cells, p-glycoprotein handles the largest fraction of commonly prescribed drugs and thus is an obvious target for manipulation. Here we review recent studies focused on understanding the mechanisms by which p-glycoprotein activity in the blood-brain barrier can be modulated. These include (i) direct inhibition by specific competitors, (ii) functional modulation, and (iii) transcriptional modulation. Each has the potential to specifically reduce p-glycoprotein function and thus selectively increase brain permeability of p-glycoprotein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bauer
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Mercier C, Declèves X, Masseguin C, Fragner P, Tardy M, Roux F, Gabrion J, Scherrmann JM. P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) but not multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1) is induced by doxorubicin in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 2004; 87:820-30. [PMID: 14622113 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
At least two drug efflux pumps involved in multidrug resistance, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (Mrp1), are expressed in rat astrocyte primary cultures. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of P-gp and Mrp1 in primary cultures exposed to 50 or 500 ng/mL doxorubicin (DOX). Among the two P-gp genes expressed in rodents, mdr1a and mdr1b, a time- and dose-dependent increase in mdr1b mRNA levels was revealed by northern blot analysis. This up-regulation was inhibited by actinomycin D and occurred as early as 2 h after exposure to 50 or 500 ng/mL DOX, whereas mdr1a and mrp1 transcripts were not modified by the DOX exposure. In addition, DOX also strongly enhanced, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, P-gp but not Mrp1 expression. Moreover, DOX raised the cellular efflux of vincristine, a substrate for both P-gp and Mrp1. This efflux was inhibited by the P-gp modulators PSC833 and GW918, but not by the Mrp1 modulator MK571. On the other hand, a 24-h exposure to 500 ng/mL DOX, but not 50 ng/mL DOX, induced apoptosis in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Fumonisin B1, a ceramide synthase inhibitor, reduced DOX-induced apoptosis, suggesting that de novo synthesis of the ceramide regulatory pathway might be involved in DOX-induced apoptosis. Moreover, western blot analysis showed that fumonisin B1 was not able to decrease the overexpression of P-gp induced by DOX. Our results provide evidence that DOX up-regulates a functional P-gp in primary cultures of rat astrocytes and might cause astrocyte apoptosis via the ceramide pathway.
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