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Zhou S, Niu Y, Li X, Yue J, Zhang H. The knowledge structure and research trends between light and myopia: A bibliometric analysis from 1981 to 2024. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38157. [PMID: 38758893 PMCID: PMC11098238 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This bibliometric analysis explored the knowledge structure of and research trends in the relationship between light and myopia. METHODS Relevant literature published from 1981 to 2024 was collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Visual maps were generated using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. We analyzed the included studies in terms of the annual publication count, countries, institutional affiliations, prolific authors, source journals, top 10 most cited articles, keyword co-occurrence, and cocitations. RESULTS A total of 525 papers examining the relationship between light and myopia published between 1981 and 2024 were collected. The United States ranked first in terms of the number of publications and actively engaged in international cooperation with other countries. The New England College of Optometry, which is located in the United States, was the most active institution and ranked first in terms of the number of publications. Schaeffel Frank was the most prolific author. The most active journal in the field was Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. The most frequently cited paper in the included studies was written by Saw, SM and was published in 2002. The most common keywords in basic research included "refractive error," "longitudinal chromatic aberration," and "compensation." The most common keywords in clinical research mainly included "light exposure," "school," and "outdoor activity." The current research hotspots in this field are "progression," "refractive development," and "light exposure." The cocitation analysis generated 17 clusters. CONCLUSION This study is the first to use bibliometric methods to analyze existing research on the relationship between light and myopia. In recent years, the intensity and wavelength of light have become research hotspots in the field. Further research on light of different intensities and wavelengths may provide new perspectives in the future for designing more effective treatments and interventions to reduce the incidence of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibing Zhou
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institution, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Niu
- Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institution, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Sanmenxia, China
| | - Juan Yue
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institution, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institution, Henan Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Mahmood M, Day M, Seidel D, Cameron LA. The effect of multifocal contact lenses on the dynamic accommodation step response. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:321-333. [PMID: 38303152 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the dynamic accommodation response (AR) to step stimuli with and without multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs), in emmetropes and myopes. METHODS Twenty-two adult subjects viewed alternating distance (0.25D) and near (3D) Maltese crosses placed in free space, through two contact lens types: single vision (SVCL) or centre-distance multifocal (MFCL; +2.50D add). The AR level was measured along with near to far (N-F) and far to near (F-N) step response characteristics: percentage of correct responses, magnitude, latency, peak velocity and duration of step response. RESULTS There was no difference between N-F and F-N responses, or between refractive groups in any aspect of the accommodation step response dynamics. The percentage of correct responses was unaffected by contact lens type. Through MFCLs, subjects demonstrated smaller magnitude, longer latency, shorter duration and slower peak velocity steps than through SVCLs. When viewing the near target, the AR through MFCLs was significantly lower than through SVCLs. When viewing the distance target with the MFCL, the focal points from rays travelling through the distance and near zones were approximately 0.004D behind and 2.50D in front of the retina, respectively. When viewing the near target, the respective values were approximately 1.89D behind and 0.61D in front of the retina. CONCLUSION The defocus error required for accommodation control appears not to be solely derived from the distance zone of the MFCL. This results in reduced performance in response to abruptly changing vergence stimuli; however, these errors were small and unlikely to impact everyday visual tasks. There was a decrease in ocular accommodation during near tasks, which has previously been correlated with a reduced myopic treatment response through these lenses. With MFCLs, the estimated dioptric myopic defocus was the largest when viewing a distant stimulus, supporting the hypothesis that the outdoors provides a beneficial visual environment to reduce myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen Mahmood
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mhairi Day
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dirk Seidel
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lorraine A Cameron
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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Valencia-Nieto L, Novo-Diez A, Mangas-Alonso M, Rojas-López A, López-de la Rosa A, López-Miguel A. Visual Performance and Higher Order Aberrations Obtained With Omafilcon A Dual-Focus and Single-Vision Contact Lens Designs. Eye Contact Lens 2024; 50:29-34. [PMID: 38124284 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the visual performance and monochromatic higher-order aberrations (HOAs) obtained while wearing a MiSight dual-focus (DF) contact lenses (CL) in comparison with a single-vision contact lens (SVCL). METHODS A randomized, double-masked, cross-over study was performed. Participants were fitted with a DFCL and a SVCL composed of the same material (omafilcon A) and parameters. Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution high-contrast (100%) and low-contrast (10%) visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) for 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles per degree were measured. Higher-order aberrations were also evaluated using a Hartmann-Shack aberrometer with the CLs on. RESULTS Twenty-four subjects (21 females and 3 males) with a mean age of 21.9±1.9 years (range: 18-27) were included. Low-contrast VA was significantly lower with the DFCL regarding the SVCL design (0.39±0.23 vs 0.25±0.18, P=0.002). However, there were no differences in high-contrast VA between both CLs (-0.03±0.10 vs -0.09±0.14, P=0.187). Contrast sensitivity was lower with the DFCL under all spatial frequencies (P≤0.048). Second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-order aberrations were significantly (P<0.001) higher for the DFCL. There were also significant differences between DFCL and SVCL in defocus (0.87±0.28 vs 0.16±0.35, P<0.001), oblique trefoil (-0.16±0.27 vs -0.01±0.08, P=0.005), vertical coma (0.13±0.17 vs 0.00±0.08, P=0.002), and spherical aberration (0.09±0.11 vs -0.02±0.05, P=0.002). CONCLUSION Visual performance for detecting low-contrast targets is reduced when wearing MiSight DFCL compared with a SVCL with the same material. The main reason might be the induction of second-order and HOAs by the DFCL design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valencia-Nieto
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA) (L.V.-N., A.N.-D., M.M.-A., A.R.-L., A.L.-R., A.L.-M.), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica (L.V.-N., A.N.-D., A.L.-R.), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; and Departamento de Cirugía, Oftalmología, Otorrinolaringología y Fisioterapia (A.L.-M.), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Yum HR, Park SH, Shin SY. Longitudinal analysis of refraction and ocular biometrics in preschool children with early-onset high myopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22474. [PMID: 38110469 PMCID: PMC10728121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated changes in refraction and ocular biometrics in preschool children with early-onset high myopia. Sixty eyes of 60 children with a mean follow-up time of 58.5 months were included in this study. At baseline, mean age of children was 55.6 ± 13.1 months, mean spherical equivalent (SE) was - 8.59 ± 2.66 D, and 25.64 ± 1.16 mm for axial length (AL). The total annual rate of myopic progression and axial elongation were - 0.37 ± 0.39 D/year and 0.33 ± 0.18 mm/year, respectively. During follow-up period, there was a trend toward less myopic progression and axial elongation over time. Of the total participants, 24 children (40%) were in the myopia progression group and the remaining 36 children (60%) were in the myopia stability group. In multiple linear regression analysis, baseline SE and AL were independently associated with myopic progression, while age, sex, and baseline AL-to-CR ratio were not related to myopic progression. According to the model, more myopic SE (β = - 0.186, P = 0.035) and longer AL (β = - 0.391, P = 0.008) at baseline were significantly associated with myopic progression. Myopia progression in preschoolers with high myopia tended to be relatively modest, with 60% of subjects exhibited myopic stability. Higher myopic SE, and longer AL at baseline were associated with myopic progression in preschool children with high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ri Yum
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hae Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Salzano AD, Khanal S, Cheung NL, Weise KK, Jenewein EC, Horn DM, Mutti DO, Gawne TJ. Repeated Low-level Red-light Therapy: The Next Wave in Myopia Management? Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:812-822. [PMID: 37890098 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Exposure to long-wavelength light has been proposed as a potential intervention to slow myopia progression in children. This article provides an evidence-based review of the safety and myopia control efficacy of red light and discusses the potential mechanisms by which red light may work to slow childhood myopia progression.The spectral composition of the ambient light in the visual environment has powerful effects on eye growth and refractive development. Studies in mammalian and primate animal models (macaque monkeys and tree shrews) have shown that daily exposure to long-wavelength (red or amber) light promotes slower eye growth and hyperopia development and inhibits myopia induced by form deprivation or minus lens wear. Consistent with these results, several recent randomized controlled clinical trials in Chinese children have demonstrated that exposure to red light for 3 minutes twice a day significantly reduces myopia progression and axial elongation. These findings have collectively provided strong evidence for the potential of using red light as a myopia control intervention in clinical practice. However, several questions remain unanswered. In this article, we review the current evidence on the safety and efficacy of red light as a myopia control intervention, describe potential mechanisms, and discuss some key unresolved issues that require consideration before red light can be broadly translated into myopia control in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safal Khanal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nathan L Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine K Weise
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Erin C Jenewein
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Darryl M Horn
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald O Mutti
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Timothy J Gawne
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Arora P, Goyal A, Mahapatra M, Arora K, Verma R. Choroidal Thickness in Patients with Unilateral Amblyopia and Comparison between Anisometropic and Strabismic Amblyopia: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S1257-S1261. [PMID: 37694002 PMCID: PMC10485485 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_132_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives To determine the choroidal thickness (mainly subfoveal) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in amblyopic eyes and to compare it with the choroidal thickness (CT) of healthy fellow eyes. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, 140 eyes of 70 patients (aged 5-40 years) with strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia were examined using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode in SD-OCT. The CT was measured directly below the fovea and six other locations: 500 μ, 1000 μ, and 1500 μ from fovea in both nasal and temporal quadrants. Results The mean age of the patients was 22.5 ± 11.2 years. The mean Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) in the amblyopic eyes was 0.87 ± 0.47 logMAR and 0 ± 0.02 logMAR in control eyes. The average subfoveal CT was 341.73 ± 60.39 μm in the amblyopic eyes and 314.77 ± 48.12 μm in the fellow eyes. Subgroup analysis showed that the patients with anisometropic amblyopia had a significantly thicker choroid as compared to the fellow healthy eyes (P = 0.00), whereas in strabismic amblyopic eyes, this difference was not significantly significant (P = 0.064). Conclusion Significant choroidal thickening was observed in subjects with amblyopia, which may contribute to the amblyopia pathogenesis and this could be used as a diagnostic parameter for amblyopia. These changes were more pronounced in patients with anisometropic amblyopia than strabismic amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Arora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ashima Goyal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Madhushmita Mahapatra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Kamaldeep Arora
- Department of Pediatrics, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ritesh Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Khanal S, Norton TT, Gawne TJ. Limited bandwidth short-wavelength light produces slowly-developing myopia in tree shrews similar to human juvenile-onset myopia. Vision Res 2023; 204:108161. [PMID: 36529048 PMCID: PMC9974583 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal development, an emmetropization feedback mechanism uses visual cues to modulate the axial growth of eyes so that, with maturation, images of distant objects are in focus on the retina. If the visual cues indicate that the eye has become too long, it generates STOP signals that slow eye elongation. Myopia is a failure of this process where the eye becomes too long. The existing animal models of myopia have been essential in understanding the mechanics of emmetropization but use visual cues that lead to rapidly progressing myopia and don't match the stimuli that lead to human myopia. Form deprivation removes esssentially all spatial contrast. Minus lens wear accurately guides axial elongation to restore sharp focus: technically it is not a model of myopia! In contrast, childhood myopia involves a slow drift into myopia, even with the presence of clear images. We hypothesize that, in the modern visual environment, STOP signals are present but often are not quite strong enough to prevent myopic progression. Using tree shrews, small diurnal mammals closely related to primates, we have developed an animal model that we propose better represents this situation. We used limited bandwidth light to provide limited chromatic cues for emmetropization that are not quite enough to produce fully effective STOP signaling, resulting in a slow drift into myopia as seen in children. We hypothesize that this animal model of myopia may prove useful in evaluating anti-myopia therapies where form deprivation and minus lens wear would be too powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safal Khanal
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Timothy J Gawne
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States.
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Assessment of the Clinical Effectiveness of DRL Orthokeratology Lenses vs. Single-Vision Spectacles in Controlling the Progression of Myopia in Children and Teenagers: 2 Year Retrospective Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020402. [PMID: 36832531 PMCID: PMC9955086 DOI: 10.3390/children10020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of orthokeratology treatment with DRL lenses on the control of myopia progression compared with single vision glasses users (monofocal glasses). It was also possible to analyze the clinical efficacy of orthokeratology treatment with DRL lenses for myopia correction in children and adolescents in a 2 year retrospective, multicenter study, performed in eight different ophthalmology centers in France. A total of 360 data records of children and adolescents with myopia between -0.50 D and -7.00 D at baseline visit, who completed treatment and had a centered outcome, were selected for the study from a database of 1271. The final sample included subjects undergoing orthokeratology treatment with DRL lenses (n = 211 eyes) and spectacle wearers (n = 149 eyes). After one year of treatment, the data analysis shows that the DRL lens has a refractive myopia progression control rate of 78.5% compared with the spectacle wearers (DRL M change = -0.10 ± 0.25 D, p < 0.001 Wilcoxon test and Glasses M change = -0.44 ± 0.38 D, p < 0.001 Wilcoxon test). Similar results were found after 2 years of treatment (80% with 310 eyes). This study showed the clinical efficacy of orthokeratology DRL lenses compared to monofocal spectacle wearers in controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents in a 2 year retrospective study.
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Rozema J, Dankert S, Iribarren R. Emmetropization and nonmyopic eye growth. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00037-1. [PMID: 36796457 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Most eyes start with a hypermetropic refractive error at birth, but the growth rates of the ocular components, guided by visual cues, will slow in such a way that this refractive error decreases during the first 2 years of life. Once reaching its target, the eye enters a period of stable refractive error as it continues to grow by balancing the loss in corneal and lens power with the axial elongation. Although these basic ideas were first proposed over a century ago by Straub, the exact details on the controlling mechanism and the growth process remained elusive. Thanks to the observations collected in the last 40 years in both animals and humans, we are now beginning to get an understanding how environmental and behavioral factors stabilize or disrupt ocular growth. We survey these efforts to present what is currently known regarding the regulation of ocular growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Rozema
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Pucker AD, Gawne TJ. Fighting Myopia with Intermittent Nearwork Breaks: 20 Seconds Every 20 Minutes Might Not Be Enough Time. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:31-32. [PMID: 36705713 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Practitioners commonly prescribe the 20/20/20 rule with hopes that, if patients follow it, they will reduce their myopic progression. This clinical perspective provides evidence that 20-second break from nearwork every 20 minutes are not enough time to impact ocular growth.The ongoing myopia epidemic is a major public health crisis. Although the correlation between nearwork tasks such as reading, computers, and smartphones and myopia development is controversial, multiple lines of research suggest that sustained nearwork contributes to myopia development. Clinicians have proposed that children should take short breaks from nearwork with a 20-second break every 20 minutes being a common suggestion. Animal model data do strongly support the idea that multiple short breaks across time can cancel out the effects of longer periods of myopia-promoting activities. However, the animal model data also suggest that repeated episodes of 20 seconds are ineffective at reducing myopia development and instead indicate that sustained breaks of 5 minutes or more every hour are needed to negate myopiagenic effects.
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Liu K, Tan O, You QS, Chen A, Chan JCH, Choy BNK, Shih KC, Wong JKW, Ng ALK, Cheung JJC, Ni MY, Lai JSM, Leung GM, Liu L, Huang D, Wong IYH. Regression-Based Strategies to Reduce Refractive Error-Associated Glaucoma Diagnostic Bias When Using OCT and OCT Angiography. TRANSLATIONAL VISION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:8. [PMID: 36112104 PMCID: PMC9487171 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.9.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to correct refractive error-associated bias in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) glaucoma diagnostic parameters. Methods OCT and OCTA imaging were obtained from participants in the Hong Kong FAMILY cohort. The Avanti/AngioVue OCT/OCTA system was used to measure the peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness (NFLT), peripapillary nerve fiber layer plexus capillary density (NFLP-CD), macular ganglion cell complex thickness (GCCT), and macular superficial vascular complex vascular density (SVC-VD). Healthy eyes, including ones with axial ametropia, were enrolled for analysis. Results A total of 1346 eyes from 792 participants were divided into 4 subgroups: high myopia (<−6D), low myopia (−6D to −1D), emmetropia (−1D to 1D), and hyperopia (>1D). After accounting for age, sex, and signal strength, multivariable regression showed strong dependence in most models for NFLT, GCCT, and NFLP-CD on axial eye length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE) refraction, and apparent optic disc diameter (DD). Optical analysis indicated that AL-related transverse optical magnification variations predominated over anatomic variations and were responsible for these trends. Compared to the emmetropic group, the false positive rates were significantly (Chi-square test P < 0.003) elevated in both myopia groups for NFLT, NFLP-CD, and GCCT. Regression-based adjustment of these diagnostic parameters with AL or SE significantly (McNemar test P < 0.03) reduced the elevated false positive rates. Conclusions Myopic eyes are biased to have lower NFLT, GCCT, and NFLP-CD measurements. AL- and SE-based adjustments were effective in mitigating this bias. Translational Relevance Adoption of these adjustments into commercial OCT systems may reduce false positive rates related to refractive error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Liu
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ou Tan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Qi Sheng You
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aiyin Chen
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan C. H. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bonnie N. K. Choy
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kendrick C. Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jasper K. W. Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex L. K. Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janice J. C. Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Y. Ni
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jimmy S. M. Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gabriel M. Leung
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ian Y. H. Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Park Y, Yum HR, Shin SY, Park SH. Ocular biometric changes following unilateral cataract surgery in children. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272369. [PMID: 35930578 PMCID: PMC9355217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze ocular biometric changes following unilateral cataract surgery in children. Methods A total of 57 children aged under 13 years who underwent unilateral cataract surgery were analyzed. Groups were classified according to their age at surgery: group I (age <3), II (3≤ age <6), III (6≤ age <9), and IV (age ≥9). The myopic shift, axial growth, and corneal curvature changes were compared between the pseudophakic eyes and the fellow phakic eyes. Results During 7.81 ± 4.39 years, the overall myopic shift (D) and the rate of myopic shift (D/year) were significantly higher at -3.25 ± 3.21 D and -0.45 ± 0.44 D/year in the pseudophakic eyes than -1.78 ± 2.10 D and -0.22 ± 0.29 D/year in the fellow phakic eyes (P = 0.01, 0.004). Group I (-1.14 ± 0.66 vs -0.02 ± 0.45 D/year) and group II (-0.63 ± 0.37 vs -0.31 ± 0.29 D/year) showed significantly higher rate of myopic shift in the pseudophakic eyes than in the phakic eyes. The rate of myopic shift in the pseudophakic eyes decreased in the older age groups (P = 0.001). There was no significant between-eye difference in the changes in axial length and keratometric values postoperatively. Conclusion Following unilateral cataract surgery, a significant postoperative myopic shift was noticed in the pseudophakic eyes compared to the fellow phakic eyes in groups under 6 years old. Postoperative myopic shift and the resultant anisometropia should be considered when selecting the optimal power of IOL in young children requiring unilateral cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooyeon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ri Yum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hae Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Fang J, Huang Z, Long Y, Zhu M, Wu Q, Chen X, Xv W, Du C. Retardation of Myopia by Multifocal Soft Contact Lens and Orthokeratology: A 1-Year Randomized Clinical Trial. Eye Contact Lens 2022; 48:328-334. [PMID: 35877183 PMCID: PMC9298149 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This randomized, single-blind, clinical trial compared the effectiveness of multifocal soft contact lenses (MFSCLs), orthokeratology contact lenses (Ortho-kCLs), and single vision spectacles (SVSs) for myopia control. METHODS Sixty-six eligible Chinese subjects, aged 7 to 15 years old with cycloplegic refraction measurements between -1.00 and -8.00 diopters (D), astigmatism not more than 1.00 D, and no history of myopia control treatment, were randomly assigned to wear MFSCLs, Ortho-kCLs, or SVSs for 1 year. For all three groups, baseline measurements of cycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), and corneal endothelial cell density (CECD) were made. At the 6- and 12-month follow-up visits, changes in cycloplegic refraction, AL, and CECD were measured in the MFSCL and SVS groups. For the Ortho-kCL group, only changes in the AL were measured at 6 and 12 months, and CECD was measured at the 12-month follow-up visit. RESULTS After 1 year of lens wear, myopia progression of the SVS group, -0.938±0.117 D, was greater than that of the MFSCLs group, -0.591±0.106 D (P=0.032). Thus, MFSCLs reduced the rate of myopia progression by 37.0% compared with the SVSs. The AL elongations after 1 year were 0.30±0.03 mm for MFSCLs (P=0.027 vs SVSs), 0.31±0.04 mm for Ortho-kCLs (P=0.049 vs SVSs), and 0.41±0.04 mm for SVSs. Compared with the SVS group, the reduction in AL elongation was 26.8% and 24.4% in the MFSCL and Ortho-kCL groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in CECD among the three groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Compared with SVSs, wearing MFSCLs and Ortho-kCLs significantly delayed myopia progression. MFSCLs and Ortho-kCLs are safe and promising methods of myopia control (chictr.org number, ChiCTR2100048452).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.F., Y.L., M.Z., Q.W., X.C., W.X., C.D.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; and Department of Ophthalmology (Z.H., C.D.), The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.F., Y.L., M.Z., Q.W., X.C., W.X., C.D.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; and Department of Ophthalmology (Z.H., C.D.), The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.F., Y.L., M.Z., Q.W., X.C., W.X., C.D.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; and Department of Ophthalmology (Z.H., C.D.), The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.F., Y.L., M.Z., Q.W., X.C., W.X., C.D.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; and Department of Ophthalmology (Z.H., C.D.), The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.F., Y.L., M.Z., Q.W., X.C., W.X., C.D.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; and Department of Ophthalmology (Z.H., C.D.), The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.F., Y.L., M.Z., Q.W., X.C., W.X., C.D.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; and Department of Ophthalmology (Z.H., C.D.), The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xv
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.F., Y.L., M.Z., Q.W., X.C., W.X., C.D.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; and Department of Ophthalmology (Z.H., C.D.), The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Chixin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology (J.F., Y.L., M.Z., Q.W., X.C., W.X., C.D.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China; and Department of Ophthalmology (Z.H., C.D.), The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
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Gaya F, Medina A. The equations of ametropia: Predicting myopia. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2022; 15:238-246. [PMID: 34600857 PMCID: PMC9237633 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Why myopia develops, why it is reaching epidemic proportions and what is its cause are questions that puzzle many people. There is an answer to these questions and it is a simple one. This paper makes the connection between ametropic and in particular myopic development and theory to come with a summary of what we know about myopia and its governing equation. Key experiments, involving myopia and the effect of lenses in humans and animals have been done with unmistakable results. The observed effect of lenses implies a feedback mechanism. Feedback theory explains those results with mathematical precision. Disruption of emmetropization, is the mechanism behind ametropia and particularly myopia. Feedback theory for emmetropization was derived by observation of the input and output of the emmetropization feedback system in many patients. We show that it has the same equation as it is derived here independently from simple homeostasis principles. Classical observations and recent clinical studies have shown the association of many variables with myopia. They include near work, atropine, lenses, blur and outdoors versus indoors activities. We propose that human refractive development is controlled by homeostasis and based on that alone we derive the equation for the calculation of refraction for any patient and the effect of lenses. We provide software to calculate the refraction of any individual at any time. The editor of this journal makes the following statement: "This manuscript is intended for scientific discussion rather than clinical application. The present work does not intend to promote clinical under correction or no correction of myopia. Instead, clinicians should follow current clinical myopia management guidelines."
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gaya
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Sección de Bioestadística, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Antonio Medina
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, EE Research Laboratory, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States; Multivision Research, 3106 N Commerce St., Stockton, California 95204, United States.
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15
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Kang MT, Wang B, Ran AR, Gan J, Du J, Yusufu M, Liang X, Li SM, Wang N. Brain Activation Induced by Myopic and Hyperopic Defocus From Spectacles. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:711713. [PMID: 34594194 PMCID: PMC8477670 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.711713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess neural changes in perceptual effects induced by myopic defocus and hyperopic defocus stimuli in ametropic and emmetropic subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: This study included 41 subjects with a mean age of 26.0 ± 2.9 years. The mean spherical equivalence refraction was −0.54 ± 0.51D in the emmetropic group and −3.57 ± 2.27D in the ametropic group. The subjects were instructed to view through full refractive correction, with values of +2.00D to induce myopic defocus state and −2.00D to induce hyperopic defocus state. This was carried over in three random sessions. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion was measured using fMRI to obtain quantified regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Behavioral tests including distant visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS), were measured every 5 min for 30 min. Results: Myopic defocus induced significantly greater rCBF increase in four cerebral regions compared with full correction: right precentral gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, and left middle temporal gyrus (P < 0.001). The differences were less significant in low myopes than emmetropes. In the hyperopic defocus session, the increased responses of rCBF were only observed in the right and left precentral gyrus. Myopic defocused VA and CS improved significantly within 5 min and reached a plateau shortly after. Conclusion: This study revealed that myopic defocus stimuli can significantly increase blood perfusion in visual attention-related cerebral regions, which suggests a potential direction for future investigation on the relationship between retinal defocus and its neural consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tian Kang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - An-Ran Ran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiahe Gan
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialing Du
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mayinuer Yusufu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xintong Liang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Klaver C, Polling JR. Myopia management in the Netherlands. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 40:230-240. [PMID: 32202320 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A trend that myopia is becoming gradually more common is shown in studies worldwide. Highest frequencies have been found in East Asian urban populations (96.5%) but also a study in Europe shows that nearly half of the 25-29 year olds has myopia. With the increase in prevalence, high myopia, i.e. a spherical equivalent of -6 or more and an axial length of 26 mm or more is also on the rise. High myopia particularly carries a significant risk of ocular pathology related to the long axial length. This highlights the need for myopia management in children with progressive myopia, in particular progression to high myopia. RECENT FINDINGS During the last decade, many intervention studies for myopia progression have emerged. Although lifestyle adjustments are effective, pharmacological and optical interventions have shown the highest efficacy on reduction of eye growth. High concentration atropine (0.5%-1.0%) shows the most reduction in axial length progression, but has drawbacks of light sensitivity and loss of accommodation. Nevertheless, when these side effects are mitigated by multifocal photochromatic glasses, the long-term adherence to high dose atropine is high. Lower concentrations of atropine are less effective, but have less side effects. Studies on optical interventions have reported reduction of progression for Ortho-K and multifocal contact lenses, but are in need for replication in larger studies with longer duration. SUMMARY The field of myopia management is rapidly evolving, and a position on the best approach for daily clinics is desirable. Over the last 10 years, our team of clinical researchers has developed a strategy which involves decision-making based on age, axial length, position on the axial length growth chart, progression rate, risk of high myopia, risk profile based on lifestyle and familial risk, side effects, and individual preference. This personalised approach ensures the most optimal long-term myopia control, and helps fight against visual impairment and blindness in the next generations of elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Rauscher FG, Francke M, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Michael R. Ocular biometry in children and adolescents from 4 to 17 years: a cross-sectional study in central Germany. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:496-511. [PMID: 33960004 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate ocular biometry in a large paediatric population as a function of age and sex in children of European descent. METHODS Children were examined as part of the LIFE Child Study (Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Disease), a population-based study in Leipzig, Germany. Altogether, 1907 children, aged from 4 to 17 years, were examined with the Lenstar LS 900. Data from the right eye was analysed for axial length, central corneal thickness, flat and steep corneal radii, aqueous depth, lens thickness and vitreous depth. Wavefront-based autorefraction was employed for analysis. RESULTS Axial length increased in girls from 21.6 mm (4 years) up to 23.4 mm (17 years); this increase (0.174 mm per year) was statistically significant up to age 14 (23.3 mm). Axial length increased in boys from 22.2 mm (4 years) up to 23.9 mm (17 years); this increase (0.178 mm per year) was statistically significant up to age 10 (23.3 mm). No change was observed for central corneal thickness (average: girls 550 µm; boys 554 µm). Corneal curvature in girls was somewhat flatter at age 4 (7.70 mm) compared to age 10 (7.78 mm), whereas it was constant in boys (7.89 mm). Aqueous depth at age 4 was 2.73 mm for girls and 2.86 mm for boys, with the same rate of increase per year (girls: 0.046 mm; boys: 0.047 mm) from age 4 to 10. At age 17, aqueous depth was 3.06 mm in girls and 3.20 mm in boys. Lens thickness was reduced from age 4 (3.75 mm) to age 10 (3.47 mm) in girls and from age 4 (3.73 mm) to age 10 (3.44 mm) in boys, with the same rate of decrease per year of 0.046 and 0.047 mm, respectively. At age 17, lens thickness was 3.52 mm in girls and 3.50 mm in boys. Vitreous depth at age 4 was 14.51 mm for girls and 15.08 mm for boys; with 0.156 mm (girls) or 0.140 mm (boys) increase per year until age 14 (girls: 16.08 mm; boys: 16.48 mm). At age 17, vitreous depth was 16.29 mm in girls and 16.62 mm in boys. CONCLUSIONS Eye growth (axial length) in girls showed a lag of about four years compared to boys. Aqueous depth increase matches the lens thickness decrease from ages 4 to 10 years in girls and boys. Lens thickness minimum is reached at 11 years in girls and at 12 years in boys. All dimensions of the optical ocular components are closely correlated with axial length. These data may serve as normative values for the assessment of eye growth in central European children and will provide a basis for monitoring refractive error development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska G Rauscher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mike Francke
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Michael
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Rozema JJ, Ní Dhubhghaill S. Age-related axial length changes in adults: a review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:710-717. [PMID: 32860249 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the origins of age-related decreases in axial length in the literature. METHODS A literature review was performed, including all articles regarding axial length changes with age. These data were combined with mean body length and education level for the countries of each study to assess their influence in a multivariate analysis. Furthermore, analyses were performed of how optical path length, used by optical biometers to measure axial length, is affected by the known age-related changes in the crystalline lens. The influence of other factors mentioned in the literature was also investigated. RESULTS Seventeen cross-sectional studies were found that met the search criteria. The decrease in axial length over time was consistent across most of these studies. However, when plotted as a function of year of birth, mean body length and number of years in school, the data indicated an increase in length. Multivariate analysis confirmed the influence of body length (P = 0.005) and birth year (P = 0.017), but not age (P = 0.50). Meanwhile, the lenticular changes due to aging and cataract formation cause a minor bias in the form of increased axial length measurements. Finally, a gradual thinning of the choroidal arteries was reported to cause an increase in axial length. CONCLUSION The age-related decrease in axial length is mainly associated with gradual changes in increased body length and education level, while attenuated by minor biases in measurement procedure and thinning of the choroidal arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos J Rozema
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp, Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sorcha Ní Dhubhghaill
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp, Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Faria-Ribeiro M, Amorim-de-Sousa A, González-Méijome JM. Predicted accommodative response from image quality in young eyes fitted with different dual-focus designs. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:309-316. [PMID: 29383756 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the separated and combined influences of inner zone (IZ) diameter and effective add power of dual-focus contact lenses (CL) in the image quality at distance and near viewing, in a functional accommodating model eye. METHODS Computational wave-optics methods were used to define zonal bifocal pupil functions, representing the optic zones of nine dual-focus centre-distance CLs. The dual-focus pupil functions were defined having IZ diameters of 2.10 mm, 3.36 mm and 4.00 mm, with add powers of 1.5 D, 2.0 D and 2.5 D (dioptres), for each design, that resulted in a ratio of 64%/36% between the distance and treatment zone areas, bounded by a 6 mm entrance pupil. A through-focus routine was implemented in MATLAB to simulate the changes in image quality, calculated from the Visual Strehl ratio, as the eye with the dual-focus accommodates, from 0 to -3.00 D target vergences. Accommodative responses were defined as the changes in the defocus coefficient, combined with a change in fourth and sixth order spherical aberration, which produced a peak in image quality at each target vergence. RESULTS Distance viewing image quality was marginally affected by IZ diameter but not by add power. Near image quality obtained when focussing the image formed by the near optics was only higher by a small amount compared to the other two IZ diameters. The mean ± standard deviation values obtained with the three adds were 0.28 ± 0.02, 0.23 ± 0.02 and 0.22 ± 0.02, for the small, medium and larger IZ diameters, respectively. On the other hand, near image quality predicted by focussing the image formed by the distance optics was considerably lower relatively to the other two IZ diameters. The mean ± standard deviation values obtained with the three adds were 0.15 ± 0.01, 0.38 ± 0.00 and 0.54 ± 0.01, for the small, medium and larger IZ diameters, respectively. CONCLUSIONS During near viewing through dual-focus CLs, image quality depends on the diameter of the most inner zone of the CL, while add power only affects the range of clear focus when focussing the image formed by the CL near optics. When only image quality gain is taken into consideration, medium and large IZ diameters designs are most likely to promote normal accommodative responses driven by the CL distance optics, while a smaller IZ diameter design is most likely to promote a reduced accommodative response driven by the dual-focus CL near optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Faria-Ribeiro
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Amorim-de-Sousa
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José M González-Méijome
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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20
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Barbero S, Faria-Ribeiro M. Foveal vision power errors induced by spectacle lenses designed to correct peripheral refractive errors. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:317-325. [PMID: 29380406 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radial Refractive Gradient (RRG) spectacles are lenses specifically designed to minimize peripheral hyperopic defocus typically found in conventional spectacles. Our goals were: (1) to demonstrate a method to design such lenses; and (2) to quantify the exact foveal vision power errors induced by them. METHODS The design procedure was based on a point-by-point sequential surface construction algorithm that designs a front aspheric surface (back surface is spherical) to achieve a given overall tangential focal length of the lens. A peripheral refraction model was built based on average peripheral refractive errors from a set of eyes. We designed four negative lenses with optical powers: -2.5, -5.0, -7.5 and -10.0 D, so that the tangential focal length of the lens matches the retinal conjugate surface. RESULTS The lenses induce very small sagittal power errors in a wide range of off-axis field angles (30°), solving the problem of peripheral hyperopic defocus. However, such designs introduce non-negligible mean power errors (above 0.25 D from 7°, 6.8°, 7.1° and 7.8° for the -2.5, -5.0, -7.5 and -10.0 D lenses, respectively) for foveal vision in a rotating eye. CONCLUSION Our results show the unavoidable errors introduced by RRG spectacles when used for dynamic foveal vision. The described method offers valuable information towards determining the best trade-off between controlling power errors for peripheral and foveal vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Barbero
- Instituto de Optica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IO, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Faria-Ribeiro
- Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), Center of Physics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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21
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Rozema JJ, Herscovici Z, Snir M, Axer-Siegel R. Analysing the ocular biometry of new-born infants. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 38:119-128. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos J. Rozema
- Department of Ophthalmology; Antwerp University Hospital; Edegem Belgium
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Zvi Herscovici
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rabin Medical Center; Petah Tiqva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Moshe Snir
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rabin Medical Center; Petah Tiqva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ruth Axer-Siegel
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rabin Medical Center; Petah Tiqva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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22
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Abstract
It has been suggested that high levels of axial aberration or specific patterns of peripheral refraction could play a role in myopia development. Possible mechanisms involving high levels of retinal image blur caused by axial aberrations include form deprivation through poor retinal image quality in distance vision, enhanced accommodative lags favouring compensatory eye growth, and an absence of adequate directional cues to guide emmetropization. In addition, in initially emmetropic eyes, hyperopia in the retinal periphery may result in local compensatory eye growth, which induces axial myopia. Evidence in support of these ideas is reviewed and it is concluded that, for any fixed pupil diameter, evidence for higher levels of axial aberration in myopes in comparison with other refractive groups is weak, making involvement of axial aberrations in myopization through image degradation at the fovea unlikely. If, however, some potential myopes had unusually large pupil diameters, their effective aberration levels and associated retinal blur would be larger than those of the rest of the population. There is stronger evidence in favour of differences in patterns of peripheral refraction in both potential and existing myopes, with myopes tending to show relative hyperopia in the periphery. These differences appear to be related to a more prolate eyeball shape. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm whether the retinal defocus associated with the peripheral hyperopia can cause patterns of eyeball growth which lead to axial myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Charman
- Optometry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK.
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23
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Chen JC, Schmid KL, Brown B. The autonomic control of accommodation and implications for human myopia development: a review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2003; 23:401-22. [PMID: 12950887 DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged nearwork has long been associated with myopia development, however, there is no well described linking mechanism. One theory suggests that if accommodation accuracy during nearwork is not maintained, the defocused retinal image leads to myopia development. Here we review the findings of research aimed at determining whether the autonomic inputs to the ciliary smooth muscle are involved in this type of environmental myopia. We examine whether an autonomic imbalance could be a precursor to axial elongation and the resulting myopia. Accommodation responses, such as tonic accommodation and nearwork-induced accommodative adaptation, as a function of refractive error, are described in relation to an autonomic imbalance model. The collective results of this research point to anomalous accommodation responses, possibly as a result of underlying anomalous autonomic input to the ciliary muscle, being involved in myopia development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Chen
- Centre for Eye Research, School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia.
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