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Hopkins C, Javius-Jones K, Wang Y, Hong H, Hu Q, Hong S. Combinations of chemo-, immuno-, and gene therapies using nanocarriers as a multifunctional drug platform. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1337-1349. [PMID: 35949105 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2112569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer immunotherapies have created a new generation of therapeutics to employ the immune system to attack cancer cells. However, these therapies are typically based on biologics that are nonspecific and often exhibit poor tumor penetration and dose-limiting toxicities. Nanocarriers allow the opportunity to overcome these barriers as they have the capabilities to direct immunomodulating drugs to tumor sites via passive and active targeting, decreasing potential adverse effects from nonspecific targeting. In addition, nanocarriers can be multifunctionalized to deliver multiple cancer therapeutics in a single drug platform, offering synergistic potential from co-delivery approaches. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the delivery of cancer therapeutics using emerging nanocarriers to achieve synergistic results via co-delivery of immune-modulating components (i.e. chemotherapeutics, monoclonal antibodies, and genes). EXPERT OPINION Nanocarrier-mediated delivery of combinatorial immunotherapy creates the opportunity to fine-tune drug release while achieving superior tumor targeting and tumor cell death, compared to free drug counterparts. As these nanoplatforms are constantly improved upon, combinatorial immunotherapy will afford the greatest benefit to treat an array of tumor types while inhibiting cancer evasion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hopkins
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kaila Javius-Jones
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yixin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heejoo Hong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Yonsei Frontier Lab and Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Horeweg N, Mittal P, Gradowska PL, Boere I, Chopra S, Nout RA. Adjuvant Systemic Therapy after Chemoradiation and Brachytherapy for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1880. [PMID: 33919905 PMCID: PMC8070970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer is chemoradiation and brachytherapy. The addition of adjuvant systemic treatment may improve overall survival. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to summarize evidence on survival outcomes, treatment completion and toxicity. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant prospective and retrospective studies. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed study quality. Pooled hazard ratios for survival endpoints were estimated using random effect models. Weighted averages of treatment completion and toxicity rates were calculated and compared by the Fisher exact test. RESULTS The search returned 612 articles; 35 articles reporting on 29 different studies on adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy were selected for systematic review. Twelve studies on an adjuvant platinum-pyrimidine antagonist or platinum-taxane were included for meta-analysis. The pooled hazard ratios for overall survival were 0.76 (99%CI: 0.43-1.34, p = 0.22) and 0.47 (99%CI: 0.12-1.86, p = 0.16) for the addition of, respectively, a platinum-pyrimidine antagonist or platinum-taxane to chemoradiation and brachytherapy. Completion rates were 82% (95%CI: 76-87%) for platinum-pyrimidine antagonist and 74% (95%CI: 63-85%) for platinum-taxane. Severe acute hematological and gastro-intestinal toxicities were significantly increased by adding adjuvant chemotherapy to chemoradiation and brachytherapy. CONCLUSIONS The addition of adjuvant platinum-pyrimidine antagonist or platinum-taxane after chemoradiation and brachytherapy does not significantly improve overall survival, while acute toxicity is significantly increased. These adjuvant treatment strategies can therefore not be recommended for unselected patients with locally advanced cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Horeweg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Prachi Mittal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India;
| | - Patrycja L. Gradowska
- Department of Hematology—HOVON Data Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, P.O. box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ingrid Boere
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, P.O. box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Supriya Chopra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India;
| | - Remi A. Nout
- Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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