1
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Trzebny A, Nahimova O, Volkova N, Hryhoriev D, Slodkowicz-Kowalska A, Dabert M. Mosquitoes (Culicidae) as a vector of Encephalitozoon hellem (Microsporidia). Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2317914. [PMID: 38442030 PMCID: PMC10916917 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2317914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Trzebny
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Olena Nahimova
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Genetics and Cytology Department, School of Biology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Volkova
- Genetics and Cytology Department, School of Biology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Denys Hryhoriev
- Genetics and Cytology Department, School of Biology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Slodkowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine I, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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2
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Kikuchi S, Saito Y, Tateishi T, Irie KI, Imai T, Morimitsu M, Iwanaga E, Watts MR, Taniwaki T, Nishino I. A 73-year-old Japanese Woman With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Exposure to Water From a Well. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 79:564-567. [PMID: 39149938 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Kikuchi
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Tateishi
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Irie
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Imai
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Makoto Morimitsu
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Erina Iwanaga
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Matthew R Watts
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research-New South Wales Health Pathology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Takayuki Taniwaki
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Wang Z, Li D, Lu L, Xu Z, Ouyang G, Sun Y. Identification of Anncaliia algerae in Ascites in an Immunosuppressed Patient, China. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae393. [PMID: 39100525 PMCID: PMC11295253 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Anncaliia algerae, a microsporidium, has risen to prominence as an opportunistic pathogen, particularly afflicting individuals who are immunocompromised with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, organ transplantation, and hematologic malignancy. Surprisingly, despite its recognized impact, the identification of A algerae in ascitic fluid has not been documented. As such, we pinpointed A algerae as the probable instigator of ascitic accumulation in a patient with a history of acute myeloid leukemia and extended periods of immunosuppressive therapy. For this patient, there were no signs of A algerae-related infections (eg, myositis), vocal cord involvement, or disseminated infection. The presence of A algerae was finally identified by next-generation metagenomic sequencing analysis of the ascitic fluid. Clinical presentation was characterized by elevated C-reactive protein levels (110.7 mg/L), diminished platelet count (48 × 109/L), abdominal distension secondary to ascitic fluid accumulation, and lower limb pain, and it showed marked improvement following a 4-day regimen of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and albendazole. Despite this promising response, the patient succumbed to aspiration of vomitus. This case underscores the importance of considering rarer organisms, such as A algerae infection, in patients who are immunocompromised and present with unexplained ascites accumulation. It highlights the potential effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and albendazole in managing such cases. Further research is warranted to elucidate optimal management strategies and improve outcomes in similar clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanzan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Province, Dian Diagnostics Group Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou DA Medical Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Province, Dian Diagnostics Group Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou DA Medical Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijuan Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guifang Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongcheng Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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4
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Usmani M, Coudray N, Riggi M, Raghu R, Ramchandani H, Bobe D, Kopylov M, Zhong ED, Iwasa JH, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G. Cryo-ET reveals the in situ architecture of the polar tube invasion apparatus from microsporidian parasites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.13.603322. [PMID: 39026755 PMCID: PMC11257570 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.13.603322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Microsporidia are divergent fungal pathogens that employ a harpoon-like apparatus called the polar tube (PT) to invade host cells. The PT architecture and its association with neighboring organelles remain poorly understood. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to investigate the structural cell biology of the PT in dormant spores from the human-infecting microsporidian species, Encephalitozoon intestinalis . Segmentation and subtomogram averaging of the PT reveal at least four layers: two protein-based layers surrounded by a membrane, and filled with a dense core. Regularly spaced protein filaments form the structural skeleton of the PT. Combining cryo-electron tomography with cellular modeling, we propose a model for the 3-dimensional organization of the polaroplast, an organelle that is continuous with the membrane layer that envelops the PT. Our results reveal the ultrastructure of the microsporidian invasion apparatus in situ , laying the foundation for understanding infection mechanisms.
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5
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López-Verdejo A, Occhibove F, Uberti BD, Montero FE, Santoro M. Mass mortality event of round sardinella Sardinella aurita Valenciennes associated with Glugea Thélohan, 1891 microsporidian infection off the southern Italian coast. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13995. [PMID: 38953156 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular parasites of the genus Glugea Thélohan, 1891 (Microsporidia) comprise about 34 putative species capable of causing high morbidity and mortality in freshwater and marine teleost fishes. In this study, we report on the first mass mortality event associated with Glugea sp. infecting free-ranging round sardinella Sardinella aurita in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy). Here, we describe the ultrastructure of mature spores of this microsporidian and characterize it molecularly, as well as report its phylogenetic position. Most of the affected fish showed an irregular swelling of its abdomen. At necropsy, a variable number of xenomas, spherical to ellipsoidal in shape, were found in the peritoneal cavity strongly attached to the viscera of all fish. Histological analysis revealed varying severity of chronic inflammation along with occasional necrosis in visceral organs associated with multiple xenoma proliferation. These pathological findings were considered the main cause of this mass mortality event. Morphologically, the present material was closely related to G. sardinellesis and G. thunni. The phylogenetically closest taxa to the newly SSU rDNA sequence were G. thunni and an erroneusly identified G. plecoglossi, which were very closely related to each other, also suggesting that all these sequences might belong to the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Verdejo
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Flavia Occhibove
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francisco E Montero
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Mario Santoro
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
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6
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Tournayre J, Polonais V, Wawrzyniak I, Akossi RF, Parisot N, Lerat E, Delbac F, Souvignet P, Reichstadt M, Peyretaillade E. MicroAnnot: A Dedicated Workflow for Accurate Microsporidian Genome Annotation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:880. [PMID: 38255958 PMCID: PMC10815200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With nearly 1700 species, Microsporidia represent a group of obligate intracellular eukaryotes with veterinary, economic and medical impacts. To help understand the biological functions of these microorganisms, complete genome sequencing is routinely used. Nevertheless, the proper prediction of their gene catalogue is challenging due to their taxon-specific evolutionary features. As innovative genome annotation strategies are needed to obtain a representative snapshot of the overall lifestyle of these parasites, the MicroAnnot tool, a dedicated workflow for microsporidian sequence annotation using data from curated databases of accurately annotated microsporidian genes, has been developed. Furthermore, specific modules have been implemented to perform small gene (<300 bp) and transposable element identification. Finally, functional annotation was performed using the signature-based InterProScan software. MicroAnnot's accuracy has been verified by the re-annotation of four microsporidian genomes for which structural annotation had previously been validated. With its comparative approach and transcriptional signal identification method, MicroAnnot provides an accurate prediction of translation initiation sites, an efficient identification of transposable elements, as well as high specificity and sensitivity for microsporidian genes, including those under 300 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Tournayre
- INRAE, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; (J.T.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Valérie Polonais
- LMGE, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.P.); (I.W.); (R.F.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Ivan Wawrzyniak
- LMGE, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.P.); (I.W.); (R.F.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Reginald Florian Akossi
- LMGE, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.P.); (I.W.); (R.F.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- UMR 203, BF2I, INRAE, INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lerat
- VAS, CNRS, UMR5558, LBBE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- LMGE, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.P.); (I.W.); (R.F.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Pierre Souvignet
- INRAE, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; (J.T.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Matthieu Reichstadt
- INRAE, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; (J.T.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Eric Peyretaillade
- LMGE, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.P.); (I.W.); (R.F.A.); (F.D.)
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7
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Sutton KM, Watts MR, Athavale DD, Lewis N, Petsoglou C, Hudson BJ, Fernando SL. Case Report: The Use of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy for Diagnosis and Monitoring in a Rare Case of Ancaliia algerae Microsporidial Keratitis in New South Wales, Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:87-89. [PMID: 37983904 PMCID: PMC10793021 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the successful management of Ancaliia Algerae microsporidial keratitis in an immunosuppressed 54-year-old woman with refractory linear IgA disease. The case highlights the challenges in diagnosis and management of this infection in immunocompromised individuals and emphasizes the usefulness of in vivo confocal microscopy as a novel, noninvasive tool to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of microsporidial keratitis. We also discuss the possible mode of acquisition of this rare infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Sutton
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew R. Watts
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Public Health, Westmead, Australia
- Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel D. Athavale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Noni Lewis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Constantinos Petsoglou
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernard J. Hudson
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suran L. Fernando
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Ang’ang’o LM, Herren JK, Tastan Bishop Ö. Structural and Functional Annotation of Hypothetical Proteins from the Microsporidia Species Vittaforma corneae ATCC 50505 Using in silico Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3507. [PMID: 36834914 PMCID: PMC9960886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are spore-forming eukaryotes that are related to fungi but have unique traits that set them apart. They have compact genomes as a result of evolutionary gene loss associated with their complete dependency on hosts for survival. Despite having a relatively small number of genes, a disproportionately high percentage of the genes in microsporidia genomes code for proteins whose functions remain unknown (hypothetical proteins-HPs). Computational annotation of HPs has become a more efficient and cost-effective alternative to experimental investigation. This research developed a robust bioinformatics annotation pipeline of HPs from Vittaforma corneae, a clinically important microsporidian that causes ocular infections in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we describe various steps to retrieve sequences and homologs and to carry out physicochemical characterization, protein family classification, identification of motifs and domains, protein-protein interaction network analysis, and homology modelling using a variety of online resources. Classification of protein families produced consistent findings across platforms, demonstrating the accuracy of annotation utilizing in silico methods. A total of 162 out of 2034 HPs were fully annotated, with the bulk of them categorized as binding proteins, enzymes, or regulatory proteins. The protein functions of several HPs from Vittaforma corneae were accurately inferred. This improved our understanding of microsporidian HPs despite challenges related to the obligate nature of microsporidia, the absence of fully characterized genes, and the lack of homologous genes in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Mbaisi Ang’ang’o
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Jeremy Keith Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Watson AL, Matic M, Robertson T, Stewart AGA. Microsporidial myositis, keratitis and hypercalcaemia in a cystic fibrosis lung transplant recipient. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:15/7/e250643. [PMID: 35787491 PMCID: PMC9255391 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A man in his 50s was admitted with 4 months of myalgia, headaches, hypercalcaemia and declining renal function on a background of lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis 5 years prior. MRI confirmed myositis and a muscle biopsy revealed invasive muscular microsporidial infection. Positron emission tomography(PET)/CT revealed widespread dissemination of the infection. Albendazole was commenced and after a 1 week systemic inflammatory response syndrome, the patient made a significant recovery and was discharged home. PCR testing confirmed the species as Anncaliia algerae, which is known to infect mosquitoes, larvae and contaminate water supplies. This case highlights the need to relentlessly pursue a diagnosis and to consider atypical pathology in immune compromised patients. A tissue sample yielded highly beneficial and unexpected results. A multispecialty approach was essential given the varied infection manifestations, which included myositis, keratitis and possible central nervous system, vocal cord, parapharyngeal and renal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Louise Watson
- General Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marko Matic
- Nuclear Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Robertson
- Pathology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Liu C, Chen Q, Fu P, Shi YY. Anncaliia algerae Microsporidiosis Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1466-1470. [PMID: 35731183 PMCID: PMC9239868 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.212315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of Anncaliia algerae microsporidia infection in an immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipient in China. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy initially failed to identify A. algerae, which eventually was detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Our case highlights the supporting role of metagenomic sequencing in early identification of uncommon pathogens.
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11
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Seatamanoch N, Kongdachalert S, Sunantaraporn S, Siriyasatien P, Brownell N. Microsporidia, a Highly Adaptive Organism and Its Host Expansion to Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:924007. [PMID: 35782144 PMCID: PMC9245026 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.924007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious disease has become the center of attention since the outbreak of COVID-19. For the coronavirus, bats are suspected to be the origin of the pandemic. Consequently, the spotlight has fallen on zoonotic diseases, and the focus now expands to organisms other than viruses. Microsporidia is a single-cell organism that can infect a wide range of hosts such as insects, mammals, and humans. Its pathogenicity differs among species, and host immunological status plays an important role in infectivity and disease severity. Disseminated disease from microsporidiosis can be fatal, especially among patients with a defective immune system. Recently, there were two Trachipleistophora hominis, a microsporidia species which can survive in insects, case reports in Thailand, one patient had disseminated microsporidiosis. This review gathered data of disseminated microsporidiosis and T. hominis infections in humans covering the biological and clinical aspects. There was a total of 22 cases of disseminated microsporidiosis reports worldwide. Ten microsporidia species were identified. Maximum likelihood tree results showed some possible correlations with zoonotic transmissions. For T. hominis, there are currently eight case reports in humans, seven of which had Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. It is observed that risks are higher for the immunocompromised to acquire such infections, however, future studies should look into the entire life cycle, to identify the route of transmission and establish preventive measures, especially among the high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirin Seatamanoch
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Switt Kongdachalert
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakone Sunantaraporn
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisa Brownell
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Narisa Brownell,
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12
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Microsporidia: a new taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological synthesis. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:642-659. [PMID: 35667993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidian diversity is vast. There is a renewed drive to understand how microsporidian pathological, genomic, and ecological traits relate to their phylogeny. We comprehensively sample and phylogenetically analyse 125 microsporidian genera for which sequence data are available. Comparing these results with existing phylogenomic analyses, we suggest an updated taxonomic framework to replace the inconsistent clade numbering system, using informal taxonomic names: Glugeida (previously clades 5/3), Nosematida (4a), Enterocytozoonida (4b), Amblyosporida (3/5), Neopereziida (1), and Ovavesiculida (2). Cellular, parasitological, and ecological traits for 281 well-defined species are compared with identify clade-specific patterns across long-branch Microsporidia. We suggest that future taxonomic circumscriptions of Microsporidia should involve additional markers (SSU/ITS/LSU), and that a comprehensive suite of phenotypic and ecological traits help to predict broad microsporidian functional and lineage diversity.
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13
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López-Verdejo A, Montero FE, de la Gándara F, Gallego MA, Ortega A, Raga JA, Palacios-Abella JF. A severe microsporidian disease in cultured Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus). IMA Fungus 2022; 13:5. [PMID: 35272715 PMCID: PMC8915461 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising aquaculture species is the Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with high market value; disease control is crucial to prevent and reduce mortality and monetary losses. Microsporidia (Fungi) are a potential source of damage to bluefin tuna aquaculture. A new microsporidian species is described from farmed bluefin tunas from the Spanish Mediterranean. This new pathogen is described in a juvenile associated with a highly severe pathology of the visceral cavity. Whitish xenomas from this microsporidian species were mostly located at the caecal mass and ranged from 0.2 to 7.5 mm. Light and transmission electron microscopy of the spores revealed mature spores with an average size of 2.2 × 3.9 μm in size and a polar filament with 13-14 coils arranged in one single layer. Phylogenetic analysis clustered this species with the Glugea spp. clade. The morphological characteristics and molecular comparison confirm that this is a novel microsporidian species, Glugea thunni. The direct life-cycle and the severe pathologies observed makes this parasite a hard risk for bluefin tuna cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Verdejo
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Francisco E Montero
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Gándara
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gallego
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Ortega
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - José F Palacios-Abella
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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14
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Williams BAP, Williams TA, Trew J. Comparative Genomics of Microsporidia. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:43-69. [PMID: 35543998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidia are a phylum of intracellular parasites that represent the eukaryotic cell in a state of extreme reduction, with genomes and metabolic capabilities embodying eukaryotic cells in arguably their most streamlined state. Over the past 20 years, microsporidian genomics has become a rapidly expanding field starting with sequencing of the genome of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, one of the first ever sequenced eukaryotes, to the current situation where we have access to the data from over 30 genomes across 20+ genera. Reaching back further in evolutionary history, to the point where microsporidia diverged from other eukaryotic lineages, we now also have genomic data for some of the closest known relatives of the microsporidia such as Rozella allomycis, Metchnikovella spp. and Amphiamblys sp. Data for these organisms allow us to better understand the genomic processes that shaped the emergence of the microsporidia as a group. These intensive genomic efforts have revealed some of the processes that have shaped microsporidian cells and genomes including patterns of genome expansions and contractions through gene gain and loss, whole genome duplication, differential patterns of invasion and purging of transposable elements. All these processes have been shown to occur across short and longer time scales to give rise to a phylum of parasites with dynamic genomes with a diversity of sizes and organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jahcub Trew
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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15
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Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens identified ∼150 years ago as the cause of pébrine, an economically important infection in silkworms. There are about 220 genera and 1,700 species of microsporidia, which are classified based on their ultrastructural features, developmental cycle, host-parasite relationship, and molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that microsporidia are related to the fungi, being grouped with the Cryptomycota as a basal branch or sister group to the fungi. Microsporidia can be transmitted by food and water and are likely zoonotic, as they parasitize a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Infection in humans occurs in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient hosts, e.g., in patients with organ transplantation, patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and patients receiving immune modulatory therapy such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody. Clusters of infections due to latent infection in transplanted organs have also been demonstrated. Gastrointestinal infection is the most common manifestation; however, microsporidia can infect virtually any organ system, and infection has resulted in keratitis, myositis, cholecystitis, sinusitis, and encephalitis. Both albendazole and fumagillin have efficacy for the treatment of various species of microsporidia; however, albendazole has limited efficacy for the treatment of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In addition, immune restoration can lead to resolution of infection. While the prevalence rate of microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS has fallen in the United States, due to the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), infection continues to occur throughout the world and is still seen in the United States in the setting of cART if a low CD4 count persists.
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16
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Fatal disseminated Anncaliia algerae myositis mimicking polymyositis in an immunocompromised patient. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:877-880. [PMID: 34391631 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the first New Zealand case of Anncaliia algerae myositis in a 55-year-old man with a history of psoriatic arthritis, treated with long-term immunosuppressive therapy. He resided in the city of Rotorua, which is famous for geothermal hot springs. A vastus lateralis muscle biopsy was performed to investigate the cause of an unexplained myositis. Light microscopy demonstrated a necrotizing myositis with scattered clusters of ovoid spores within the myocyte cytoplasm resembling microsporidia. DNA analysis by PCR and electron microscopy confirmed microsporidial myositis with features characteristic of A. algerae. Immunosuppressive drugs were stopped and the patient was treated with cholestyramine wash and albendazole. The patient deteriorated with involvement of bulbar and respiratory muscles requiring intensive care and ventilation. He died 3 weeks after diagnosis. Post-mortem examination of skeletal muscle from tongue and intercostal muscles also revealed numerous organisms confirming disseminated disease.
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17
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Abstract
Myositis is inflammation especially of the voluntary muscles, characterized by localized or diffuse pain, tenderness on movement or palpation, swelling, and/or weakness. The two main categories of myositis include non-infectious and infectious. Infective myositis may be due to a wide variety of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. A brief account of the various pathogens causing infective myositis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Narayanappa
- Department of NeuropathologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBangaloreIndia
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18
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Weiss LM, Takvorian PM. Anncaliia algerae. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:762-763. [PMID: 33941494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Peter M Takvorian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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19
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Nadelman DA, Bradt AR, Qvarnstrom Y, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Wang F, Smith EH, Fullen DR. Cutaneous microsporidiosis in an immunosuppressed patient. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:659-663. [PMID: 32125011 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasites that naturally infect domestic and wild animals. Human microsporidiosis is an increasingly recognized multisystem opportunistic infection. The clinical manifestations are diverse with diarrhea being the most common presenting symptom. We present a 52-year-old woman with a history of amyopathic dermatomyositis complicated by interstitial lung disease managed with mycophenolate mofetil and hydroxychloroquine who presented with a 7-month history of recurrent subcutaneous nodules as well as intermittent diarrhea and chronic sinusitis. A punch biopsy showed superficial and deep lymphocytic and granulomatous dermatitis with focal necrosis. Tissue stains for microorganisms revealed oval 1 to 3 μm spores within the necrotic areas in multiple tissue stains. Additional studies at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed cutaneous microsporidiosis. This case is one of very few confirmed examples of cutaneous microsporidiosis reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley R Bradt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yvonne Qvarnstrom
- Centers for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia S Goldsmith
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sherif R Zaki
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Frank Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily H Smith
- Department of Dermatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Douglas R Fullen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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20
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Takvorian P, Han B, Cali A, Rice W, Gunther L, Macaluso F, Weiss L. An Ultrastructural Study of the Extruded Polar Tube of Anncaliia algerae (Microsporidia). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:28-44. [PMID: 31332877 PMCID: PMC6944765 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
All microsporidia share a unique, extracellular spore stage, containing the infective sporoplasm and the apparatus for initiating infection. The polar filament/polar tube when exiting the spore transports the sporoplasm through it into a host cell. While universal, these structures and processes have been enigmatic. This study utilized several types of microscopy, describing and extending our understanding of these structures and their functions. Cryogenically preserved polar tubes vary in diameter from 155 to over 200 nm, noticeably larger than fixed-sectioned or negatively stained samples. The polar tube surface is pleated and covered with fine fibrillar material that projects from the surface and is organized in clusters or tufts. These fibrils may be the sites of glycoproteins providing protection and aiding infectivity. The polar tube surface is ridged with 5-6 nm spacing between ridges, enabling the polar tube to rapidly increase its diameter to facilitate the passage of the various cargo including cylinders, sacs or vesicles filled with particulate material and the intact sporoplasm containing a diplokaryon. The lumen of the tube is lined with a membrane that facilitates this passage. Careful examination of the terminus of the tube indicates that it has a closed tip where the membranes for the terminal sac are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.M. Takvorian
- Department of Biological Sciences Rutgers University, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ 07733 USA,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA,Corresponding author P. Takvorian, Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ 07733 USA, , Telephone number 973-353-5364, Peter M. Takvorian,
| | - B. Han
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - A Cali
- Department of Biological Sciences Rutgers University, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ 07733 USA
| | - W.J. Rice
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York USA
| | - L. Gunther
- Analytical Imaging Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - F. Macaluso
- Analytical Imaging Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - L.M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA
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21
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Sokolova YY, Weidner E, DiMario PJ. Development of Anncaliia algerae (Microsporidia) in Drosophila melanogaster. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 67:125-131. [PMID: 31529563 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Representatives of the genus Anncaliia are known as natural parasites of dipteran and coleopteran insects, amphipod crustaceans, but also humans, primarily with immunodeficiency. Anncaliia algerae-caused fatal myositis is considered as an emergent infectious disease in humans. A. (=Nosema, Brachiola) algerae, the best studied species of the genus, demonstrates the broadest among microsporidia range of natural and experimental hosts, but it has never been propagated in Drosophila. We present ultrastructural analysis of development of A. algerae in visceral muscles and adipocytes of Drosophila melanogaster 2 wk after per oral experimental infection. We observed typical to Anncaliia spp. features of ultrastructure and cell pathology including spore morphology, characteristic extensions of the plasma membrane, and presence of "ridges" and appendages of tubular material at proliferative stages. Anncaliia algerae development in D. melanogaster was particularly similar to one of A. algerae and A.(Brachiola) vesicularum in humans with acute myositis. Given D. melanogaster is currently the most established genetic model, with a fully sequenced genome and easily available transgenic forms and genomic markers, a novel host-parasite system might provide new genetic tools to investigate host-pathogen interactions of A. algerae, as well to test antimicrosporidia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Y Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, 4 Tikhoretsky Av\194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Bldg, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.,The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20037, USA
| | - Earl Weidner
- Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Bldg, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Patrick J DiMario
- Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Bldg, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
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22
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Microsporidial myositis in adult-onset immunodeficiency: case-based review. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1995-2003. [PMID: 31501996 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymyositis is a diagnosis of exclusion. In patients with odd features, it can be of infective etiology. A high index of suspicion is required for diagnosis. A 55-year-old gentleman presented with gradual-onset proximal muscle weakness. Examination revealed mild distal weakness but no rash. Muscle enzymes were raised and tests for autoantibodies were negative. Biopsy revealed microsporidiosis. In view of this unusual infection, immunodeficiency was considered and he was found to have lymphopenia which antedated his illness. Later, he developed cranial nerve palsies due to multiple lesions in the pons. In addition, he had Cytomegalovirus viremia. Literature was reviewed to identify 20 cases of microsporidial myositis, its presentation, underlying immunodeficient state, and clinical course. Infective polymyositis should be considered in a patient with paucity of clinical and serological autoimmune features. Lymphopenia can point to underlying immunodeficiency. CMV infection could be the contributor to or bystander-effect of idiopathic lymphopenia.
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23
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Anderson NW, Muehlenbachs A, Arif S, Bruminhent J, Deziel PJ, Razonable RR, Wilhelm MP, Metcalfe MG, Qvarnstrom Y, Pritt BS. A Fatal Case of Disseminated Microsporidiosis Due to Anncaliia algerae in a Renal and Pancreas Allograft Recipient. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz285. [PMID: 31304191 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidiosis is an emerging opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of fatal disseminated Anncaliia algerae infection in a profoundly immunosuppressed pancreas and kidney transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W Anderson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Atis Muehlenbachs
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sana Arif
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jackrapong Bruminhent
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul J Deziel
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Raymund R Razonable
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark P Wilhelm
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maureen G Metcalfe
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yvonne Qvarnstrom
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bobbi S Pritt
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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24
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Sutrave G, Maundrell A, Keighley C, Jennings Z, Brammah S, Wang MX, Pamphlett R, Webb CE, Stark D, Englert H, Gottlieb D, Bilmon I, Watts MR. Anncaliia algerae Microsporidial Myositis, New South Wales, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1528-1531. [PMID: 30014835 PMCID: PMC6056123 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.172002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the successful management of Anncaliia algerae microsporidial myositis in a man with graft versus host disease after hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. We also summarize clinical presentation and management approaches and discuss the importance of research into the acquisition of this infection and strategies for prevention.
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25
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Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens related to Fungi. These organisms have a unique invasion organelle, the polar tube, which upon appropriate environmental stimulation rapidly discharges out of the spore, pierces a host cell's membrane, and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the host cell. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that microsporidia are related to the Fungi, being either a basal branch or sister group. Despite the description of microsporidia over 150 years ago, we still lack an understanding of the mechanism of invasion, including the role of various polar tube proteins, spore wall proteins, and host cell proteins in the formation and function of the invasion synapse. Recent advances in ultrastructural techniques are helping to better define the formation and functioning of the invasion synapse. Over the past 2 decades, proteomic approaches have helped define polar tube proteins and spore wall proteins as well as the importance of posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation in the functioning of these proteins, but the absence of genetic techniques for the manipulation of microsporidia has hampered research on the function of these various proteins. The study of the mechanism of invasion should provide fundamental insights into the biology of these ubiquitous intracellular pathogens that can be integrated into studies aimed at treating or controlling microsporidiosis.
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26
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Tokarev YS, Sokolova YY, Vasilieva AA, Issi IV. Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Anncaliia azovica
sp. n. (Microsporidia) Infecting Niphargogammarus intermedius
(Crustacea, Amphipoda) from the Azov Sea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:296-307. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri S. Tokarev
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection; Russian Academy of Sciences; 3 Shosse Podbelskogo Pushkin-St. Petersburg 189620 Russia
| | - Yuliya Y. Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue St. Petersburg 194064 Russia
- Microscopy Center, Department of Comparative Biological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Aleksandra A. Vasilieva
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection; Russian Academy of Sciences; 3 Shosse Podbelskogo Pushkin-St. Petersburg 189620 Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; 29 Politechnicheskaya ul. St. Petersburg 195251 Russia
| | - Irma V. Issi
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection; Russian Academy of Sciences; 3 Shosse Podbelskogo Pushkin-St. Petersburg 189620 Russia
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27
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Leonard CA, Hayman JR. Role of host cell integrins in the microsporidium Encephalitozoon intestinalis adherence and infection in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4067807. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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28
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Boileau M, Ferreira J, Ahmad I, Lavallée C, Qvarnstrom Y, Dufresne SF. Successful Treatment of Disseminated Anncaliia algerae Microsporidial Infection With Combination Fumagillin and Albendazole. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw158. [PMID: 27704013 PMCID: PMC5047403 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anncaliia algerae myositis is a life-threatening, emerging microsporidiosis among immunocompromised hosts. We report a case of disseminated A algerae infection in a man previously treated with alemtuzumab. Due to failure of albendazole-based therapy, fumagillin was added as a novel approach to management, with a good clinical response and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Lavallée
- Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology , Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal , Canada
| | - Yvonne Qvarnstrom
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Simon F Dufresne
- Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology , Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal , Canada
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29
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Stentiford GD, Becnel JJ, Weiss LM, Keeling PJ, Didier ES, Williams BAP, Bjornson S, Kent ML, Freeman MA, Brown MJF, Troemel ER, Roesel K, Sokolova Y, Snowden KF, Solter L. Microsporidia - Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:336-348. [PMID: 26796229 PMCID: PMC4818719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of food production has the potential to drive increased disease prevalence in food plants and animals. Microsporidia are diversely distributed, opportunistic, and density-dependent parasites infecting hosts from almost all known animal taxa. They are frequent in highly managed aquatic and terrestrial hosts, many of which are vulnerable to epizootics, and all of which are crucial for the stability of the animal-human food chain. Mass rearing and changes in global climate may exacerbate disease and more efficient transmission of parasites in stressed or immune-deficient hosts. Further, human microsporidiosis appears to be adventitious and primarily associated with an increasing community of immune-deficient individuals. Taken together, strong evidence exists for an increasing prevalence of microsporidiosis in animals and humans, and for sharing of pathogens across hosts and biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Stentiford
- Pathology and Molecular Systematics Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - -J J Becnel
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Center (ARS), Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), 1600 South West 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - L M Weiss
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer 504, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
| | - P J Keeling
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Botany Department, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - E S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - B-A P Williams
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S Bjornson
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - M-L Kent
- Departments of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - M A Freeman
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - M J F Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - E-R Troemel
- University of California, San Diego, 4202 Bonner Hall, 9500 Gilman Drive #0349, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - K Roesel
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, Berlin, 14163 Germany
| | - Y Sokolova
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton RougeLA 70803, USA
| | - K F Snowden
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Mailstop 4467, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - L Solter
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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30
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Dia N, Lavie L, Faye N, Méténier G, Yeramian E, Duroure C, Toguebaye BS, Frutos R, Niang MN, Vivarès CP, Ben Mamoun C, Cornillot E. Subtelomere organization in the genome of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi: patterns of repeated sequences and physicochemical signatures. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:34. [PMID: 26744270 PMCID: PMC4704409 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligate intracellular eukaryotic pathogen with a small nuclear genome (2.9 Mbp) consisting of 11 chromosomes. Although each chromosome end is known to contain a single rDNA unit, the incomplete assembly of subtelomeric regions following sequencing of the genome identified only 3 of the 22 expected rDNA units. While chromosome end assembly remains a difficult process in most eukaryotic genomes, it is of significant importance for pathogens because these regions encode factors important for virulence and host evasion. Results Here we report the first complete assembly of E. cuniculi chromosome ends, and describe a novel mosaic structure of segmental duplications (EXT repeats) in these regions. EXT repeats range in size between 3.5 and 23.8 kbp and contain four multigene families encoding membrane associated proteins. Twenty-one recombination sites were identified in the sub-terminal region of E. cuniculi chromosomes. Our analysis suggests that these sites contribute to the diversity of chromosome ends organization through Double Strand Break repair mechanisms. The region containing EXT repeats at chromosome extremities can be differentiated based on gene composition, GC content, recombination sites density and chromosome landscape. Conclusion Together this study provides the complete structure of the chromosome ends of E. cuniculi GB-M1, and identifies important factors, which could play a major role in parasite diversity and host-parasite interactions. Comparison with other eukaryotic genomes suggests that terminal regions could be distinguished precisely based on gene content, genetic instability and base composition biais. The diversity of processes assciated with chromosome extremities and their biological consequences, as they are presented in the present study, emphasize the fact that great effort will be necessary in the future to characterize more carefully these regions during whole genome sequencing efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1920-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndongo Dia
- Unité de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 220, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Laurence Lavie
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement, UMR 6023, CNRS, 63177, Aubière, France.
| | - Ngor Faye
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Générale, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Guy Méténier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement, UMR 6023, CNRS, 63177, Aubière, France.
| | - Edouard Yeramian
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, UMR 3528 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 25-28, rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Duroure
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, OPGC UMR 6016 CNRS-Université Blaise Pascal, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177, Aubière Cedex, France.
| | - Bhen S Toguebaye
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Générale, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Roger Frutos
- CIRAD, UMR 17, Cirad-Ird, TA-A17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Mbayame N Niang
- Unité de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 220, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Christian P Vivarès
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement, UMR 6023, CNRS, 63177, Aubière, France.
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Section of Infectious Disease and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Winchester Building WWW403D, Yale School of Medicine, 15 York St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Cornillot
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, IRCM - INSERM U1194 & Université de Montpellier & ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Campus Val d'Aurelle, 34298, Montpellier cedex 5, France. .,Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, IBC, Campus Saint Priest, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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Omrani SM, Moosavi SF, Manouchehri K. Microsporidium Infecting Anopheles supepictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2016; 10:413-20. [PMID: 27308299 PMCID: PMC4906747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidia are known to infect a wide variety of animals including mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). In a recent study on the mosquito fauna of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province, at the central western part of Iran, a few larvae of Anopheles superpictus were infected with a microsporidium-resembled microorganism. Current investigation deals with the identification of the responsible microorganism at the genus level. METHODS Fresh infected larvae were collected from the field. After determining the species identity they were dissected to extract their infective contents. Wet preparations were checked for general appearance and the size of the pathogenic microorganism. Fixed preparations were stained with Geimsa and Ryan-Blue modified Trichrome techniques to visualize further morphological characters. The obtained light microscopy data were used in the identification process. RESULTS The infected larvae were bulged by a whitish material filling the involved segments corresponding to a microsporidium infection. Bottle-shaped semioval spores ranged 4.33±0.19×2.67±0.12 and 4.18±0.43×2.45±0.33 micron in wet and fixed preparations, respectively. They were mostly arranged in globular structures comprised of 8 spores. These data was in favor of a species from the genus Parathelohania in the family Ambliosporidae. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a microsporidium infection in An. superpictus. The causative agent is diagnosed as a member of the genus Parathelohania. Further identification down to the species level needs to determine its ultrastructural characteristics and the comparative analysis of ss rRNA sequence data. It is also necessary to understand the detail of the components of the transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Mohammad Omrani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,Corresponding author Dr Seyed Mohammad Omrani, E-mail:
| | - Seyedeh-Fatemeh Moosavi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kourosh Manouchehri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Corradi N. Microsporidia: Eukaryotic Intracellular Parasites Shaped by Gene Loss and Horizontal Gene Transfers. Annu Rev Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26195306 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are eukaryotic parasites of many animals that appear to have adapted to an obligate intracellular lifestyle by modifying the morphology and content of their cells. Living inside other cells, they have lost many, or all, metabolic functions, resulting in genomes that are always gene poor and often very small. The minute content of microsporidian genomes led many to assume that these parasites are biochemically static and uninteresting. However, recent studies have demonstrated that these organisms can be surprisingly complex and dynamic. In this review I detail the most significant recent advances in microsporidian genomics and discuss how these have affected our understanding of many biological aspects of these peculiar eukaryotic intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Corradi
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5;
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Patel AK, Patel KK, Chickabasaviah YT, Shah SD, Patel DJ, Narayanappa G, Kumar A. Microsporidial polymyositis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, a rare life-threatening opportunistic infection: clinical suspicion, diagnosis, and management in resource-limited settings. Muscle Nerve 2015; 51:775-80. [PMID: 25388126 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microsporidial myositis is a rare opportunistic infection that has been reported in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected immunocompromised patients. METHODS In this study we present a retrospective analysis of 5 cases of microsporidial myositis in HIV-infected patients, including the clinical, laboratory, and histologic features, and a review of the literature. RESULTS Five young men with HIV infection [median CD4 count of 20 cells (range 14-144)/mm(3) ] who presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of myositis underwent EMG-NCV and muscle biopsy, which revealed signs compatible with microsporidial myositis. Early and aggressive treatment led to improvement in 3 patients. Two of the 5 patients died due to a delay in diagnosis, because the spores were mistaken for Candida without confirmatory stains or a high index of suspicion. CONCLUSIONS Myositis in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts should be evaluated using muscle biopsy. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis of microsporidial myositis in HIV-infected patients. Early diagnosis and immediate, aggressive treatment are the keys to favorable outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K Patel
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
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Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites whose genomes have been shaped by an extreme lifestyle. Specifically, their obligate intracellular parasitism has resulted in the loss of many genes and biochemical pathways, but these reductive processes have been often offset by the acquisition of several genes by means of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Until recently, these HGTs were all found to have derived from prokaryotic donors, but a recent study suggests that some species took advantage of this mechanism to acquire one gene from an animal, which they maintained in their genome for metabolic purposes. The gene encodes for a purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and shows a strong phylogenetic signal of arthropod origin. Here, we briefly review our current knowledge of HGTs discovered across microsporidian genomes and discuss the implications of the most recent findings in this research area for understanding the origin and evolution of this highly adapted group of intracellular parasites. A novel gene potentially transferred by means of HGT to one microsporidia is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Selman
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Department of Biology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON Canada
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Santiana M, Pau C, Takvorian PM, Cali A. Analysis of the beta-tubulin gene and morphological changes of the microsporidium Anncaliia algerae both suggest albendazole sensitivity. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 62:60-8. [PMID: 25105446 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Microsporidium, Anncaliia algerae, an obligate intracellular parasite, has been identified as an opportunistic human pathogen, but treatment has not been evaluated for infections with this organism. Albendazole, an antitubulin polymerization drug used against parasitic worm infections, has been the medication of choice used to treat some microsporidial infections affecting humans, with varying results ranging from clearing infection (Encephalitozoon) to resistance (Enterocytozoon). This study illustrates the effect of albendazole treatment on A. algerae infection in Rabbit Kidney (RK13) cells and Human Fetal Lung (HFL-1) fibroblasts. Albendazole appears to have an attenuating effect on A. algerae infection and albendazole's IC50 in RK13 cells is 0.1 μg/ml. Long-term treatment inhibits up to 98% of spore production, but interrupting treatment reestablishes the infection without new exposure to the parasite as supported by microscopic observations. The parasite's beta-tubulin gene was purified, cloned, and sequenced. Five of the six specific amino acids, associated with benzimidazole sensitivity, are conserved in A. algerae. These findings suggest that A. algerae is sensitive to albendazole; however, the organism is not completely cleared from cultures.
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Saleh M, Kumar G, Abdel-Baki AA, Dkhil M, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. Development of a novel in vitro method for drug development for fish; application to test efficacy of antimicrosporidian compounds. Vet Rec 2014; 175:561. [PMID: 25200429 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Few drugs are approved for treating diseases caused by parasites in minor species such as fish. This is due, in part, to the expense of drug development and to the comparatively small market. In vivo effectiveness trials for antiparasitic drugs are costly, time consuming and require ethics approval, therefore an in vitro screening approach is a cost-effective alternative to finding promising drug candidates. We developed an in vitro testing system to test antimicrosporidial compounds against a microsporidian pathogen Heterosporis saurida. Five antiparasitic compounds, albendazole, fumagillin, TNP-70, nitazoxanide and lufenuron, were assayed for antimicrosporidial activity. All compounds reduced the number of H saurida spores in infected cells when applied at a concentration that did not appear to be toxic to the host cells. Albendazole inhibited replication of H saurida by >60 per cent, fumagillin and its analogue TNP-470 inhibited H saurida >80 per cent, nitazoxanide and lufenuron inhibited growth >70 per cent. The data suggest that both fumagillin and its analogous TNP-70 hold the best promise as therapeutic agents against H saurida. The ability to use fish cell cultures to assess drugs against H saurida demonstrates an approach that may be helpful to evaluate other drugs on different microsporidia and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A-A Abdel-Baki
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - M Dkhil
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Watts MR, Chan RCF, Cheong EYL, Brammah S, Clezy KR, Tong C, Marriott D, Webb CE, Chacko B, Tobias V, Outhred AC, Field AS, Prowse MV, Bertouch JV, Stark D, Reddel SW. Anncaliia algerae microsporidial myositis. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:185-91. [PMID: 24447398 PMCID: PMC3901472 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.131126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect microsporidian Anncaliia algerae was first described in 2004 as a cause of fatal myositis in an immunosuppressed person from Pennsylvania, USA. Two cases were subsequently reported, and we detail 2 additional cases, including the only nonfatal case. We reviewed all 5 case histories with respect to clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management and summarized organism life cycle and epidemiology. Before infection, all case-patients were using immunosuppressive medications for rheumatoid arthritis or solid-organ transplantation. Four of the 5 case-patients were from Australia. All diagnoses were confirmed by skeletal muscle biopsy; however, peripheral nerves and other tissues may be infected. The surviving patient received albendazole and had a reduction of immunosuppressive medications and measures to prevent complications. Although insects are the natural hosts for A. algerae, human contact with water contaminated by spores may be a mode of transmission. A. algerae has emerged as a cause of myositis, particularly in coastal Australia.
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Kumar G, Saleh M, Abdel-Baki AAS, Al-Quraishy S, El-Matbouli M. In vitro cultivation model for Heterosporis saurida (Microsporidia) isolated from lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis (Richardson). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:443-9. [PMID: 23957717 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterosporis saurida is a microsporidian that infects lizardfish, Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848), in the Arabian Sea. Spores were isolated from infected lizardfish and used to infect derived fish cell lines: common carp brain (CCB), epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC), fathead minnow epithelial (FHM), rainbow trout gonad (RTG), bluegill fry (BF-2) and chinook salmon embryo (CHSE). Non-fish cell lines were also tested that include: insect (SF-9), rabbit (RK-13) and African green monkey (Vero E6). No growth of H. saurida was observed in any fish cell line, SF-9 or Vero E6 cell lines. H. saurida spores grew only in RK-13 cell line and were detected by immunofluorescence. Developmental stages of H. saurida were seen in RK-13 cells by light and transmission electron microscopy, and species identification was confirmed by sequencing. This study demonstrated that H. saurida was able to proliferate in the mammalian RK-13 cell line, which thus represents an in vitro model for conducting molecular genetics and cell-pathogen interaction studies of Heterosporis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Saleh M, Kumar G, Abdel-Baki AA, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. In vitro growth of the microsporidian Heterosporis saurida in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 108:37-44. [PMID: 24492052 DOI: 10.3354/dao02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterosporis saurida is an intracellular microsporidian that infects lizardfish Saurida undosquamis. Although some attempts have been introduced to clarify microsporidian host-pathogen interactions, development of novel strategies to combat fish diseases is still needed. Here we present an in vitro cultivation model for fish microsporidia based on an eel kidney cell line (EK-1), which is susceptible to infection by H. saurida. Spores were isolated from infected lizardfish and used to inoculate EK-1 cells. H. saurida were propagated in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line and detected by immunofluorescence. Developmental stages of H. saurida were seen in EK-1 cells by transmission electron microscopy. Identity of the parasite was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. Our cell culture model provides a valuable means to explore molecular and immunological events and will facilitate development of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Ardila-Garcia AM, Raghuram N, Sihota P, Fast NM. Microsporidian Diversity in Soil, Sand, and Compost of the Pacific Northwest. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60:601-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Ardila-Garcia
- Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Nandini Raghuram
- Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Panela Sihota
- Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Naomi M. Fast
- Biodiversity Research Center and Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z4
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Abstract
Parasitism, aptly defined as one of the 'living-together' strategies (Trager, 1986), presents a dynamic system in which the parasite and its host are under evolutionary pressure to evolve new and specific adaptations, thus enabling the coexistence of the two closely interacting partners. Microsporidia are very frequently encountered obligatory intracellular protistan parasites that can infect both animals and some protists and are a consummate example of various aspects of the 'living-together' strategy. Microsporidia, relatives of fungi in the superkingdom Opisthokonta, belong to the relatively small group of parasites for which the host cell cytoplasm is the site of both reproduction and maturation. The structural and physiological reduction of their vegetative stage, together with the manipulation of host cell physiology, enables microsporidia to live in the cytosolic environment for most of their life cycle in a way resembling endocytobionts. The ability to form structurally complex spores and the invention and assembly of a unique injection mechanism enable microsporidia to disperse within host tissues and between host organisms, resulting in long-lasting infections. Microsporidia have adapted their genomes to the intracellular way of life, evolved strategies how to obtain nutrients directly from the host and how to manipulate not only the infected cells, but also the hosts themselves. The enormous variability of host organisms and their tissues provide microsporidian parasites a virtually limitless terrain for diversification and ecological expansion. This review attempts to present a general overview of microsporidia, emphasising some less known and/or more recently discovered facets of their biology.
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Peyretaillade E, Parisot N, Polonais V, Terrat S, Denonfoux J, Dugat-Bony E, Wawrzyniak I, Biderre-Petit C, Mahul A, Rimour S, Gonçalves O, Bornes S, Delbac F, Chebance B, Duprat S, Samson G, Katinka M, Weissenbach J, Wincker P, Peyret P. Annotation of microsporidian genomes using transcriptional signals. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1137. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali M. Moretto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Imtiaz A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: (IAK); (LMW)
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IAK); (LMW)
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Suankratay C, Thiansukhon E, Nilaratanakul V, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S. Disseminated infection caused by novel species of Microsporidium, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:302-4. [PMID: 22305387 PMCID: PMC3310463 DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of microsporidial myositis in a healthy man from Thailand. The small subunit rRNA sequence of this microsporidium is novel and has a close phylogenetic relationship with Endoreticulatus, a genus of lepidopteran microsporidia. Myositis could be caused by more genera of microsporidia than previously known.
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Field A, Paik J, Stark D, Qiu M, Morey A, Plit M, Canning E, Glanville A. Myositis due to the microsporidianAnncaliia (Brachiola) algeraein a lung transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 14:169-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Field
- Division of Anatomical Pathology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - J.Y. Paik
- Division of Anatomical Pathology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - D. Stark
- Division of Microbiology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - M.R. Qiu
- Division of Anatomical Pathology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. Morey
- Division of Anatomical Pathology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - M.L. Plit
- Department of Thoracic Medicine; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - A.R. Glanville
- Department of Thoracic Medicine; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
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Choudhary MM, Metcalfe MG, Arrambide K, Bern C, Visvesvara GS, Pieniazek NJ, Bandea RD, Deleon-Carnes M, Adem P, Choudhary MM, Zaki SR, Saeed MU. Tubulinosema sp. microsporidian myositis in immunosuppressed patient. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:1727-30. [PMID: 21888805 PMCID: PMC3322067 DOI: 10.3201/eid1709.101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Phylum Microsporidia comprises >1,200 species, only 15 of which are known to infect humans, including the genera Trachipleistophora, Pleistophora, and Brachiola. We report an infection by Tubulinosema sp. in an immunosuppressed patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Choudhary
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Internal Medicine, 9500 Euclid Foundation, NA10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Selman M, Pombert JF, Solter L, Farinelli L, Weiss LM, Keeling P, Corradi N. Acquisition of an animal gene by microsporidian intracellular parasites. Curr Biol 2011; 21:R576-7. [PMID: 21820617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Parasitic infections and myositis. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1-18. [PMID: 21881948 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious myositis may be caused by a wide variety of bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic agents. Parasitic myositis is most commonly a result of trichinosis, cystericercosis, or toxoplasmosis, but other parasites may be involved. A parasitic cause of myositis is suggested by history of residence or travel to endemic area and presence of eosinophilia. The diagnosis of parasitic myositis is suggested by the clinical picture and radiologic imaging, and the etiologic agent is confirmed by parasitologic, serologic, and molecular methods, together with histopathologic examination of tissue biopsies. Therapy is based on the clinical presentation and the underlying pathogen. Drug resistance should be put into consideration in different geographic areas, and it can be avoided through the proper use of anti-parasitic drugs.
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Reddy A, Balne P, Garg P, Krishnaiah S. Is microsporidial keratitis a seasonal infection in India? Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1114-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods, pose worldwide socio-medical and economical problems. Some of the major human infectious diseases, such as malaria, Dengue fever, and yellow fever, are transmitted by mosquitoes. While the majority of pathogens enjoy extracellular life styles in insects, viruses and some endosymbionts are strictly intracellular. Here, we summarize our knowledge on defense reactions against intracellular microorganisms in dipteran insects and discuss the potential of insects as models to study human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Steinert
- CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U963, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
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