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English KJ. Anal carcinoma - exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:98525. [PMID: 39312693 PMCID: PMC11372733 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i3.98525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anal carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor that accounts for approximately 2% of gastrointestinal malignancies and less than 7% of anorectal cancers. Most anal tumors originate between the anorectal junction and the anal verge. Risk factors for the disease include human papillomavirus infection, human immunodeficiency virus, tobacco use, immunosuppression, female sex, and older age. The pathogenesis of anal carcinoma is believed to be linked to human papillomavirus-related inflammation, leading to dysplasia and progression to cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anal tumor, with an annual incidence of approximately 1 to 2 per 100000 persons. Treatment regarding anal cancer has emerged over time. However, chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay approach for early localized disease. Patients with metastatic disease are treated with systemic therapy, and salvage surgery is reserved for disease recurrence following chemoradiation. This article aims to provide background information on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and current trends in the management of anal cancer. Future directions are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan J English
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Saint George’s University School of Medicine, Saint George 33334, Saint George, Grenada
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Ylli K, ElJack W, Spillane C, Cotter M, Killeen S. From benign to malignant: unveiling invasive squamous cell carcinoma following resection of perianal condyloma acuminatum: a case report. J Surg Case Rep 2024; 2024:rjae266. [PMID: 38681478 PMCID: PMC11052588 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjae266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This case illustrates the surgical management of a perianal mass, initially misdiagnosed as condyloma acuminatum in a male patient in his late 50s, later identified as invasive squamous cell carcinoma following excision. Despite extensive preoperative evaluation, the lesion's malignancy was confirmed through histopathology. The significant, fungating mass required a multidisciplinary approach, culminating in a pT3 staging and additional wide excision with inferior gluteal artery perforator flap reconstruction. This case underscores the critical importance of surgical diligence and adaptability, highlighting the role of comprehensive surgery in both diagnosis and treatment of complex perianal malignancies, and reaffirms the value of a multidisciplinary team in achieving favourable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristali Ylli
- Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Grenville Place, Centre, Cork T12 WE28, Ireland
| | - Wala ElJack
- Department of Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, County Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - Chloe Spillane
- Department of Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Beaumont, Dublin D09V2N0, Ireland
| | - Mar Cotter
- Department of Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, County Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - Shane Killeen
- Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Grenville Place, Centre, Cork T12 WE28, Ireland
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Spinelli L, Martini S, Solla SD, Vigna Taglianti R, Olivero F, Gianello L, Reali A, Merlotti AM, Franco P. Nodal Elective Volume Selection and Definition during Radiation Therapy for Early Stage (T1-T2 N0 M0) Perianal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Clinical Review and Critical Appraisal. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5833. [PMID: 38136378 PMCID: PMC10741760 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinction between anal canal and perianal squamous cell carcinomas (pSCCs) is essential, as these two subgroups have different anatomical, histological, and lymphatic drainage features. Early-stage true perianal tumors are very uncommon and have been rarely included in clinical trials. Perianal skin cancers and aCCs are included in the same tumor classification, even though they have different lymphatic drainage features. Furthermore, pSCCs are treated similarly to carcinomas originating from the anal canal. Radiation therapy (RT) is an essential treatment for anal canal tumors. Guidelines do not differentiate between treatment volumes for perianal tumors and anal cancers. So far, in pSCC, no study has considered modulating treatment volume selection according to the stage of the disease. We conducted a narrative literature review to describe the sites at higher risk for microscopic disease in patients with early-stage perianal cancers (T1-T2 N0 M0) to propose a well-thought selection of RT elective volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Spinelli
- Radiation Oncology Department, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (L.S.); (S.M.); (S.D.S.); (R.V.T.); (F.O.); (L.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Stefania Martini
- Radiation Oncology Department, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (L.S.); (S.M.); (S.D.S.); (R.V.T.); (F.O.); (L.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Salvatore Dario Solla
- Radiation Oncology Department, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (L.S.); (S.M.); (S.D.S.); (R.V.T.); (F.O.); (L.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Riccardo Vigna Taglianti
- Radiation Oncology Department, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (L.S.); (S.M.); (S.D.S.); (R.V.T.); (F.O.); (L.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Francesco Olivero
- Radiation Oncology Department, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (L.S.); (S.M.); (S.D.S.); (R.V.T.); (F.O.); (L.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Luca Gianello
- Radiation Oncology Department, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (L.S.); (S.M.); (S.D.S.); (R.V.T.); (F.O.); (L.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Alessia Reali
- Radiation Oncology Department, Michele and Pietro Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Merlotti
- Radiation Oncology Department, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (L.S.); (S.M.); (S.D.S.); (R.V.T.); (F.O.); (L.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Pierfrancesco Franco
- Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ‘Maggiore della Carità’ University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Gracie J, Fortune EC, Morris CG, Leach DF, Mendenhall WM. Radiation Treatment for Cancer of the Anal Margin. Am J Clin Oncol 2023; 46:167-171. [PMID: 36820471 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify best treatment practices by examining outcomes of anal margin cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. METHODS Relevant literature was compared with 38 patients at our institution treated 1979 to 2019 with curative radiotherapy. Median age was 51. Four patients had T1, 22 had T2, and 12 had T3 disease based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging at time of diagnosis. Nodal staging distribution was: N0=33; N1=2; N2=2; N3=1. Median radiation dose was 56 Gy/30 fractions. Five received nodal radiation for node positivity, 29 received elective nodal radiation, and 29 had perineal boost. Twenty-seven received concurrent chemotherapy. RESULTS Three patients experienced isolated local recurrence, 2 had isolated inguinal node recurrences, and 2 developed distant metastases, 1 of whom also had local and regional recurrence. Ten-year disease-free survival (DFS), cause-specific survival, and overall survival were 87%, 92%, and 68%, respectively. One patient did not complete radiation, and 4 had unexpected treatment breaks. Two received salvage abdominoperineal resections. At last follow-up, 17 were alive with no evidence of disease, 2 were alive with anal margin cancer present, 3 had died with anal margin cancer present at 11, 18, and 21 months from radiation therapy, and 16 had died from intercurrent disease. Median follow-up was 6.6 years (range 0.9 to 29.0 y). Age ≥51 was associated with worse locoregional control ( P =0.018) and DFS ( P =0.0233), males had worse DFS ( P =0.0311), and HIV-positive patients had worse overall survival ( P =0.006). CONCLUSIONS Radiation provides high locoregional control of anal margin cancer with good long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden Gracie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - E Charles Fortune
- Department of Radiation Oncology, John B. Amos Cancer Center, Piedmont Columbus Regional, Columbus, GA
| | - Christopher G Morris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Daniel F Leach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southeast Health, Dothan, AL
| | - William M Mendenhall
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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Iwai T, Imagumbai T, Okabayashi S, Ashida R, Mitsuyoshi T, Tai Y, Matsumoto T, Yamashita D, Nagano T, Kokubo M. Perianal Bowen's disease treated with radiotherapy preserving anal function with a unique skin reaction considered as 'tumoritis'. Int Cancer Conf J 2023; 12:41-45. [PMID: 36605842 PMCID: PMC9807712 DOI: 10.1007/s13691-022-00574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowen's disease (BD) is a form of intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and it occasionally occurs on the perianal site. BD is often treated with surgical excision; however, sometimes surgical excision for perianal BD cannot preserve anal function. We report the case of a 72-year-old man presenting with perianal pain and BD. He was treated with Radiotherapy (RT) and preserved his normal anal sphincter function without any recurrence or late adverse event. Moreover, we observed the unique skin reaction called 'tumoritis', which is characterized by mucosal inflammation. Tumoritis indicates the true extent of the tumor and evaluating the tumor or lesion size based on the extent of tumoritis when performing RT is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Minamimachi 2-1-1, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Imagumbai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Minamimachi 2-1-1, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shun Okabayashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Minamimachi 2-1-1, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Ryo Ashida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Minamimachi 2-1-1, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Takamasa Mitsuyoshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Minamimachi 2-1-1, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yukimasa Tai
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo Japan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo Japan
| | - Tohru Nagano
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo Japan
| | - Masaki Kokubo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Minamimachi 2-1-1, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
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Patil N, Lewis S, Udupa CB, V RK, Sharan K. Perineal body squamous cell carcinoma treated with radical radiotherapy - a case report. Ecancermedicalscience 2023; 17:1534. [PMID: 37138957 PMCID: PMC10151084 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2023.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Perianal tumours are a rare site of malignancy, and tumours primarily involving the perineal body without vaginal and anal canal involvement are uncommon. Case summary A 67-year-old woman presented with a lesion involving the perineum and rectovaginal septum without extension into vaginal or anorectal mucosa and with skip lesions in the vulva. Biopsy was confirmative of squamous cell carcinoma, with p16 positive. A complete metastatic workup with MRI of the pelvis and CECT thorax and abdomen was done. She was diagnosed with perianal carcinoma stage cT2N0M0 Stage II (American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th Edition of Cancer Staging) since the lesion reached the anal verge. Given the location of the tumour (perineal body), comorbidities and advanced age, she received radical radiotherapy with an intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique - 56 Gy in 28 fractions with the intention of organ preservation. The response assessment with MRI at 3 months showed a complete tumour response. She has been disease-free for 3 years and is on regular follow-ups. Conclusion Isolated perineal body squamous cell carcinomas are unusual, and synchronous vulvar skip lesion makes this case unique. Radical radiotherapy achieved organ preservation with tumour control and minimal toxicity in an elderly frail patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Patil
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shirley Lewis
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Chethana B Udupa
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajagopal K V
- Department of Radiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Sharan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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Eliachevsky C, Templeton E, Nanda AK. Perianal squamous cell carcinoma: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2021; 81:105739. [PMID: 33743249 PMCID: PMC8010385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perianal squamous malignancies are often misdiagnosed leading to delay in treatment. Surgical management aims to preserve sphincter function. Chemoradiation is preferred in cases of suspected sphincter involvement. Some superficial muscle fibers may be resected in select cases without loss of function.
Introduction and importance Perianal carcinomas, though rare, are usually squamous cell carcinoma. Current literature recommends surgical excision for tumors staged T1-T2, N0 without external anal sphincter involvement, however our case demonstrated that tumors with superficial involvement of external sphincter fibers can be resected completely. Case presentation A 45-year-old Caucasian male presented with a perianal mass found to be squamous cell carcinoma. Initial imaging suggested the anal sphincter was spared, however intraoperatively tumor cells were found involving superficial external sphincter fibers and a portion was excised to ensure complete removal. Clinical discussion Perianal squamous malignancies are often misdiagnosed as more benign conditions. Treatment aims to preserve sphincter function and depends on tumor stage along with anatomical involvement. Conclusion Despite superficial muscle infiltration, the T2N0 perianal lesion was curable with surgical resection alone without recurrence or functional deficits reported one year later. This suggests surgical management may be possible in some cases with sphincter involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Templeton
- Medical Student, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada.
| | - Atul K Nanda
- Chairman of Surgery, Humboldt Park Health, Chicago, IL, 60622, USA; Associate Professor of Surgery, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada.
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Surabhi VR, Menias CO, Amer AM, Elshikh M, Katabathina VS, Hara AK, Baughman WC, Kielar A, Elsayes KM, Siegel CL. Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of the Anal Canal and Perianal Region: MR Imaging Findings. Radiographics 2016; 36:1339-53. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016150209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rivera-Chavarría JP, Vargas-Villalobos F, Riggioni-Víquez S. Bilateral V-Y flap for a perianal basal cell carcinoma: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2016; 24:153-5. [PMID: 27262348 PMCID: PMC4900434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe basal cell carcinoma in the perianal area. Complete resection of perianal tumor with reconstruction of the area. Surgical management of perianal basal cell carcinoma.
Background Basal cell carcinomas are rare in non-sun-exposed skin, and are even rarer in the perianal region. Alertness to the unusual occurrence of this tumor at perianal site, with understanding of its clinical course, can prevent delay in its diagnosis and morbid aggressiveness in the management of the disease. Presentation of case A 93 year old female, referred to our hospital because of a three month bleeding ulcerative lesion, with a diameter approximately of 4.5 × 3.2 cm, located in the perianal region. Discussion Tumors of the anus and perianal are infrequent neoplasms of the digestive tract. There are many diseases that can be confused with this diagnosis and it is commonly delayed because the tumor is rarely thought of in this particular cutaneous topography. Suspicion and early diagnosis, give the opportunity for a timely and appropriate treatment and also prevent tumor extension. Conclusion Treatment modalities include early wide local excision to clear margins, ensuring further local recurrence and distant metastasis. The use of local V-Y advancement fasciocutaneous flaps may be another valid option for the reconstruction of perianal skin defects, with less morbidity than other flaps described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Rivera-Chavarría
- Colorectal Unit, Department of General Surgery, México Hospital, Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Francisco Vargas-Villalobos
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, México Hospital, Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Silvia Riggioni-Víquez
- Department of Dermatology, Centro Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de Alergias CMH, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Liao X, Mao W, Lin A. Perianal Paget's Disease Co-Associated with Anorectal Adenocarcinoma: Primary or Secondary Disease? Case Rep Gastroenterol 2014; 8:186-92. [PMID: 24932167 PMCID: PMC4049023 DOI: 10.1159/000363177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perianal Paget's disease (PPD) represents a skin neoplasm which can be either primary or secondary to carcinoma from an adjacent internal organ. PPD with underlying colorectal adenocarcinoma is usually looked upon as a secondary disease. We report a rare case of co-associated PPD and anorectal adenocarcinoma. The PPD was found to be located near the anorectal adenocarcinoma with normal tissues between them. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrated that the Paget's cells were CK7+/GCDFP-15–/CK20–/MUC2–/CDX2–, whereas the anorectal adenocarcinoma was shown to be CK7+/GCDFP-15–/CK20+/MUC2+/CDX2+. This immunological phenotypic profile supported the notion that PPD and anorectal adenocarcinoma were of different origins, but could not define the exact origins of PPD. In our determination, this case was a primary PPD with anorectal adenocarcinoma. PPD remains a heterogeneous and complex pathology, and additional studies are required to differentiate between the various possible origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Liao
- Departments of Colorectal Surgery, The 3rd People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Mao
- Departments of Colorectal Surgery, The 3rd People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - A'Li Lin
- Departments of Pathology, The 3rd People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Tumors of the anus and perianal skin are rare. Their presentation can vary and often mimics common benign anal pathology, thereby delaying diagnosis and appropriate and timely treatment. The anatomy of this region is complex because it represents the progressive transition from the digestive system to the skin with many different co-existing types of cells and tissues. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal is the most frequent tumor found in the anal and perianal region. Less-frequent lesions include Bowen's and Paget's disease, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and adenocarcinoma. This article aims to review the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options for neoplasms of the anal canal and perianal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leonard
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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