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Li X, Ma Y, Li G, Jin G, Xu L, Li Y, Wei P, Zhang L. Leprosy: treatment, prevention, immune response and gene function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1298749. [PMID: 38440733 PMCID: PMC10909994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1298749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the leprosy cases have fallen dramatically, the incidence of leprosy has remained stable over the past years, indicating that multidrug therapy seems unable to eradicate leprosy. More seriously, the emergence of rifampicin-resistant strains also affects the effectiveness of treatment. Immunoprophylaxis was mainly carried out through vaccination with the BCG but also included vaccines such as LepVax and MiP. Meanwhile, it is well known that the infection and pathogenesis largely depend on the host's genetic background and immunity, with the onset of the disease being genetically regulated. The immune process heavily influences the clinical course of the disease. However, the impact of immune processes and genetic regulation of leprosy on pathogenesis and immunological levels is largely unknown. Therefore, we summarize the latest research progress in leprosy treatment, prevention, immunity and gene function. The comprehensive research in these areas will help elucidate the pathogenesis of leprosy and provide a basis for developing leprosy elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Chronic Infectious Disease Control Section, Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjie Jin
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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2
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Knieper AM, von Stuckrad ASL, Minden K, Goetzke CC, Kallinich T. [Monogenic variants in Laccase domain-containing 1 (LACC1) as the cause of juvenile arthritis]. Z Rheumatol 2024; 83:4-14. [PMID: 37921883 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-023-01442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic mutations in laccase domain-containing 1 (LACC1) are associated with clinical pictures that mimic severe courses of polyarticular or systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The diseases are characterized by an early onset during the first year of life, a familial clustering and a high inflammatory activity. The courses are mostly difficult to influence and often lead to sequelae. In this article four cases from two families are presented in which the homozygous mutation p.T276fs* in LACC1 was detected. The children initially suffered from polyarticular or systemic forms of juvenile arthritis. Of the patients two are currently being treated with tocilizumab and methotrexate and one female patient without a basis treatment is currently only receiving local repeated intra-articular steroids. A fourth female patient underwent an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation due to a relapse of an acute lymphatic leukemia. Since then, no further inflammatory symptoms have occurred. The cases presented are compared with the other 50 courses published to date. In addition, recent studies investigating the influence of LACC1 mutations, particularly on macrophage function, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Knieper
- Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Anne Sae Lim von Stuckrad
- Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Kirsten Minden
- Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Carl Christoph Goetzke
- Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Deutschland
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Tilmann Kallinich
- Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Deutschland.
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Abstract
Since the identification of sickle cell trait as a heritable form of resistance to malaria, candidate gene studies, linkage analysis paired with sequencing, and genome-wide association (GWA) studies have revealed many examples of genetic resistance and susceptibility to infectious diseases. GWA studies enabled the identification of many common variants associated with small shifts in susceptibility to infectious diseases. This is exemplified by multiple loci associated with leprosy, malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which illuminate genetic architecture and implicate pathways underlying pathophysiology. Despite these successes, most of the heritability of infectious diseases remains to be explained. As the field advances, current limitations may be overcome by applying methodological innovations such as cellular GWA studies and phenome-wide association (PheWA) studies as well as by improving methodological rigor with more precise case definitions, deeper phenotyping, increased cohort diversity, and functional validation of candidate loci in the laboratory or human challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Benjamin H Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; .,Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis C Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; .,Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Gilchrist JJ, Auckland K, Parks T, Mentzer AJ, Goldblatt L, Naranbhai V, Band G, Rockett KA, Toure OB, Konate S, Sissoko S, Djimdé AA, Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Sow S, Floyd S, Pönnighaus JM, Warndorff DK, Crampin AC, Fine PEM, Fairfax BP, Hill AVS. Genome-wide association study of leprosy in Malawi and Mali. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010312. [PMID: 36121873 PMCID: PMC9624411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infection of the skin and peripheral nerves caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Despite recent improvements in disease control, leprosy remains an important cause of infectious disability globally. Large-scale genetic association studies in Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian populations have identified over 30 susceptibility loci for leprosy. There is a significant burden of leprosy in Africa, however it is uncertain whether the findings of published genetic association studies are generalizable to African populations. To address this, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of leprosy in Malawian (327 cases, 436 controls) and Malian (247 cases, 368 controls) individuals. In that analysis, we replicated four risk loci previously reported in China, Vietnam and India; MHC Class I and II, LACC1 and SLC29A3. We further identified a novel leprosy susceptibility locus at 10q24 (rs2015583; combined p = 8.81 × 10-9; OR = 0.51 [95% CI 0.40 - 0.64]). Using publicly-available data we characterise regulatory activity at this locus, identifying ACTR1A as a candidate mediator of leprosy risk. This locus shows evidence of recent positive selection and demonstrates pleiotropy with established risk loci for inflammatory bowel disease and childhood-onset asthma. A shared genetic architecture for leprosy and inflammatory bowel disease has been previously described. We expand on this, strengthening the hypothesis that selection pressure driven by leprosy has shaped the evolution of autoimmune and atopic disease in modern populations. More broadly, our data highlights the importance of defining the genetic architecture of disease across genetically diverse populations, and that disease insights derived from GWAS in one population may not translate to all affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Gilchrist
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC–Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JJG); (AVSH)
| | - Kathryn Auckland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Parks
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Band
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk A. Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ousmane B. Toure
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Salimata Konate
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sibiri Sissoko
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye A. Djimdé
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou A. Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K. Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Samba Sow
- Center for Vaccine Development, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sian Floyd
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg M. Pönnighaus
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit (formerly Karonga Prevention Study), Chilumba, Malawi
| | - David K. Warndorff
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit (formerly Karonga Prevention Study), Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Amelia C. Crampin
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit (formerly Karonga Prevention Study), Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Paul E. M. Fine
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P. Fairfax
- MRC–Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JJG); (AVSH)
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Long SY, Wang L, Jiang HQ, Shi Y, Zhang WY, Xiong JS, Sun PW, Chen YQ, Mei YM, Pan C, Ge G, Wang ZZ, Wu ZW, Yu MW, Wang HS. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Leprosy Risk and Clinical Phenotypes Among Chinese Population. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:813-821. [PMID: 34285550 PMCID: PMC8285297 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s314861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified some immune-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be associated with leprosy. Methods This study investigated the association of 17 SNPs based on previously published GWAS studies with susceptibility to leprosy, different polar forms and immune states of leprosy in a case–control study from southwestern China, including 1344 leprosy patients and 2732 household contacts (HHCs) (1908 relatives and 824 genetically unrelated contact individuals). The differences of allele distributions were analyzed using chi-squared analysis and logistic regression. Results After adjusting covariate factors, rs780668 and rs3764147 polymorphisms influenced susceptibilities to genetically related or unrelated leprosy contact individuals. rs142179458 was associated with onset early cases, rs73058713 A allele and rs3764147 A allele increased the risk of reversal reaction, while rs3764147 G allele had higher risk to present lepromatous leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that genetic variants in the LACC1, HIF1A, SLC29A3 and CDH18 genes were positively correlated with the occurrence of leprosy and leprosy clinical phenotypes, providing new insights into the immunogenetics of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Long
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Qin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Shu Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Ming Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Gai Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Wen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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HLA-DPB1 and HLA-C alleles are associated with leprosy in a Brazilian population. Hum Immunol 2020; 82:11-18. [PMID: 33189423 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense efforts, the number of new cases of leprosy has remained significantly high over the past 20 years. Host genetic background is strongly linked to the pathogenesis of this disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), and there is a consensus that the most significant genetic association with leprosy is attributed to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Here, we investigated the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II genes with leprosy in a Brazilian population encompassing 826 individuals from a hyperendemic area of Brazil; HLA typing of class I (-A, -B, -C) and class II (-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1, and -DPB1) loci was conducted. Initially, the associations were tested using the chi-square test, with p-values adjusted using the false discovery rate (FDR) method. Next, statistically significant signals of the associations were submitted to logistic regression analyses to adjust for sex and molecular ancestry data. The results showed that HLA-C*08, -DPB1*04, and -DPB1*18 were associated with protective effects, while HLA-C*12 and -DPB1*105 were associated with susceptibility to leprosy. Thus, our findings reveal new associations between leprosy and the HLA-DPB1 locus and confirm previous associations between the HLA-C locus and leprosy.
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Gzara C, Dallmann-Sauer M, Orlova M, Van Thuc N, Thai VH, Fava VM, Bihoreau MT, Boland A, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E, Cobat A. Family-based genome-wide association study of leprosy in Vietnam. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008565. [PMID: 32421744 PMCID: PMC7259797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and peripheral nerves with a strong genetic predisposition. Recent genome-wide approaches have identified numerous common variants associated with leprosy, almost all in the Chinese population. We conducted the first family-based genome-wide association study of leprosy in 622 affected offspring from Vietnam, followed by replication in an independent sample of 1181 leprosy cases and 668 controls of the same ethnic origin. The most significant results were observed within the HLA region, in which six SNPs displayed genome-wide significant associations, all of which were replicated in the independent case/control sample. We investigated the signal in the HLA region in more detail, by conducting a multivariate analysis on the case/control sample of 319 GWAS-suggestive HLA hits for which evidence for replication was obtained. We identified three independently associated SNPs, two located in the HLA class I region (rs1265048: OR = 0.69 [0.58-0.80], combined p-value = 5.53x10-11; and rs114598080: OR = 1.47 [1.46-1.48], combined p-value = 8.77x10-13), and one located in the HLA class II region (rs3187964 (OR = 1.67 [1.55-1.80], combined p-value = 8.35x10-16). We also validated two previously identified risk factors for leprosy: the missense variant rs3764147 in the LACC1 gene (OR = 1.52 [1.41-1.63], combined p-value = 5.06x10-14), and the intergenic variant rs6871626 located close to the IL12B gene (OR = 0.73 [0.61-0.84], combined p-value = 6.44x10-8). These results shed new light on the genetic control of leprosy, by dissecting the influence of HLA SNPs, and validating the independent role of two additional variants in a large Vietnamese sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Gzara
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Monica Dallmann-Sauer
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marianna Orlova
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nguyen Van Thuc
- Hospital for Dermato-Venereology, District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venereology, District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vinicius M. Fava
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Thérèse Bihoreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Erwin Schurr
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Leturiondo AL, Noronha AB, Mendonça CYR, Ferreira CDO, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Manta FSDN, Bezerra OCDL, de Carvalho EF, Moraes MO, Rodrigues FDC, Talhari C. Association of NOD2 and IFNG single nucleotide polymorphisms with leprosy in the Amazon ethnic admixed population. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008247. [PMID: 32433683 PMCID: PMC7239438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which affects skin and peripheral nerves. Polymorphisms in genes associated with autophagy, metabolism, innate and adaptive immunity confer susceptibility to leprosy. However, these associations need to be confirmed through independent replication studies in different ethnicities. The population from Amazon state (northern Brazil) is admixed and it contains the highest proportion of Native American genetic ancestry in Brazil. We conducted a case-control study for leprosy in which we tested fourteen previously associated SNPs in key immune response regulating genes: TLR1 (rs4833095), NOD2 (rs751271, rs8057341), TNF (rs1800629), IL10 (rs1800871), CCDC122/LACC1 (rs4942254), PACRG/PRKN (rs9356058, rs1040079), IFNG (rs2430561), IL6 (rs2069845), LRRK2 (rs7298930, rs3761863), IL23R (rs76418789) and TYK2 (rs55882956). Genotyping was carried out by allelic discrimination in 967 controls and 412 leprosy patients. Association with susceptibility was assessed by logistic regression analyses adjusted for the following covariates: gender, age and ancestry. Genetic ancestry was similar in case and control groups. Statistically significant results were only found for IFNG and NOD2. The rs8057341 polymorphism within NOD2 was identified as significant for the AA genotype (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37-0.84; P = 0.005) and borderline for the A allele (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-1.00; P = 0.053) and carrier (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-1.00; P = 0.051). The rs2430561 SNP in IFNG was associated with disease susceptibility for the AT genotype (OR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06-1.85; P = 0.018) and carrier (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.10-1.88; P = 0.008). We confirmed that NOD2 and IFNG are major players in immunity against M.leprae in the Amazon ethnic admixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Leturiondo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Lucia Elena Alvarado-Arnez
- Coordinación de Investigación, Universidad Franz Tamayo/UNIFRANZ, La Paz, Bolivia
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Talhari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
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9
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Ahmadi Rastegar D, Dzamko N. Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 and Innate Immunity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:193. [PMID: 32210756 PMCID: PMC7077357 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a decade, researchers have sought to uncover the biological function of the enigmatic leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) enzyme, a large multi-domain protein with dual GTPase and kinase activities. Originally identified as a familial Parkinson's disease (PD) risk gene, variations in LRRK2 are also associated with risk of idiopathic PD, inflammatory bowel disease and susceptibility to bacterial infections. LRRK2 is highly expressed in peripheral immune cells and the potential of LRRK2 to regulate immune and inflammatory pathways has emerged as common link across LRRK2-implicated diseases. This review outlines the current genetic and biochemical evidence linking LRRK2 to the regulation of innate immune inflammatory pathways, including the toll-like receptor and inflammasome pathways. Evidence suggests a complex interplay between genetic risk and protective alleles acts to modulate immune outcomes in a manner dependent on the particular pathogen and cell type invaded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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10
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LRRK2 regulation of immune-pathways and inflammatory disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1581-1595. [PMID: 31769472 PMCID: PMC6925522 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease but are also found in immune-related disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis and leprosy. LRRK2 is highly expressed in immune cells and has been functionally linked to pathways pertinent to immune cell function, such as cytokine release, autophagy and phagocytosis. Here, we examine the current understanding of the role of LRRK2 kinase activity in pathway regulation in immune cells, drawing upon data from multiple diseases associated with LRRK2 to highlight the pleiotropic effects of LRRK2 in different cell types. We discuss the role of the bona fide LRRK2 substrate, Rab GTPases, in LRRK2 pathway regulation as well as downstream events in the autophagy and inflammatory pathways.
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Berwick DC, Heaton GR, Azeggagh S, Harvey K. LRRK2 Biology from structure to dysfunction: research progresses, but the themes remain the same. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:49. [PMID: 31864390 PMCID: PMC6925518 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a protein that is likely central to the aetiology of Parkinson’s disease, a considerable amount of work has gone into uncovering its basic cellular function. This effort has led to the implication of LRRK2 in a bewildering range of cell biological processes and pathways, and probable roles in a number of seemingly unrelated medical conditions. In this review we summarise current knowledge of the basic biochemistry and cellular function of LRRK2. Topics covered include the identification of phosphorylation substrates of LRRK2 kinase activity, in particular Rab proteins, and advances in understanding the activation of LRRK2 kinase activity via dimerisation and association with membranes, especially via interaction with Rab29. We also discuss biochemical studies that shed light on the complex LRRK2 GTPase activity, evidence of roles for LRRK2 in a range of cell signalling pathways that are likely cell type specific, and studies linking LRRK2 to the cell biology of organelles. The latter includes the involvement of LRRK2 in autophagy, endocytosis, and processes at the trans-Golgi network, the endoplasmic reticulum and also key microtubule-based cellular structures. We further propose a mechanism linking LRRK2 dimerisation, GTPase function and membrane recruitment with LRRK2 kinase activation by Rab29. Together these data paint a picture of a research field that in many ways is moving forward with great momentum, but in other ways has not changed fundamentally. Many key advances have been made, but very often they seem to lead back to the same places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Berwick
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - George R Heaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sonia Azeggagh
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and peripheral nerves that presents a strong link with the host genetic background. Different approaches in genetic studies have been applied to leprosy and today leprosy is among the infectious diseases with the greatest number of genetic risk variants identified. Several leprosy genes have been implicated in host immune response to pathogens and point to specific pathways that are relevant for host defense to infection. In addition, host genetic factors are also involved in the heterogeneity of leprosy clinical manifestations and in excessive inflammatory responses that occur in some leprosy patients. Finally, genetic studies in leprosy have provided strong evidence of pleiotropic effects between leprosy and other complex diseases, such as immune-mediated or neurodegenerative diseases. These findings not only impact on the field of leprosy and infectious diseases but also make leprosy a good model for the study of complex immune-mediated diseases. Here, we summarize recent genetic findings in leprosy susceptibility and discuss the overlap of the genetic control in leprosy with Parkinson's disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, some limitations, challenges, and potential new avenues for future genetics studies of leprosy are also discussed in this review.
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Szymanski AM, Ombrello MJ. Using genes to triangulate the pathophysiology of granulomatous autoinflammatory disease: NOD2, PLCG2 and LACC1. Int Immunol 2019. [PMID: 29538758 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intersection of granulomatosis and autoinflammatory disease is a rare occurrence that can be generally subdivided into purely granulomatous phenotypes and disease spectra that are inclusive of granulomatous features. NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2)-related disease, which includes Blau syndrome and early-onset sarcoidosis, is the prototypic example of granulomatous inflammation in the context of monogenic autoinflammation. Granulomatous inflammation has also been observed in two related autoinflammatory diseases caused by mutations in PLCG2 (phospholipase Cγ2). More recently, mutations in LACC1 (laccase domain-containing protein 1) have been identified as the cause of a monogenic form of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, which does not itself manifest granulomatous inflammation, but the same LACC1 mutations have also been shown to cause an early-onset, familial form of a well-known granulomatous condition, Crohn's disease (CD). Rare genetic variants of PLCG2 have also been shown to cause a monogenic form of CD, and moreover common variants of all three of these genes have been implicated in polygenic forms of CD. Additionally, common variants of NOD2 and LACC1 have been implicated in susceptibility to leprosy, a granulomatous infection. Although no specific mechanistic link exists between these three genes, they form an intriguing web of susceptibility to both monogenic and polygenic autoinflammatory and granulomatous phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Szymanski
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Ombrello
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Dallmann-Sauer M, Correa-Macedo W, Schurr E. Human genetics of mycobacterial disease. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:523-538. [PMID: 30116885 PMCID: PMC6132723 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial diseases are caused by members of the genus Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacteria characterized by the presence of mycolic acids within their cell walls. Claiming almost 2 million lives every year, tuberculosis (TB) is the most common mycobacterial disease and is caused by infection with M. tuberculosis and, in rare cases, by M. bovis or M. africanum. The second and third most common mycobacterial diseases are leprosy and buruli ulcer (BU), respectively. Both diseases affect the skin and can lead to permanent sequelae and deformities. Leprosy is caused by the uncultivable M. leprae while the etiological agent of BU is the environmental bacterium M. ulcerans. After exposure to these mycobacterial species, a majority of individuals will not progress to clinical disease and, among those who do, inter-individual variability in disease manifestation and outcome can be observed. Susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases carries a human genetic component and intense efforts have been applied over the past decades to decipher the exact nature of the genetic factors controlling disease susceptibility. While for BU this search was mostly conducted on the basis of candidate genes association studies, genome-wide approaches have been widely applied for TB and leprosy. In this review, we summarize some of the findings achieved by genome-wide linkage, association and transcriptome analyses in TB disease and leprosy and the recent genetic findings for BU susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dallmann-Sauer
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wilian Correa-Macedo
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,The McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Wang D, Fan Y, Malhi M, Bi R, Wu Y, Xu M, Yu XF, Long H, Li YY, Zhang DF, Yao YG. Missense Variants in HIF1A and LACC1 Contribute to Leprosy Risk in Han Chinese. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:794-805. [PMID: 29706348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and genome-wide linkage studies (GWLSs) have identified numerous risk genes affecting the susceptibility to leprosy. However, most of the reported GWAS hits are noncoding variants and account for only part of the estimated heritability for this disease. In order to identify additional risk genes and map the potentially functional variants within the GWAS loci, we performed a three-stage study combining whole-exome sequencing (WES; discovery stage), targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS; screening stage), and refined validation of risk missense variants in 1,433 individuals with leprosy and 1,625 healthy control individuals from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. We identified and validated a rare damaging variant, rs142179458 (c.1045G>A [p.Asp349Asn]) in HIF1A, as contributing to leprosy risk (p = 4.95 × 10-9, odds ratio [OR] = 2.266). We were able to show that affected individuals harboring the risk allele presented with multibacillary leprosy at an earlier age (p = 0.025). We also confirmed the association between missense variant rs3764147 (c.760A>G [p.Ile254Val]) in the GWAS hit LACC1 (formerly C13orf31) and leprosy (p = 6.11 × 10-18, OR = 1.605). By using the population attributable fraction, we have shown that HIF1A and LACC1 are the major genes with missense variants contributing to leprosy risk in our study groups. Consistently, mRNA expression levels of both HIF1A and LACC1 were upregulated in the skin lesions of individuals with leprosy and in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated cells, indicating an active role of HIF1A and LACC1 in leprosy pathogenesis.
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Wang D, Li GD, Fan Y, Zhang DF, Bi R, Yu XF, Long H, Li YY, Yao YG. The mtDNA replication-related genes TFAM and POLG are associated with leprosy in Han Chinese from Southwest China. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:349-356. [PMID: 28958595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogen Mycobacterium leprae of leprosy is heavily dependent on the host energy metabolites and nutritional products for survival. Previously we and others have identified associations of several mitochondrion-related genes and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number alterations with leprosy and/or its subtype. We hypothesized that genetic variants of mtDNA replication-related genes would affect leprosy. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify genetic associations between the mtDNA replication-related genes TFAM, POLG and leprosy. METHODS Genetic association study was performed in 2898 individuals from two independent sample sets in Yunnan Province, China. We first screened 7 tag SNPs of TFAM and POLG in 527 leprosy cases and 583 controls (Sample I). Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and differential mRNA expression were analyzed to discern potential effect of risk variants. The entire exon region of TFAM and POLG were further analyzed in 798 leprosy cases and 990 controls (Sample II; 4327 East Asians from the ExAC dataset was included as a reference control) by using targeted gene sequencing for fine mapping potentially causal variants. RESULTS Two tag SNPs of TFAM (rs1049432, P=0.007) and POLG (rs3176238, P=0.006) were associated with multibacillary leprosy (MB) in Sample I and the significance survived correction for multiple comparisons. SNPs rs1937 of TFAM (which was linked with rs1049432) and rs61756401 of POLG were associated with leprosy, whereas no potentially causative coding variants were identified in Sample II. The eQTL analysis showed that rs1049432 was a significant cis eQTL for TFAM in nerve tissue (P=1.20×10-12), and rs3176238 was a significant cis eQTL for POLG in nerve (P=3.90×10-13) and skin tissues (P=2.50×10-11). Consistently, mRNA level of POLG was differentially expressed in leprotic skin lesions. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants of TFAM and POLG were associated with leprosy in Han Chinese, presumably by affecting gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Yu
- Wenshan Institute of Dermatology, Wenshan, Yunnan, 663000, China
| | - Heng Long
- Wenshan Institute of Dermatology, Wenshan, Yunnan, 663000, China
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
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Manry J, Nédélec Y, Fava VM, Cobat A, Orlova M, Thuc NV, Thai VH, Laval G, Barreiro LB, Schurr E. Deciphering the genetic control of gene expression following Mycobacterium leprae antigen stimulation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006952. [PMID: 28793313 PMCID: PMC5565194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a human infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. A strong host genetic contribution to leprosy susceptibility is well established. However, the modulation of the transcriptional response to infection and the mechanism(s) of disease control are poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge of leprosy pathogenicity, we conducted a genome-wide search for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) that are associated with transcript variation before and after stimulation with M. leprae sonicate in whole blood cells. We show that M. leprae antigen stimulation mainly triggered the upregulation of immune related genes and that a substantial proportion of the differential gene expression is genetically controlled. Indeed, using stringent criteria, we identified 318 genes displaying cis-eQTL at an FDR of 0.01, including 66 genes displaying response-eQTL (reQTL), i.e. cis-eQTL that showed significant evidence for interaction with the M. leprae stimulus. Such reQTL correspond to regulatory variations that affect the interaction between human whole blood cells and M. leprae sonicate and, thus, likely between the human host and M. leprae bacilli. We found that reQTL were significantly enriched among binding sites of transcription factors that are activated in response to infection, and that they were enriched among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with susceptibility to leprosy per se and Type-I Reaction, and seven of them have been targeted by recent positive selection. Our study suggested that natural selection shaped our genomic diversity to face pathogen exposure including M. leprae infection. Each year, 200,000 new leprosy cases are reported worldwide. While there is unambiguous evidence for a role of host genetics in leprosy pathogenesis, the mechanisms by which the human host fights the infection are poorly understood. Here, we highlight the search for naturally occurring genetic variations that modulate gene expression levels following exposure to sonicate of Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium causing the disease. Because M. leprae is not cultivable and the genuine immune cells involved in the host response during infection are still unknown, we performed a genome-wide search for such genetic variations after stimulation of whole-blood from leprosy patients with M. leprae sonicate. This design allowed to provide a general framework for the genetic control of host responses to M. leprae and outlined the contribution of host genetics to leprosy pathogenesis. Among the M. leprae-dependent genetic regulators of gene expression levels there was an enrichment of variants (i) associated with leprosy, (ii) located in transcription factor binding sites and (iii) targeted by recent positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Manry
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (ES); (JM)
| | - Yohann Nédélec
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vinicius M. Fava
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.1163, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guillaume Laval
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris, France
- Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (ES); (JM)
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Lahiri A, Hedl M, Yan J, Abraham C. Human LACC1 increases innate receptor-induced responses and a LACC1 disease-risk variant modulates these outcomes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15614. [PMID: 28593945 PMCID: PMC5472760 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional consequences for most inflammatory disease-associated loci are incompletely defined, including in the LACC1 (C13orf31) region. Here we show that human peripheral and intestinal myeloid-derived cells express laccase domain-containing 1 (LACC1); LACC1 is expressed in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Upon NOD2 stimulation of human macrophages, LACC1 associates with the NOD2-signalling complex, and is critical for optimal NOD2-induced signalling, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, cytokine secretion and bacterial clearance. LACC1 constitutively associates with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunit A, and amplifies pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-induced SDH activity, an important contributor to mtROS production. Relative to LACC1 Ile254, cells transfected with Crohn's disease-risk LACC1 Val254 or LACC1 with mutations of the nearby histidines (249,250) have reduced PRR-induced outcomes. Relative to LACC1 Ile254 carriers, Val254 disease-risk carrier macrophages demonstrate decreased PRR-induced mtROS, signalling, cytokine secretion and bacterial clearance. Therefore, LACC1 is critical for amplifying PRR-induced outcomes, an effect that is attenuated by the LACC1 disease-risk variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Lahiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Matija Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Martorana D, Bonatti F, Mozzoni P, Vaglio A, Percesepe A. Monogenic Autoinflammatory Diseases with Mendelian Inheritance: Genes, Mutations, and Genotype/Phenotype Correlations. Front Immunol 2017; 8:344. [PMID: 28421071 PMCID: PMC5376573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases caused by mutations of genes encoding proteins, which play a pivotal role in the regulation of the inflammatory response. In the pathogenesis of AIDs, the role of the genetic background is triggered by environmental factors through the modulation of the innate immune system. Monogenic AIDs are characterized by Mendelian inheritance and are caused by highly penetrant genetic variants in single genes. During the last years, remarkable progress has been made in the identification of disease-associated genes by using new technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, which has allowed the genetic characterization in undiagnosed patients and in sporadic cases by means of targeted resequencing of a gene panel and whole exome sequencing. In this review, we delineate the genetics of the monogenic AIDs, report the role of the most common gene mutations, and describe the evidences of the most sound genotype/phenotype correlations in AID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Martorana
- Unit of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonatti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Mozzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Augusto Vaglio
- Unit of Nephrology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Percesepe
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Fava VM, Sales-Marques C, Alcaïs A, Moraes MO, Schurr E. Age-Dependent Association of TNFSF15/ TNFSF8 Variants and Leprosy Type 1 Reaction. Front Immunol 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28261213 PMCID: PMC5306391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A current major challenge in leprosy control is the prevention of permanent disabilities. Host pathological inflammatory responses termed type 1 reaction (T1R) are a leading cause of nerve damage for leprosy patients. The environmental or inherited factors that predispose leprosy cases to undergo T1R are not known. However, studies have shown an important contribution of host genetics for susceptibility to T1R. We have previously identified variants encompassing the TNFSF15/TNFSF8 genes as T1R risk factors in a Vietnamese sample and replicated this association in a Brazilian sample. However, we failed to validate in Brazilian patients the strong association of TNFSF15/TNFSF8 markers rs6478108 and rs7863183 with T1R that we had observed in Vietnamese patients. Here, we investigated if the lack of validation of these variants was due to age-dependent effects on association using four independent population samples, two from Brazil and two from Vietnam. In the combined analysis across the four samples, we observed a strong association of the TNFSF15/TNFSF8 variants rs6478108, rs7863183, and rs3181348 with T1R (pcombined = 1.5E−05, pcombined = 1.8E−05, and pcombined = 6.5E−06, respectively). However, the association of rs6478108 with T1R was more pronounced in leprosy cases under 30 years of age compared to the global sample [odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.54–2.46, pcombined = 2.5E−08 versus OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.23–1.73, pcombined = 1.5E−05]. A multivariable analysis indicated that the association of rs6478108 with T1R was independent of either rs7863183 or rs3181348. These three variants are known regulators of the TNFSF8 gene transcription level in multiple tissues. The age dependency of association of rs6478108 and T1R suggests that the genetic control of gene expression varies across the human life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Fava
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; The McGill International TB Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milton O Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; The McGill International TB Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Fava VM, Manry J, Cobat A, Orlova M, Van Thuc N, Ba NN, Thai VH, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. A Missense LRRK2 Variant Is a Risk Factor for Excessive Inflammatory Responses in Leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004412. [PMID: 26844546 PMCID: PMC4742274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depending on the epidemiological setting, a variable proportion of leprosy patients will suffer from excessive pro-inflammatory responses, termed type-1 reactions (T1R). The LRRK2 gene encodes a multi-functional protein that has been shown to modulate pro-inflammatory responses. Variants near the LRRK2 gene have been associated with leprosy in some but not in other studies. We hypothesized that LRRK2 was a T1R susceptibility gene and that inconsistent association results might reflect different proportions of patients with T1R in the different sample settings. Hence, we evaluated the association of LRRK2 variants with T1R susceptibility. Methodology An association scan of the LRRK2 locus was performed using 156 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Evidence of association was evaluated in two family-based samples: A set of T1R-affected and a second set of T1R-free families. Only SNPs significant for T1R-affected families with significant evidence of heterogeneity relative to T1R-free families were considered T1R-specific. An expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis was applied to evaluate the impact of T1R-specific SNPs on LRRK2 gene transcriptional levels. Principal Findings A total of 18 T1R-specific variants organized in four bins were detected. The core SNP capturing the T1R association was the LRRK2 missense variant M2397T (rs3761863) that affects LRRK2 protein turnover. Additionally, a bin of nine SNPs associated with T1R were eQTLs for LRRK2 in unstimulated whole blood cells but not after exposure to Mycobacterium leprae antigen. Significance The results support a preferential association of LRRK2 variants with T1R. LRRK2 involvement in T1R is likely due to a pathological pro-inflammatory loop modulated by LRRK2 availability. Interestingly, the M2397T variant was reported in association with Crohn’s disease with the same risk allele as in T1R suggesting common inflammatory mechanism in these two distinct diseases. A major challenge of current leprosy control is the management of host pathological immune responses coined Type-1 Reactions (T1R). T1R are characterized by acute inflammatory episodes whereby cellular immune responses are directed against host peripheral nerve cells. T1R affects up half of all leprosy patients and are a major cause of leprosy-associated disabilities. Since there is evidence that host genetic factors predispose leprosy patients to T1R, we have conducted a candidate gene study to test if LRRK2 gene variants are T1R risk factors. The choice of LRRK2 was motivated by the fact that LRRK2 was associated with leprosy per se in some but not in other studies. We reasoned that this may reflect different proportions of leprosy patients with T1R in the different samples and that LRRK2 may in truth be a T1R susceptibility gene. Here, we show that variants overlapping the LRRK2 gene, reported as suggestive leprosy per se susceptibility factors in a previous genome-wide association study, are preferentially associated with T1R. The main SNP carrying most of the association signal is the amino-acid change M2397T (rs3761863) which is known to impact LRRK2 turnover. Interestingly, eQTL SNPs counterbalanced the effect of the M2397T variant but this compensatory mechanism was abrogated by Mycobacterium leprae antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M. Fava
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jérémy Manry
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Nguyen Ngoc Ba
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Necker and Cochin Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: Expected-and unexpected-developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 34:96-104. [PMID: 26773629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and complex segregation analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several HLA and non-HLA gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms, and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as genome-wide association studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's disease. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing-that allows, for the first time, the cost- and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome-hold the promise to reveal such variants; thus, strategies can be developed to study the functional impact of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Richard AC, Ferdinand JR, Meylan F, Hayes ET, Gabay O, Siegel RM. The TNF-family cytokine TL1A: from lymphocyte costimulator to disease co-conspirator. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:333-45. [PMID: 26188076 PMCID: PMC4763597 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri0315-095r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally described in 2002 as a T cell-costimulatory cytokine, the tumor necrosis factor family member TNF-like factor 1A (TL1A), encoded by the TNFSF15 gene, has since been found to affect multiple cell lineages through its receptor, death receptor 3 (DR3, encoded by TNFRSF25) with distinct cell-type effects. Genetic deficiency or blockade of TL1A-DR3 has defined a number of disease states that depend on this cytokine-receptor pair, whereas excess TL1A leads to allergic gastrointestinal inflammation through stimulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Noncoding variants in the TL1A locus are associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease and leprosy, predicting that the level of TL1A expression may influence host defense and the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne C Richard
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John R Ferdinand
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Meylan
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erika T Hayes
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Odile Gabay
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Siegel
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: expected and unexpected developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33:99-107. [PMID: 25432815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and Complex Segregation Analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several leukocyte antigen complex and nonleukocyte antigen complex gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as Genome-Wide Association Studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's diseases. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing that allows, for the first time, the cost and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome, hold the promise to reveal such variants. Strategies can be developed to study the functional effect of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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25
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Update on genetics and pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases: the last 2 years. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:395-401. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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NOD2 and CCDC122-LACC1 genes are associated with leprosy susceptibility in Brazilians. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1525-32. [PMID: 25367361 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is a complex disease with phenotypes strongly influenced by genetic variation. A Chinese genome-wide association study (GWAS) depicted novel genes and pathways associated with leprosy susceptibility, only partially replicated by independent studies in different ethnicities. Here, we describe the results of a validation and replication study of the Chinese GWAS in Brazilians, using a stepwise strategy that involved two family-based and three independent case-control samples, resulting in 3,614 individuals enrolled. First, we genotyped a family-based sample for 36 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of five genes located in four different candidate loci: CCDC122-LACC1, NOD2, TNFSF15 and RIPK2. Association between leprosy and tag SNPs at NOD2 (rs8057431) and CCDC122-LACC1 (rs4942254) was then replicated in three additional, independent samples (combined OR(AA) = 0.49, P = 1.39e-06; OR(CC) = 0.72, P = 0.003, respectively). These results clearly implicate the NOD2 pathway in the regulation of leprosy susceptibility across diverse populations.
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Fava VM, Cobat A, Van Thuc N, Latini ACP, Stefani MMA, Belone AF, Ba NN, Orlova M, Manry J, Mira MT, Thai VH, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. Association of TNFSF8 regulatory variants with excessive inflammatory responses but not leprosy per se. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:968-77. [PMID: 25320285 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 reactions (T1R) affect a considerable proportion of patients with leprosy. In those with T1R, the host immune response pathologically overcompensates for the actual infectious threat, resulting in nerve damage and permanent disability. Based on the results of a genome-wide association study of leprosy per se, we investigated the TNFSF15 chromosomal region for a possible contribution to susceptibility to T1R. METHODS We performed a high-resolution association scan of the TNFSF15 locus to evaluate the association with T1R in 2 geographically and ethnically distinct populations: a family-based sample from Vietnam and a case-control sample from Brazil, comprising a total of 1768 subjects. RESULTS In the Vietnamese sample, 47 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) overlapping TNFSF15 and the adjacent TNFSF8 gene were associated with T1R but not with leprosy. Of the 47 SNPs, 39 were cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) for TNFSF8 including SNPs located within the TNFSF15 gene. In the Brazilian sample, 18 of these cis-eQTL SNPs overlapping the TNFSF8 gene were validated for association with T1R. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate TNFSF8 and not TNFSF15 as an important T1R susceptibility gene. Our data support the need for infection genetics to go beyond genes for pathogen control to explore genes involved in a commensurate host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Fava
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nguyen Van Thuc
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, District 3, Vietnam
| | | | - Mariane M A Stefani
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia
| | | | - Nguyen Ngoc Ba
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, District 3, Vietnam
| | - Marianna Orlova
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémy Manry
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Core for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, District 3, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Necker and Cochin Hospitals, Paris, France St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. The dissection of complex susceptibility to infectious disease: bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 30:72-8. [PMID: 25083600 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the result of the exposure of susceptible hosts to pathogenic microbes. Genetic factors are important determinants of host susceptibility and efforts are being made to establish the molecular identity of such genetic susceptibility variants by genome-wide association studies. Results obtained to date partly confirm already known genetic vulnerabilities, but also point to new and unexpected mechanisms of susceptibility that extend from classical innate and acquired immunity to weaknesses in constitutional resistance. These studies also revealed an overlap in genetic control between infectious disease and other common immune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U.980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris 75015, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U.980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris 75015, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; URC, CIC, Necker and Cochin Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Erwin Schurr
- McGill International TB Centre & Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada.
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Abstract
Infectious pathogens are among the strongest selective forces that shape the human genome. Migrations and cultural changes in the past 100,000 years exposed populations to dangerous new pathogens. Host genetics influences susceptibility to infectious disease. Evolutionary adaptations for resistance and symbiosis may underlie common immune-mediated diseases. Signatures of selection and methods to detect them vary with the age, geographical spread and virulence of the pathogen. A history of selection on a trait adds power to association studies by driving the emergence of common alleles of strong effect. Combining selection and association metrics can further increase power. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of susceptibility to pathogens that are moderately old (1,000–50,000 years ago), geographically limited in history and exerted strong positive selective pressure will have the most power if GWASs can be done in the historically affected population. An understanding of host–pathogen interactions can inform the development of new therapies for both infectious diseases and common immune-mediated diseases.
The impact of various infectious agents on human survival and reproduction over thousands of years has exerted selective pressure on numerous regions of the human genome. This Review describes how such signatures of selection can be detected and integrated with data from complementary approaches, such as genome-wide association studies, to provide biological insights into host–pathogen interactions. The ancient biological 'arms race' between microbial pathogens and humans has shaped genetic variation in modern populations, and this has important implications for the growing field of medical genomics. As humans migrated throughout the world, populations encountered distinct pathogens, and natural selection increased the prevalence of alleles that are advantageous in the new ecosystems in both host and pathogens. This ancient history now influences human infectious disease susceptibility and microbiome homeostasis, and contributes to common diseases that show geographical disparities, such as autoimmune and metabolic disorders. Using new high-throughput technologies, analytical methods and expanding public data resources, the investigation of natural selection is leading to new insights into the function and dysfunction of human biology.
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CUBN and NEBL common variants in the chromosome 10p13 linkage region are associated with multibacillary leprosy in Vietnam. Hum Genet 2014; 133:883-93. [PMID: 24563210 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae and is classified clinically into paucibacillary (PB) or multibacillary (MB) subtypes based on the number of skin lesions and the bacillary index detected in skin smears. We previously identified a major PB susceptibility locus on chromosome region 10p13 in Vietnamese families by linkage analysis. In the current study, we conducted high-density association mapping of the 9.5 Mb linkage peak on chromosome region 10p13 covering 39 genes. Using leprosy per se and leprosy subtypes as phenotypes, we employed 294 nuclear families (303 leprosy cases, 63 % MB, 37 % PB) as a discovery sample and 192 nuclear families (192 cases, 55 % MB, 45 % PB) as a replication sample. Replicated significant association signals were revealed in the genes for cubilin (CUBN) and nebulette (NEBL). In the combined sample, the C allele (frequency 0.26) at CUBN SNP rs10904831 showed association [p = 1 × 10(-5); OR 0.52 (0.38-0.7)] with MB leprosy only. Likewise, allele T (frequency 0.42) at NEBL SNP rs11012461 showed association [p = 4.2 × 10(-5); OR 2.51 (1.6-4)] with MB leprosy only. These associations remained valid for the CUBN signal when taking into account the effective number of tests performed (type I error significance threshold = 2.4 × 10(-5)). We used the results of our analyses to propose a new model for the genetic control of polarization of clinical leprosy.
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Suryadevara NC, Neela VSK, Kovvali S, Pydi SS, Jain S, Siva Sai KSR, Valluri VL, Spurgeon AMPJ. Genetic association of G896A polymorphism of TLR4 gene in leprosy through family-based and case-control study designs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:777-82. [PMID: 24169261 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in TLR4 may change the function of the protein and alter the efficiency of immune response of host to infection. The high relevance of host gene polymorphisms with outcome of Mycobacterium leprae infection led us to study the genetic association of TLR4 G896A polymorphism in order to identify its risk among contacts of affected leprosy patients. METHODS For case-control study design a total of 628 individuals were recruited; 17 multicase leprosy families which included 32 case-parent trios were considered for family-based study. Genotyping was done using PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS In case-control study AA genotype was positively associated while GA genotype was negatively associated with leprosy. In family based transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis allele G was found to be over transmitted to the affected individuals. CONCLUSION Case-control study suggests that homozygous AA genotype may confer susceptibility and heterozygous GA genotype may confer resistance to leprosy, while allele A was observed to increase risk and that of allele G may confer resistance to leprosy. No strong transmission disequilibrium was detected in family-based TDT analysis, possibly due to lower number of trios. In contrast to case-control data allele G was over transmitted to the affected ones in TDT analysis. To conclude, the frequencies of genotypes in household contacts were almost the same as in leprosy patients, suggesting that contacts with AA genotype may be at higher risk of leprosy and may therefore require prophylactic inputs.
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Jarduli LR, Sell AM, Reis PG, Sippert EÂ, Ayo CM, Mazini PS, Alves HV, Teixeira JJV, Visentainer JEL. Role of HLA, KIR, MICA, and cytokines genes in leprosy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:989837. [PMID: 23936864 PMCID: PMC3722889 DOI: 10.1155/2013/989837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many genes including HLA, KIR, and MICA genes, as well as polymorphisms in cytokines have been investigated for their role in infectious disease. HLA alleles may influence not only susceptibility or resistance to leprosy, but also the course of the disease. Some combinations of HLA and KIR may result in negative as well as positive interactions between NK cells and infected host cells with M. leprae, resulting in activation or inhibition of NK cells and, consequently, in death of bacillus. In addition, studies have demonstrated the influence of MICA genes in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Specifically, they may play a role in the interaction between NK cells and infected cells. Finally, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been influencing the clinical course of leprosy. Data from a wide variety of sources support the existence of genetic factors influencing the leprosy pathogenesis. These sources include twin studies, segregation analyses, family-based linkage and association studies, candidate gene association studies, and, most recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The purpose of this brief review was to highlight the importance of some immune response genes and their correlation with the clinical forms of leprosy, as well as their implications for disease resistance and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Ribeiro Jarduli
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Basic Health Sciences Department, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Emília Ângela Sippert
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Christiane Maria Ayo
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila Saamara Mazini
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vicentin Alves
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Guerreiro LTA, Robottom-Ferreira AB, Ribeiro-Alves M, Toledo-Pinto TG, Rosa Brito T, Rosa PS, Sandoval FG, Jardim MR, Antunes SG, Shannon EJ, Sarno EN, Pessolani MCV, Williams DL, Moraes MO. Gene expression profiling specifies chemokine, mitochondrial and lipid metabolism signatures in leprosy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64748. [PMID: 23798993 PMCID: PMC3683049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we performed microarray experiments in Schwann cells infected with live M. leprae and identified novel differentially expressed genes (DEG) in M. leprae infected cells. Also, we selected candidate genes associated or implicated with leprosy in genetic studies and biological experiments. Forty-seven genes were selected for validation in two independent types of samples by multiplex qPCR. First, an in vitro model using THP-1 cells was infected with live Mycobacterium leprae and M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In a second situation, mRNA obtained from nerve biopsies from patients with leprosy or other peripheral neuropathies was tested. We detected DEGs that discriminate M. bovis BCG from M. leprae infection. Specific signatures of susceptible responses after M. leprae infection when compared to BCG lead to repression of genes, including CCL2, CCL3, IL8 and SOD2. The same 47-gene set was screened in nerve biopsies, which corroborated the down-regulation of CCL2 and CCL3 in leprosy, but also evidenced the down-regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism, and the up-regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and ubiquitination. Finally, a gene expression signature from DEG was identified in patients confirmed of having leprosy. A classification tree was able to ascertain 80% of the cases as leprosy or non-leprous peripheral neuropathy based on the expression of only LDLR and CCL4. A general immune and mitochondrial hypo-responsive state occurs in response to M. leprae infection. Also, the most important genes and pathways have been highlighted providing new tools for early diagnosis and treatment of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacogenética, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gomes Toledo-Pinto
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiana Rosa Brito
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Galvan Sandoval
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC), Division of National Hansen's Disease Programs, Laboratory Research Branch at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Márcia Rodrigues Jardim
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Gomes Antunes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edward J. Shannon
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC), Division of National Hansen's Disease Programs, Laboratory Research Branch at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Diana Lynn Williams
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC), Division of National Hansen's Disease Programs, Laboratory Research Branch at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Manry J, Quintana-Murci L. A genome-wide perspective of human diversity and its implications in infectious disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a012450. [PMID: 23284079 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progress in genomic technologies, such as DNA arrays and next-generation sequencing, is allowing systematic characterization of the degree of human genetic variation at the scale of individual genomes. Public efforts, such as the International HapMap Project and the 1000 Genomes Project, have provided a realistic picture of the levels of genetic diversity in individuals and populations. These genomic techniques are also making it possible to evaluate the contribution of host genetic diversity to differences in susceptibility to both rare and common infectious diseases. Recent studies have revealed the power of whole-exome sequencing for dissecting the immunological mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of severe, rare infectious diseases. Likewise, genome-wide association studies on common viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections have shed light on the host genetic basis of susceptibility to infectious diseases and, in some cases, of disease progression and drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Manry
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomes and Genetics, F-75015 Paris, France
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Grant AV, Alter A, Huong NT, Orlova M, Van Thuc N, Ba NN, Thai VH, Abel L, Schurr E, Alcais A. Crohn's disease susceptibility genes are associated with leprosy in the Vietnamese population. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1763-7. [PMID: 22984114 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A genomewide association study in Chinese patients with leprosy detected association signals in 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to 6 loci, of which 4 are related to the NOD2 signaling pathway and are Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. Here, we studied these 16 SNPs as potential leprosy susceptibility factors in 474 Vietnamese leprosy simplex families. We replicated SNPs at HLA-DR-DQ, RIPK2, CCDC122-LACC1, and NOD2 as leprosy susceptibility factors in Vietnam. These results validated the striking overlap in the genetic control of Crohn's disease and leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey V Grant
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
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Functional genetic screen of human diversity reveals that a methionine salvage enzyme regulates inflammatory cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2343-52. [PMID: 22837397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206701109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies can identify common differences that contribute to human phenotypic diversity and disease. When genome-wide association studies are combined with approaches that test how variants alter physiology, biological insights can emerge. Here, we used such an approach to reveal regulation of cell death by the methionine salvage pathway. A common SNP associated with reduced expression of a putative methionine salvage pathway dehydratase, apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1)-interacting protein (APIP), was associated with increased caspase-1-mediated cell death in response to Salmonella. The role of APIP in methionine salvage was confirmed by growth assays with methionine-deficient media and quantitation of the methionine salvage substrate, 5'-methylthioadenosine. Reducing expression of APIP or exogenous addition of 5'-methylthioadenosine increased Salmonellae-induced cell death. Consistent with APIP originally being identified as an inhibitor of caspase-9-dependent apoptosis, the same allele was also associated with increased sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin. Our results show that common human variation affecting expression of a single gene can alter susceptibility to two distinct cell death programs. Furthermore, the same allele that promotes cell death is associated with improved survival of individuals with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, suggesting a possible evolutionary pressure that may explain the geographic pattern observed for the frequency of this SNP. Our study shows that in vitro association screens of disease-related traits can not only reveal human genetic differences that contribute to disease but also provide unexpected insights into cell biology.
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LSHGD: a database for human leprosy susceptible genes. Genomics 2012; 100:162-6. [PMID: 22750101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies aiming to explore the involvement of host genetic factors to determine susceptibility to develop disease and individual's response to the infection with Mycobacterium leprae have increased in recent years. To address this issue, we have developed a Leprosy Susceptible Human Gene Database (LSHGD) to integrate leprosy and human associated 45 genes by profound literature search. This will serve as a user-friendly and interactive platform to understand the involvement of human polymorphisms (SNPs) in leprosy, independent genetic control over both susceptibility to leprosy and its association with multi-drug resistance of M. leprae. As the first human genetic database in leprosy it aims to provide information about the associated genes, corresponding protein sequences, available three dimensional structures and polymorphism related to leprosy. In conclusion, this will serve as a multifunctional valuable tool and convenient information platform which is freely available at http://www.vit.ac.in/leprosy/leprosy.htm and enables the user to retrieve information of their interest.
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Elguezabal N, Chamorro S, Molina E, Garrido JM, Izeta A, Rodrigo L, Juste RA. Lactase persistence, NOD2 status and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection associations to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gut Pathog 2012; 4:6. [PMID: 22742424 PMCID: PMC3441432 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which includes both Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is caused by a complex interplay involving genetic predisposition, environmental factors and an infectious agent. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a promising pathogen candidate since it produces a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease in ruminants that resembles CD in humans. MAP is a ubiquitous microorganism, although its presence in the food chain, especially in milk from infected animals, is what made us think that there could be an association between lactase persistence (LP) and IBD. The LCT mutation has brought adaptation to dairy farming which in turn would have increased exposure of the population to infection by MAP. NOD2 gene mutations are highly associated to CD. Methods In our study, CD and UC patients and controls from the North of Spain were genotyped for the lactase gene (LCT) and for three NOD-2 variants, R702W, G908R and Cins1007fs. MAP PCR was carried out in order to assess MAP infection status and these results were correlated with LCT and NOD2 genotypes. Results As for LP, no association was found with IBD, although UC patients were less likely to present the T/T−13910 variant compared to controls, showing a higher C-allele frequency and a tendency to lactase non-persistence (LNP). NOD2 mutations were associated to CD being the per-allele risk higher for the Cins1007fs variant. MAP infection was more extended among the healthy controls (45.2%) compared to CD patients (21.38%) and UC patients (19.04%) and this was attributed to therapy. The Asturian CD cohort presented higher levels of MAP prevalence (38.6%) compared to the Basque CD cohort (15.5%), differences also attributed to therapy. No interaction was found between MAP infection and LCT or NOD2 status. Conclusions We conclude that LP is not significantly associated with IBD, but that MAP infection and NOD2 do show not mutually interacting associations with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga, Derio, Bizkaia, 1,48160, Spain.
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The RIPK2 gene: a positional candidate for tick burden supported by genetic associations in cattle and immunological response of knockout mouse. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:379-88. [PMID: 22314416 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases have a detrimental impact on livestock production causing estimated losses of around $200 million per year in Australia alone. Host resistance to ticks is heritable, within-breed heritability estimates being around 0.35, and with large differences between breeds. Previously a QTL for tick burden was detected on BTA14 at ~72 Mb distal to the centromere, near the gene receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2). To identify polymorphisms in this region, we sequenced all exons of the RIPK2 gene, identifying 46 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Using SNP from RIPK2 as well as SNP from the bovine genome sequence, we genotyped two samples, one of 1,122 taurine dairy cattle and one of 761 zebu and zebu composite beef cattle. We confirmed that SNP and haplotypes from this region, including from RIPK2, were associated with tick burden in both dairy and beef cattle. To determine whether RIPK2 influences response to tick salivary gland extract (SGE), an immunisation experiment with tick SGE in a RIPK2 knockout (RIPK2 −/−) mouse strain was conducted. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in IgG production in the RIPK2 −/− mouse in response to the SGE compared to its background strain C57BL/ 6 as well as the outbred CD1 mouse strain. In addition, antibodies generated by RIPK2 −/− mice recognised a different set of antigens within SGE when compared to parental-derived antibodies. In summary, the SNP association with tick burden at BTA14 was confirmed and quantitative and qualitative differences in antibody production were observed between RIPK2 −/− and wild-type mice.
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Hill AVS. Evolution, revolution and heresy in the genetics of infectious disease susceptibility. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:840-9. [PMID: 22312051 PMCID: PMC3267114 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious pathogens have long been recognized as potentially powerful agents impacting on the evolution of human genetic diversity. Analysis of large-scale case–control studies provides one of the most direct means of identifying human genetic variants that currently impact on susceptibility to particular infectious diseases. For over 50 years candidate gene studies have been used to identify loci for many major causes of human infectious mortality, including malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, bacterial pneumonia and hepatitis. But with the advent of genome-wide approaches, many new loci have been identified in diverse populations. Genome-wide linkage studies identified a few loci, but genome-wide association studies are proving more successful, and both exome and whole-genome sequencing now offer a revolutionary increase in power. Opinions differ on the extent to which the genetic component to common disease susceptibility is encoded by multiple high frequency or rare variants, and the heretical view that most infectious diseases might even be monogenic has been advocated recently. Review of findings to date suggests that the genetic architecture of infectious disease susceptibility may be importantly different from that of non-infectious diseases, and it is suggested that natural selection may be the driving force underlying this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V S Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Genetic variants of the MRC1 gene and the IFNG gene are associated with leprosy in Han Chinese from Southwest China. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1251-60. [PMID: 22392581 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient infectious disease, with over 200,000 affected people (mainly in Asia and Africa) being registered annually. Genetic factors may confer susceptibility to this disease. In the present study, we genotyped 12 genetic variants of the MRC1 gene and the IFNG gene in 527 Han Chinese with leprosy and 583 healthy individuals from Yunnan, China, to discern potential association of these two genes with leprosy. In particular, we aimed to validate the recently reported association of MRC1 variant rs1926736 (p.G396S) and IFNG variant rs2430561 (+874 T>A) with leprosy, which were initially observed in Vietnamese and Brazilian populations, respectively. Our results failed to confirm the reported association between variants rs1926736 and rs2430561 and leprosy in Han Chinese. However, we found that variants rs692527 (P = 0.022) and rs34856358 (P = 0.022) of the MRC1 gene were associated with paucibacillary leprosy, and rs3138557 of the IFNG gene was significantly associated with multibacillary leprosy. The exact role of the MRC1 gene and the IFNG gene in leprosy awaits future study.
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Zhang X. Genome-wide association study of skin complex diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:89-97. [PMID: 22480995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex diseases are caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Over decades, scientists endeavored to uncover the genetic myth of complex diseases by linkage and association studies. Since 2005, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been proved to be the most powerful and efficient study design thus far in identifying genetic variants that are associated with complex diseases. More than 230 complex diseases and traits have been investigated by this approach. In dermatology, 10 skin complex diseases have been investigated, a wealth of common susceptibility variants conferring risk for skin complex diseases have been discovered. These findings point to genes and/or loci involved in biological systems worth further investigating by using other methodologies. Certainly, as our understanding of the genetic etiology of skin complex diseases continues to mature, important opportunities will emerge for developing more effective diagnostic and clinical management tools for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Singh V, Gaur R, Mittal M, Biswas SK, Das R, Girdhar BK, Bajaj B, Katoch VM, Kumar A, Mohanty KK. Absence of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 variants in patients with leprosy and tuberculosis. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:353-6. [PMID: 22289211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease-associated NOD 2 variants (Arg702Trp and 3020insC) were found to be monomorphic (wild), and 7 subjects were heterozygous for Gly908Arg SNP in 263 patients with tuberculosis, 260 patients with leprosy and 270 healthy controls residing in northern Indian states. This is the first report to suggest the minimal role of these variants in susceptibility/resistance to TB and leprosy in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Singh
- Immunology Division, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
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Human polymorphisms as clinical predictors in leprosy. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:923943. [PMID: 22220182 PMCID: PMC3246779 DOI: 10.1155/2011/923943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and serum markers in human host can predict leprosy susceptibility per se as well as be useful in classification and/or prediction of clinical variants and immunological responses in leprosy. Adequate and timely assessment of potential risks associated with these 38 host leprosy genes could diminish epidemiological burden and improve life quality of patients with this still prevalent mycobacterial disease.
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Massone C, Talhari C, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT, Talhari S, Naafs B. Leprosy and HIV coinfection: a critical approach. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:701-10. [PMID: 21692674 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An increase in leprosy among HIV patients, similar to that observed in patients with TB, was expected approximately 20 years ago. Studies conducted in the 1990s together with those reported recently seemed to indicate that a coinfection with HIV did not alter the incidence and the clinical spectrum of leprosy and that each disease progressed as a single infection. By contrast, in countries with a high seroprevalence of HIV, TB was noted to increase. Explanations may be provided by the differences in the incubation time, the biology and toxicity of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After the introduction of HAART the leprosy-HIV coinfection manifested itself as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), typically as paucibacillary leprosy with type 1 leprosy reaction. The incidence of leprosy in HIV-infected patients has never been properly investigated. IRIS-leprosy is probably underestimated and recent data showed that the incidence of leprosy in HIV patients under HAART was higher than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Massone
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Ali S, Chopra R, Aggarwal S, Srivastava AK, Kalaiarasan P, Malhotra D, Gochhait S, Garg VK, Bhattacharya SN, Bamezai RNK. Association of variants in BAT1-LTA-TNF-BTNL2 genes within 6p21.3 region show graded risk to leprosy in unrelated cohorts of Indian population. Hum Genet 2011; 131:703-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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48
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Aggarwal S, Ali S, Chopra R, Srivastava A, Kalaiarasan P, Malhotra D, Gochhait S, Garg VK, Bhattacharya SN, Bamezai RNK. Genetic Variations and Interactions in Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Pathway Genes in the Outcome of Leprosy: A Study Conducted on a MassARRAY Platform. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1264-73. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Intracellular pathogens contribute to a significant proportion of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing evidence points to a major role for host genetics in explaining inter-individual variation in susceptibility to infectious diseases. A number of monogenic disorders predisposing to infectious disease have been reported, including susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in association with mutations in genes of the interleukin-12/interleukin-23/interferon-γ axis. Common genetic variants have also been demonstrated to regulate susceptibility to intracellular infection, for example the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism that modulates human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) disease progression. Genome-wide association study approaches are being increasingly utilized to define genetic variants underlying susceptibility to major infectious diseases. This review focuses on the current state-of-the-art in genetics and genomics as pertains to understanding the genetic contribution to human susceptibility to infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens such as tuberculosis, leprosy, HIV-1, hepatitis, and malaria, with a particular emphasis on insights from recent genome-wide approaches. The results from these studies implicate common genetic variants in novel molecular pathways involved in human immunity to specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik O Vannberg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Despite the availability of effective treatment for several decades, leprosy remains an important medical problem in many regions of the world. Infection with Mycobacterium leprae can produce paucibacillary disease, characterized by well-formed granulomas and a Th1 T-cell response, or multibacillary disease, characterized by poorly organized cellular infiltrates and Th2 cytokines. These diametric immune responses confer states of relative resistance or susceptibility to leprosy, respectively, and have well-defined clinical manifestations. As a result, leprosy provides a unique opportunity to dissect the genetic basis of human in vivo immunity. A series of studies over the past 40 years suggests that host genes influence the risk of leprosy acquisition and the predilection for different clinical forms of the disease. However, a comprehensive, cellular, and molecular view of the genes and variants involved is still being assembled. In this article, we review several decades of human genetic studies of leprosy, including a number of recent investigations. We emphasize genetic analyses that are validated by the replication of the same phenotype in independent studies or supported by functional experiments demonstrating biological mechanisms of action for specific polymorphisms. Identifying and functionally exploring the genetic and immunological factors that underlie human susceptibility to leprosy have yielded important insights into M. leprae pathogenesis and are likely to advance our understanding of the immune response to other pathogenic mycobacteria. This knowledge may inform new treatment or vaccine strategies for leprosy or tuberculosis.
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