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Park S, Lee J. Modulation of Hair Growth Promoting Effect by Natural Products. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122163. [PMID: 34959442 PMCID: PMC8706577 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of people suffer from alopecia or hair loss worldwide. Drug-based therapies using minoxidil and finasteride for the treatment of alopecia are available, but they have shown various side effects in patients. Thus, the use of new therapeutic approaches using bioactive products to reduce the risk of anti-hair-loss medications has been emphasized. Natural products have been used since ancient times and have been proven safe, with few side effects. Several studies have demonstrated the use of plants and their extracts to promote hair growth. Moreover, commercial products based on these natural ingredients have been developed for the treatment of alopecia. Several clinical, animal, and cell-based studies have been conducted to determine the anti-alopecia effects of plant-derived biochemicals. This review is a collective study of phytochemicals with anti-alopecia effects, focusing mainly on the mechanisms underlying their hair-growth-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea;
| | - Joomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-230-7722
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2
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Dorożyńska K, Maj D. Rabbits - their domestication and molecular genetics of hair coat development and quality. Anim Genet 2020; 52:10-20. [PMID: 33216407 DOI: 10.1111/age.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is the only representative of its genus living in present-day Europe and North Africa, and all domestic rabbits are descendants of this one species, which is native to the Iberian Peninsula. There are over 300 breeds of rabbits that differ in size, coat color, length of ears and type of fur. Rabbits are bred for various reasons, such as for laboratory animals and a source of meat, wool and fur, as well as for pets and exhibition animals. The hair coat is a important economic trait of rabbits. Its development and quality are influenced by various factors, both environmental and genetic. The genetic mechanisms underlying its development have not been thoroughly researched. The aim of this review is to discuss the domestication of rabbits and the different aspects of rabbit genetics. A brief review of the properties of rabbit hair coat, hair coat development and hair cycle will be provided, followed by discussion of the factors regulating hair coat development, molecular control of hair coat development and the role of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression in the hair follicles of rabbits. Information about genetic regulation of pathways could provide useful tools for improving hair coat quality and be of practical use in rabbit breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dorożyńska
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - D Maj
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
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3
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Houschyar KS, Borrelli MR, Tapking C, Popp D, Puladi B, Ooms M, Chelliah MP, Rein S, Pförringer D, Thor D, Reumuth G, Wallner C, Branski LK, Siemers F, Grieb G, Lehnhardt M, Yazdi AS, Maan ZN, Duscher D. Molecular Mechanisms of Hair Growth and Regeneration: Current Understanding and Novel Paradigms. Dermatology 2020; 236:271-280. [PMID: 32163945 DOI: 10.1159/000506155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair is a defining feature of mammals and has critical functions, including protection, production of sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones, social and sexual interactions, thermoregulation, and provision of stem cells for skin homeostasis, regeneration, and repair. The hair follicle (HF) is considered a "mini-organ," consisting of intricate and well-organized structures which originate from HF stem and progenitor cells. Dermal papilla cells are the main components of the mesenchymal compartments in the hair bulb and are instrumental in generating signals to regulate the behavior of neighboring epithelial cells during the hair cycle. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions within the dermal papilla niche drive HF embryonic development as well as the postnatal hair growth and regeneration cycle. This review summarizes the current understanding of HF development, repair, and regeneration, with special focus on cell signaling pathways governing these processes. In particular, we discuss emerging paradigms of molecular signaling governing the dermal papilla-epithelial cellular interactions during hair growth and maintenance and the recent progress made towards tissue engineering of human hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Siamak Houschyar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Popp
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Behrus Puladi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Ooms
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Malcolm P Chelliah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne Rein
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Clinic St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Pförringer
- Clinic and Policlinic of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Thor
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Georg Reumuth
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ludwik K Branski
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Frank Siemers
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany,
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Song LL, Cui Y, Yu SJ, Liu PG, He JF. TGF-β and HSP70 profiles during transformation of yak hair follicles from the anagen to catagen stage. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15638-15646. [PMID: 30723905 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) are important for the hair follicle (HF) cycle, but it is unclear whether they participate in HF regression in yak skin. In this study, we investigated the role of TGF-β, TGF-βRII, and HSP70 in the transition from anagen to catagen of HFs. The results showed that TGF-β2 transcription was significantly higher than that of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 in the same periods. Meanwhile, the expressions of TGF-β2, TGF-βRII, and caspase-3 were higher in the catagen phase than that in mid-anagen, and some TGF-βRII-positive HF cells were terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive. Moreover, the HSP70 protein levels in mid-anagen were higher than those in late-anagen and catagen. These results suggested that TGF-β2 plays a major role in catagen induction in yak HFs, which might be achieved via TGF-βRII-mediated apoptosis in HF epithelial cells. In contrast, HSP70 might protect epithelial cells from apoptosis and ultimately inhibit HF regression. In conclusion, TGF-β2 has positive effects, whereas HSP70 has negative effects, on catagen induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Li Song
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Si-Jiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng-Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Feng He
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Zhao B, Chen Y, Hao Y, Yang N, Wang M, Mei M, Wang J, Qiu X, Wu X. Transcriptomic analysis reveals differentially expressed genes associated with wool length in rabbit. Anim Genet 2018; 49:428-437. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Y. Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Y. Hao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - N. Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - M. Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - M. Mei
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - J. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - X. Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - X. Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; 225009 Yangzhou Jiangsu China
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Xu X, Zheng L, Yuan Q, Zhen G, Crane JL, Zhou X, Cao X. Transforming growth factor-β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis. Bone Res 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29423331 PMCID: PMC5802812 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-017-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β 1-3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The biological functions of TGF-β in adults can only be delivered after ligand activation, mostly in response to environmental perturbations. Although involved in multiple biological and pathological processes of the human body, the exact roles of TGF-β in maintaining stem cells and tissue homeostasis have not been well-documented until recent advances, which delineate their functions in a given context. Our recent findings, along with data reported by others, have clearly shown that temporal and spatial activation of TGF-β is involved in the recruitment of stem/progenitor cell participation in tissue regeneration/remodeling process, whereas sustained abnormalities in TGF-β ligand activation, regardless of genetic or environmental origin, will inevitably disrupt the normal physiology and lead to pathobiology of major diseases. Modulation of TGF-β signaling with different approaches has proven effective pre-clinically in the treatment of multiple pathologies such as sclerosis/fibrosis, tumor metastasis, osteoarthritis, and immune disorders. Thus, further elucidation of the mechanisms by which TGF-β is activated in different tissues/organs and how targeted cells respond in a context-dependent way can likely be translated with clinical benefits in the management of a broad range of diseases with the involvement of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Janet L. Crane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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7
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Novel ALK5 inhibitor TP0427736 reduces TGF-β induced growth inhibition in human outer root sheath cells and elongates anagen phase in mouse hair follicles. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:485-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li Z, Ryu SW, Lee J, Choi K, Kim S, Choi C. Protopanaxatirol type ginsenoside Re promotes cyclic growth of hair follicles via inhibiting transforming growth factor β signaling cascades. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:924-9. [PMID: 26820528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the major bio-active ingredients included in Panax ginseng, have been known for the hair growth activity and used to treat patients who suffer from hair loss; however, the detailed mechanisms of this action are still largely unknown. This study was conducted to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for hair growth promoting effect of ginsenoside Re (GRe) in vitro and in vivo. Different doses of minoxidil and GRe were administered topically to the back regions of nude mice for up to 45 days, and hair shaft length and hair cycles were determined for hair promoting activities. Topical treatment of GRe significantly increased the hair shaft length and hair existent time, which was comparable to the action of minoxidil. We also demonstrated that GRe stimulated hair shaft elongation in the ex vivo cultures of vibrissa hair follicles isolated from C57BL/6 mouse. Systemic transcriptome analysis by next generation sequencing demonstrated that TGF-β-pathway related genes were selectively down-regulated by treatment of GRe in vivo, and the same treatment suppressed TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of ERK in HeLa cells. The results clearly indicated that GRe is the effective constituent in the ginseng on hair promotion via selective inhibition of the hair growth phase transition related signaling pathways, TGF-β signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Wook Ryu
- KI for Biocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Cellex Life Sciences Inc., Daejeon 305-732, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungsul Lee
- Cellex Life Sciences Inc., Daejeon 305-732, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsun Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunchang Kim
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KI for Biocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- KI for Biocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Cellex Life Sciences Inc., Daejeon 305-732, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Qiu W, Lei M, Tang H, Yan H, Wen X, Zhang W, Tan R, Wang D, Wu J. Hoxc13 is a crucial regulator of murine hair cycle. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 364:149-58. [PMID: 26553656 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles undergo cyclical growth and regression during postnatal life. Hair regression is an apoptosis-driven process strictly controlled by micro- and macro-environmental signals. However, how these signals are controlled remains largely unknown. Hoxc13, a member of the Hox gene family, is reported to play an important role in hair follicle differentiation. In the present study, we observed that Hoxc13 was highly expressed in the outer root sheath, matrix, medulla and inner root sheath of hair follicles in a hair cycle-dependent manner. We therefore investigated the role of Hoxc13 in hair follicle cycling. Injection of ShRNA (ShHoxc13) to suppress Hoxc13 in early anagen promoted premature catagen entry, shown by significantly decreased hair length and hair bulb size, increased percentage of catagen hair follicles, hair cycle score and TUNEL+ cells and inhibited proliferation. In contrast, local injection of recombinant Hoxc13 polypeptide (rhHoxc13) during the late anagen phase prolonged the anagen phase. Additionally, rhHoxc13 injections during the telogen phase significantly promoted hair growth and induced the anagen progression. At the molecular level, the expression of phosphorylated smad2 (p-smad2), a key factor of active TGF-β1 signaling, was up-regulated in the ShHoxc13-treated hair follicles and down-regulated in rhHoxc13-treated hair follicles, suggesting that Hoxc13 might block anagen-catagen transition by inhibiting the TGF-β1 signaling. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that Hoxc13 is a novel and crucial regulator of the hair cycle. This might also provide an understanding of the mechanism of the 'hair cycle clock' and the development of alopecia treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Mingxing Lei
- "111" Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hongtao Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xuhong Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ranjing Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Duan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jinjin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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Li Y, Yan B, Wang H, Li H, Li Q, Zhao D, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Wang S, Shen J, Li Y, Guindi E, Zhao Y. Hair regrowth in alopecia areata patients following Stem Cell Educator therapy. BMC Med 2015; 13:87. [PMID: 25896390 PMCID: PMC4417286 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases and targets the hair follicles, with high impact on the quality of life and self-esteem of patients due to hair loss. Clinical management and outcomes are challenged by current limited immunosuppressive and immunomodulating regimens. METHODS We have developed a Stem Cell Educator therapy in which a patient's blood is circulated through a closed-loop system that separates mononuclear cells from the whole blood, allows the cells to briefly interact with adherent human cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells (CB-SC), and returns the "educated" autologous cells to the patient's circulation. In an open-label, phase 1/phase 2 study, patients (N = 9) with severe AA received one treatment with the Stem Cell Educator therapy. The median age was 20 years (median alopecic duration, 5 years). RESULTS Clinical data demonstrated that patients with severe AA achieved improved hair regrowth and quality of life after receiving Stem Cell Educator therapy. Flow cytometry revealed the up-regulation of Th2 cytokines and restoration of balancing Th1/Th2/Th3 cytokine production in the peripheral blood of AA subjects. Immunohistochemistry indicated the formation of a "ring of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)" around the hair follicles, leading to the restoration of immune privilege of hair follicles and the protection of newly generated hair follicles against autoimmune destruction. Mechanistic studies revealed that co-culture with CB-SC may up-regulate the expression of coinhibitory molecules B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) on CD8β(+)NKG2D(+) effector T cells and suppress their proliferation via herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) ligands and programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1) on CB-SCs. CONCLUSIONS Current clinical data demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the Stem Cell Educator therapy for the treatment of AA. This innovative approach produced lasting improvement in hair regrowth in subjects with moderate or severe AA. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01673789, 21 August 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjia Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, P.R. China.
| | - Baoyong Yan
- Cell Therapy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, P.R. China.
| | - Hepeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, P.R. China.
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, P.R. China.
| | - Quanhai Li
- Cell Therapy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, P.R. China.
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, P.R. China.
| | - Yana Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, P.R. China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- Tianhe Stem Cell Biotechnologies Inc., Jinan, Shandong, 250055, P.R. China.
| | - Wenxia Li
- Tianhe Stem Cell Biotechnologies Inc., Jinan, Shandong, 250055, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Cell Therapy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, P.R. China.
| | - Shanfeng Wang
- Tianhe Stem Cell Biotechnologies Inc., Jinan, Shandong, 250055, P.R. China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Tianhe Stem Cell Biotechnologies Inc., Jinan, Shandong, 250055, P.R. China.
| | - Yunxiang Li
- Tianhe Stem Cell Biotechnologies Inc., Jinan, Shandong, 250055, P.R. China.
| | | | - Yong Zhao
- Tianhe Stem Cell Biotechnologies Inc., Jinan, Shandong, 250055, P.R. China. .,Department of Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 40 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
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BEGUM SHAHNAZ, LEE MIRA, GU LIJUAN, HOSSAIN JAMIL, SUNG CHANGKEUN. Exogenous stimulation with Eclipta alba promotes hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and downregulates TGF-β1 expression in nude mice. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:496-502. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Ali MM, Porter RM, Gonzalez ML. Intense pulsed light enhances transforming growth factor beta1/Smad3 signaling in acne-prone skin. J Cosmet Dermatol 2014; 12:195-203. [PMID: 23992161 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, much interest has been generated in the use of intense pulsed light (IPL) sources in the treatment of various skin conditions. However, the underlying mechanism for its therapeutic action has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of IPL on the in vivo expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) and on the immunolocalization of Smad3 in biopsies obtained from perilesional skin in patients with mild-to-moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. METHODS Biopsies obtained from 20 patients with inflammatory acne vulgaris at baseline (B1) and post-IPL treatment (B2 = 48 h after first treatment and B3 = 1 week after final treatment) were immunohistochemically analyzed to determine the expression of TGF-β1 and the immunolocalization of Smad3. Digital images were semiquantitatively assessed using image analysis software. RESULTS Intense pulsed light elicited a consistent increase in epidermal TGF-β1 expression (B2 vs. B1: P = 0.004 and B3 vs. B1: P = 0.007). Furthermore, it resulted in enhanced nuclear immunolocalization of Smad3 (B2 vs. B1: epidermis, P = 0.000055 and dermis, P = 0.014; B3 vs. B1: epidermis, P = 0.00024 and dermis, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION Intense pulsed light upregulates TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling in perilesional skin obtained from patients with mild-to-moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. Further experiments on lesional skin and downstream effects are warranted to determine whether it may play a role in IPL-induced resolution of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musheera M Ali
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Kang JI, Kim SC, Han SC, Hong HJ, Jeon YJ, Kim B, Koh YS, Yoo ES, Kang HK. Hair-Loss Preventing Effect of Grateloupia elliptica. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 20:118-24. [PMID: 24116284 PMCID: PMC3792195 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Grateloupia elliptica, a seaweed native to Jeju Island, Korea, on the prevention of hair loss. When immortalized rat vibrissa dermal papilla cells were treated with extract of G. elliptica, the proliferation of dermal papilla cells significantly increased. In addition, the G. elliptica extract significantly inhibited the activity of 5α-reductase, which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a main cause of androgenetic alopecia. On the other hand, the G. elliptica extract promoted PGE2 production in HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner. The G. elliptica extract exhibited particularly high inhibitory effect on LPS-stimulated IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The G. elliptica extract also showed inhibitory activity against Pityrosporum ovale, a main cause of dandruff. These results suggest that G. elliptica extract has the potential to treat alopecia via the proliferation of dermal papilla, 5α-reductase inhibition, increase of PGE2 production, decrease of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibitory activity against Pityrosporum ovale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Il Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756
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14
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Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells differ greatly from melanoma stem cells; the former provide pigmented cells during normal tissue homeostasis and repair, and the latter play an active role in a lethal form of cancer. These 2 cell types share several features and can be studied by similar methods. Aspects held in common by both melanocyte stem cells and melanoma stem cells include their expression of shared biochemical markers, a system of similar molecular signals necessary for their maintenance, and a requirement for an ideal niche microenvironment for providing these factors. This review provides a perspective of both these cell types and discusses potential models of stem cell growth and propagation. Recent findings provide a strong foundation for the development of new therapeutics directed at isolating and manipulating melanocyte stem cells for tissue engineering or at targeting and eradicating melanoma specifically, while sparing nontumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Lang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, MC 5067, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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15
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Sakaki-Yumoto M, Katsuno Y, Derynck R. TGF-β family signaling in stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2280-96. [PMID: 22959078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diversity of cell types and tissue types that originate throughout development derives from the differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cells. While the former are pluripotent, and thus can give rise to a full differentiation spectrum, the latter have limited differentiation potential but drive tissue remodeling. Additionally cancer tissues also have a small population of self-renewing cells with stem cell properties. These cancer stem cells may arise through dedifferentiation from non-stem cells in cancer tissues, illustrating their plasticity, and may greatly contribute to the resistance of cancers to chemotherapies. SCOPE OF REVIEW The capacity of the different types of stem cells for self-renewal, the establishment and maintenance of their differentiation potential, and the selection of differentiation programs are greatly defined by the interplay of signaling molecules provided by both the stem cells themselves, and their microenvironment, the niche. Here we discuss common and divergent roles of TGF-β family signaling in the regulation of embryonic, reprogrammed pluripotent, somatic, and cancer stem cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Increasing evidence highlights the similarities between responses of normal and cancer stem cells to signaling molecules, provided or activated by their microenvironment. While TGF-β family signaling regulates stemness of normal and cancer stem cells, its effects are diverse and depend on the cell types and physiological state of the cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Further mechanistic studies will provide a better understanding of the roles of TGF-β family signaling in the regulation of stem cells. These basic studies may lead to the development of a new therapeutic or prognostic strategies for the treatment of cancers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Sakaki-Yumoto
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
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16
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Kang JI, Kim SC, Kim MK, Boo HJ, Jeon YJ, Koh YS, Yoo ES, Kang SM, Kang HK. Effect of Dieckol, a component of Ecklonia cava, on the promotion of hair growth. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6407-6423. [PMID: 22754373 PMCID: PMC3382810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13056407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Ecklonia cava, a marine alga native to Jeju Island in Korea, on the promotion of hair growth. When vibrissa follicles were cultured in the presence of E. cava enzymatic extract (which contains more than 35% of dieckol) for 21 days, E. cava enzymatic extract increased hair-fiber length. In addition, after topical application of the 0.5% E. cava enzymatic extract onto the back of C57BL/6 mice, anagen progression of the hair-shaft was induced. The treatment with E. cava enzymatic extract resulted in the proliferation of immortalized vibrissa dermal papilla cells (DPC). Especially, dieckol, among the isolated compounds from the E. cava enzymatic extract, showed activity that increased the proliferation of DPC. When NIH3T3 fibroblasts were treated with the E. cava enzymatic extract and the isolated compounds from the E. cava enzymatic extract, the E. cava enzymatic extract increased the proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts, but the isolated compounds such as eckol, dieckol, phloroglucinol and triphlorethol-A did not affect the proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. On the other hand, the E. cava enzymatic extract and dieckol significantly inhibited 5α-reductase activity. These results suggest that dieckol from E. cava can stimulate hair growth by the proliferation of DPC and/or the inhibition of 5α-reductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Il Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-I.K.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-K.K.); (H.-J.B.); (Y.-S.K.); (E.-S.Y.)
| | - Sang-Cheol Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-I.K.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-K.K.); (H.-J.B.); (Y.-S.K.); (E.-S.Y.)
| | - Min-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-I.K.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-K.K.); (H.-J.B.); (Y.-S.K.); (E.-S.Y.)
| | - Hye-Jin Boo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-I.K.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-K.K.); (H.-J.B.); (Y.-S.K.); (E.-S.Y.)
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Aqua Green Technology Co. Ltd., 209 Jeju Bio-Industry Center, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-121, Korea; E-Mail:
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Young-Sang Koh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-I.K.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-K.K.); (H.-J.B.); (Y.-S.K.); (E.-S.Y.)
| | - Eun-Sook Yoo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-I.K.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-K.K.); (H.-J.B.); (Y.-S.K.); (E.-S.Y.)
| | - Sung-Myung Kang
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Korea; E-Mails: (J.-I.K.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-K.K.); (H.-J.B.); (Y.-S.K.); (E.-S.Y.)
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Abstract
Recently, we suggested that Dickkopf 1 (DKK-1) is a pathogenic mediator involved in male pattern baldness. As premature catagen onset is a key characteristic of male pattern baldness, in this study, we evaluated whether DKK-1 has a role as a catagen inducer in hair cycling. Herein, we report that recombinant human DKK-1 (rhDKK-1) injection into the hypodermis of mice during anagen caused premature onset of catagen, whereas neutralizing DKK-1 antibody delayed anagen-to-catagen transition in mice. Moreover, treatment with rhDKK-1 led to a decrease in final hair follicle length, whereas DKK-1 antibody led to an increase compared with control animals. In addition, DKK-1 and DKK-1 messenger RNA expression is most upregulated in follicular keratinocytes of late anagen in depilation-induced hair cycle progression. Moreover, we observed that rhDKK-1 blocks canonical Wnt-mediated activation of β-catenin signaling and induces the proapoptotic protein Bax, resulting in apoptosis in outer root sheath keratinocytes. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that DKK-1 is involved in anagen-to-catagen transition in the hair cycle by regulating the activity of follicular keratinocytes.
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18
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Key roles for transforming growth factor beta in melanocyte stem cell maintenance. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:130-40. [PMID: 20144786 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells in the bulge area of hair follicles are responsible for hair pigmentation, and defects in them cause hair graying. Here we describe the process of melanocyte stem cell entry into the quiescent state and show that niche-derived transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling plays important roles in this process. In vitro, TGF-beta not only induces reversible cell cycle arrest, but also promotes melanocyte immaturity by downregulating MITF, the master transcriptional regulator of melanocyte differentiation, and its downstream melanogenic genes. In vivo, TGF-beta signaling is activated in melanocyte stem cells when they reenter the quiescent noncycling state during the hair cycle and this process requires Bcl2 for cell survival. Furthermore, targeted TGF-beta type II receptor (TGFbRII) deficiency in the melanocyte lineage causes incomplete maintenance of melanocyte stem cell immaturity and results in mild hair graying. These data demonstrate that the TGF-beta signaling pathway is one of the key niche factors that regulate melanocyte stem cell immaturity and quiescence.
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19
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Abdou AG, Aiad HAS, Sultan SM. pS2 (TFF1) expression in prostate carcinoma: correlation with steroid receptor status. APMIS 2009; 116:961-71. [PMID: 19132993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
pS2 or TFF1 is a member of the trefoil factor family, which is distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract in both normal and diseased tissues. It is also considered to be one of the major estrogen-regulated proteins and an indicator of estrogen receptor (ER) functionality. pS2 has previously been investigated in benign and malignant prostate lesions with little information about its relationship to steroid receptor status. Our purpose was to correlate pS2 expression with steroid receptor status (ER alpha and progesterone receptor (PR)) and other pathologic variables in prostate carcinoma. 15 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 47 prostate carcinoma cases were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry for pS2, ER and PR expression. 80% of BPH showed pS2 cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in hyperplastic acini and about half of these cases also exhibited nuclear staining decorating basal or both basal and luminal nuclei. pS2 was highly expressed in prostate carcinoma (91.4%) with both cytoplasmic and nuclear patterns of staining. The latter pattern was significantly associated with carcinoma having a low Gleason score (p=0.02). pS2 lacked any significant correlation with steroid receptor status, stage or grade. Univariate survival analysis revealed a significant impact of stage (p=0.03) and nodal status (p<0.0001) on patient outcome. The diagnostic value of pS2 expression in prostate carcinoma validated 74.19% accuracy, 91.48% sensitivity and 78.18% positive predictive value. The high sensitivity of pS2 expression in prostate carcinoma could make it a suitable marker for diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, especially in metastatic cases of unknown origin. The absence of correlation and dissimilarity in immunolocalization between pS2 and ER alpha leads to the assumption that ER alpha could not be the regulatory protein for pS2 and may raise questions about the functionality of ER alpha in prostate. The nuclear pattern of pS2 immunoreactivity either in benign or malignant prostatic lesions is similar to the published data on ER beta distribution and could also identify a subset of carcinoma patients with a favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menofiya University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt.
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20
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Sakazaki F, Ueno H, Nakamuro K. 17β-Estradiol Enhances Contact Hypersensitivity in a Hair Cycle-Dependent Manner and Retards Thymic Atrophy with Age. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 29:597-609. [DOI: 10.1080/08923970701513146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Petukhova L, Sousa EC, Martinez-Mir A, Vitebsky A, Dos Santos LG, Shapiro L, Haynes C, Gordon D, Shimomura Y, Christiano AM. Genome-wide linkage analysis of an autosomal recessive hypotrichosis identifies a novel P2RY5 mutation. Genomics 2008; 92:273-8. [PMID: 18692127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While there have been significant advances in understanding the genetic etiology of human hair loss over the previous decade, there remain a number of hereditary disorders for which a causative gene has yet to be identified. We studied a large, consanguineous Brazilian family that presented with woolly hair at birth that progressed to severe hypotrichosis by the age of 5, in which 6 of the 14 offspring were affected. After exclusion of known candidate genes, a genome-wide scan was performed to identify the disease locus. Autozygosity mapping revealed a highly significant region of extended homozygosity (lod score of 10.41) that contained a haplotype with a linkage lod score of 3.28. Results of these two methods defined a 9-Mb region on chromosome 13q14.11-q14.2. The interval contains the P2RY5 gene, in which we recently identified pathogenic mutations in several families of Pakistani origin affected with autosomal recessive woolly and sparse hair. After the exclusion of several other candidate genes, we sequenced the P2RY5 gene and identified a homozygous mutation (C278Y) in all affected individuals in this family. Our findings show that mutations in P2RY5 display variable expressivity, underlying both hypotrichosis and woolly hair, and underscore the essential role of P2RY5 in the tissue integrity and maintenance of the hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Petukhova
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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22
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Ash DM, Hackney JF, Jean-Francois M, Burton NC, Dobens LL. A dominant negative allele of the Drosophila leucine zipper protein Bunched blocks bunched function during tissue patterning. Mech Dev 2007; 124:559-69. [PMID: 17600691 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The bunched (bun) gene encodes the Drosophila member of the TSC-22/GILZ family of leucine zipper transcriptional regulators. The bun locus encodes multiple BUN protein isoforms and has diverse roles during patterning of the eye, wing margin, dorsal notum and eggshell. Here we report the construction and activity of a dominant negative allele (BunDN) of the BUN-B isoform. In the ovary, BunDN expression in the follicle cells (FC) resulted in epithelial defects including aberrant accumulation of DE-cadherin and failure to rearrange into columnar FC cell shapes. BunDN expression in the posterior FC led to loss of epithelial integrity associated with extensive apoptosis. BunDN FC phenotypes collectively resemble loss-of-function bun mutant phenotypes. BunDN expression using tissue-specific imaginal disk drivers resulted in characteristic cuticular patterning defects that were enhanced by bun mutations and suppressed by co-expression of the BUN-B protein isoform. These data indicate that BunDN has dominant negative activity useful to identify bun functions and genetic interactions that occur during tissue patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ash
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
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23
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Randall VA. Hormonal regulation of hair follicles exhibits a biological paradox. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:274-85. [PMID: 17379547 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hair's importance for insulation and camouflage or human communication means that hairs need to change with season, age or sexual development. Regular, regenerating hair follicle growth cycles produce new hairs which may differ in colour and/or size, e.g., beard development. Hormones of the pineal-hypothalamus-pituitary axis coordinate seasonal changes, while androgens regulate most sexual aspects with paradoxically different effects depending on body site; compare beard growth and balding! Hormones affect follicular mesenchymal-epithelial interactions altering growing time, dermal papilla size and dermal papilla cell, keratinocyte and melanocyte activity. Greater understanding of these mechanisms should improve treatments for poorly controlled hair disorders, alopecia and hirsutism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Anne Randall
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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24
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Hamada K, Randall VA. Inhibitory autocrine factors produced by the mesenchyme-derived hair follicle dermal papilla may be a key to male pattern baldness. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:609-18. [PMID: 16536801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenetic alopecia, or male pattern baldness, is a common, progressive disorder where large, terminal scalp hairs are gradually replaced by smaller hairs in precise patterns until only tiny vellus hairs remain. This balding can cause a marked reduction in the quality of life. Although these changes are driven by androgens, most molecular mechanisms are unknown, limiting available treatments. The mesenchyme-derived dermal papilla at the base of the mainly epithelial hair follicle controls the type of hair produced and is probably the site through which androgens act on follicle cells by altering the regulatory paracrine factors produced by dermal papilla cells. During changes in hair size the relationship between the hair and dermal papilla size remains constant, with alterations in both dermal papilla volume and cell number. This suggests that alterations within the dermal papilla itself play a key role in altering hair size in response to androgens. Cultured dermal papilla cells offer a useful model system to investigate this as they promote new hair growth in vivo, retain characteristics in vitro which reflect their parent follicle's response to androgens in vivo and secrete mitogenic factors for dermal papilla cells and keratinocytes. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether cultured dermal papilla cells from balding follicles secrete altered amounts/types of mitogenic factors for dermal papilla cells than those from larger, normal follicles. We also aimed to determine whether rodent cells would recognize mitogenic signals from human cells in vitro and whether factors produced by balding dermal papilla cells could alter the start of a new mouse hair cycle in vivo. METHODS Dermal papilla cells were cultured from normal, balding and almost clinically normal areas of balding scalps and their ability to produce mitogenic factors compared using both human and rat whisker dermal papilla cells as in vitro targets and mouse hair growth in vivo. RESULTS Normal scalp cells produced soluble factors which stimulated the growth of both human scalp and rat whisker dermal papilla cells in vitro, demonstrating dose-responsive mitogenic capability across species. Although balding cells stimulated some growth, this was much reduced and they also secreted inhibitory factor(s). Balding cell media also delayed new hair growth when injected into mice. CONCLUSIONS Human balding dermal papilla cells secrete inhibitory factors which affect the growth of both human and rodent dermal papilla cells and factors which delay the onset of anagen in mice in vivo. These inhibitory factor(s) probably cause the formation of smaller dermal papillae and smaller hairs in male pattern baldness. Identification of such factor(s) could lead to novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hamada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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25
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Rentsch CA, Cecchini MG, Schwaninger R, Germann M, Markwalder R, Heller M, van der Pluijm G, Thalmann GN, Wetterwald A. Differential expression of TGFbeta-stimulated clone 22 in normal prostate and prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:899-906. [PMID: 16106424 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) superfamily and its downstream effector genes are key regulators of epithelial homeostasis. Altered expression of these genes may be associated with malignant transformation of the prostate gland. The cDNA array analysis of differential expression of the TGFbeta superfamily and functionally related genes between patient-matched noncancerous prostate (NP) and prostate cancer (PC) bulk tissue specimens highlighted two genes, namely TGFbeta-stimulated clone-22 (TSC-22) and Id4. Verification of their mRNA expression by real-time PCR in patient-matched NP and PC bulk tissue, in laser-captured pure epithelial and cancer cells and in NP and PC cell lines confirmed TSC-22 underexpression, but not Id4 overexpression, in PC and in human PC cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that TSC-22 protein expression in NP is restricted to the basal cells and colocalizes with the basal cell marker cytokeratin 5. In contrast, all matched PC samples lack TSC-22 immunoreactivity. Likewise, PC cell lines do not show detectable TSC-22 protein expression as shown by immunoblotting. TSC-22 should be considered as a novel basal cell marker, potentially useful for studying lineage determination within the epithelial compartment of the prostate. Conversely, lack of TSC-22 seems to be a hallmark of malignant transformation of the prostate epithelium. Accordingly, TSC-22 immunohistochemistry may prove to be a diagnostic tool for discriminating benign lesions from malignant ones of the prostate. The suggested tumour suppressor function of TSC-22 warrants further investigation on its role in prostate carcinogenesis and on the TSC-22 pathway as a candidate therapeutic target in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrill A Rentsch
- Urology Research Laboratory, Departments of Urology and Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Mazzieri R, Jurukovski V, Obata H, Sung J, Platt A, Annes E, Karaman-Jurukovska N, Gleizes PE, Rifkin DB. Expression of truncated latent TGF-beta-binding protein modulates TGF-beta signaling. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:2177-87. [PMID: 15870109 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta is released from most cells as an inactive complex consisting of transforming growth factor-beta, the transforming growth factor-beta propeptide and the latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein. We studied the role of latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein in modulating transforming growth factor-beta availability by generating transgenic mice that express a truncated form of latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein-1 that binds to transforming growth factor-beta but is missing the known N- and C-terminal matrix-binding sequences. As transforming growth factor-beta is an inhibitor of keratinocyte proliferation and is involved in the control of hair cycling, we over-expressed the mutated form of latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein under the control of the keratin 14-promoter. Transgenic animals displayed a hair phenotype due to a reduction in keratinocyte proliferation, an abbreviated growth phase and an early initiation of the involution (catagen) phase of the hair cycle. This phenotype appears to result from excess active transforming growth factor-beta, as enhanced numbers of pSmad2/3-positive nuclei are observed in transgenic animal skin. These data suggest that the truncated form of latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein-1 competes with wild-type latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein for binding to latent transforming growth factor-beta, resulting in latent transforming growth factor-beta complexes that fail to be targeted correctly in the extracellular matrix. The mis-localization of the transforming growth factor-beta results in inappropriate activation and premature initiation of catagen, thereby illustrating the significance of latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein interaction with transforming growth factor-beta in the targeting and activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta in addition to previously reported effects on small latent complex secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mazzieri
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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27
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Jamora C, Lee P, Kocieniewski P, Azhar M, Hosokawa R, Chai Y, Fuchs E. A signaling pathway involving TGF-beta2 and snail in hair follicle morphogenesis. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e11. [PMID: 15630473 PMCID: PMC539061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a common theme of organogenesis, certain cells within a multipotent epithelial sheet exchange signals with their neighbors and develop into a bud structure. Using hair bud morphogenesis as a paradigm, we employed mutant mouse models and cultured keratinocytes to dissect the contributions of multiple extracellular cues in orchestrating adhesion dynamics and proliferation to shape the cluster of cells involved. We found that transforming growth factor beta2 signaling is necessary to transiently induce the transcription factor Snail and activate the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the bud. In the epidermis, Snail misexpression leads to hyperproliferation and a reduction in intercellular adhesion. When E-cadherin is transcriptionally down-regulated, associated adhesion proteins with dual functions in signaling are released from cell-cell contacts, a process which we demonstrate leads to Ras-MAPK activation. These studies provide insights into how multipotent cells within a sheet are stimulated to undergo transcriptional changes that result in proliferation, junctional remodeling, and bud formation. This novel signaling pathway further weaves together the web of different morphogens and downstream transcriptional events that guide hair bud formation within the developing skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Jamora
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentThe Rockefeller University, New York, New YorkUnited States of America
| | - Pedro Lee
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentThe Rockefeller University, New York, New YorkUnited States of America
| | - Pawel Kocieniewski
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentThe Rockefeller University, New York, New YorkUnited States of America
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- 2Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistryand Molecular Biology, University of Cincinnati, CincinnatiUnited States of America
| | - Ryoichi Hosokawa
- 3Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Yang Chai
- 3Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentThe Rockefeller University, New York, New YorkUnited States of America
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