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Hoglund BK, Carfagno V, Olive MF, Leyrer-Jackson JM. Metabotropic glutamate receptors and cognition: From underlying plasticity and neuroprotection to cognitive disorders and therapeutic targets. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 168:367-413. [PMID: 36868635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that play pivotal roles in mediating the activity of neurons and other cell types within the brain, communication between cell types, synaptic plasticity, and gene expression. As such, these receptors play an important role in a number of cognitive processes. In this chapter, we discuss the role of mGlu receptors in various forms of cognition and their underlying physiology, with an emphasis on cognitive dysfunction. Specifically, we highlight evidence that links mGlu physiology to cognitive dysfunction across brain disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Fragile X syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. We also provide recent evidence demonstrating that mGlu receptors may elicit neuroprotective effects in particular disease states. Lastly, we discuss how mGlu receptors can be targeted utilizing positive and negative allosteric modulators as well as subtype specific agonists and antagonist to restore cognitive function across these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Hoglund
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Vincent Carfagno
- School of Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jonna M Leyrer-Jackson
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
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Ziplow J. The importance of studying comorbidities in migraine. Headache 2021; 61:697. [PMID: 34105156 DOI: 10.1111/head.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ziplow
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Hudon Thibeault AA, Sanderson JT, Vaillancourt C. Serotonin-estrogen interactions: What can we learn from pregnancy? Biochimie 2019; 161:88-108. [PMID: 30946949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the scientific literature related to four diseases in which to serotonin (5-HT) is involved in the etiology, herein named 5-HT-linked diseases, and whose prevalence is influenced by estrogenic status: depression, migraine, irritable bowel syndrome and eating disorders. These diseases all have in common a sex-dimorphic prevalence, with women more frequently affected than men. The co-occurrence between these 5-HT-linked diseases suggests that they have common physiopathological mechanisms. In most 5-HT-linked diseases (except for anorexia nervosa and irritable bowel syndrome), a decrease in the serotonergic tone is observed and estrogens are thought to contribute to the improvement of symptoms by stimulating the serotonergic system. Human pregnancy is characterized by a unique 5-HT and estrogen synthesis by the placenta. Pregnancy-specific disorders, such as hyperemesis gravidarum, gestational diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia, are associated with a hyperserotonergic state and decreased estrogen levels. Fetal programming of 5-HT-linked diseases is a complex phenomenon that involves notably fetal-sex differences, which suggest the implication of sex steroids. From a mechanistic point of view, we hypothesize that estrogens regulate the serotonergic system, resulting in a protective effect against 5-HT-linked diseases, but that, in turn, 5-HT affects estrogen synthesis in an attempt to retrieve homeostasis. These two processes (5-HT and estrogen biosynthesis) are crucial for successful pregnancy outcomes, and thus, a disruption of this 5-HT-estrogen relationship may explain pregnancy-specific pathologies or pregnancy complications associated with 5-HT-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Hudon Thibeault
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (Cinbiose), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - J Thomas Sanderson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (Cinbiose), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Miladinovic B, Brankovic S, Kostic M, Milutinovic M, Kitic N, Šavikin K, Kitic D. Antispasmodic Effect of Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Juice and Its Potential Use as Functional Food in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Med Princ Pract 2018; 27:179-185. [PMID: 29402838 PMCID: PMC5968245 DOI: 10.1159/000487202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the relaxative effects of blackcurrant juice on the gastrointestinal smooth muscle in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Berries of the blackcurrant cultivar Ometa were used for the preparation of the juice used. The spasmolytic activity of blackcurrant juice was tested on rat ileum isolated from male Wistar rats by monitoring its influence on spontaneous contractions, as well as contractions induced by potassium chloride (KCl), barium chloride (BaCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and acetylcholine (Ach). The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation obtained in 6 measurements and statistical significance was determined by the Student t test, with p < 0.05 taken as significant. RESULTS The blackcurrant cultivar Ometa significantly reduced the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous contractions (57.94 ± 3.44%) and Ach-induced contractions (42.74 ± 5.36%; p < 0.05) of the isolated rat ileum. Cumulative concentrations (0.01-3 mg/mL) of the Ometa juice also reduced contractions of the isolated rat ileum stimulated by KCl (51.46 ± 6.87%), CaCl2 (57.54 ± 6.47%), and BaCl2 (58.54 ± 10.55%). The inhibitory effects of the juice were proportional to the applied concentration. CONCLUSION The antispasmodic effect of Ometa cultivar shows that common gastrointestinal disorders could be treated by the functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Miladinovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Suzana Brankovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Milica Kostic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Milica Milutinovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Katarina Šavikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pančic”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušanka Kitic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Mixed MOP/DOP agonist biphalin elicits anti-transit effect in mouse models mimicking diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cipriani G, Gibbons SJ, Arumugam SS, Malysz J, Sha L, Szurszewski JH, Linden DR, Evangelista S, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Vannucchi MG, Farrugia G. Changes in nitrergic and tachykininergic pathways in rat proximal colon in response to chronic treatment with otilonium bromide. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:997-1009. [PMID: 25930994 PMCID: PMC4478139 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otilonium bromide (OB) is used as a spasmolytic drug in the treatment of the functional bowel disorder irritable bowel syndrome. Although its acute effects on colonic relaxation are well-characterized, little is known about the effects of chronic administration of OB on enteric neurons, neuromuscular transmission, and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), key regulators of the gut function. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with OB in drinking water at a dose of 2 mg/kg for 30 days. The colons of OB-treated and age-matched control rats were studied by confocal immunohistochemistry to detect immunoreactivity (IR) in myenteric plexus neurons for nitrergic and tachykininergic markers, and also by microelectrode electrophysiology. KEY RESULTS Using immunohistochemistry, chronic OB administration did not change total neuron number, assessed by anti-Hu IR, but resulted in a significant increase in NK1 receptor positive neurons, a decrease in neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons, and a reduction in volume of substance P in nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus. Chronic OB administration potentiated inhibitory and excitatory junction potentials evoked by repetitive electrical field stimulation. The various types of colonic ICC, detected by Kit IR, were not altered nor were slow waves or smooth muscle membrane potential. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Chronic treatment with OB caused significant changes in the nitrergic and tachykinergic components of the myenteric plexus and in both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in the rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cipriani
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Simon J. Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Saravanaperumal Siva Arumugam
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John Malysz
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lei Sha
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph H. Szurszewski
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David R. Linden
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Dept. Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
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Tajika M, Niwa Y, Bhatia V, Kawai H, Kondo S, Sawaki A, Mizuno N, Hara K, Hijioka S, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi Y, Saeki A, Akabane A, Komori K, Yamao K. Efficacy of mosapride citrate with polyethylene glycol solution for colonoscopy preparation. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2517-25. [PMID: 22654449 PMCID: PMC3360450 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i20.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive mosapride citrate for bowel preparation before colonoscopy.
METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with mosapride in addition to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-electrolyte solution. Of 250 patients undergoing colonoscopy, 124 were randomized to receive 2 L PEG plus 15 mg of mosapride citrate (mosapride group), and 126 received 2 L PEG plus placebo (placebo group). Patients completed a questionnaire reporting the acceptability and tolerability of the bowel preparation process. The efficacy of bowel preparation was assessed by colonoscopists using a 5-point scale based on Aronchick’s criteria. The primary end point was optimal bowel preparation rates (scores of excellent/good/fair vs poor/inadequate).
RESULTS: A total of 249 patients were included in the analysis. In the mosapride group, optimal bowel preparation rates were significantly higher in the left colon compared with the placebo group (78.2% vs 65.6%, P < 0.05), but not in the right colon (76.5% vs 66.4%, P = 0.08). After excluding patients with severe constipation, there was a significant difference in bowel preparation in both the left and right colon (82.4% vs 66.7%, 80.8% vs 67.5%, P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups. Among the subgroup who had previous colonoscopy experience, a significantly higher number of patients in the mosapride group felt that the current preparation was easier compared with patients in the placebo group (34/72 patients vs 24/74 patients, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Mosapride citrate may be an effective and safe adjunct to PEG-electrolyte solution that leads to improved quality of bowel preparation, especially in patients without severe constipation.
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Rana MV, Knezevic NN. Tripolar Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Abdominal Pain Associated With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Neuromodulation 2012; 16:73-7; discussion 77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sánchez López C, Barriga C, Rodríguez A, Franco L, Rivero M, Cubero J. Effects of oral administration of L-methionine on activity/rest rhythm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 97:224-33. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.97.2010.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Downs J, Géranton SM, Bebbington A, Jacoby P, Bahi-Buisson N, Ravine D, Leonard H. Linking MECP2 and pain sensitivity: the example of Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1197-205. [PMID: 20425824 PMCID: PMC3913729 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent animal studies suggest links between MeCP2 function and sensitivity to pain. This study investigated the nature and prevalence of atypical pain responses in Rett syndrome and their relationships with specific MECP2 mutations. Families enrolled in the Australian Rett Syndrome Database (ARSD) and InterRett database participated in this study. Cases with a known MECP2 pathogenic mutation, whose families had completed a questionnaire on registration and had answered questions on pain sensitivity were included (n = 646). Logistic regression was used to analyze relationships between the atypical pain responses and genotype. Descriptions of decreased pain sensitivity were content analyzed. The prevalence estimate of reporting an abnormal pain response was 75.2% and a decreased sensitivity to pain was 65.0% in the population-based ARSD. Families of ARSD and InterRett subjects with a C-terminal (OR 2.6; 95% CI 0.8-8.0), p.R168X (OR 2.1; 95% CI 0.7-6.1), or p.R306C (OR 2.7; 95% CI 0.8-9.6) mutation were more likely to report decreased sensitivity to pain. Parents and carers described decreased and delayed responses in situations judged likely to cause pain such as injections, falls, trauma, and burns. This study has provided the first precise estimate of the prevalence of abnormal sensitivity to pain in Rett syndrome but specific relationships with genotype are not yet clear. Clinical practice should include a low threshold for the clinical assessment of potential injuries in Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Downs
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Australia
- School of Physiotherapy and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Australia
| | - Sandrine M. Géranton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Medawar Building, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ami Bebbington
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Australia
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Australia
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Pediatric Neurology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital Paris, F-75015, France
- Université René Descartes - Paris V, France
| | - David Ravine
- West Australian Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Level 5 & 6, MRF Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth 6000, Australia
| | - Helen Leonard
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, 6872, Australia
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Souza MAN, Souza MHLP, Palheta RC, Cruz PRM, Medeiros BA, Rola FH, Magalhães PJC, Troncon LEA, Santos AA. Evaluation of gastrointestinal motility in awake rats: a learning exercise for undergraduate biomedical students. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2009; 33:343-348. [PMID: 19948686 DOI: 10.1152/advan.90176.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Current medical curricula devote scarce time for practical activities on digestive physiology, despite frequent misconceptions about dyspepsia and dysmotility phenomena. Thus, we designed a hands-on activity followed by a small-group discussion on gut motility. Male awake rats were randomly submitted to insulin, control, or hypertonic protocols. Insulin and control rats were gavage fed with 5% glucose solution, whereas hypertonic-fed rats were gavage fed with 50% glucose solution. Insulin treatment was performed 30 min before a meal. All meals (1.5 ml) contained an equal mass of phenol red dye. After 10, 15, or 20 min of meal gavage, rats were euthanized. Each subset consisted of six to eight rats. Dye recovery in the stomach and proximal, middle, and distal small intestine was measured by spectrophotometry, a safe and reliable method that can be performed by minimally trained students. In a separate group of rats, we used the same protocols except that the test meal contained (99m)Tc as a marker. Compared with control, the hypertonic meal delayed gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit, whereas insulinic hypoglycemia accelerated them. The session helped engage our undergraduate students in observing and analyzing gut motor behavior. In conclusion, the fractional dye retention test can be used as a teaching tool to strengthen the understanding of basic physiopathological features of gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A N Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, São Paulo, Brazil
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Smid SD. Gastrointestinal endocannabinoid system: multifaceted roles in the healthy and inflamed intestine. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:1383-7. [PMID: 18671715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system is emerging as a key modulator of intestinal physiology, influencing motility, secretion, epithelial integrity and immune function in the gut, in addition to influencing satiety and emesis. 2. Accumulating evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disease, particularly in the light of recent studies demonstrating an effect of endocannabinoids on the development of experimental inflammation and linkages with functional clinical disorders characterized by altered motility. 3. The predominant endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, not only mediate their effects via two recognized cannabinoid receptor subtypes, namely CB(1) and CB(2), but emerging evidence now shows they are also substrates for cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, generating a distinct and novel class of prostaglandin ethanolamides (prostamides) and prostaglandin glycerol esters. These compounds are bioactive and may mediate an array of biological effects distinct to those of conventional prostanoids. 4. The effects of prostamides on gastrointestinal motility, secretion, sensation and immune function have not been characterized extensively. Prostamides may play an important role in gastrointestinal inflammation, particularly given the enhanced expression of both COX-2 and endocannabinoids that occurs in the inflamed gut. 5. Further preclinical studies are needed to determine the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system in functional and inflammatory gut disorders, to assist with the determination of feasibility for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Managing the Chronically Constipated Adult: Emerging Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment. JAAPA 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01720610-200709000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miftahof R, Akhmadeev NR. Neurochemical bases of visceral nociception: mathematical model. J Theor Biol 2007; 249:343-60. [PMID: 17826799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Revised: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model of visceral perception was constructed, comprising primary sensory, motor, intestinofugal and principal neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal and smooth muscle elements that are arranged in a functional circuit through chemical synapses. The mathematical description of constructive elements was based on detailed morphological, anatomical, electrophysiological and neuropharmacological characteristics of cells and chemical processes of electrochemical coupling. Emphasis was given to signal transduction mechanisms that involved multiple neurotransmitters and receptor polymodality. The role of co-transmission by acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT), noradrenalin (NA), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and their corresponding receptors-muscarinic and nicotinic type ACh receptors, beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT(3/4) type serotonergic receptors, NMDA and AMPA receptors in pathogenesis of nociception was studied numerically. Results of computer simulations reproduced patterns of electrical activity of neurons and mechanical responses of the smooth muscle similar to those observed in in vivo and in vitro experiments when ACh, 5-HT, NA, NMDA and AMPA were acting either alone or co-jointly. The results provide neurochemical bases for explanation of pathophysiological mechanisms of visceral nociception, which cannot be elucidated by existing experimental methods. Care should be taken though when extrapolating the numerical results onto the actual system because of limiting assumptions of the model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Computer Simulation
- Intestines/innervation
- Intestines/physiopathology
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Models, Neurological
- Neurons/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology
- Pain/physiopathology
- Receptors, AMPA/physiology
- Receptors, Cholinergic/physiology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miftahof
- I-BIO Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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Hinds NM, Ullrich K, Smid SD. Cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors coupled to cholinergic motorneurones inhibit neurogenic circular muscle contractility in the human colon. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:191-9. [PMID: 16520743 PMCID: PMC1617060 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of cannabinoid subtype 1 (CB(1)) receptor activation were determined on smooth muscle, inhibitory and excitatory motorneuronal function in strips of human colonic longitudinal muscle (LM) and circular muscle (CM) in vitro. Electrical field stimulation (EFS; 0.5-20 Hz, 50 V) evoked a relaxation in LM and CM precontracted with a neurokinin-2 (NK-2) selective receptor agonist (beta-ala(8)-neurokinin A; 10(-6) M) in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M); this was unaltered following pretreatment with the CB(1)-receptor selective agonist arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA; 10(-6) M). In the presence of nitric oxide synthase blockade with N-nitro-L-arginine (10(-4) M), EFS evoked a frequency-dependent 'on-contraction' during stimulation and an 'off-contraction' following stimulus cessation. On-contractions were significantly inhibited in CM strips by pretreatment with ACEA (10(-6) M). These inhibitory effects were reversed in the presence of the CB(1) receptor-selective antagonist N-(piperidine-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (10(-7) M). ACEA did not alter LM or CM contractile responses to acetylcholine or NK-2 receptor-evoked contraction. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a colocalisation of CB(1) receptors to cholinergic neurones in the human colon based on colabelling with choline acetyltransferase, in addition to CB(1) receptor labelling in unidentified structures in the CM. In conclusion, activation of CB(1) receptors coupled to cholinergic motorneurones selectively and reversibly inhibits excitatory nerve transmission in colonic human colonic CM. These results provide evidence of a direct role for cannabinoids in the modulation of motor activity in the human colon by coupling to cholinergic motorneurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Hinds
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Arts Health & Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Katja Ullrich
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Scott D Smid
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia
- Author for correspondence:
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Connor FL, Di Lorenzo C. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: assessment and management. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:S29-36. [PMID: 16473068 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Connor
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Australia
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Bear MF. Therapeutic implications of the mGluR theory of fragile X mental retardation. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2005; 4:393-8. [PMID: 16098137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is reviewed that the consequences of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (Gp1 mGluR) activation are exaggerated in the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein, likely reflecting altered dendritic protein synthesis. Abnormal mGluR signaling could be responsible for remarkably diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms in fragile X syndrome, including delayed cognitive development, seizures, anxiety, movement disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bear
- The Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
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Liu Z, Sakakibara R, Odaka T, Uchiyama T, Uchiyama T, Yamamoto T, Ito T, Asahina M, Yamaguchi K, Yamaguchi T, Hattori T. Mosapride citrate, a novel 5-HT4 agonist and partial 5-HT3 antagonist, ameliorates constipation in parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord 2005; 20:680-6. [PMID: 15719424 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosapride citrate is a novel selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist. It facilitates acetylcholine release from the enteric cholinergic neurons. In contrast to cisapride, mosapride does not block K(+) channels or D2 dopaminergic receptors. The objective of this study is to perform an open study of mosapride citrate's effects on constipation, a prominent lower gastrointestinal tract disorder in parkinsonian patients. A total of 14 parkinsonian patients (7 with Parkinson's disease, 7 with multiple system atrophy; 10 men, 4 women; mean age, 67 years) with constipation (10 with bowel movement < 3 times/week; 14 with difficulty in defecation) were treated with 15 mg/day of mosapride citrate for 3 months. Pre- and posttreatment objective parameters in colonic transit time (CTT) and rectoanal videomanometry were obtained. Statistical analysis was made by Student's t test. Mosapride was well tolerated by all patients except for 1, who discontinued use of the drug because of epigastric discomfort. None had a worsening of parkinsonism or other adverse events. Thirteen patients reported subjective improvements in bowel frequency (>3 times/week, 13) and difficult defecation (13). Mosapride shortened CTT of the left colon (P < 0.01) and the total colon (P < 0.05). During rectal filling, mosapride lessened the first sensation (P < 0.05) and augmented the amplitude in phasic rectal contraction. During defecation, mosapride augmented the amplitude in rectal contraction (P < 0.05) and lessened the volume of postdefecation residuals. The present study showed for the first time that mosapride citrate augmented lower gastrointestinal tract motility, as shown in CTT and videomanometry, and thereby ameliorated constipation in parkinsonian patients without serious adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Elli
- U.O. of Gastroenterology, University of Milan, Italy.
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21
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Nagy I, Sántha P, Jancsó G, Urbán L. The role of the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor (TRPV1) in physiology and pathology. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 500:351-69. [PMID: 15464045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cloning of the vanilloid receptor 1 opened a floodgate for discoveries regarding the function of this complex molecule. It has been found that, in addition to heat, protons and vanilloids, this receptor also responds to various endogenous ligands. Furthermore, it has been also emerged that, through associations with other molecules, the vanilloid receptor 1 plays an important role in the integration of various stimuli and modulation of cellular excitability. Although, originally, the vanilloid receptor 1 was associated with nociceptive primary afferent fibres, it has been gradually revealed that it is broadly expressed in the brain, epidermis and visceral cells. The expression pattern of the vanilloid receptor 1 indicates that it could be involved in various physiological functions and in the pathomechanisms of diverse diseases. Here, we summarise the molecular, pharmacological and physiological characteristics, and putative functions, of the vanilloid receptor 1, and discuss the therapeutic potential of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Nagy
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Tattoli I, Corleto VD, Taffuri M, Campanini N, Rindi G, Caprilli R, Delle Fave G, Severi C. Optimisation of isolation of richly pure and homogeneous primary human colonic smooth muscle cells. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36:735-43. [PMID: 15571004 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherent properties of gastrointestinal smooth muscle can be assessed using isolated cell suspensions. Currently available isolation techniques, based on short 2-h enzymatic digestion, however, present the disadvantage of low cellular yield with brief viability. These features are an important limiting factor especially in studies in humans in which tissue may not be available daily and mixing of samples is not recommended. AIMS To optimise the isolation procedure of cells from human colon to obtain a richly pure primary smooth muscle cell preparation. METHODS Slices of circular muscle layer, obtained from surgical specimens of human colon, were incubated overnight in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium supplemented with antibiotics, foetal bovine serum, an ATP-regenerating system and collagenase. On the following day, digested muscle strips were suspended in HEPES buffer, and spontaneously dissociated smooth muscle cells were harvested and used either immediately or maintained in suspension for up to 72 h. Cell yield, purity, viability, contractile responses, associated intracellular calcium signals and RNA and protein extraction were evaluated and compared to cell suspensions obtained with the current short digestion protocol. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The overnight isolation protocol offers the advantage of obtaining a pure, homogeneous, long-life viable cell suspension that maintains a fully differentiated smooth muscle phenotype unchanged for at least 72 h and that allows multiple functional/biochemical studies and efficient RNA extraction from a single human specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tattoli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University La Sapienza, Viale del Policlinico, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Li TJ, Yu BP, Dong WG, Luo HS, Xu L, Li MQ. Ovarian hormone modulates 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors mRNA expression in rat colon with restraint stress-induced bowel dysfunction. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2723-6. [PMID: 15309727 PMCID: PMC4572201 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effects of ovarian hormone on the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors (5-HT3R) in rat colon of restraint stress-induced bowel dysfunction.
METHODS: Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups of 8 each: sham operation, ovariectomy (OVX) and ovariectomy with estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P) replacement therapy (OVX+E2+P). The rats were subjected to 1-h restraint stress 4 wk after operation. The changes of defecation were monitored by collection of fecal pellets. The gonadal steroids were measured in duplicate by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The expression of 5-HT3R mRNA in the colon was studied by RT-PCR.
RESULTS: Compared with sham group and OVX+E2+P group, OVX group showed increase in fecal pellets and decrease in the time of vitreous pellets excretion (P < 0.01). Serum levels of E2 and P were suppressed in OVX group and restored following treatment with ovarian steroids (P < 0.01), and the levels of 5-HT3R mRNA in the colon of ovariectomized rats were significantly increased, the expression of 5-HT3R mRNA was significantly decreased in hormone replacement therapy group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Ovarian hormone plays a role in the regulation of 5-HT3R expressions in restraint stress-induced bowel dysfunction of rats. The interactions between ovarian steroids and gastrointestinal tract may have major pathophysiological implications in 5-HT-related disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
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