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Kraemer KL, Althouse AD, Salay M, Gordon AJ, Wright E, Anisman D, Cochran G, Fischer G, Gellad WF, Hamm M, Kern M, Wasan AD. Effect of Different Interventions to Help Primary Care Clinicians Avoid Unsafe Opioid Prescribing in Opioid-Naive Patients With Acute Noncancer Pain: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2022; 3:e222263. [PMID: 35983579 PMCID: PMC9338412 DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Prescription opioids can treat acute pain in primary care but have potential for unsafe use and progression to prolonged opioid prescribing. Objective To compare clinician-facing interventions to prevent unsafe opioid prescribing in opioid-naive primary care patients with acute noncancer pain. Design Setting and Participants We conducted a multisite, cluster-randomized, 2 × 2 factorial, clinical trial in 3 health care systems that comprised 48 primary care practices and 525 participating clinicians from September 2018 through January 2021. Patient participants were opioid-naive outpatients, 18 years or older, who presented for a qualifying clinic visit with acute noncancer musculoskeletal pain or nonmigraine headache. Interventions Practices randomized to: (1) control; (2) opioid justification; (3) monthly clinician comparison emails; or (4) opioid justification and clinician comparison. All groups received opioid prescribing guidelines via the electronic health record at the time of a new opioid prescription. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome measures were receipt of an initial opioid prescription at the qualifying clinic visit. Other outcomes were opioid prescribing for more than 3 months and a concurrent opioid/benzodiazepine prescription over 12-month follow-up. Results Among 22 616 enrolled patient participants (9740 women [43.1%]; 64 American Indian/Alaska Native [0.3%]; 590 Asian [2.6%], 1120 Black/African American [5.0%], 1777 Hispanic [7.9%], 225 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander [1.0%], and 18 981 White [83.9%] individuals), the initial opioid prescribing rates at the qualifying clinic visit were 3.1% in the total sample, 4.2% in control, 3.6% in opioid justification, 2.6% in clinician comparison, and 1.9% in opioid justification and clinician comparison. Compared with control, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for a new opioid prescription was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.46-1.18; P = .20) for opioid justification and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.38-0.96; P = .03) for clinician comparison. Compared with control, clinician comparison was associated with decreased odds of opioid therapy of more than 3 months (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69-0.91; P = .001) and concurrent opioid/benzodiazepine prescription (aOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72-1.00; P = .04), whereas opioid justification did not have a significant effect. Conclusions and Relevance In this cluster randomized clinical trial, comparison emails decreased the proportion of opioid-naive patients with acute noncancer pain who received an opioid prescription, progressed to treatment with long-term opioid therapy, or were exposed to concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine therapy. Health care systems can consider adding clinician-targeted nudges to other initiatives as an efficient, scalable approach to further decrease potentially unsafe opioid prescribing. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03537573.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Kraemer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew D Althouse
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melessa Salay
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam J Gordon
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.,VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - David Anisman
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Gerald Cochran
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.,VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Gary Fischer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Walid F Gellad
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan Hamm
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ajay D Wasan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Cipriani A, Capone F, Donato F, Molinari L, Ceccato D, Saller A, Previato L, Pesavento R, Sarais C, Fioretto P, Iliceto S, Gregori D, Avogaro A, Vettor R. Cardiac injury and mortality in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): insights from a mediation analysis. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:419-427. [PMID: 32984929 PMCID: PMC7520162 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Patients at greatest risk of severe clinical conditions from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and death are elderly and comorbid patients. Increased levels of cardiac troponins identify patients with poor outcome. The present study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of Italian inpatients, admitted to a medical COVID-19 Unit, and to investigate the relative role of cardiac injury on in-hospital mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed all consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 referred to our dedicated medical Unit between February 26th and March 31st 2020. Patients' clinical data including comorbidities, laboratory values, and outcomes were collected. Predictors of in-hospital mortality were investigated. A mediation analysis was performed to identify the potential mediators in the relationship between cardiac injury and mortality. A total of 109 COVID-19 inpatients (female 36%, median age 71 years) were included. During in-hospital stay, 20 patients (18%) died and, compared with survivors, these patients were older, had more comorbidities defined by Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 3(65% vs 24%, p = 0.001), and higher levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (Hs-cTnI), both at first evaluation and peak levels. A dose-response curve between Hs-cTnI and in-hospital mortality risk up to 200 ng/L was detected. Hs-cTnI, chronic kidney disease, and chronic coronary artery disease mediated most of the risk of in-hospital death, with Hs-cTnI mediating 25% of such effect. Smaller effects were observed for age, lactic dehydrogenase, and D-dimer. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of elderly and comorbid COVID-19 patients, elevated Hs-cTnI levels were the most important and independent mediators of in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cipriani
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy.
| | - Federico Capone
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Filippo Donato
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Leonardo Molinari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Davide Ceccato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Alois Saller
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Previato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pesavento
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Cristiano Sarais
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Paola Fioretto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Dario Gregori
- Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padua, 35128, Italy
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González-Bermejo D, Rayón-Iglesias P, Rodríguez-Pascual A, Álvarez-Gutiérrez A, Fernández-Dueñas A, Montero-Corominas D, Huerta-Álvarez C. Drug utilization study on immediate release Fentanyl in Spain. Prevalence, incidence, and indication. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2020; 30:371-378. [PMID: 32929809 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to characterize the trends of immediate release fentanyl (IRF) use in Spain between 2012 and 2017 and indication for its use. IRF drugs are rapid-acting opioids approved to treat breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP) in patients already receiving maintenance opioid therapy for chronic cancer pain. A substantial increase in consumption of IRF has been observed with emerging cases of abuse and dependence, most of them in noncancer patients. METHODS An ecological descriptive consumption study with aggregated data from drug dispensed by community pharmacies and reimbursed by the National Health System in which Defined Daily Doses per 10 000 inhabitants (DID) were calculated and a retrospective cohort study using data from the Spanish Database for Pharmacoepidemiological Research in Primary Care in which participants entered the cohort study after 1 year with the Primary Care Practitioners were performed. Annual prevalence and incidence rate of IRF use were estimated by sex and calendar year. Potential indication was also assessed. RESULTS IRF use in Spain increased from 2.1 DID in 2012 to 3.8 DID in 2017. The incidence rate and prevalence increased in 53% and 74%, respectively. Patients without previous cancer or BCTP diagnosis represented 27% of incident users, predominantly women. Half of patients with noncancer-related diagnosis had a musculoskeletal disorder linked to the first IRF prescription. CONCLUSIONS National consumption and new IRF users in Spain increased over the study period and one quarter of patients did not have a BTCP or cancer diagnosis registered in their clinical record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana González-Bermejo
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance Division. Medicines for Human Use Department, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Rayón-Iglesias
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance Division. Medicines for Human Use Department, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez-Pascual
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance Division. Medicines for Human Use Department, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Álvarez-Gutiérrez
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance Division. Medicines for Human Use Department, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Dueñas
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance Division. Medicines for Human Use Department, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Montero-Corominas
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance Division. Medicines for Human Use Department, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Huerta-Álvarez
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance Division. Medicines for Human Use Department, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain
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