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Vacariu CM, Tanner ME. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Peptidoglycan Fragments. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200788. [PMID: 35560956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, breakdown, and modification of peptidoglycan (PG) play vital roles in both bacterial viability and in the response of human physiology to bacterial infection. Studies on PG biochemistry are hampered by the fact that PG is an inhomogeneous insoluble macromolecule. Chemical synthesis is therefore an important means to obtain PG fragments that may serve as enzyme substrates and elicitors of the human immune response. This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis and biochemical studies of PG fragments, PG biosynthetic intermediates (such as Park's nucleotides and PG lipids), and PG breakdown products (such as muramyl dipeptides and anhydro-muramic acid-containing fragments). A rich variety of synthetic approaches has been applied to preparing such compounds since carbohydrate, peptide, and phospholipid chemical methodologies must all be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Condurache M Vacariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Kunming Institute of Botany University of Chinese Academy of Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Haiqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China Kunming Institute of Botany University of Chinese Academy of Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
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3
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Mahajani NS, Chisholm JD. Promoter free allylation of trichloroacetimidates with allyltributylstannanes under thermal conditions to access the common 1,1'-diarylbutyl pharmacophore. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4008-4012. [PMID: 29766199 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00687c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1,1'-Diarylbutyl groups are a common pharmacophore found in many biologically active small molecules. To access these systems under mild conditions, the reaction of diarylmethyl trichloroacetimidates with allyltributylstannanes was explored. Simply heating allyltributylstannane with the trichloroacetimidate resulted in substitution of the imidate with an allyl group. Unlike other methods used to access these systems, no strong base, transition metal catalyst, Brønsted acid or Lewis acid promoter was required to affect the transformation. Conversions are best with electron rich benzylic trichloroacetimidate systems, where excellent yields are achieved just by refluxing the reactants together in nitromethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita S Mahajani
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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Mahajani NS, Chisholm JD. Synthesis of 1,1'-Diarylethanes and Related Systems by Displacement of Trichloroacetimidates with Trimethylaluminum. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4131-4139. [PMID: 29478311 PMCID: PMC5889320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzylic trichloroacetimidates are readily displaced by trimethylaluminum under Lewis acid promoted conditions to provide the corresponding methyl substitution product. This method is a convenient way to access 1,1'-diarylethanes and related systems, which play a significant role in medicinal chemistry, with a number of systems owing their biological activity to this functionality. Most benzylic substrates undergo ready displacement, with electron deficient systems being the exception. The use of an enantiopure imidate showed significant racemization, implicating the formation of a cationic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita S. Mahajani
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - John D. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, NY 13244
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5
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Mitachi K, Sharma Gautam LN, Rice JH, Eda K, Wadhwa A, Momotani E, Hlopak JP, Eda S, Kurosu M. Structure determination of lipopeptides from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and identification of antigenic lipopeptide probes. Anal Biochem 2016; 505:29-35. [PMID: 27114041 PMCID: PMC4899129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic illnesses mostly in ruminants. MAP infection of intestinal tissue triggers a fatal inflammatory disorder, Johne's disease (paratuberculosis). Development of fast and reliable diagnostic methods for Johne's disease in clinically suspected ruminants requires the discovery of MAP-specific antigens that induce immune responses. Despite a longtime interest in finding such antigens that can detect serum antibody responses with high sensitivity, the antigens currently used for a diagnosis of the MAP infections are the crude extracts from the whole cell. We performed the serum antibody response assay-guided purification of the ethanol extract from MAP isolated from an infected cow. With the results of extensive fractionations and in vitro assays, we identified that arachidyl-d-Phe-N-Me-l-Val-l-Ile-l-Phe-l-Ala-OH (named lipopeptide IIß, 3) exhibited the highest antibody binding activity in serum of a MAP-infected cattle compared with the other lipopeptides isolated from MAP. The absolute chemistry of 3 was determined unequivocally via our high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-amino acid databases. α-Amino lipopeptide IIß and its fluorescent probes were synthesized and evaluated in serum antibody binding activity assays. Lipopeptide IIß-(2S)-NH2 (9) and its dansyl and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) probes (10 and 11) exhibited antibody-mediated binding activity; thus, such MAP-specific lipopeptide probes can be potential biomarkers for the development of rapid and accurate diagnosis of Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lekh Nath Sharma Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Rice
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Keiko Eda
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Ashutosh Wadhwa
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Eiichi Momotani
- Department of Human Care, Tohto College of Health Sciences, Nishi Fukaya, Saitama, 366-0052, Japan
| | - Joseph P Hlopak
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Howard KT, Duffy BC, Linaburg MR, Chisholm JD. Formation of DPM ethers using O-diphenylmethyl trichloroacetimidate under thermal conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1623-8. [PMID: 26691695 PMCID: PMC4986612 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02455b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohols are effectively converted to their corresponding diphenylmethyl (DPM) ethers by reaction with O-diphenylmethyl trichloroacetimidate in refluxing toluene without the requirement of a catalyst or other additives. A number of acid and base sensitive substrates were protected in excellent yield using this new method without disturbing the pre-existing functionality present in these molecules. This reaction is the first example of the formation of an ether from stoichiometric amounts of a trichloroacetimidate and an alcohol without the addition of a Brønsted or Lewis acid catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Howard
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
| | - Brian C Duffy
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
| | - Matthew R Linaburg
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
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De Vleeschouwer M, Sinnaeve D, Van den Begin J, Coenye T, Martins JC, Madder A. Rapid Total Synthesis of Cyclic Lipodepsipeptides as a Premise to Investigate their Self‐Assembly and Biological Activity. Chemistry 2014; 20:7766-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias De Vleeschouwer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent (Belgium)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NMR and Structure Analysis Unit, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent (Belgium)
| | - Davy Sinnaeve
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NMR and Structure Analysis Unit, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent (Belgium)
| | - Jos Van den Begin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent (Belgium)
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent (Belgium)
| | - José C. Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NMR and Structure Analysis Unit, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent (Belgium)
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent (Belgium)
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Mitachi K, Mohan P, Siricilla S, Kurosu M. One-pot protection-glycosylation reactions for synthesis of lipid II analogues. Chemistry 2014; 20:4554-8. [PMID: 24623584 PMCID: PMC4030666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
(2,6-Dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl trichloroacetimidate (3) and its polymer-supported reagent 4 can be successfully applied to a one-pot protection-glycosylation reaction to form the disaccharide derivative 7 d for the synthesis of lipid II analogues. The temporary protecting group or linker at the C-6 position and N-Troc protecting group of 7 d can be cleaved simultaneously through a reductive condition. Overall yields of syntheses of lipid II (1) and neryl-lipid II N(ε)-dansylthiourea are significantly improved by using the described methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Priya Mohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Shajila Siricilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
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Wang Y, Siricilla S, Aleiwi BA, Kurosu M. Improved synthesis of capuramycin and its analogues. Chemistry 2013; 19:13847-58. [PMID: 24014478 PMCID: PMC3929971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capuramycin and its congeners are considered to be important lead molecules for the development of a new drug for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies of capuramycin to improve the efficacy have been limited because of difficulties in selectively chemically modifying the desired position(s) of the natural product with biologically interesting functional groups. We have developed efficient syntheses of capuramycin and its analogues by using new protecting groups, derived from the chiral (chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(chlorophenyl)methanols, for the uridine ureido nitrogen and primary alcohol. The chiral nonracemic (2,6-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methanol derivative is a useful reagent to resolve rac-3-amino-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, the (S)-configuration isomer of which plays a significant role in improving the mycobactericidal activity of capuramycin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA), FAX: (+1) 901-448-6940
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Abstract
(2,6-Dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl) (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methoxymethyl chloride [1, monomethoxydiphenylmethoxylmethyl chloroide (MDPM-Cl)] shows a significant relative stability and 1 reacts with uridine ureido nitrogen in the presence of DBU to form the corresponding protected uridine 8 in 95% yield. The MDPM-protected uridines are stable to a wide variety of conditions utilized for the synthesis of analogs of capuramycin and muraymycins. Significantly, the MDPM protecting group can conveniently be deprotected by using 30% TFA in CH(2)Cl(2). In addition, polymer-bound MDPM-Cl 23 is useful for immobilization of uridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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