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Zhao S, Zhao X, Li Y, Chen X, Li C, Fang H, Li W, Guo W. Impact of deeper groundwater depth on vegetation and soil in semi-arid region of eastern China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1186406. [PMID: 37457335 PMCID: PMC10342210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1186406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the impact of deep groundwater depth on vegetation communities and soil in sand dunes with different underground water tables is essential for ecological restoration and the conservation of groundwater. Furthermore, this understanding is critical for determining the threshold value of groundwater depth that ensures the survival of vegetation. Method This paper was conducted in a semi-arid region in eastern China, and the effects of deep groundwater depth (6.25 m, 10.61 m, and 15.26 m) on vegetation communities and soil properties (0-200 cm) across three dune types (mobile, semi-fixed, and fixed dunes) were evaluated in a sand ecosystem in the Horqin Sandy Land. Results For vegetation community, variations in the same species are more significant at different groundwater depths. For soil properties, groundwater depth negatively influences soil moisture, total carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus concentrations, and soil pH. Besides, groundwater depth also significantly affected organic carbon and available potassium concentrations. In addition, herb species were mainly distributed in areas with lower groundwater depth, yet arbor and shrub species were sparsely distributed in places with deeper groundwater depth. Discussion As arbor and shrub species are key drivers of ecosystem sustainability, the adaptation of these dominant species to increasing groundwater depth may alleviate the negative effects of increasing groundwater depth; however, restrictions on this adaptation were exceeded at deeper groundwater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siteng Zhao
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyong Zhao
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyi Li
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Fang
- Tongliao Hydrology and Water Resources Sub-Center, Tongliao, China
| | - Wenshuang Li
- Tongliao Hydrology and Water Resources Sub-Center, Tongliao, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Tongliao Hydrology and Water Resources Sub-Center, Tongliao, China
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Changes in growth pattern and rhizospheric soil biochemical properties of a leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala under long-term exposure to elevated ozone. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35755800 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3) exert significant impacts on the plants, but there is limited data for belowground processes. We studied the effects of long-term exposure of elevated O3 (EO3) on plant growth parameters (plant height and biomass) and biochemical parameters (nutrients, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities) of rhizospheric soil of leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala. L. leucocephala seedlings were grown under ambient O3 (AO3) and EO3 (+20 ppb above ambient) under Free Air Ozone Concentration Enrichment (O3-FACE) facility and changes in plant growth and their rhizospheric soil properties were studied during 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. L. leucocephala showed significant reductions in shoot length, root biomass, shoot biomass, leaf biomass and total biomass during 12, 18 and 24 months of exposure to EO3. Total nutrients in rhizospheric soil like carbon and phosphorus were significantly reduced after 24 months of EO3 exposure. Most of the available nutrients showed significant reduction after 6, 12 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. A significant decrease was apparent in microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of EO3 treatment. Significant reductions were observed in extracellular enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glycosidase, fluorescein diacetate, arylsulfatase, cellulase and protease) of soil after 6, 12 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. These results suggest that increasing O3 concentrations will directly impact L. leucocephala growth as well as have indirect impact on the nutrient contents (C, N, and P), microbial biomass and extracellular enzymatic activities of rhizospheric soil of L. leucocephala. Our results suggest that continuous increase in O3 concentrations will have serious implications for aboveground plant growth and belowground soil fertility in this region considered as O3 hotspot. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03215-1.
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Watanabe M, Li J, Matsumoto M, Aoki T, Ariura R, Fuse T, Zhang Y, Kinose Y, Yamaguchi M, Izuta T. Growth and photosynthetic responses to ozone of Siebold's beech seedlings grown under elevated CO 2 and soil nitrogen supply. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119233. [PMID: 35358628 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a phytotoxic air pollutant, the adverse effects of which on growth and photosynthesis are modified by other environmental factors. In this study, we examined the combined effects of O3, elevated CO2, and soil nitrogen supply on Siebold's beech seedlings. Seedlings were grown under combinations of two levels of O3 (low and two times ambient O3 concentration), two levels of CO2 (ambient and 700 ppm), and three levels of soil nitrogen supply (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha-1 year-1) during two growing seasons (2019 and 2020), with leaf photosynthetic traits being determined during the second season. We found that elevated CO2 ameliorated O3-induced reductions in photosynthetic activity, whereas the negative effects of O3 on photosynthetic traits were enhanced by soil nitrogen supply. We observed three-factor interactions in photosynthetic traits, with the ameliorative effects of elevated CO2 on O3-induced reductions in the maximum rate of carboxylation being more pronounced under high than under low soil nitrogen conditions in July. In contrast, elevated CO2-induced amelioration of the effects of O3 on stomatal function-related traits was more pronounced under low soil nitrogen conditions. Although we observed several two- or three-factor interactions of gas and soil treatments with respect to leaf photosynthetic traits, the shoot to root dry mass (S/R) ratio was the only parameter for which a significant interaction was detected among seedling growth parameters. O3 caused a significant increase in S/R under ambient CO2 conditions, whereas no similar effects were observed under elevated CO2 conditions. Collectively, our findings reveal the complex interactive effects of elevated CO2 and soil nitrogen supply on the detrimental effects of O3 on leaf photosynthetic traits, and highlight the importance of taking into consideration differences between the responses of CO2 uptake and growth to these three environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Jing Li
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takuro Aoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryo Ariura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fuse
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kinose
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izuta
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Filippi A, Braidot E, Petrussa E, Fabro M, Vuerich M, Boscutti F. Plant growth shapes the effects of elevation on the content and variability of flavonoids in subalpine bilberry stands. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:241-249. [PMID: 33037753 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of morphological and physiological responses of shrubs to climate is crucial for the understanding of future scenarios regarding climate change. In this light, studying shrub growth and physiological acclimation along an elevation gradient might be insightful. The phenolic metabolic pathway represents a powerful tool to interpret such processes. In the South-Eastern Alps, we investigated the relationships between elevation, plant traits (i.e. age, xylem ring width, annual shoot length), plant-plant interaction (i.e. shrub cover) and flavonoids in Vaccinium myrtillus L. (leaves, berries) in stands above the treeline. The relationships were parsed within causal networks using a confirmatory path analysis. Elevation was the main driver of V. myrtillus growth, having both direct and indirect effects on the leaf flavonoid content, but this was less evident for berries. In particular, the content of foliar flavonoids showed a peak at mid-elevation and where the growth of xylem rings was intermediate, while it decreased in stands with higher shoot length. Flavonoid content variability of both leaves and berries was affected by elevation and shoot length. In berries, flavonoid variability was further related to all growth traits and shrub cover. These findings evidence that flavonoid content is influenced by both elevation and growth traits of V. myrtillus, often showing non-linear relationships. These results suggest a trait-mediated response of this plant to climate conditions as a result of trade-offs between plant growth, plant defence, environmental stress and nutrient/resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Filippi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - E Braidot
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - E Petrussa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - M Fabro
- Servizio fitosanitario e chimico, ricerca, sperimentazione e assistenza tecnica, ERSA, Pozzuolo del Friuli, Italy
| | - M Vuerich
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - F Boscutti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Paoletti E, Materassi A, Fasano G, Hoshika Y, Carriero G, Silaghi D, Badea O. A new-generation 3D ozone FACE (Free Air Controlled Exposure). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1407-1414. [PMID: 27717567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To artificially simulate the impacts of ground-level ozone (O3) on vegetation, ozone FACE (Free Air Controlled Exposure) systems are increasingly recommended. We describe here a new-generation, three-dimensional ozone FACE, with O3 diffusion through laser-generated micro-holes, pre-mixing of air and O3, O3 generator with integral oxygen generator, continuous (day/night) exposure and full replication. Based on three O3 levels and assumptions on the pre-industrial O3 levels, we describe principles to calculate relative yield/biomass and estimate impacts even at lower-than-ambient O3 levels. The case study is called FO3X, and is at present the only ozone FACE in Mediterranean climate and one of the very few ozone FACEs investigating more than one stressor at a time. The results presented here will give further impulse to the research on O3 impacts on vegetation all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | | | | | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - Ovidiu Badea
- INCDS, B-dul Eroilor 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania
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Valletta A, Salvatori E, Rita Santamaria A, Nicoletti M, Toniolo C, Caboni E, Bernardini A, Pasqua G, Manes F. Ecophysiological and phytochemical response to ozone of wine grape cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:2514-2522. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1118631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Valletta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Caboni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis (CREA), Fruit Tree Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausto Manes
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Kitao M, Häberle KH, Grams TEE, Koike T, Matyssek R. Ozone induces stomatal narrowing in European and Siebold's beeches: a comparison between two experiments of free-air ozone exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:527-33. [PMID: 25156633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomata tend to narrow under ozone (O(3)) impact, leading to limitation of stomatal O(3) influx. Here, we review stomatal response under recently conducted free-air O(3) exposure experiments on two species of the same tree genus: Fagus sylvatica at Kranzberg Forest (Germany) and F. crenata at Sapporo Experimental Forest (Japan). Both beeches exhibited reduction in stomatal conductance (gs) by 10-20% under experimentally enhanced O(3) regimes throughout the summer relative to ambient-air controls. Stomatal narrowing occurred, in early summer, in the absence of reduced carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, although photosynthetic net CO(2) uptake rate temporarily reflected restriction to some minor extent. Observed stomatal narrowing was, however, diminished in autumn, suggesting gradual loss of stomatal regulation by O(3). Monotonic decline in gs with cumulative O(3) exposure or flux in current modeling concepts appear to be unrealistic in beech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan.
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan.
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
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Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Inada N, Koike T. Model-based analysis of avoidance of ozone stress by stomatal closure in Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1149-58. [PMID: 23904447 PMCID: PMC3783231 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Resistance of plants to ozone stress can be classified as either avoidance or tolerance. Avoidance of ozone stress may be explained by decreased stomatal conductance during ozone exposure because stomata are the principal interface for entry of ozone into plants. In this study, a coupled photosynthesis-stomatal model was modified to test whether the presence of ozone can induce avoidance of ozone stress by stomatal closure. METHODS The response of Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata), a representative deciduous tree species, to ozone was studied in a free-air ozone exposure experiment in Japan. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were measured under ambient and elevated ozone. An optimization model of stomata involving water, CO2 and ozone flux was tested using the leaf gas exchange data. KEY RESULTS The data suggest that there are two phases in the avoidance of ozone stress via stomatal closure for Siebold's beech: (1) in early summer ozone influx is efficiently limited by a reduction in stomatal conductance, without any clear effect on photosynthetic capacity; and (2) in late summer and autumn the efficiency of ozone stress avoidance was decreased because the decrease in stomatal conductance was small and accompanied by an ozone-induced decline of photosynthetic capacity. CONCLUSIONS Ozone-induced stomatal closure in Siebold's beech during early summer reduces ozone influx and allows the maximum photosynthetic capacity to be reached, but is not sufficient in older leaves to protect the photosynthetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan
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Watanabe M, Hoshika Y, Inada N, Wang X, Mao Q, Koike T. Photosynthetic traits of Siebold's beech and oak saplings grown under free air ozone exposure in northern Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 174:50-56. [PMID: 23246746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We set up a free-air ozone (O(3)) exposure system for determining the photosynthetic responses of Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata) and oak (Quercus mongolica var. crispula) to O(3) under field conditions. Ten-year-old saplings of beech and oak were exposed to an elevated O(3) concentration (60 nmol mol(-1)) during daytime from 6 August to 11 November 2011. Ozone significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate in leaves of both species in October, by 46% for beech and 15% for oak. In beech there were significant decreases in maximum rate of carboxylation, maximum rate of electron transport in photosynthesis, nitrogen content and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, but not in oak. Stomatal limitation of photosynthesis was unaffected by O(3). We therefore concluded photosynthesis in beech is more sensitive to O(3) than that in oak, and the O(3)-induced reduction of photosynthetic activity in beech was due not to stomatal closure, but to biochemical limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Watanabe
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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Löw M, Deckmyn G, Op de Beeck M, Blumenröther MC, Oßwald W, Alexou M, Jehnes S, Haberer K, Rennenberg H, Herbinger K, Häberle KH, Bahnweg G, Hanke D, Wieser G, Ceulemans R, Matyssek R, Tausz M. Multivariate analysis of physiological parameters reveals a consistent O3 response pattern in leaves of adult European beech (Fagus sylvatica). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:162-172. [PMID: 22775349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
• Increasing atmospheric concentrations of phytotoxic ozone (O(3) ) can constrain growth and carbon sink strength of forest trees, potentially exacerbating global radiative forcing. Despite progress in the conceptual understanding of the impact of O(3) on plants, it is still difficult to detect response patterns at the leaf level. • Here, we employed principal component analysis (PCA) to analyse a database containing physiological leaf-level parameters of 60-yr-old Fagus sylvatica (European beech) trees. Data were collected over two climatically contrasting years under ambient and twice-ambient O(3) regimes in a free-air forest environment. • The first principal component (PC1) of the PCA was consistently responsive to O(3) and crown position within the trees over both years. Only a few of the original parameters showed an O(3) effect. PC1 was related to parameters indicative of oxidative stress signalling and changes in carbohydrate metabolism. PC1 correlated with cumulative O(3) uptake over preceding days. • PC1 represents an O(3) -responsive multivariate pattern detectable in the absence of consistently measurable O(3) effects on individual leaf-level parameters. An underlying effect of O(3) on physiological processes is indicated, providing experimental confirmation of theoretical O(3) response patterns suggested previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Löw
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gaby Deckmyn
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maarten Op de Beeck
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Manuela C Blumenröther
- Phytopathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Oßwald
- Phytopathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Maria Alexou
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Jehnes
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristine Haberer
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karin Herbinger
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Universität Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Günther Bahnweg
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Hanke
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gerhard Wieser
- Institut für Naturgefahren und Waldgrenzregionen, Alpine Waldgrenzregionen, Hofburg 1 A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Tausz
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia
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Mäenpää M, Riikonen J, Kontunen-Soppela S, Rousi M, Oksanen E. Vertical profiles reveal impact of ozone and temperature on carbon assimilation of Betula pendula and Populus tremula. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:808-18. [PMID: 21856655 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperature and tropospheric ozone (O(3)) concentrations are likely to affect carbon assimilation processes and thus the carbon sink strength of trees. In this study, we investigated the joint action of elevated ozone and temperature on silver birch (Betula pendula) and European aspen (Populus tremula) saplings in field conditions by combining free-air ozone exposure (1.2 × ambient) and infrared heaters (ambient +1.2 °C). At leaf level measurements, elevated ozone decreased leaf net photosynthesis (P(n)), while the response to elevated temperature was dependent on leaf position within the foliage. This indicates that leaf position has to be taken into account when leaf level data are collected and applied. The ozone effect on P(n) was partly compensated for at elevated temperature, showing an interactive effect of the treatments. In addition, the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance (P(n)/g(s) ratio) was decreased by ozone, which suggests decreasing water use efficiency. At the plant level, the increasing leaf area at elevated temperature resulted in a considerable increase in photosynthesis and growth in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Mäenpää
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
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Ibrahim MA, Mäenpää M, Hassinen V, Kontunen-Soppela S, Malec L, Rousi M, Pietikäinen L, Tervahauta A, Kärenlampi S, Holopainen JK, Oksanen EJ. Elevation of night-time temperature increases terpenoid emissions from Betula pendula and Populus tremula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1583-95. [PMID: 20181662 PMCID: PMC2852659 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are expected to have an important role in plant adaptation to high temperatures. The impacts of increasing night-time temperature on daytime terpenoid emissions and related gene expression in silver birch (Betula pendula) and European aspen (Populus tremula) clones were studied. The plants were grown under five different night-time temperatures (6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 degrees C) while daytime temperature was kept at a constant 22 degrees C. VOC emissions were collected during the daytime and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In birch, emissions per leaf area of the C11 homoterpene 4,8-dimethy1-nona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT) and several sesquiterpenes were consistently increased with increasing night-time temperature. Total sesquiterpene (SQT) emissions showed an increase at higher temperatures. In aspen, emissions of DMNT and beta-ocimene increased from 6 degrees C to 14 degrees C, while several other monoterpenes and the SQTs (Z,E)-alpha-farnesene and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene increased up to 18 degrees C. Total monoterpene and sesquiterpene emission peaked at 18 degrees C, whereas isoprene emissions decreased at 22 degrees C. Leaf area increased across the temperature range of 6-22 degrees C by 32% in birch and by 59% in aspen. Specific leaf area (SLA) was also increased in both species. The genetic regulation of VOC emissions seems to be very complex, as indicated by several inverse relationships between emission profiles and expression of several regulatory genes (DXR, DXS, and IPP). The study indicates that increasing night temperature may strongly affect the quantity and quality of daytime VOC emissions of northern deciduous trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Matyssek R, Karnosky DF, Wieser G, Percy K, Oksanen E, Grams TEE, Kubiske M, Hanke D, Pretzsch H. Advances in understanding ozone impact on forest trees: messages from novel phytotron and free-air fumigation studies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1990-2006. [PMID: 20133031 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence from novel phytotron and free-air ozone (O3) fumigation experiments in Europe and America on forest tree species is highlighted in relation to previous chamber studies. Differences in O3 sensitivity between pioneer and climax species are examined and viewed for trees growing at the harsh alpine timberline ecotone. As O3 apparently counteracts positive effects of elevated CO2 and mitigates productivity increases, response is governed by genotype, competitors, and ontogeny rather than species per se. Complexity in O3 responsiveness increased under the influence of pathogens and herbivores. The new evidence does not conflict in principle with previous findings that, however, pointed to a low ecological significance. This new knowledge on trees' O3 responsiveness beyond the juvenile stage in plantations and forests nevertheless implies limited predictability due to complexity in biotic and abiotic interactions. Unravelling underlying mechanisms is mandatory for assessing O3 risks as an important component of climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 13, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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14
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Fares S, Oksanen E, Lännenpää M, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Loreto F. Volatile emissions and phenolic compound concentrations along a vertical profile of Populus nigra leaves exposed to realistic ozone concentrations. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 104:61-74. [PMID: 20407831 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to increasing levels of tropospheric ozone concentrations. This pollutant penetrates in leaves through stomata and quickly reacts inside leaves, thus making plants valuable ozone sinks, but at the same time triggers oxidation processes which lead to leaf injuries. To counteract these negative effects, plants produce an array of antioxidants which react with ozone and reactive molecules which ozone generates in the leaf tissues. In this study, we measured the effect of an ozone concentration which is likely to be attained in many areas of the world in the near future (80 ppb) on leaves of the vertical profile of the widespread agroforestry species Populus nigra. Changes in (1) physiological parameters (photosynthesis and stomatal conductance), (2) ozone uptake, (3) emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, i.e. isoprene, methanol and other oxygenated compounds), (4) concentration of antioxidant surface compounds, and (5) concentration of phenolic compounds were assessed. The aim was to assess whether the defensive pathways leading to isoprenoids and phenolics formation were induced when a moderate and chronic increment of ozone is not able to damage photosynthesis. No visual injuries and minor changes in physiology and ozone uptake were observed. The emission of isoprene and oxygenated six-carbon (C6) volatiles were inhibited by ozone, whereas methanol emission was increased, especially in developing leaves. We interpret these results as suggesting an ontogenetic shift in ozone-treated leaves, leading to a slower development and a faster senescence. Most surface and phenolic compounds showed a declining trend in concentration from the youngest to the fully expanded leaves. Ozone reduced the concentrations of chlorogenic acid derivatives at the leaf surface, whereas in total leaf extracts a metabolic shift towards few phenolics with higher antioxidant capacity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Fares
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Rome, Italy.
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15
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Kontunen-Soppela S, Parviainen J, Ruhanen H, Brosché M, Keinänen M, Thakur RC, Kolehmainen M, Kangasjärvi J, Oksanen E, Karnosky DF, Vapaavuori E. Gene expression responses of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) to elevated CO2 and O3 during leaf maturation and senescence. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:959-968. [PMID: 19889492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression responses of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) leaves to elevated concentrations of CO(2) and O(3) were studied with microarray analyses from three time points during the summer of 2004 at Aspen FACE. Microarray data were analyzed with clustering techniques, self-organizing maps, K-means clustering and Sammon's mappings, to detect similar gene expression patterns within sampling times and treatments. Most of the alterations in gene expression were caused by O(3), alone or in combination with CO(2). O(3) induced defensive reactions to oxidative stress and earlier leaf senescence, seen as decreased expression of photosynthesis- and carbon fixation-related genes, and increased expression of senescence-associated genes. The effects of elevated CO(2) reflected surplus of carbon that was directed to synthesis of secondary compounds. The combined CO(2)+O(3) treatment resulted in differential gene expression than with individual gas treatments or in changes similar to O(3) treatment, indicating that CO(2) cannot totally alleviate the harmful effects of O(3).
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16
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Riikonen J, Mäenpää M, Alavillamo M, Silfver T, Oksanen E. Interactive effect of elevated temperature and O3 on antioxidant capacity and gas exchange in Betula pendula saplings. PLANTA 2009; 230:419-27. [PMID: 19484475 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of slightly elevated temperature (T), O(3) concentration (O(3)) and their combination (T + O(3)) on the antioxidant defense, gas exchange and total leaf area of Betula pendula saplings in field conditions. During the second year of the experiment, T enhanced the total leaf area, net photosynthesis (P (n)) and maximum capacity of carboxylation, redox state of ascorbate and total antioxidant capacity in the apoplast. O(3) did not affect the total leaf area, but P (n) was slightly and g (s) significantly reduced. The saplings responded to elevated O(3) level by closing the stomata and by developing leaves with a lower leaf area per mass, rather than by accumulating ascorbate in the apoplast. The effects of T and O(3) on total leaf area and P (n) were counteractive. Elevated O(3) reduced the saplings' ability to utilize the warmer growth environment by increasing the stomatal limitation for photosynthesis and by reducing the redox state of ascorbate in the apoplast in the combination treatment as compared to T alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Riikonen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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17
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Kitao M, Löw M, Heerdt C, Grams TEE, Häberle KH, Matyssek R. Effects of chronic elevated ozone exposure on gas exchange responses of adult beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) as related to the within-canopy light gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:537-544. [PMID: 18976843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of elevated O3 on photosynthetic properties in adult beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated in relation to leaf mass per area as a measure of the gradually changing, within-canopy light availability. Leaves under elevated O3 showed decreased stomatal conductance at unchanged carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, which was consistent with enhanced delta 13C of leaf organic matter, regardless of the light environment during growth. In parallel, increased energy demand for O3 detoxification and repair was suggested under elevated O3 owing to enhanced dark respiration. Only in shade-grown leaves,light-limited photosynthesis was reduced under elevated O3, this effect being accompanied by lowered F(v)/F(m). These results suggest that chronic O3 exposure primarily caused stomatal closure to adult beech trees in the field regardless of the within-canopy light gradient. However, light limitation apparently raised the O3 sensitivity of photosynthesis and accelerated senescence in shade leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan.
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18
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Paoletti E, Manning WJ. Toward a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone that will also protect plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:85-95. [PMID: 17659818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone remains an important phytotoxic air pollutant and is also recognized as a significant greenhouse gas. In North America, Europe, and Asia, incidence of high concentrations is decreasing, but background levels are steadily rising. There is a need to develop a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of concentration-based, exposure-based and threshold-based indices, such as SUM60 and AOT40, and examine the O(3) flux concept. We also present major challenges to the development of an air quality standard for ozone that has both biological significance and practicality in usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IPP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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19
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Matyssek R, Bahnweg G, Ceulemans R, Fabian P, Grill D, Hanke DE, Kraigher H, Osswald W, Rennenberg H, Sandermann H, Tausz M, Wieser G. Synopsis of the CASIROZ case study: carbon sink strength of Fagus sylvatica L. in a changing environment--experimental risk assessment of mitigation by chronic ozone impact. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2007; 9:163-80. [PMID: 17357012 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Databases are needed for the ozone (O(3)) risk assessment on adult forest trees under stand conditions, as mostly juvenile trees have been studied in chamber experiments. A synopsis is presented here from an integrated case study which was conducted on adult FAGUS SYLVATICA trees at a Central-European forest site. Employed was a novel free-air canopy O(3) fumigation methodology which ensured a whole-plant assessment of O(3) sensitivity of the about 30 m tall and 60 years old trees, comparing responses to an experimental 2 x ambient O(3) regime (2 x O(3), max. 150 nl O(3) l (-1)) with those to the unchanged 1 x ambient O(3) regime (1 x O(3)=control) prevailing at the site. Additional experimentation on individual branches and juvenile beech trees exposed within the forest canopy allowed for evaluating the representativeness of young-tree and branch-bag approaches relative to the O(3) sensitivity of the adult trees. The 2 x O(3) regime did not substantially weaken the carbon sink strength of the adult beech trees, given the absence of a statistically significant decline in annual stem growth; a 3 % reduction across five years was demonstrated, however, through modelling upon parameterization with the elaborated database. 2 x O(3) did induce a number of statistically significant tree responses at the cell and leaf level, although the O(3) responsiveness varied between years. Shade leaves displayed an O(3) sensitivity similar to that of sun leaves, while indirect belowground O(3) effects, apparently mediated through hormonal relationships, were reflected by stimulated fine-root and ectomycorrhizal development. Juvenile trees were not reliable surrogates of adult ones in view of O(3) risk assessment. Branch sections enclosed in (climatized) cuvettes, however, turned out to represent the O(3) sensitivity of entire tree crowns. Drought-induced stomatal closure decoupled O(3) intake from O(3) exposure, as in addition, also the "physiologically effective O(3) dose" was subject to change. No evidence emerged for a need to lower the "Critical Level for Ozone" in risk assessment of forest trees, although sensitive tree parameters did not necessarily reflect a linear relationship to O(3) stress. Exposure-based concepts tended to overestimate O(3) risk under drought, which is in support of current efforts to establish flux-related concepts of O(3) intake in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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20
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Karnosky DF, Werner H, Holopainen T, Percy K, Oksanen T, Oksanen E, Heerdt C, Fabian P, Nagy J, Heilman W, Cox R, Nelson N, Matyssek R. Free-air exposure systems to scale up ozone research to mature trees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2007; 9:181-90. [PMID: 17357013 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-955915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Because seedlings and mature trees do not necessarily respond similarly to O(3) stress, it is critically important that exposure systems be developed that allow exposure of seedlings through to mature trees. Here we describe three different O(3) Free-Air Exposure Systems that have been used successfully for exposure at all growth stages. These systems of spatially uniform O(3) release have been shown to provide reliable O(3) exposure with minimal, if any, impact on the microclimate. This methodology offers a welcome alternative to chamber studies which had severe space constraints precluding stand or community-level studies and substantial chamber effects on the microclimate and, hence physiological tree performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Karnosky
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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