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Marchand A, Ericsson M. Homologous blood transfusion and doping: Where are we now? Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38403885 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Homologous blood transfusion (HBT) is used for doping in endurance sports since the 1960s. The blood comes from a compatible donor, that is, someone with a compatible ABO and rhesus blood group. Despite been prohibited by the IOC in 1985, no detection method was available until 2003. Then came the idea to use red blood cells (RBC) minor blood groups antigens that constitute an "identity" card of someone's RBC to detect the presence of a second RBC population. The method validated for doping control samples uses flow cytometry after incubation of isolated RBC with eight to 12 primary antibodies against specific minor blood groups antigens. The presence of double populations of RBC is revealed by a major and a minor peak in a fluorescence histogram. The sensitivity was estimated sufficient to detect HBT for a few weeks. Despite the complexity and cost of the method, right after its application in 2004, several cases of HBT were identified but the number of cases dropped rapidly over the years. In the 2010s, other ways to detect HBT were developed and evaluated: indirect detection using the Athlete Biological Passport approach, and a few years later forensic DNA analysis to establish the presence of two different DNA in a blood sample after HBT. Despite the high specificity of the latter, the sensitivity was recently questioned in vivo. Nowadays, the flow cytometry method remains the method of choice for HBT detection and recent investigations helped to simplify the method and increase its specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Marchand
- Laboratoire antidopage français (LADF)-Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Laboratoire antidopage français (LADF)-Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Do Blood Group Antigens and the Red Cell Membrane Influence Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection? Cells 2020; 9:cells9040845. [PMID: 32244465 PMCID: PMC7226767 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of blood group antigens varies across human populations and geographical regions due to natural selection and the influence of environment factors and disease. The red cell membrane is host to numerous surface antigens which are able to influence susceptibility to disease, by acting as receptors for pathogens, or by influencing the immune response. Investigations have shown that Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can bind and gain entry into erythrocytes, and therefore it is hypothesized that blood groups could play a role in this process. The ABO blood group has been well studied. However, its role in HIV susceptibility remains controversial, while other blood group antigens, and the secretor status of individuals, have been implicated. The Duffy antigen is a chemokine receptor that is important in the inflammatory response. Those who lack this antigen, and type as Duffy null, could therefore be susceptible to HIV infection, especially if associated with neutropenia. Other antigens including those in the Rh, Lutheran and OK blood group systems have all been shown to interact with HIV. More recently, experiments show that cells which overexpress the Pk antigen appear to be protected against infection. These reports all demonstrate that red cell antigens interact and influence HIV infection. However, as the red cell membrane is complex and the pathogenesis of HIV multi-factorial, the role of blood group antigens cannot be studied in isolation.
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Cerda-Cristerna BI, Cottin S, Flebus L, Pozos-Guillén A, Flores H, Heinen E, Jolois O, Gérard C, Maggipinto G, Sevrin C, Grandfils C. Poly(2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate)-Based Polymers To Camouflage Red Blood Cell Antigens. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1172-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Isaac Cerda-Cristerna
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, University of San Luis Potosí, Faculty of Dentistry,
Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, San Luis Potosí, 78290, San Luis
Potosí, México
| | - Sophie Cottin
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Luca Flebus
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Amaury Pozos-Guillén
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, University of San Luis Potosí, Faculty of Dentistry,
Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, San Luis Potosí, 78290, San Luis
Potosí, México
| | - Héctor Flores
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, University of San Luis Potosí, Faculty of Dentistry,
Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, San Luis Potosí, 78290, San Luis
Potosí, México
| | - Ernst Heinen
- Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences Department, Human Histology Laboratory, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital
1, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Olivier Jolois
- Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences Department, Human Histology Laboratory, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital
1, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Christiane Gérard
- Hematology and Immuno-Hematology Department, Central Hospital of the University of Liège, Avenue de
l’Hôpital 1, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Gianni Maggipinto
- Hematology and Immuno-Hematology Department, Central Hospital of the University of Liège, Avenue de
l’Hôpital 1, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Chantal Sevrin
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Christian Grandfils
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
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Hall SS, Mitragotri S, Daugherty PS. Identification of peptide ligands facilitating nanoparticle attachment to erythrocytes. Biotechnol Prog 2007; 23:749-54. [PMID: 17469847 DOI: 10.1021/bp060333l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide ligands capable of mediating nanoparticle adhesion to human red blood cells (RBCs) were identified from a large bacterial display peptide library. Peptides were displayed on the surface of fluorescent Escherichia coli, enabling quantitative measurement of RBC binding and high-throughput screening using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. One of the isolated clones remained attached to RBCs under high-shear stresses equivalent to those encountered in vivo. Furthermore, nanoparticles functionalized with the identified RBC-binding peptides exhibited nearly 100-fold increased RBC binding relative to nonfunctionalized particles in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of human serum albumin, indicating that peptides remained functional in the absence of the protein scaffold used for display. The RBC-binding peptides identified here provide new opportunities for sustained therapeutic delivery applications whereby nanoparticulate drug carriers can be attached to RBCs to achieve long-circulating carrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal S Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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