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Asimakidis ND, Mukandi IN, Beato M, Bishop C, Turner AN. Assessment of Strength and Power Capacities in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8. [PMID: 39026085 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests. METHODS A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as "professional", "international" or "elite". RESULTS Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies). CONCLUSIONS The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D Asimakidis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK.
| | - Irvin N Mukandi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
- Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Anthony N Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
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Muñoz-Pérez I, Varela-Sanz A, Lago-Fuentes C, Navarro-Patón R, Mecías-Calvo M. Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Recreational Trail Runners: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:402. [PMID: 36612727 PMCID: PMC9819577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding fatigue mechanisms is crucial for exercise performance. However, scientific evidence on non-invasive methods for assessing fatigue in trail running competitions is scarce, especially when vertical kilometer trail running races (VK) are considered. The main purpose of this study was to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (i.e., central fatigue) and the state of muscle activation (i.e., peripheral fatigue) before and after a VK competition. METHODS A cross-sectional pilot study was performed. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8 recreational male trail runners (31.63 ± 7.21 yrs, 1.75 m ± 0.05 m, 70.38 ± 5.41 kg, BMI: 22.88 ± 0.48, running experience: 8.0 ± 3.63 yrs, weekly training volume: 58.75 ± 10.35 km) volunteered to participate and were assessed for both central (i.e., via heart rate variability, HRV) and peripheral (via tensiomyography, TMG) fatigue before and after a VK race. RESULTS After the VK, resting heart rate, RMSSD (p = 0.01 for both) and SDNN significantly decreased (p = 0.02), while the stress score and the sympathetic-parasympathetic ratio increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The TMG analyses suggest that runners already suffered peripheral fatigue before the VK and that 20-30 min are enough for muscular recovery after the race. In summary, our data suggest that participants experienced a pre-competition fatigue status. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying fatigue during trail running races, while training periodization and tapering strategies could play a key role for minimizing pre-competition fatigue status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Muñoz-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y Deporte, Universidad de Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Adrián Varela-Sanz
- Physical and Sports Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, 15179 A Coruna, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Rubén Navarro-Patón
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27001 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Facultad de Formación del Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27001 Lugo, Spain
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Diong J, Carden PC, O'Sullivan K, Sherrington C, Reed DS. Eccentric exercise improves joint flexibility in adults: A systematic review update and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 60:102556. [PMID: 35390669 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric exercise is thought to improve joint flexibility, but the size of the effect is not known. We aimed to quantify the overall effect of eccentric exercise on joint flexibility in adults. DESIGN Systematic review, meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SportDiscus. PARTICIPANTS Adults. INTERVENTION Eccentric exercise compared to no intervention or to a different intervention. OUTCOME MEASURES Joint range of motion or muscle fascicle length. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Descriptive data of included trials and estimates of effect sizes were extracted. Standardised mean differences (SMD) of range of motion or fascicle length outcomes were meta-analysed using random effects models. Overall quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE scale. RESULTS 32 trials (1122 participants, 108 lost to follow-up) were included in the systematic review. The mean (SD) PEDro score was 5.2 (1.3). Four trials reported insufficient data for meta-analysis. Data from 27 trials (911 participants, 82 lost to follow-up) were meta-analysed. Eccentric exercise improved joint flexibility in adults (pooled random effects Hedges' g SMD = 0.54, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.74). The true effect size is different across studies and 50% of the variance in observed effects is estimated to reflect variance in true effects rather than sampling error (I2 = 50%, Q = 67.6, d.f. = 34, p = 0.001). Overall quality of evidence ranged from 'low' to 'high'. CONCLUSION Eccentric exercise improves joint flexibility in adults. The overall standardised mean effect of eccentric exercise was moderately large, and the narrow width of the 95% confidence interval indicates the effect was estimated with good precision. REGISTRATION Open Science Foundation (https://osf.io/mkdqr); PROSPERO registration CRD42020151303.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Diong
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Peter C Carden
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kieran O'Sullivan
- Ageing Research Centre and Sports and Human Performance Centre, School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Sherrington
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren S Reed
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Impact of Flexibility on Vertical Jump, Balance and Speed in Amateur Football Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscle strength, power, balance and speed assume decisive roles in football performance. This study aims to investigate whether lower limb flexibility, particularly the hip flexors and knee extensor and flexor muscles, are correlated with vertical jump performance, balance and speed in adult football players. A sample of 22 male amateur football players (age: 22.3 ± 3 years; height: 175.4 ± 7.4 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.6 kg; BMI: 24.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were assessed for lower limb flexibility, vertical jump, balance and speed. Results indicated that vertical jump ability is moderately correlated with left knee extensors flexibility (ρ = −0.426; p = 0.048), which did not occur on the right side. There were no statistically significant correlations between vertical jump and knee flexors flexibility (ρ = 0.330; p = 0.133). In balance, the reaching distance on the right side presented a moderate and statistically significant correlation with the knee flexors flexibility (ρ = 0.411; p = 0.040), which was not observed on the left side. Velocity was not correlated with the knee extensors flexibility (right: ρ = 0.360; p = 0.100; left: ρ = 0.386; p = 0.076), or with the knee flexors flexibility (ρ = −0.173; p = 0.440). In conclusion, the influence of flexibility on vertical jump ability, balance and speed appears to exist. Further research should seek to clarify the associations between these abilities.
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Cejudo A, Ruiz-Pérez I, Hernández-Sánchez S, De Ste Croix M, Sainz de Baranda P, Ayala F. Comprehensive Lower Extremities Joints Range of Motion Profile in Futsal Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:658996. [PMID: 34194363 PMCID: PMC8236511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.658996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to describe the lower extremities joints range of motion (ROM) profile using a comprehensive approach in futsal players and to examine potential player position (goalkeepers vs. outfield players), competitive level (first [top] division vs. second division), number of playing years, sex (males vs. females), and bilateral (dominant limb vs. non-dominant limb) differences. A total of 72 male and 67 female elite futsal players from 11 clubs were measured of passive hip (flexion with knee flexed [HFKF] and extended [HFKE], extension [HE], abduction [HA], external [HER], and internal [HIR] rotation), knee (flexion [KF]) and ankle (dorsiflexion with knee flexed [ADFKF] and extended [ADFKE]) ROMs. Bayesian inferences exploring differences between player position, competitive level, sex and limb were made. A Bayesian correlation analysis was conducted to explore the influence of playing years on joints ROMs. The results showed no significant player position or competitive level related differences in any average ROM score. However, statistically significant sex-related differences were documented whereby female players reported higher hip and knee joints ROM average values than their male counterparts. Especially relevant were the proportions of males (72%) and players from teams engaged in the second division (61%) displaying limited HFKE ROMs. Likewise, around 35% of all players showed restricted ADFKF ROMs. In addition, approximately 21, 18, 22, and 25% of the futsal players were identified as having bilateral asymmetries (≥8°) for HA, HIR, HER, and KF ROMs, respectively. Finally, Bayesian correlation analysis did not report any significant association between years of playing futsal and ROM measures (all r values < 0.34). The implications that these restricted HFKE and ADFKF ROMs and bilateral asymmetries in hip (abduction, internal and external rotation) and knee (flexion) ROMs caused by the practice of futsal may have on physical performance and injury risk warrant future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Physiotherapy Area, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom.,Ramón y Cajal Postdoctoral Fellowship, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Folli A, Ghirlanda F, Cescon C, Schneebeli A, Weber C, Vetterli P, Barbero M. A single session with a roller massager improves hamstring flexibility in healthy athletes: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this randomized placebo-controlled crossover study was to compare the acute effect on young athletes of a single session of roller massager (RM) with that obtained from passive static stretching (PSS) and a placebo intervention (PL) on hamstring flexibility and on strength.
Methods
Twenty-nine (23 male, 6 female) young athletes completed the study. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and two-leg sit-and-reach test were performed before and immediately after PL, PSS and RM on three different days.
Results
Results showed that all three interventions increased the flexibility of the hamstring muscles compared to the pre-test measurements (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.05). Only the RM intervention was significantly higher than the PL intervention (sham ultrasound). Stretching intervention was not significantly different from either of the other two interventions. None of the three interventions significantly changed the muscle strength in the short term.
Conclusions
RM can be considered as an effective alternative to stretching to increase the flexibility of the hamstring. This could be meaningful when stretching is contraindicated or evokes pain.
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Raya-González J, Clemente FM, Castillo D. Analyzing the Magnitude of Interlimb Asymmetries in Young Female Soccer Players: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E475. [PMID: 33435559 PMCID: PMC7826579 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although asymmetries in lower limbs have been linked with players' performance in male soccer players, literature that has been published addressing female soccer is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was twofold: (i) describe the asymmetries of women soccer players during jumping, change-of-direction and range-of-motion tests; and (ii) test possible relationships between asymmetries and injury risk in female soccer players. Sixteen female players (15.5 ± 1.5 years) performed a battery of fitness tests (i.e., jump ability, change-of-direction ability and passive range-of-motion) and muscle mass analysis via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, through which the specific asymmetry index and the related injury risk were calculated. Significant (p < 0.05) lower asymmetries in the change-of-direction test were observed in comparison to those observed in jumping and range-of-motion tests; significant (p < 0.05) lower asymmetries in muscle mass were also reported compared to those found in the change-of-direction and countermovement jump tests. Additionally, increased injury risk for countermovement jump and hip flexion with extended knee range-of-motion (relating to asymmetry values) and for ankle flexion with flexed knee range-of-motion in both legs (relating to reference range-of-motion values), as well as increased individual injury risk values, were observed across all tests. These findings suggest the necessity to implement individual approaches for asymmetry and injury risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (J.R.-G.); (D.C.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Sports Sciences Department, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaço, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09001 Burgos, Spain; (J.R.-G.); (D.C.)
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Domínguez-Díez M, Castillo D, Raya-González J, Sánchez-Díaz S, Soto-Célix M, Rendo-Urteaga T, Lago-Rodríguez Á. Comparison of multidirectional jump performance and lower limb passive range of motion profile between soccer and basketball young players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245277. [PMID: 33411844 PMCID: PMC7790370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed aimed at comparing multidirectional bilateral and unilateral jump performance and passive range of motion (ROM) of lower limbs between soccer and basketball young players and evaluating associations between inter-limb ROM asymmetry and bilateral jump performance. A total of 67 young male athletes participated in this study, who were classified as soccer (n = 40; 15.55 ± 1.5 y; 1.76 ± 0.12 m; 58.15 ± 10.82 kg; 19.84 ± 2.98 kg·m2) and basketball (n = 27; 15.7 ± 1.66 y; 1.76 ± 0.12 m; 62.33 ± 16.57 kg; 19.84 ± 2.98 kg·m2) players. Participants were asked to perform bilateral and unilateral multidirectional jumps, and passive ROM of hip (flexion, extension and abduction), knee (flexion) and ankle (dorsiflexion) joints was also assessed. Significant between-group differences were observed for hip extension with flexed knee ROM in dominant (soccer: 142.43 ± 7.74°; basketball: 148.63 ± 8.10°) and non-dominant (soccer: 144.38 ± 8.36°; basketball: 148.63 ± 6.45°) legs; hip flexion with flexed knee ROM in dominant (soccer: 13.26 ± 4.71°; basketball: 9.96 ± 3.42°) and non-dominant (soccer: 12.86 ± 4.55°; basketball: 9.70 ± 3.62°) legs; and for the ratio of hip abduction (soccer: 1.02 ± 0.08; basketball: 0.97 ± 0.11). However, no significant between-group differences were observed for bilateral and unilateral jump capacity, or for inter-limb asymmetries (dominant vs. non-dominant leg). Finally, no associations were observed between ROM ratio (dominant vs. non-dominant leg) and bilateral jump performance. These findings lead to the suggestion that differences on passive ROM values in young male athletes may be sport-specific. Additionally, there seems to be need for the implementation of training strategies specifically aimed at improving bilateral or unilateral jump ability, or at diminishing inter limb passive ROM differences in order to improve multidirectional jump performance for neither soccer nor basketball youth male players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
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Cejudo A, Sainz de Baranda P, Ayala F, De Ste Croix M, Santonja-Medina F. Assessment of the Range of Movement of the Lower Limb in Sport: Advantages of the ROM-SPORT I Battery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207606. [PMID: 33086605 PMCID: PMC7589207 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Range of movement (ROM) assessment is an important strategy to increase physical-technical performance and minimize the risk of sports-related injuries. Currently, there is no consensus regarding which ROM assessment method is the most appropriate. The main objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the test batteries available for the assessment of lower limb ROM; additionally, we compare the ROM-SPORT I battery with those previously reported in the literature. The systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The identification of publications was made by using the databases SciELO, Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Based on the inclusion criteria, sixteen publications were selected and analyzed. The ROM-SPORT I battery is the most valid of the analyzed methods. This battery evaluates the ROM of eleven lower limb movements. The inclinometer with a telescopic arm and a box is a simpler, more comfortable, and faster procedure than others. The Lumbosant support and use of two examiners are essential to avoid compensatory movements to obtain reliable measurements during ROM assessment. The ROM-SPORT I is a field-based battery of tests that may be used by sports professionals, clinics, and researchers in applied settings to accurately assess and monitor lower extremity ROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (F.A.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (F.A.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-88-8824; Fax: +34-868-88-8672
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (F.A.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
- School of Sport and Exercise, Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
- School of Sport and Exercise, Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK
| | - Fernando Santonja-Medina
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (M.D.S.C.); (F.S.-M.)
- Department of Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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10
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Acute effects of training load on contractile properties during a competitive microcycle in elite soccer players. Biol Sport 2020; 37:157-163. [PMID: 32508383 PMCID: PMC7249794 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.93041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine changes in muscle contractile properties across a microcycle of training in professional soccer players during the in-season period. Nineteen professional soccer players were assessed with tensiomyography (TMG) on the biceps femoris and rectus femoris before and after 5 training sessions of an in-season microcycle. Training load was quantified during each training session. Significant differences were observed in training load variables across different training sessions, with the last training session prior to match day showing the lowest values for all training load variables. Significant pre- to post-session increases were observed in muscle stiffness of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris during the first four training sessions (effect size range, 0.5 to 0.9). However, no significant differences were observed in muscle contraction time and contraction velocity from pre- to post-session. In addition, repeated measures correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between absolute change in muscle stiffness of the rectus femoris and training duration, high-speed distance covered during training, and training average distance. The current study shows that players are physically taxed on their muscular stiffness by the training load. Post-session muscular stiffness assessment should be recommended to determine neuromuscular status and readiness in professional soccer players during the competitive season.
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11
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Šimunič B. Two-dimensional spatial error distribution of key tensiomyographic parameters. J Biomech 2019; 92:92-97. [PMID: 31160126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tensiomyography detects the contraction time (Tc) and amplitude (Dm) of muscle belly thickening during maximal isometric twitch contraction. The assessment of both parameters is highly reliable; however, it seems that their calculation depends on the measurement point. The aim of the study was to determine spatial relative error distribution of Tc and/or Dm within a two-dimensional array of 27 (3 × 9) measurement points in comparison to the reference point (RP) in 12 male participants (22.5 ± 3.1 years). The RPs were determined as follows: in the biceps brachii (BB) at 50% of the humerus length; in the erector spinae (ES) at the height of the iliac crest; in the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medalis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) at 30%, 20%, and 50% of femur length above the patella, respectively. The surface area under the 3% relative error in Dm (BB: 4.0; VL: 3.8; VM; 8.2; RF: 6.2; ES: 2.4 cm2) was lower than in Tc (BB: 6.9; VL: 3.8; VM; 4.6; RF: 9.5; ES: 3.7 cm2), yielding merged values (BB: 3.9; VL: 3.7; VM; 4.8; RF: 5.1; ES: 2.4 cm2). Dm show twice as steep relative error rate when moving away from the RP in comparison to Tc, which seems to be less sensitive to spatial sensor positioning.
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García-García O, Cuba-Dorado A, Álvarez-Yates T, Carballo-López J, Iglesias-Caamaño M. Clinical utility of tensiomyography for muscle function analysis in athletes. Open Access J Sports Med 2019; 10:49-69. [PMID: 31114403 PMCID: PMC6489635 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s161485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An exhaustive review has been made to filter the studies that have analyzed muscle function though tensiomyography (TMG) with elite or well-trained athletes. The results of this review indicate that the several protocols used in athletes to find the displacement-time curve with greater maximum radial muscle displacement showed a good-excellent reliability. TMG has been used to characterize athletes' muscles contractile properties from specific sports disciplines, although there are very few sports that have been deeply analyzed. TMG seems to be useful to determine changes in muscles contractile properties after stimuli of competition, training or recovery. These changes have been strongly related with the fatigue produced after an effort. In addition, TMG parameters could be used to control training effects during a specific period or throughout the season being also a very useful tool to individualize athletes training loads. In this sense, it also seems to provide sports performance information in cyclic sports by relating some TMG parameters with performance indicators. On the other hand, the TMG-BCM algorithm has been used as a lateral and functional symmetry measure and as a monitoring tool for injury prevention and recovery. However, it seems to be no clear criterion that determines asymmetry degree, nor established contractile properties values as a reference to prevent or recover sports injuries. Despite the utility shown in these fields, there are still very few sports analyzed and it is really necessary to continue advancing in the knowledge of the contractile properties behavior, such as the effects of athletes' training, competitions and injuries and even in the parameters interpretation obtained with the TMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar García-García
- Laboratory of Sports Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Alba Cuba-Dorado
- Laboratory of Sports Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Tania Álvarez-Yates
- Laboratory of Sports Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Javier Carballo-López
- Laboratory of Sports Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mario Iglesias-Caamaño
- Laboratory of Sports Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Clael S, Castro HDO, Pereira Júnior WS, Neves RVP, Rosa TS, Aguiar SDS, Mota MR, Bezerra L. Negative association between quantities of body fat and physical fitness of university football players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abelairas-Gómez C, Rey E, González-Salvado V, Mecías-Calvo M, Rodríguez-Ruiz E, Rodríguez-Núñez A. Acute muscle fatigue and CPR quality assisted by visual feedback devices: A randomized-crossover simulation trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203576. [PMID: 30231037 PMCID: PMC6145543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyse the acute muscular fatigue (AMF) in triceps brachii and rectus abdominis during compression-only and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed by certified basic life support providers. Methods Twenty-six subjects were initially recruited and randomly allocated to two study groups according to the muscles analysed; eighteen finally met the inclusion criteria (nine in each group). Both groups carried out two CPR tests (compression-only and standard CPR) of 10 min divided into five 2-min intermittent periods. The ventilation method was freely chosen by each participant (mouth-to-mouth, pocket-mask or bag-valve-mask). CPR feedback was provided all the time. AMF was measured by tensiomyography at baseline and after each 2-min period of the CPR test, in triceps brachii or rectus abdominis according to the study group. Results Rectus abdominis’ contraction time increased significantly during the fifth CPR period (p = 0.020). Triceps brachii’s radial muscle belly displacement (p = 0.047) and contraction velocity (p = 0.018) were lower during compression-only CPR than during standard CPR. Participants who had trained previously with feedback devices achieved better CPR quality results in both protocols. Half of participants chose bag-valve-mask to perform ventilations but attained lower significant ventilation quality than the other subjects. Conclusions Compression-only CPR induces higher AMF than standard CPR. Significantly higher fatigue levels were found during the fifth CPR test period, regardless of the method. Adequate rescuer’s strength seems to be a requisite to take advantage of CPR quality feedback devices. Training should put more emphasis on the quality of ventilation during CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Abelairas-Gómez
- CLINURSID Research Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
- REMOSS Research Group, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Violeta González-Salvado
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Cardiology Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, CiberCV, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, European Atlantic University, Santander, Spain
- Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Paediatric Emergency and Critical Care Division, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Núñez
- CLINURSID Research Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Paediatric Emergency and Critical Care Division, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University School of Nursing, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Mother-Child Health and Development Network (Red SAMID), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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