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Ahmed M, Farris E, Swanson RV, Das S, Yang Y, Martin T, Khader SA. Saponin TQL1055 adjuvant-containing vaccine confers protection upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2302070. [PMID: 38190806 PMCID: PMC10793695 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2302070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), affects the lungs of infected individuals (pulmonary TB) but can also affect other sites (extrapulmonary TB). The only licensed vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) protects infants and young children but exhibits variable efficacy in protecting against adult pulmonary TB. Poor compliance and prolonged treatment regimens associated with the use of chemotherapy has contributed to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb. Thus, there is an urgent need for the design of more effective vaccines against TB. The development of safe and novel adjuvants for human use is critical. In this study, we demonstrate that saponin-based TQL1055 adjuvant when formulated with a TLR4 agonist (PHAD) and Mtb specific immunodominant antigens (ESAT-6 and Ag85B) and delivered intramuscularly in mice, the SA-TB vaccine induced potent lung immune responses. Additionally, the SA-TB vaccine conferred significant protection against Mtb infection, comparable with levels induced by BCG. These findings support the development of a SA-TB vaccine comprising TQL1055, as a novel, safe and effective TB vaccine for potential use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric Farris
- Adjuvance Technologies Inc, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rosemary V. Swanson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Abil OZ, Liu S, Yeh YW, Wu Y, Sen Chaudhuri A, Li NS, Deng C, Xiang Z. A mucosal vaccine formulation against tuberculosis by exploiting the adjuvant activity of S100A4-A damage-associated molecular pattern molecule. Vaccine 2024; 42:126151. [PMID: 39089961 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains one of the top three causes of death. Currently, the only licensed vaccine against TB is the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which lacks efficacy in preventing and controlling pulmonary TB in adults. We aimed to evaluate a nasal TB vaccine formulation composed of the Mtb-specific vaccine antigen ESAT-6, an Mtb-associated protein that can trigger protective immune responses, and S100A4, a recently characterized novel mucosal adjuvant. Mice were intranasally given recombinant ESAT-6 in the presence or absence of S100A4 as an adjuvant. We have provided experimental evidence demonstrating that S100A4 admixed to ESAT-6 could induce Mtb-specific adaptive immune responses after intranasal immunization. S100A4 remarkably augmented the levels of anti-ESAT-6 IgG in serum and IgA in mucosal sites, including lung exudates, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and nasal lavage. Furthermore, in both lung and spleen tissues, S100A4 strongly promoted ESAT-6-specific expansion of CD4 T cells. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells from these tissues expressed increased levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17, cytokines critical for antimicrobial activity. Antigen-reencounter-induced T cell proliferative responses, a key vaccine performance indicator, were augmented in the spleen of S100A4-adjuvanted mice. Furthermore, CD8 T cells from the spleen and lung tissues of these mice expressed higher levels of granzyme B upon antigen re-stimulation. S100A4-adjuvanted immunization may predict good mucosal protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olifan Zewdie Abil
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Wen Yeh
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Arka Sen Chaudhuri
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nga Shan Li
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chujun Deng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Karunakaran KP, Yu H, Jiang X, Chan QWT, Sigola L, Millis LA, Chen J, Tang P, Foster LJ, Brunham RC. Immunoproteomic discovery of Mycobacterium bovis antigens, including the surface lipoprotein Mpt83 as a T cell antigen useful for vaccine development. Vaccine 2024; 42:126266. [PMID: 39232399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death from infectious diseases, killing approximately 1.3 million people worldwide in 2022 alone. The current vaccine for TB contains a live attenuated bacterium, Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin). The BCG vaccine is highly effective in preventing severe forms of childhood TB but does not protect against latent infection or disease in older age groups. A new or improved BCG vaccine for prevention of pulmonary TB is urgently needed. In this study, we infected murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells from C57BL/6 mice with M. bovis BCG followed by elution and identification of BCG-derived MHC class I and class II-bound peptides using tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 1436 MHC-bound peptides of which 94 were derived from BCG. Fifty-five peptides were derived from MHC class I molecules and 39 from class II molecules. We tested the 94 peptides for their immunogenicity using IFN- γ ELISPOT assay with splenocytes purified from BCG immunized mice and 10 showed positive responses. Seven peptides were derived from MHC II and three from MHC class I. In particular, MHC class II binding peptides derived from the mycobacterial surface lipoprotein Mpt83 were highly antigenic. Further evaluations of these immunogenic BCG peptides may identify proteins useful as new TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna P Karunakaran
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, B.C., Canada; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Douglas College, New Westminster, B.C., Canada
| | - Hong Yu
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Xiaozhou Jiang
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Queenie W T Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Lynette Sigola
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Douglas College, New Westminster, B.C., Canada
| | - Leonard A Millis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Douglas College, New Westminster, B.C., Canada
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | | | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Robert C Brunham
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
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4
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Wang Q, Nag D, Baldwin SL, Coler RN, McNamara RP. Antibodies as key mediators of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1430955. [PMID: 39286260 PMCID: PMC11402706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1430955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by infection with the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in the respiratory tract. There was an estimated 10.6 million people newly diagnosed with TB, and there were approximately 1.3 million deaths caused by TB in 2022. Although the global prevalence of TB has remained high for decades and is an annual leading cause of death attributed to infectious diseases, only one vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has been approved so far to prevent/attenuate TB disease. Correlates of protection or immunological mechanisms that are needed to control M.tb remain unknown. The protective role of antibodies after BCG vaccination has also remained largely unclear; however, recent studies have provided evidence for their involvement in protection against disease, as biomarkers for the state of infection, and as potential predictors of outcomes. Interestingly, the antibodies generated post-vaccination with BCG are linked to the activation of innate immune cascades, providing further evidence that antibody effector functions are critical for protection against respiratory pathogens such as M.tb. In this review, we aim to provide current knowledge of antibody application in TB diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Particularly, this review will focus on 1) The role of antibodies in preventing M.tb infections through preventing Mtb adherence to epithelium, antibody-mediated phagocytosis, and antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity; 2) The M.tb-directed antibody response generated after vaccination and how humoral profiles with different glycosylation patterns of these antibodies are linked with protection against the disease state; and 3) How antibody-mediated immunity against M.tb can be further explored as early diagnosis biomarkers and different detection methods to combat the global M.tb burden. Broadening the paradigm of differentiated antibody profiling and antibody-based detection during TB disease progression offers new directions for diagnosis, treatment, and preventative strategies. This approach involves linking the aforementioned humoral responses with the disease state, progression, and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Wang
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Deepika Nag
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L Baldwin
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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5
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Chirenje ZM, Laher F, Dintwe O, Muyoyeta M, deCamp AC, He Z, Grunenberg N, Laher Omar F, Seaton KE, Polakowski L, Woodward Davis AS, Maganga L, Baden LR, Mayer K, Kalams S, Keefer M, Edupuganti S, Rodriguez B, Frank I, Scott H, Stranix-Chibanda L, Gurunathan S, Koutsoukos M, Van Der Meeren O, DiazGranados CA, Paez C, Andersen-Nissen E, Kublin J, Corey L, Ferrari G, Tomaras G, McElrath MJ. Protein Dose-Sparing Effect of AS01B Adjuvant in a Randomized Preventive HIV Vaccine Trial of ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) and Adjuvanted Bivalent Subtype C gp120. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e405-e415. [PMID: 37795976 PMCID: PMC11326849 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HVTN 120 is a phase 1/2a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial that evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) and MF59- or AS01B-adjuvanted bivalent subtype C gp120 Env protein at 2 dose levels in healthy HIV-uninfected adults. METHODS Participants received ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) alone or placebo at months 0 and 1. At months 3 and 6, participants received either placebo, ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) with 200 μg of bivalent subtype C gp120 adjuvanted with MF59 or AS01B, or ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) with 40 μg of bivalent subtype C gp120 adjuvanted with AS01B. Primary outcomes were safety and immune responses. RESULTS We enrolled 160 participants, 55% women, 18-40 years old (median age 24 years) of whom 150 received vaccine and 10 placebo. Vaccines were generally safe and well tolerated. At months 6.5 and 12, CD4+ T-cell response rates and magnitudes were higher in the AS01B-adjuvanted groups than in the MF59-adjuvanted group. At month 12, HIV-specific Env-gp120 binding antibody response magnitudes in the 40 μg gp120/AS01B group were higher than in either of the 200 μg gp120 groups. CONCLUSIONS The 40 μg dose gp120/AS01B regimen elicited the highest CD4+ T-cell and binding antibody responses. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT03122223.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvavahera Mike Chirenje
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - One Dintwe
- Cape Town HIV Vaccine Trials Network Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Monde Muyoyeta
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zonglin He
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Faatima Laher Omar
- Cape Town HIV Vaccine Trials Network Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura Polakowski
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda S Woodward Davis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucas Maganga
- National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth Mayer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NewYork, USA
| | | | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- SanFrancisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lynda Stranix-Chibanda
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Paez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Cape Town HIV Vaccine Trials Network Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Cape Town HIV Vaccine Trials Network Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Audran R, Karoui O, Donnet L, Soumas V, Fares F, Lovis A, Noirez L, Cavassini M, Fayet-Mello A, Satti I, McShane H, Spertini F. Randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 1 trial of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine ChAdOx1-85A delivered by aerosol versus intramuscular route. J Infect 2024; 89:106205. [PMID: 38897242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A BCG booster vaccination administered via the respiratory mucosa may establish protective immune responses at the primary site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The primary objective of this trial was to compare the safety and immunogenicity of inhaled versus intramuscular administered ChAdOx1-85A. METHODS We conducted a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 1 study (Swiss National Clinical Trials Portal number SNCTP000002920). After a dose-escalation vaccination in nine BCG-vaccinated healthy adults, a dose of 1 × 1010 vp of ChAdOx1-85A was administered to twenty BCG-vaccinated adults that were randomly allocated (1:1) into two groups: aerosol ChAdOx1-85A with intramuscular saline placebo or intramuscular ChAdOx1-85A with aerosol saline placebo, using block randomisation. A control group of ten BCG-naïve adults received aerosol ChAdOx1-85A at the same dose. Primary outcomes were solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) up to day 16 post-vaccination and Serious AEs (SAEs) up to 24 weeks; secondary outcomes were cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. FINDINGS Both vaccination routes were well tolerated with no SAEs. Intramuscular ChAdOx1-85A was associated with more local AEs (mostly pain at the injection site) than aerosol ChAdOx1-85A. Systemic AEs occurred in all groups, mainly fatigue and headaches, without differences between groups. Respiratory AEs were not different between BCG-vaccinated groups. Aerosol ChAdOx1-85A vaccination induced Ag85A BAL and systemic cellular immune responses with compartmentalisation of the immune responses: aerosol ChAdOx1-85A induced stronger BAL cellular responses, particularly IFNγ/IL17+CD4+ T cells; intramuscular ChAdOx1-85A induced stronger systemic cellular and humoral responses. INTERPRETATION Inhaled ChAdOx1-85A was well-tolerated and induced lung mucosal and systemic Ag85A-specific T-cell responses. These data support further evaluation of aerosol ChAdOx1-85A and other viral vectors as a BCG-booster vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régine Audran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olfa Karoui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Donnet
- Clinical Trial Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vassili Soumas
- Clinical Trial Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fady Fares
- Clinical Trial Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alban Lovis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leslie Noirez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Fayet-Mello
- Clinical Trial Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - François Spertini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lepe BA, Zheng CR, Leddy OK, Allsup BL, Solomon SL, Bryson BD. Protease shaving of Mycobacterium tuberculosis facilitates vaccine antigen discovery and delivery of novel cargoes to the Mtb surface. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.02.601718. [PMID: 39005324 PMCID: PMC11245043 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.02.601718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of infectious disease death and lacks a vaccine capable of protecting adults from pulmonary TB. Studies have shown that Mtb uses a variety of mechanisms to evade host immunity. Secreted Mtb proteins such as Type VII secretion system substrates have been characterized for their ability to modulate anti-Mtb immunity; however, studies of other pathogens such as Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus aureus have revealed that outer membrane proteins can also interact with the innate and adaptive immune system. The Mtb outer membrane proteome has received relatively less attention due to limited techniques available to interrogate this compartment. We filled this gap by deploying protease shaving and quantitative mass spectrometry to identify Mtb outer membrane proteins which serve as nodes in the Mtb-host interaction network. These analyses revealed several novel Mtb proteins on the Mtb surface largely derived from the PE/PPE class of Mtb proteins, including PPE18, a component of a leading Mtb vaccine candidate. We next exploited the localization of PPE18 to decorate the Mtb surface with heterologous proteins and deliver these surface-engineered Mtb to the phagosome. Together, these studies reveal potential novel targets for new Mtb vaccines as well as facilitate new approaches to study difficult to study cellular compartments during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca A. Lepe
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Christine R. Zheng
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Owen K. Leddy
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Allsup
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Sydney L. Solomon
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Bryan D. Bryson
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
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8
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Matteelli A, Churchyard G, Cirillo D, den Boon S, Falzon D, Hamada Y, Houben RMGJ, Kanchar A, Kritski A, Kumar B, Miller C, Menzies D, Masini T. Optimizing the cascade of prevention to protect people from tuberculosis: A potential game changer for reducing global tuberculosis incidence. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003306. [PMID: 38954723 PMCID: PMC11218967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The provision of tuberculosis preventive treatment is one of the critical interventions to reduce tuberculosis incidence and ultimately eliminate the disease, yet we still miss appropriate tools for an impactful intervention and treatment coverage remains low. We used recent data, epidemiological estimates, and research findings to analyze the challenges of each step of the cascade of tuberculosis prevention that currently delay the strategy implementation. We addressed research gaps and implementation bottlenecks that withhold key actions in tuberculosis case finding, testing for tuberculosis infection, provision of preventive treatment with safer, shorter regimens and supporting people to complete their treatment. Empowering communities to generate demand for preventive therapy and other prevention services in a holistic manner and providing adequate financial support to sustain implementation are essential requirements. The adoption of an effective, universal monitoring and evaluation system is a prerequisite to provide general and granular insight, and to steer progress of the tuberculosis infection strategy at global and local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Matteelli
- Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis Prevention, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- The Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Saskia den Boon
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Falzon
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yohhei Hamada
- Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rein M. G. J. Houben
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avinash Kanchar
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Afrânio Kritski
- Rede Brasileira de Pesquisa em Tuberculose, REDE TB, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Cecily Miller
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dick Menzies
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Njagi LN, Kaguthi G, Mecha JO, Hawn TR, Nduba V. Attenuated tuberculin skin test responses associated with Mycobacterium intracellulare sputum colonization in an adolescent TB prevalence survey in Western Kenya. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 147:102514. [PMID: 38723342 PMCID: PMC11168861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) varies regionally and may partly explain the disparate outcomes of BCG vaccination and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. METHODS We examined NTM sputum colonization, associations with clinical characteristics, and tuberculin skin test (TST) responses in an adolescent TB prevalence survey. RESULTS Among 5004 adolescents screened, 2281 (45.5 %) were evaluated further. TB and NTM prevalence rates were 0.3 % and 8.0 %, respectively. Among 418 NTM isolates, 103 were unidentifiable, and 315 (75 %) comprised 15 species, the most frequent being M. intracellulare (MAC) (108, 26 %), M. scrofulaceum (96, 23 %) and M. fortuitum (51, 12 %). "NTM colonized" adolescents had less frequent chronic cough and night sweats (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.62, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.87and aOR 0.61, CI 0.42-0.89 respectively), and lower TST induration (median 11 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 0-16) vs 13 mm (IQR 6-17; p = 0.006)) when compared to "NTM not colonized" participants. MAC, but not M. scrofulaceum or M. fortuitum, was associated with decreased TST induration (median 7.5 mm (IQR 0-15) vs 13 mm (IQR 6-17) among "MAC colonized" vs "not colonized", p = 0.001). CONCLUSION We observed high NTM prevalence rates with species-specific associations with TST induration, consistent with a model of species-dependent heterologous immunity among mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian N Njagi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research (CRDR), PO Box 47855-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Grace Kaguthi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research (CRDR), PO Box 47855-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Jared O Mecha
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi School of Medicine, PO Box 19676 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States.
| | - Videlis Nduba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research (CRDR), PO Box 47855-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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10
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Gulumbe BH, Shehu A. Momentum of hope: The journey toward a universal TB vaccine. Trop Doct 2024; 54:233-234. [PMID: 38562088 DOI: 10.1177/00494755241244833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Haruna Gulumbe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin-Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - Aminu Shehu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
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11
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Guo F, Wei J, Song Y, Song J, Wang Y, Li K, Li B, Qian Z, Wang X, Wang H, Xu T. Immune responses induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-resistant antigen (Mtb-HAg) upon co-administration with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in mice. Cytokine 2024; 179:156610. [PMID: 38640558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To preliminarily assess the immunogenicity of Mtb-HAg in mice and the synergistic effect provided by HAg when co-immunised with BCG. METHODS Mice were randomly grouped for different immunisations and then spleens were aseptically removed and lymphocytes were extracted for immediate detection of cytokines transcript levels and stimulation index(SI), cytokine secretion and multifunctional antigen-specific T cells were detected after incubation for different times. RESULTS HAg extracted from active Mtb is a group of mixed polypeptides with molecular weights of (10-14) kDa. It can significantly stimulate lymphocytes proliferation and increase SI. Injection of HAg alone and in combination with BCG induced significantly higher numbers of multifunctional antigen-specific T cells including CD4+ IFN-γ+, CD4+ IL-2+, CD8+ IFN-γ+, and CD8+ IL-2+ cells than that in BCG-treated mice. Co-immunisation induced the secretion of higher levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-4 and increased their mRNA expression levels. Significant increases in the transcription levels of IL-10, IL-12 and IL-17 were observed in the co-immunised group with the assistance of HAg. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that HAg has favourable immunogenicity, triggers a stronger Th1-type immune response and proposed the hypothesis that HAg can be used as a BCG booster to further enhance the benefits of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Research Center of Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Research Center of Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China.
| | - Yamin Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Research Center of Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China.
| | - Jianhan Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China.
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China.
| | - Baiqing Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Research Center of Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China.
| | - Zhongqing Qian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Research Center of Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China.
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Research Center of Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China.
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Research Center of Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China; Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Xinjiang Uyghur Medicine, Hetian 848000, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Research Center of Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Molecular Diagnosis Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, China.
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12
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Dale KD, Schwalb A, Coussens AK, Gibney KB, Abboud AJ, Watts K, Denholm JT. Overlooked, dismissed, and downplayed: reversion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoreactivity. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:240007. [PMID: 39048129 PMCID: PMC11267292 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0007-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Following infection, immune responses to Mtb antigens can be measured using the tuberculin skin test or an interferon-γ release assay. The gain of Mtb immunoreactivity, a change from a negative to a positive tuberculin skin test or interferon-γ release assay result, is called conversion and has long been used as a measure of Mtb exposure. However, the loss of immunoreactivity (reversion; a positive followed by a negative result) has often been overlooked. Instead, in clinical and epidemiological circles, Mtb immunoreactivity is commonly considered to persist lifelong and confer a lifetime of disease risk. We present a critical review, describing the evidence for reversion from cohort studies, ecological studies and studies of TB progression risk. We outline the inconsistent reasons why reversion has been dismissed from common understanding and present evidence demonstrating that, just as conversion predominantly indicates prior exposure to Mtb antigens, so its opposite, reversion, suggests the reduction or absence of exposure (endogenous or exogenous). Mtb immunoreactivity is dynamic in both individuals and populations and this is why it is useful for stratifying short-term TB progression risk. The neglect of reversion has shaped TB research and policy at all levels, influencing clinical management and skewing Mtb infection risk estimation and transmission modelling, leading to an underestimation of the contribution of re-exposure to the burden of TB, a serious oversight for an infectious disease. More than a century after it was first demonstrated, it is time to incorporate reversion into our understanding of the natural history of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie D Dale
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alvaro Schwalb
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine B Gibney
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alison J Abboud
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Krista Watts
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin T Denholm
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Abdelwahab WM, Le-Vinh B, Riffey A, Hicks L, Buhl C, Ettenger G, Jackson KJ, Weiss AM, Miller S, Ryter K, Evans JT, Burkhart DJ. Promotion of Th17 Polarized Immunity via Co-Delivery of Mincle Agonist and Tuberculosis Antigen Using Silica Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3877-3889. [PMID: 38832760 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants and immunomodulators that effectively drive a Th17-skewed immune response are not part of the standard vaccine toolkit. Vaccine adjuvants and delivery technologies that can induce Th17 or Th1/17 immunity and protection against bacterial pathogens, such as tuberculosis (TB), are urgently needed. Th17-polarized immune response can be induced using agonists that bind and activate C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) such as macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle). A simple but effective strategy was developed for codelivering Mincle agonists with the recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion antigen, M72, using tunable silica nanoparticles (SNP). Anionic bare SNP, hydrophobic phenyl-functionalized SNP (P-SNP), and cationic amine-functionalized SNP (A-SNP) of different sizes were coated with three synthetic Mincle agonists, UM-1024, UM-1052, and UM-1098, and evaluated for adjuvant activity in vitro and in vivo. The antigen and adjuvant were coadsorbed onto SNP via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, facilitating multivalent display and delivery to antigen presenting cells. The cationic A-SNP showed the highest coloading efficiency for the antigen and adjuvant. In addition, the UM-1098-adsorbed A-SNP formulation demonstrated slow-release kinetics in vitro, excellent stability over 12 months of storage, and strong IL-6 induction from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Co-adsorption of UM-1098 and M72 on A-SNP significantly improved antigen-specific humoral and Th17-polarized immune responses in vivo in BALB/c mice relative to the controls. Taken together, A-SNP is a promising platform for codelivery and proper presentation of adjuvants and antigens and provides the basis for their further development as a vaccine delivery platform for immunization against TB or other diseases for which Th17 immunity contributes to protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Abdelwahab
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Bao Le-Vinh
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Alexander Riffey
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Linda Hicks
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Cassandra Buhl
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - George Ettenger
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Konner J Jackson
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 East Broadway, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Adam M Weiss
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Shannon Miller
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 East Broadway, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Kendal Ryter
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 East Broadway, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 East Broadway, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - David J Burkhart
- Center for Translational Medicine, 32 campus drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 East Broadway, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
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14
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Liu Y, Li H, Dai D, He J, Liang Z. Gene Regulatory Mechanism of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis during Dormancy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5825-5844. [PMID: 38921019 PMCID: PMC11203133 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex, is a zoonotic disease that remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Latent tuberculosis infection reactivation is a challenging obstacle to eradicating TB globally. Understanding the gene regulatory network of Mtb during dormancy is important. This review discusses up-to-date information about TB gene regulatory networks during dormancy, focusing on the regulation of lipid and energy metabolism, dormancy survival regulator (DosR), White B-like (Wbl) family, Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems, sigma factors, and MprAB. We outline the progress in vaccine and drug development associated with Mtb dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Dejia Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Jiakang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Zhengmin Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
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15
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La Guidara C, Adamo R, Sala C, Micoli F. Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies as Alternative Strategies to Antibiotics to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5487. [PMID: 38791526 PMCID: PMC11122364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most critical threats to global public health in the 21st century, causing a large number of deaths every year in both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies can be exploited to prevent and treat diseases caused by AMR pathogens, thereby reducing antibiotic use and decreasing selective pressure that favors the emergence of resistant strains. Here, differences in the mechanism of action and resistance of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies compared to antibiotics are discussed. The state of the art for vaccine technologies and monoclonal antibodies are reviewed, with a particular focus on approaches validated in clinical studies. By underscoring the scope and limitations of the different emerging technologies, this review points out the complementary of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in fighting AMR. Gaps in antigen discovery for some pathogens, as well as challenges associated with the clinical development of these therapies against AMR pathogens, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Guidara
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERM, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sala
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.R.L. (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy
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16
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Li F, Dang W, Du Y, Xu X, He P, Zhou Y, Zhu B. Tuberculosis Vaccines and T Cell Immune Memory. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:483. [PMID: 38793734 PMCID: PMC11125691 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major infectious disease partly due to the lack of an effective vaccine. Therefore, developing new and more effective TB vaccines is crucial for controlling TB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) usually parasitizes in macrophages; therefore, cell-mediated immunity plays an important role. The maintenance of memory T cells following M. tuberculosis infection or vaccination is a hallmark of immune protection. This review analyzes the development of memory T cells during M. tuberculosis infection and vaccine immunization, especially on immune memory induced by BCG and subunit vaccines. Furthermore, the factors affecting the development of memory T cells are discussed in detail. The understanding of the development of memory T cells should contribute to designing more effective TB vaccines and optimizing vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (F.L.); (W.D.); (Y.D.); (X.X.); (P.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenrui Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (F.L.); (W.D.); (Y.D.); (X.X.); (P.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yunjie Du
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (F.L.); (W.D.); (Y.D.); (X.X.); (P.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (F.L.); (W.D.); (Y.D.); (X.X.); (P.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Pu He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (F.L.); (W.D.); (Y.D.); (X.X.); (P.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuhe Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (F.L.); (W.D.); (Y.D.); (X.X.); (P.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (F.L.); (W.D.); (Y.D.); (X.X.); (P.H.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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17
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Cao X, Fu YX, Peng H. Promising Cytokine Adjuvants for Enhancing Tuberculosis Vaccine Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:477. [PMID: 38793728 PMCID: PMC11126114 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), remains a formidable global health challenge, affecting a substantial portion of the world's population. The current tuberculosis vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), offers limited protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in adults, underscoring the critical need for innovative vaccination strategies. Cytokines are pivotal in modulating immune responses and have been explored as potential adjuvants to enhance vaccine efficacy. The strategic inclusion of cytokines as adjuvants in tuberculosis vaccines holds significant promise for augmenting vaccine-induced immune responses and strengthening protection against M. tuberculosis. This review delves into promising cytokines, such as Type I interferons (IFNs), Type II IFN, interleukins such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, IL-12, and IL-21, alongside the use of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an adjuvant, which has shown effectiveness in boosting immune responses and enhancing vaccine efficacy in tuberculosis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China;
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China;
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China
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18
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Hoseinpour R, Hasani A, Baradaran B, Abdolalizadeh J, Salehi R, Hasani A, Nabizadeh E, Yekani M, Hasani R, Kafil HS, Azizian K, Memar MY. Tuberculosis vaccine developments and efficient delivery systems: A comprehensive appraisal. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26193. [PMID: 38404880 PMCID: PMC10884459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) continues to be a global burden. Vaccination has been proposed to prevent and treat tuberculosis (TB) infection, and several of them are in different phases of clinical trials. Though vaccine production is in progress but requires more attention. There are several TB vaccines in the trial phase, most of which are based on a combination of proteins/adjuvants or recombinant viral vectors used for selected MTB antigens. In this review, we attempted to discuss different types of TB vaccines based on the vaccine composition, the immune responses generated, and their clinical trial phases. Furthermore, we have briefly overviewed the effective delivery systems used for the TB vaccine and their effectiveness in different vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Hoseinpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Laboratory sciences and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research, and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Edris Nabizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Zhuang L, Yang L, Li L, Ye Z, Gong W. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: immune response, biomarkers, and therapeutic intervention. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e419. [PMID: 38188605 PMCID: PMC10771061 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, the progression of the disease following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is closely associated with the host's immune response. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment was conducted from an immunological perspective. First, we delved into the host's immune response mechanisms against MTB infection as well as the immune evasion mechanisms of the bacteria. Addressing the challenges currently faced in TB diagnosis and treatment, we also emphasized the importance of protein, genetic, and immunological biomarkers, aiming to provide new insights for early and personalized diagnosis and treatment of TB. Building upon this foundation, we further discussed intervention strategies involving chemical and immunological treatments for the increasingly critical issue of drug-resistant TB and other forms of TB. Finally, we summarized TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment challenges and put forward future perspectives. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the immunological aspects of TB and offer new directions toward achieving the WHO's goal of eradicating TB by 2035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and TreatmentSenior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Ling Yang
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Linsheng Li
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and TreatmentSenior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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20
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Wang H, Wang S, Fang R, Li X, Xing J, Li Z, Song N. Enhancing TB Vaccine Efficacy: Current Progress on Vaccines, Adjuvants and Immunization Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:38. [PMID: 38250851 PMCID: PMC10820143 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global infectious disease primarily transmitted via respiratory tract infection. Presently, vaccination stands as the primary method for TB prevention, predominantly reliant on the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Although it is effective in preventing disseminated diseases in children, its impact on adults is limited. To broaden vaccine protection, efforts are underway to accelerate the development of new TB vaccines. However, challenges arise due to the limited immunogenicity and safety of these vaccines, necessitating adjuvants to bolster their ability to elicit a robust immune response for improved and safer immunization. These adjuvants function by augmenting cellular and humoral immunity against M. tuberculosis antigens via different delivery systems, ultimately enhancing vaccine efficacy. Therefore, this paper reviews and summarizes the current research progress on M. tuberculosis vaccines and their associated adjuvants, aiming to provide a valuable reference for the development of novel TB vaccines and the screening of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Ren Fang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiayin Xing
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhaoli Li
- SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
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21
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Liu S, Hu M, Liu X, Liu X, Chen T, Zhu Y, Liang T, Xiao S, Li P, Ma X. Nanoparticles and Antiviral Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 38250843 PMCID: PMC10819235 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have threatened human lives for decades, causing both chronic and acute infections accompanied by mild to severe symptoms. During the long journey of confrontation, humans have developed intricate immune systems to combat viral infections. In parallel, vaccines are invented and administrated to induce strong protective immunity while generating few adverse effects. With advancements in biochemistry and biophysics, different kinds of vaccines in versatile forms have been utilized to prevent virus infections, although the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines are diverse from each other. In this review, we first listed and described major pathogenic viruses and their pandemics that emerged in the past two centuries. Furthermore, we summarized the distinctive characteristics of different antiviral vaccines and adjuvants. Subsequently, in the main body, we reviewed recent advances of nanoparticles in the development of next-generation vaccines against influenza viruses, coronaviruses, HIV, hepatitis viruses, and many others. Specifically, we described applications of self-assembling protein polymers, virus-like particles, nano-carriers, and nano-adjuvants in antiviral vaccines. We also discussed the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles in developing safe and effective mucosal vaccines. Nanoparticle techniques could be promising platforms for developing broad-spectrum, preventive, or therapeutic antiviral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meilin Hu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
| | - Tao Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
| | - Taizhen Liang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Shiqi Xiao
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
| | - Peiwen Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China; (S.L.); (M.H.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (T.L.); (S.X.); (P.L.)
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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22
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Imbratta C, Gela A, Bilek N, Mabwe S, Cloete Y, Mortensen R, Borges ÁH, Maenetje P, Mlotshwa M, Churchyard G, Sudi L, Sabi I, Meewes P, Wallis CL, Hatherill M, Scriba TJ, Nemes E. Qualification of the differential leukocyte count and immunophenotyping in cryopreserved ex vivo whole blood assay. Cytometry A 2023; 103:992-1003. [PMID: 37675607 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a flow cytometry-based assay, termed Differential Leukocyte Counting and Immunophenotyping in Cryopreserved Ex vivo whole blood (DLC-ICE), that allows quantification of absolute counts and frequencies of leukocyte subsets and measures expression of activation, phenotypic and functional markers. We evaluated the performance of the DLC-ICE assay by determining inter-operator variability for processing fresh whole blood (WB) from healthy donors collected at multiple clinical sites. In addition, we assessed inter-operator variability for staining of fixed cells and robustness across different anticoagulants. Accuracy was evaluated by comparing DLC-ICE measurements to real-time cell enumeration using an accredited hematology analyzer. Finally, we developed and tested the performance of a 27-colour immunophenotyping panel on cryopreserved fixed WB and compared results to matched fresh WB. Overall, we observed <20% variability in absolute counts and frequencies of granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes (T, B and NK cells) when fresh WB was collected in different anti-coagulant tubes, processed or stained by independent operators. Absolute cell counts measured across operators and anti-coagulants using the DLC-ICE method exhibited excellent correlation with the reference method, complete blood count (CBC) with differential, measured using a hematology analyzer (r2 > 0.9 for majority of measurements). A comparison of leukocyte immunophenotyping on fresh WB versus DLC-ICE processed blood yielded equivalent and linear results over a wide dynamic range (r2 = 0.94 over 10-104 cells/μL). These results demonstrate low variability across trained operators, high robustness, linearity and accuracy, supporting utility of the DLC-ICE assay for large cohort studies involving multiple clinical research sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Imbratta
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anele Gela
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Bilek
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simbarashe Mabwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yolundi Cloete
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Álvaro H Borges
- Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pholo Maenetje
- Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mandla Mlotshwa
- Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lwitiho Sudi
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Issa Sabi
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mbeya, Tanzania
| | | | - Carole L Wallis
- BARC, South Africa
- Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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23
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Gyu Choi H, Woong Kwon K, Jae Shin S. Importance of adjuvant selection in tuberculosis vaccine development: Exploring basic mechanisms and clinical implications. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100400. [PMID: 37965276 PMCID: PMC10641539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The global emergency of unexpected pathogens, exemplified by SARS-CoV-2, has emphasized the importance of vaccines in thwarting infection and curtailing the progression of severe disease. The scourge of tuberculosis (TB), emanating from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex, has inflicted a more profound toll in terms of mortality and morbidity than any other infectious agents prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Despite the existence of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine developed a century ago, its efficacy against TB remains unsatisfactory, particularly in preventing pulmonary Mtb infections in adolescents and adults. However, collaborations between academic and industrial entities have led to a renewed impetus in the development of TB vaccines, with numerous candidates, particularly subunit vaccines with specialized adjuvants, exhibiting promising outcomes in recent clinical studies. Adjuvants are crucial in modulating optimal immunological responses, by endowing immune cells with sufficient antigen and immune signals. As exemplified by the COVID-19 vaccine landscape, the interplay between vaccine efficacy and adverse effects is of paramount importance, particularly for the elderly and individuals with underlying ailments such as diabetes and concurrent infections. In this regard, adjuvants hold the key to optimizing vaccine efficacy and safety. This review accentuates the pivotal roles of adjuvants and their underlying mechanisms in the development of TB vaccines. Furthermore, we expound on the prospects for the development of more efficacious adjuvants and their synergistic combinations for individuals in diverse states, such as aging, HIV co-infection, and diabetes, by examining the immunological alterations that arise with aging and comparing them with those observed in younger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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24
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Gsell PS, Giersing B, Gottlieb S, Wilder-Smith A, Wu L, Friede M. Key considerations for the development of novel mRNA candidate vaccines in LMICs: A WHO/MPP mRNA Technology Transfer Programme meeting report. Vaccine 2023; 41:7307-7312. [PMID: 37949751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The WHO/MPP mRNA Technology Transfer Programme, initiated in 2021, focuses on establishing mRNA vaccine manufacturing capacity in LMICs. On 17-21 April 2023, Programme partners were convened to review technology transfer progress, discuss sustainability aspects and promote mRNA product development for diseases relevant to LMICs. To help guide product development, this report introduces key considerations for for understanding the likelihood of technical and regulatory success and of policy development and procurement for mRNA vaccines to be developed and manufactured in LMICs. The report underscores the potential for LMICs to establish sustainable mRNA R&D pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lindsey Wu
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Kaufmann SHE. Vaccine development against tuberculosis before and after Covid-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273938. [PMID: 38035095 PMCID: PMC10684952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has not only shaped awareness of the impact of infectious diseases on global health. It has also provided instructive lessons for better prevention strategies against new and current infectious diseases of major importance. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major current health threat caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) which has claimed more lives than any other pathogen over the last few centuries. Hence, better intervention measures, notably novel vaccines, are urgently needed to accomplish the goal of the World Health Organization to end TB by 2030. This article describes how the research and development of TB vaccines can benefit from recent developments in the Covid-19 vaccine pipeline from research to clinical development and outlines how the field of TB research can pursue its own approaches. It begins with a brief discussion of major vaccine platforms in general terms followed by a short description of the most widely applied Covid-19 vaccines. Next, different vaccination regimes and particular hurdles for TB vaccine research and development are described. This specifically considers the complex immune mechanisms underlying protection and pathology in TB which involve innate as well as acquired immune mechanisms and strongly depend on fine tuning the response. A brief description of the TB vaccine candidates that have entered clinical trials follows. Finally, it discusses how experiences from Covid-19 vaccine research, development, and rollout can and have been applied to the TB vaccine pipeline, emphasizing similarities and dissimilarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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26
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Zhou F, Zhang D. Recent advance in the development of tuberculosis vaccines in clinical trials and virus-like particle-based vaccine candidates. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238649. [PMID: 38022657 PMCID: PMC10652786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public health threat around the world. An effective vaccine is urgently required for cost-effective, long-term control of TB. However, the only licensed vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is limited to prevent TB for its highly variable efficacy. Substantial progress has been made in research and development (R&D) of TB vaccines in the past decades, and a dozen vaccine candidates, including live attenuated mycobacterial vaccines, killed mycobacterial vaccines, adjuvanted subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines were developed in clinical trials to date. Nevertheless, many challenges to the successful authorization for the use and deployment of an effective tuberculosis vaccine remain. Therefore, it is still necessary and urgent to continue exploring new vaccine construction approaches. Virus-like particles (VLPs) present excellent prospects in the field of vaccine development because of their helpful immunological features such as being safe templates without containing viral nucleic acid, repetitive surface geometry, conformational epitopes similar to natural viruses, and enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses. The marketization process of VLP vaccines has never stopped despite VLP vaccines face several shortcomings such as their complex and slow development process and high production cost, and several VLP-based vaccines, including vaccines against Human papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and malaria, are successfully licensed for use at the market. In this review, we provide an update on the current progress regarding the development of TB vaccines in clinical trials and seek to give an overview of VLP-based TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Zhou
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Reid M, Agbassi YJP, Arinaminpathy N, Bercasio A, Bhargava A, Bhargava M, Bloom A, Cattamanchi A, Chaisson R, Chin D, Churchyard G, Cox H, Denkinger CM, Ditiu L, Dowdy D, Dybul M, Fauci A, Fedaku E, Gidado M, Harrington M, Hauser J, Heitkamp P, Herbert N, Herna Sari A, Hopewell P, Kendall E, Khan A, Kim A, Koek I, Kondratyuk S, Krishnan N, Ku CC, Lessem E, McConnell EV, Nahid P, Oliver M, Pai M, Raviglione M, Ryckman T, Schäferhoff M, Silva S, Small P, Stallworthy G, Temesgen Z, van Weezenbeek K, Vassall A, Velásquez GE, Venkatesan N, Yamey G, Zimmerman A, Jamison D, Swaminathan S, Goosby E. Scientific advances and the end of tuberculosis: a report from the Lancet Commission on Tuberculosis. Lancet 2023; 402:1473-1498. [PMID: 37716363 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reid
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Yvan Jean Patrick Agbassi
- Global TB Community Advisory Board, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | | | - Alyssa Bercasio
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anurag Bhargava
- Department of General Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Madhavi Bhargava
- Department of Community Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Amy Bloom
- Division of Tuberculosis, Bureau of Global Health, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Richard Chaisson
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Chin
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Helen Cox
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claudia M Denkinger
- Heidelberg University Hospital, German Center of Infection Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - David Dowdy
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Dybul
- Department of Medicine, Center for Global Health Practice and Impact, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anthony Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Petra Heitkamp
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nick Herbert
- Global TB Caucus, Houses of Parliament, London, UK
| | | | - Philip Hopewell
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Kendall
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aamir Khan
- Interactive Research & Development, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Andrew Kim
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nalini Krishnan
- Resource Group for Education and Advocacy for Community Health (REACH), Chennai, India
| | - Chu-Chang Ku
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Erica Lessem
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Payam Nahid
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Madhukar Pai
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Raviglione
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Theresa Ryckman
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sachin Silva
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Vassall
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gustavo E Velásquez
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Gavin Yamey
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Dean Jamison
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Goosby
- University of California San Francisco Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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28
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Zhou F, Zhang D. Nano-Sized Chimeric Human Papillomavirus-16 L1 Virus-like Particles Displaying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen Ag85B Enhance Ag85B-Specific Immune Responses in Female C57BL/c Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:2123. [PMID: 37896900 PMCID: PMC10612075 DOI: 10.3390/v15102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the only current vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) that is licensed in clinics, successfully protects infants and young children against several TB types, such as TB meningitis and miliary TB, but it is ineffective in protecting adolescents and adults against pulmonary TB. Thus, it is a matter of the utmost urgency to develop an improved and efficient TB vaccine. In this milieu, virus-like particles (VLPs) exhibit excellent characteristics in the field of vaccine development due to their numerous characteristics, including but not limited to their good safety without the risk of infection, their ability to mimic the size and structure of original viruses, and their ability to display foreign antigens on their surface to enhance the immune response. In this study, the HPV16 L1 capsid protein (HPV16L1) acted as a structural vaccine scaffold, and the extracellular domain of Ag85B was selected as the M. tb immunogen and inserted into the FG loop of the HPV16 L1 protein to construct chimeric HPV16L1/Ag85B VLPs. The chimeric HPV16L1/Ag85B VLPs were produced via the Pichia pastoris expression system and purified via discontinuous Optiprep density gradient centrifugation. The humoral and T cell-mediated immune response induced by the chimeric HPV16L1/Ag85B VLP was studied in female C57BL/c mice. We demonstrated that the insertion of the extracellular domain of Ag85B into the FG loop of HPV16L1 did not affect the in vitro stability and self-assembly of the chimeric HPV16L1/Ag85B VLPs. Importantly, it did not interfere with the immunogenicity of Ag85B. We observed that the chimeric HPV16L1/Ag85B VLPs induced higher Ag85B-specific antibody responses and elicited significant Ag85B-specific T cell immune responses in female C57BL/c mice compared with recombinant Ag85B. Our findings provide new insights into the development of novel chimeric HPV16L1/TB VLP-based vaccine platforms for controlling TB infection, which are urgently required in low-income and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Zhou
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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29
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Lai R, Ogunsola AF, Rakib T, Behar SM. Key advances in vaccine development for tuberculosis-success and challenges. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:158. [PMID: 37828070 PMCID: PMC10570318 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakthrough findings in the clinical and preclinical development of tuberculosis (TB) vaccines have galvanized the field and suggest, for the first time since the development of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), that a novel and protective TB vaccine is on the horizon. Here we highlight the TB vaccines that are in the development pipeline and review the basis for optimism in both the clinical and preclinical space. We describe immune signatures that could act as immunological correlates of protection (CoP) to facilitate the development and comparison of vaccines. Finally, we discuss new animal models that are expected to more faithfully model the pathology and complex immune responses observed in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Abiola F Ogunsola
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tasfia Rakib
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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30
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Bloom BR. A half-century of research on tuberculosis: Successes and challenges. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230859. [PMID: 37552470 PMCID: PMC10407785 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made over the past half-century, but TB remains a formidable global health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and necessary and sufficient conditions for protection are critical. The need for inexpensive and sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tests for earlier detection of infection and disease, shorter and less-toxic drug regimens for drug-sensitive and -resistant TB, and a more effective vaccine than BCG is immense. New and better tools, greater support for international research, collaborations, and training will be required to dramatically reduce the burden of this devastating disease which still kills 1.6 million people annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R. Bloom
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Li F, Guo X, Bi Y, Jia R, Pitt ME, Pan S, Li S, Gasser RB, Coin LJ, Song J. Digerati - A multipath parallel hybrid deep learning framework for the identification of mycobacterial PE/PPE proteins. Comput Biol Med 2023; 163:107155. [PMID: 37356289 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains a relatively high percentage (10%) of genes that are poorly characterised because of their highly repetitive nature and high GC content. Some of these genes encode proteins of the PE/PPE family, which are thought to be involved in host-pathogen interactions, virulence, and disease pathogenicity. Members of this family are genetically divergent and challenging to both identify and classify using conventional computational tools. Thus, advanced in silico methods are needed to identify proteins of this family for subsequent functional annotation efficiently. In this study, we developed the first deep learning-based approach, termed Digerati, for the rapid and accurate identification of PE and PPE family proteins. Digerati was built upon a multipath parallel hybrid deep learning framework, which equips multi-layer convolutional neural networks with bidirectional, long short-term memory, equipped with a self-attention module to effectively learn the higher-order feature representations of PE/PPE proteins. Empirical studies demonstrated that Digerati achieved a significantly better performance (∼18-20%) than alignment-based approaches, including BLASTP, PHMMER, and HHsuite, in both prediction accuracy and speed. Digerati is anticipated to facilitate community-wide efforts to conduct high-throughput identification and analysis of PE/PPE family members. The webserver and source codes of Digerati are publicly available at http://web.unimelb-bioinfortools.cloud.edu.au/Digerati/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Li
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Xudong Guo
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yue Bi
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Runchang Jia
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Miranda E Pitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Shirui Pan
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Shuqin Li
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lachlan Jm Coin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Jiangning Song
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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32
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Tovar M, Moreno Y, Sanz J. Addressing mechanism bias in model-based impact forecasts of new tuberculosis vaccines. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5312. [PMID: 37658078 PMCID: PMC10474143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development, multiple factors hinder the design and interpretation of the clinical trials used to estimate vaccine efficacy. The complex transmission chain of TB includes multiple routes to disease, making it hard to link the vaccine efficacy observed in a trial to specific protective mechanisms. Here, we present a Bayesian framework to evaluate the compatibility of different vaccine descriptions with clinical trial outcomes, unlocking impact forecasting from vaccines whose specific mechanisms of action are unknown. Applying our method to the analysis of the M72/AS01E vaccine trial -conducted on IGRA+ individuals- as a case study, we found that most plausible models for this vaccine needed to include protection against, at least, two over the three possible routes to active TB classically considered in the literature: namely, primary TB, latent TB reactivation and TB upon re-infection. Gathering new data regarding the impact of TB vaccines in various epidemiological settings would be instrumental to improve our model estimates of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tovar
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Y Moreno
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Centai Institute S.p.A, 10138, Torino, Italy
| | - J Sanz
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
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33
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Zhang Y, Xu JC, Hu ZD, Fan XY. Advances in protein subunit vaccines against tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238586. [PMID: 37654500 PMCID: PMC10465801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), also known as the "White Plague", is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Before the COVID-19 epidemic, TB had the highest mortality rate of any single infectious disease. Vaccination is considered one of the most effective strategies for controlling TB. Despite the limitations of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in terms of protection against TB among adults, it is currently the only licensed TB vaccine. Recently, with the evolution of bioinformatics and structural biology techniques to screen and optimize protective antigens of Mtb, the tremendous potential of protein subunit vaccines is being exploited. Multistage subunit vaccines obtained by fusing immunodominant antigens from different stages of TB infection are being used both to prevent and to treat TB. Additionally, the development of novel adjuvants is compensating for weaknesses of immunogenicity, which is conducive to the flourishing of subunit vaccines. With advances in the development of animal models, preclinical vaccine protection assessments are becoming increasingly accurate. This review summarizes progress in the research of protein subunit TB vaccines during the past decades to facilitate the further optimization of protein subunit vaccines that may eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-chuan Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-dong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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34
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Kim H, Choi HG, Shin SJ. Bridging the gaps to overcome major hurdles in the development of next-generation tuberculosis vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193058. [PMID: 37638056 PMCID: PMC10451085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death from an infectious disease worldwide, the development of vaccines more effective than bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, has progressed slowly even in the context of the tremendous global impact of TB. Most vaccine candidates have been developed to strongly induce interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell responses; however, accumulating evidence has suggested that other immune factors are required for optimal protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this review, we briefly describe the five hurdles that must be overcome to develop more effective TB vaccines, including those with various purposes and tested in recent promising clinical trials. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge gaps between preclinical experiments and clinical studies regarding peripheral versus tissue-specific immune responses, different underlying conditions of individuals, and newly emerging immune correlates of protection. Moreover, we propose how recently discovered TB risk or susceptibility factors can be better utilized as novel biomarkers for the evaluation of vaccine-induced protection to suggest more practical ways to develop advanced TB vaccines. Vaccines are the most effective tools for reducing mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases, and more advanced technologies and a greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions will provide feasibility and rationale for novel vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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35
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Foreman TW, Nelson CE, Sallin MA, Kauffman KD, Sakai S, Otaizo-Carrasquero F, Myers TG, Barber DL. CD30 co-stimulation drives differentiation of protective T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20222090. [PMID: 37097292 PMCID: PMC10130742 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20222090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires generation of T cells that migrate to granulomas, complex immune structures surrounding sites of bacterial replication. Here we compared the gene expression profiles of T cells in pulmonary granulomas, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood of Mtb-infected rhesus macaques to identify granuloma-enriched T cell genes. TNFRSF8/CD30 was among the top genes upregulated in both CD4 and CD8 T cells from granulomas. In mice, CD30 expression on CD4 T cells is required for survival of Mtb infection, and there is no major role for CD30 in protection by other cell types. Transcriptomic comparison of WT and CD30-/- CD4 T cells from the lungs of Mtb-infected mixed bone marrow chimeric mice showed that CD30 directly promotes CD4 T cell differentiation and the expression of multiple effector molecules. These results demonstrate that the CD30 co-stimulatory axis is highly upregulated on granuloma T cells and is critical for protective T cell responses against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Foreman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine E. Nelson
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Otaizo-Carrasquero
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Zhuang L, Ye Z, Li L, Yang L, Gong W. Next-Generation TB Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1304. [PMID: 37631874 PMCID: PMC10457792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, BCG demonstrates limited efficacy, particularly in adults. Efforts to develop effective TB vaccines have been ongoing for nearly a century. In this review, we have examined the current obstacles in TB vaccine research and emphasized the significance of understanding the interaction mechanism between MTB and hosts in order to provide new avenues for research and establish a solid foundation for the development of novel vaccines. We have also assessed various TB vaccine candidates, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the emerging mRNA vaccines as well as virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, which are currently in preclinical stages or clinical trials. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with developing different types of TB vaccines and outlined future directions for TB vaccine research, aiming to expedite the development of effective vaccines. This comprehensive review offers a summary of the progress made in the field of novel TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Linsheng Li
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
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37
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Zhao T, Cai Y, Jiang Y, He X, Wei Y, Yu Y, Tian X. Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:283. [PMID: 37468460 PMCID: PMC10356842 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which the innate immune response controls the antigen-specific response, the adjuvants' action mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. Adjuvants can be categorized as immunostimulants and delivery systems. Immunostimulants are danger signal molecules that lead to the maturation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by targeting Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to promote the production of antigen signals and co-stimulatory signals, which in turn enhance the adaptive immune responses. On the other hand, delivery systems are carrier materials that facilitate antigen presentation by prolonging the bioavailability of the loaded antigens, as well as targeting antigens to lymph nodes or APCs. The adjuvants' action mechanisms are systematically summarized at the beginning of this review. This is followed by an introduction of the mechanisms, properties, and progress of classical vaccine adjuvants. Furthermore, since some of the adjuvants under investigation exhibit greater immune activation potency than classical adjuvants, which could compensate for the deficiencies of classical adjuvants, a summary of the adjuvant platforms under investigation is subsequently presented. Notably, we highlight the different action mechanisms and immunological properties of these adjuvant platforms, which will provide a wide range of options for the rational design of different vaccines. On this basis, this review points out the development prospects of vaccine adjuvants and the problems that should be paid attention to in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingmei Zhao
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Cai
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Yu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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38
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Triglia D, Gogan KM, Keane J, O’Sullivan MP. Glucose metabolism and its role in the maturation and migration of human CD1c + dendritic cells following exposure to BCG. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1113744. [PMID: 37475964 PMCID: PMC10354370 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) still kills over 1 million people annually. The only approved vaccine, BCG, prevents disseminated disease in children but shows low efficacy at preventing pulmonary TB. Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) are promising targets for vaccines and immunotherapies to combat infectious diseases due to their essential role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs undergo metabolic reprogramming following exposure to TLR agonists, which is thought to be a prerequisite for a successful host response to infection. We hypothesized that metabolic rewiring also plays a vital role in the maturation and migration of DCs stimulated with BCG. Consequently, we investigated the role of glycolysis in the activation of primary human myeloid CD1c+ DCs in response to BCG. Methods/results We show that CD1c+ mDC mature and acquire a more energetic phenotype upon challenge with BCG. Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) decreased cytokine secretion and altered cell surface expression of both CD40 and CCR7 on BCG-challenged, compared to untreated, mDCs. Furthermore, inhibition of glycolysis had differential effects on infected and uninfected bystander mDCs in BCG-challenged cultures. For example, CCR7 expression was increased by 2-DG treatment following challenge with BCG and this increase in expression was seen only in BCG-infected mDCs. Moreover, although 2-DG treatment inhibited CCR7-mediated migration of bystander CD1C+ DCs in a transwell assay, migration of BCG-infected cells proceeded independently of glycolysis. Discussion Our results provide the first evidence that glycolysis plays divergent roles in the maturation and migration of human CD1c+ mDC exposed to BCG, segregating with infection status. Further investigation of cellular metabolism in DC subsets will be required to determine whether glycolysis can be targeted to elicit better protective immunity against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Triglia
- TB Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl M. Gogan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- TB Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary P. O’Sullivan
- TB Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Srivastava S, Dey S, Mukhopadhyay S. Vaccines against Tuberculosis: Where Are We Now? Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11051013. [PMID: 37243117 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the top 10 leading causes of death in low-income countries. Statistically, TB kills more than 30,000 people each week and leads to more deaths than any other infectious disease, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and malaria. TB treatment is largely dependent on BCG vaccination and impacted by the inefficacy of drugs, absence of advanced vaccines, misdiagnosis improper treatment, and social stigma. The BCG vaccine provides partial effectiveness in demographically distinct populations and the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB incidences demands the design of novel TB vaccines. Various strategies have been employed to design vaccines against TB, such as: (a) The protein subunit vaccine; (b) The viral vector vaccine; (c) The inactivation of whole-cell vaccine, using related mycobacteria, (d) Recombinant BCG (rBCG) expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) protein or some non-essential gene deleted BCG. There are, approximately, 19 vaccine candidates in different phases of clinical trials. In this article, we review the development of TB vaccines, their status and potential in the treatment of TB. Heterologous immune responses generated by advanced vaccines will contribute to long-lasting immunity and might protect us from both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB. Therefore, advanced vaccine candidates need to be identified and developed to boost the human immune system against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Srivastava
- Research and Development Office, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat 131029, Haryana, India
| | - Sajal Dey
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India
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Dijkman K, Lindenstrøm T, Rosenkrands I, Søe R, Woodworth JS, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Mortensen R. A protective, single-visit TB vaccination regimen by co-administration of a subunit vaccine with BCG. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:66. [PMID: 37160970 PMCID: PMC10169149 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), fails to reliably protect adolescents and adults from pulmonary TB, resulting in ~1.6 million deaths annually. Protein subunit vaccines have shown promise against TB in clinical studies. Unfortunately, most subunit vaccines require multiple administrations, which increases the risk of loss to follow-up and necessitates more complex and costly logistics. Given the well-documented adjuvant effect of BCG, we hypothesized that BCG co-administration could compensate for a reduced number of subunit vaccinations. To explore this, we developed an expression-optimized version of our H107 vaccine candidate (H107e), which does not cross-react with BCG. In the CAF®01 adjuvant, a single dose of H107e induced inferior protection compared to three H107e/CAF®01 administrations. However, co-administering a single dose of H107e/CAF®01 with BCG significantly improved protection, which was equal to BCG co-administered with three H107e/CAF®01 doses. Importantly, combining BCG with a single H107e/CAF®01 dose also increased protection in previously BCG-primed animals. Overall, a single dose of H107e/CAF®01 with BCG induced long-lived immunity and triggered BCG-specific Th17 responses. These data support co-administration of BCG and subunit vaccines in both BCG naïve and BCG-primed individuals as an improved TB vaccine strategy with reduced number of vaccination visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Søe
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Larsen SE, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. Tuberculosis vaccines update: Is an RNA-based vaccine feasible for tuberculosis? Int J Infect Dis 2023; 130 Suppl 1:S47-S51. [PMID: 36963657 PMCID: PMC10033141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite concerted efforts, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), continues to be a burden on global health, regaining its dubious distinction in 2022 as the world's biggest infectious killer with global COVID-19 deaths steadily declining. The complex nature of M.tb, coupled with different pathogenic stages, has highlighted the need for the development of novel immunization approaches to combat this ancient infectious agent. Intensive efforts over the last couple of decades have identified alternative approaches to improve upon traditional vaccines that are based on killed pathogens, live attenuated agents, or subunit recombinant antigens formulated with adjuvants. Massive funding and rapid advances in RNA-based vaccines for immunization have recently transformed the possibility of protecting global populations from viral pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2. Similar efforts to combat bacterial pathogens such as M.tb have been significantly slower to implement. METHODS In this review, we discuss the application of a novel replicating RNA (repRNA)-based vaccine formulated and delivered in nanostructured lipids. RESULTS Our preclinical data are the first to report that RNA platforms are a viable system for TB vaccines and should be pursued with high-priority M.tb antigens containing cluster of differentiation (CD4+) and CD8+ T-cell epitopes. CONCLUSION This RNA vaccine shows promise for use against intracellular bacteria such as M.tb as demonstrated by the feasibility of construction, enhanced induction of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and improved bacterial burden outcomes in in vivo aerosol-challenged preclinical TB models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E Larsen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Susan L Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Kerama C, Horne D, Ong’ang’o J, Anzala O. Rethinking the syndemic of tuberculosis and dysglycaemia: a Kenyan perspective on dysglycaemia as a neglected risk factor for tuberculosis. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2023; 47:53. [PMID: 37073382 PMCID: PMC10098226 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-023-01029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The END TB 2035 goal has a long way to go in low-income and low/middle-income countries (LICs and LMICs) from the perspective of a non-communicable disease (NCD) control interaction with tuberculosis (TB). The World Health Organization has identified diabetes as a determinant for, and an important yet neglected risk factor for tuberculosis. National guidelines have dictated testing time points, but these tend to be at an isolated time point rather than over a period of time. This article aims to give perspective on the syndemic interaction of tuberculosis and dysglycaemia and how the gaps in addressing the two may hamper progress towards END TB 2035. Main text Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) has a strong predictive association with the progression to subsequent diabetes. Therefore, screening using this measure could be a good way to screen at TB initiation therapy, in lieu of using the random blood sugar or fasting plasma glucose only. HbA1C has an observed gradient with mortality risk making it an informative predictor of outcomes. Determining the progression of dysglycaemia from diagnosis to end of treatment and shortly after may offer information on the best time point to screen and follow-up. Despite TB and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease care being free, hidden costs remain. These costs are additive if there is accompanying dysglycaemia. Regardless of receiving TB treatment, it is estimated that almost half of persons affected by pulmonary TB develop post-TB lung disease (PTLD) as an outcome and the contribution of dysglycaemia is not well described. Conclusions Establishing costs of treating TB with diabetes/prediabetes alone and in the additional context of HIV co-infection will inform policy makers on what it takes, financially, to treat these patients and subsidize dysglycaemia care. In Kenya, cardiovascular disease is only rivalled by infectious disease as a cause of mortality, and diabetes is a well-described risk factor for cardiac disease. In poor countries, communicable diseases are responsible for majority of the mortality burden, but societal shifts and rural-urban migration may have contributed to the observed increase of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Kerama
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (CRDR-KEMRI), Past Government Chemist, Opposite Diabetes Clinic, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute for Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Horne
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jane Ong’ang’o
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (CRDR-KEMRI), Past Government Chemist, Opposite Diabetes Clinic, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Anzala
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative-Institute for Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kwon KW, Kang TG, Lee A, Jin SM, Lim YT, Shin SJ, Ha SJ. Protective Efficacy and Immunogenicity of Rv0351/Rv3628 Subunit Vaccine Formulated in Different Adjuvants Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e16. [PMID: 37179749 PMCID: PMC10166659 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) prevention. Previously, our group demonstrated the vaccine potential of Rv0351 and Rv3628 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection by directing Th1-biased CD4+ T cells co-expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 in the lungs. Here, we assessed immunogenicity and vaccine potential of the combined Ags (Rv0351/Rv3628) formulated in different adjuvants as subunit booster in BCG-primed mice against hypervirulent clinical Mtb strain K (Mtb K). Compared to BCG-only or subunit-only vaccine, BCG prime and subunit boost regimen exhibited significantly enhanced Th1 response. Next, we evaluated the immunogenicity to the combined Ags when formulated with four different types of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)-based adjuvants: 1) dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), MPL, and trehalose dicorynomycolate (TDM) in liposome form (DMT), 2) MPL and Poly I:C in liposome form (MP), 3) MPL, Poly I:C, and QS21 in liposome form (MPQ), and 4) MPL and Poly I:C in squalene emulsion form (MPS). MPQ and MPS displayed greater adjuvancity in Th1 induction than DMT or MP did. Especially, BCG prime and subunit-MPS boost regimen significantly reduced the bacterial loads and pulmonary inflammation against Mtb K infection when compared to BCG-only vaccine at a chronic stage of TB disease. Collectively, our findings highlighted the importance of adjuvant components and formulation to induce the enhanced protection with an optimal Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tae Gun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung Mo Jin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 (BK21) FOUR Program, Yonsei Education & Research Center for Biosystems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Ford A, Hwang A, Mo AX, Baqar S, Touchette N, Deal C, King D, Earle K, Giersing B, Dull P, Hall BF. Meeting Summary: Global Vaccine and Immunization Research Forum, 2021. Vaccine 2023; 41:1799-1807. [PMID: 36803897 PMCID: PMC9938725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 Global Vaccine and Immunization Research Forum highlighted the considerable advances and recent progress in research and development for vaccines and immunization, critically reviewed lessons learned from COVID-19 vaccine programs, and looked ahead to opportunities for this decade. For COVID-19, decades of investments in basic and translational research, new technology platforms, and vaccines targeting prototype pathogens enabled a rapid, global response. Unprecedented global coordination and partnership have played an essential role in creating and delivering COVID-19 vaccines. More improvement is needed in product attributes such as deliverability, and in equitable access to vaccines. Developments in other priority areas included: the halting of two human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trials due to lack of efficacy in preventing infection; promising efficacy results in Phase 2 trials of two tuberculosis vaccines; pilot implementation of the most advanced malaria vaccine candidate in three countries; trials of human papillomavirus vaccines given in single-dose regimens; and emergency use listing of a novel, oral poliomyelitis type 2 vaccine. More systematic, proactive approaches are being developed for fostering vaccine uptake and demand, aligning on priorities for investment by the public and private sectors, and accelerating policy making. Participants emphasized that addressing endemic disease is intertwined with emergency preparedness and pandemic response, so that advances in one area create opportunities in the other. In this decade, advances made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic should accelerate availability of vaccines for other diseases, contribute to preparedness for future pandemics, and help to achieve impact and equity under Immunization Agenda 2030.
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Key Words
- bcg, bacille calmette-guérin
- bnab, broadly neutralizing antibody
- cepi, coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations
- chim, controlled human infection model
- ecvp, evidence considerations for vaccine policy
- eua, emergency use authorization
- eul, emergency use listing
- gvap, global vaccine action plan
- gvirf, global vaccine and immunization research forum
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- hpv, human papillomavirus
- ia2030, immunization agenda 2030
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- nopv-2, novel oral poliomyelitis type 2 vaccine
- ppp, public–private partnership
- r&d, research and development
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- vips, vaccine innovation prioritisation strategy
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ford
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA.
| | - Angela Hwang
- Angela Hwang Consulting, PO Box 6601, Albany, CA 94706, USA.
| | - Annie X. Mo
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA
| | - Shahida Baqar
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA.
| | - Nancy Touchette
- Office of Global Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Carolyn Deal
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA.
| | - Deborah King
- Infectious Disease Health Challenge - Prevention, Wellcome Trust, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom.
| | - Kristen Earle
- Vaccine Development & Surveillance, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA.
| | - Birgitte Giersing
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Dull
- Vaccine Development & Surveillance, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA.
| | - B. Fenton Hall
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA
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D'Souza C, Kishore U, Tsolaki AG. The PE-PPE Family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Proteins in Disguise. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152321. [PMID: 36805109 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has thrived in parallel with humans for millennia, and despite our efforts, M. tuberculosis continues to plague us, currently infecting a third of the world's population. The success of M. tuberculosis has recently been attributed, in part, to the PE-PPE family; a unique collection of 168 proteins fundamentally involved in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. The PE-PPE family proteins have been at the forefront of intense research efforts since their discovery in 1998 and whilst our knowledge and understanding has significantly advanced over the last two decades, many important questions remain to be elucidated. This review consolidates and examines the vast body of existing literature regarding the PE-PPE family proteins, with respect to the latest developments in elucidating their evolution, structure, subcellular localisation, function, and immunogenicity. This review also highlights significant inconsistencies and contradictions within the field. Additionally, possible explanations for these knowledge gaps are explored. Lastly, this review poses many important questions, which need to be addressed to complete our understanding of the PE-PPE family, as well as highlighting the challenges associated with studying this enigmatic family of proteins. Further research into the PE-PPE family, together with technological advancements in genomics and proteomics, will undoubtedly improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, as well as identify key targets/candidates for the development of novel drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D'Souza
- Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anthony G Tsolaki
- Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Wilson L, Gracie L, Kidy F, Thomas GN, Nirantharakumar K, Greenfield S, Manaseki-Holland S, Ward DJ, Gooden TE. Safety and efficacy of tuberculosis vaccine candidates in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of randomised controlled clinical trials. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:120. [PMID: 36829123 PMCID: PMC9951834 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with 98% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The only vaccine licenced for the prevention of TB has limited protection for adolescents, adults and vulnerable populations. A safe and effective vaccine for all populations at risk is imperative to achieve global elimination of TB. We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of TB vaccine candidates in late-phase clinical trials conducted in LMICs. METHODS Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, PubMed, Clinicaltrials.gov and Greylit.org were searched in June 2021 to identify phase 2 or later clinical randomised controlled trials that report the efficacy or safety (adverse events) of TB vaccine candidates with participants of any age living in an LMIC. TB vaccine candidates listed in the 2020 WHO Global TB Report were eligible for inclusion aside from BCG revaccination. Trials were excluded if all participants had active TB at baseline. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for eligibility, and for bias and quality using the Risk of Bias 2 tool and GRADE guidelines, respectively. We report efficacy rates and frequencies of adverse events from each included trial where available and qualitatively synthesise the findings. RESULTS Thirteen papers representing eleven trials met our inclusion criteria. Seven vaccine candidates were reviewed across seven countries: M72/AS01, RUTI, VPM1002, H56:IC31, MTBVAC, DAR-901 and ID93 + GLA-SE. Two trials reported on efficacy: an efficacy rate of 54% (95% CI 11.5, 76.2) was reported for M72/AS01 in adults with latent TB and 3% (95% CI -13.9, 17.7) for DAR-901 in healthy adolescents. However, the latter trial was underpowered. All vaccine candidates had comparable occurrences of adverse events between treatment arms and demonstrated acceptable safety profiles; though, RUTI resulted in one serious complication in a person living with HIV. M72/AS01 was the only vaccine considered safe across a diverse group of people including people living with HIV or latent TB and healthy infants and adolescents. CONCLUSION Further efficacy trials for M72/AS01 are warranted to include additional populations at risk where safety has been demonstrated. Further safety trials are needed for the remaining vaccine candidates to confirm safety in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Wilson
- grid.439591.30000 0004 0399 2770Homerton University Hospital, Homerton Row, London, UK
| | - Lara Gracie
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Farah Kidy
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - G. Neil Thomas
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Sheila Greenfield
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Semira Manaseki-Holland
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Derek J. Ward
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Tiffany E. Gooden
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Zhou Z, Kai M, Wang S, Wang D, Peng Y, Yu Y, Gao W, Zhang L. Emerging nanoparticle designs against bacterial infections. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1881. [PMID: 36828801 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance has caused the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections to be less effective. Therefore, researchers turn to nanomedicine for novel and effective antibacterial therapeutics. The effort resulted in the first-generation antibacterial nanoparticles featuring the ability to improve drug tolerability, circulation half-life, and efficacy. Toward developing the next-generation antibacterial nanoparticles, researchers have integrated design elements that emphasize physical, broad-spectrum, biomimetic, and antivirulence mechanisms. This review highlights four emerging antibacterial nanoparticle designs: inorganic antibacterial nanoparticles, responsive antibacterial nanocarriers, virulence nanoscavengers, and antivirulence nanovaccines. Examples in each design category are selected and reviewed, and their structure-function relationships are discussed. These emerging designs open the door to nontraditional antibacterial nanomedicines that rely on mechano-bactericidal, function-driven, nature-inspired, or virulence-targeting mechanisms to overcome antibiotic resistance for more effective antibacterial therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mingxuan Kai
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yifei Peng
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yiyan Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Intranasal multivalent adenoviral-vectored vaccine protects against replicating and dormant M.tb in conventional and humanized mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:25. [PMID: 36823425 PMCID: PMC9948798 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral-vectored vaccines are highly amenable for respiratory mucosal delivery as a means of inducing much-needed mucosal immunity at the point of pathogen entry. Unfortunately, current monovalent viral-vectored tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates have failed to demonstrate satisfactory clinical protective efficacy. As such, there is a need to develop next-generation viral-vectored TB vaccine strategies which incorporate both vaccine antigen design and delivery route. In this study, we have developed a trivalent chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccine to provide protective immunity against pulmonary TB through targeting antigens linked to the three different growth phases (acute/chronic/dormancy) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) by expressing an acute replication-associated antigen, Ag85A, a chronically expressed virulence-associated antigen, TB10.4, and a dormancy/resuscitation-associated antigen, RpfB. Single-dose respiratory mucosal immunization with our trivalent vaccine induced robust, sustained tissue-resident multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses within the lung tissues and airways, which were further quantitatively and qualitatively improved following boosting of subcutaneously BCG-primed hosts. Prophylactic and therapeutic immunization with this multivalent trivalent vaccine in conventional BALB/c mice provided significant protection against not only actively replicating M.tb bacilli but also dormant, non-replicating persisters. Importantly, when used as a booster, it also provided marked protection in the highly susceptible C3HeB/FeJ mice, and a single respiratory mucosal inoculation was capable of significant protection in a humanized mouse model. Our findings indicate the great potential of this next-generation TB vaccine strategy and support its further clinical development for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
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Han Z, Jin J, Chen X, He Y, Sun H. Adjuvant activity of tubeimosides by mediating the local immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108244. [PMID: 36845089 PMCID: PMC9950507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Bolbostemmatis, the dry tuber of Bolbostemma paniculatum, has being used for the treatment of acute mastitis and tumors in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, tubeimoside (TBM) I, II, and III from this drug were investigated for the adjuvant activities, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and mechanisms of action. Three TBMs significantly boosted the antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and elicited both Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 responses towards ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. TBM I also remarkably facilitated mRNA and protein expression of various chemokines and cytokines in the local muscle tissues. Flow cytometry revealed that TBM I promoted the recruitment and antigen uptake of immune cells in the injected muscles, and augmented the migration and antigen transport of immune cells to the draining lymph nodes. Gene expression microarray analysis manifested that TBM I modulated immune, chemotaxis, and inflammation-related genes. The integrated analysis of network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and molecular docking predicted that TBM I exerted adjuvant activity by interaction with SYK and LYN. Further investigation verified that SYK-STAT3 signaling axis was involved in the TBM I-induced inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells. Our results for the first time demonstrated that TBMs might be promising vaccine adjuvant candidates and exert the adjuvant activity through mediating the local immune microenvironment. SAR information contributes to developing the semisynthetic saponin derivatives with adjuvant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Animal Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfei He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Hongxiang Sun,
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Costanzo V, Roviello GN. The Potential Role of Vaccines in Preventing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): An Update and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020333. [PMID: 36851210 PMCID: PMC9962013 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the modern era, the consumption of antibiotics represents a revolutionary weapon against several infectious diseases, contributing to the saving of millions of lives worldwide. However, the misuse of antibiotics for human and animal purposes has fueled the process of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), considered now a global emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO), which significantly increases the mortality risk and related medical costs linked to the management of bacterial diseases. The current research aiming at developing novel efficient antibiotics is very challenging, and just a few candidates have been identified so far due to the difficulties connected with AMR. Therefore, novel therapeutic or prophylactic strategies to fight AMR are urgently needed. In this scenario, vaccines constitute a promising approach that proves to be crucial in preventing pathogen spreading in primary infections and in minimizing the usage of antibiotics following secondary bacterial infections. Unfortunately, most of the vaccines developed against the main resistant pathogens are still under preclinical and clinical evaluation due to the complexity of pathogens and technical difficulties. In this review, we describe not only the main causes of AMR and the role of vaccines in reducing the burden of infectious diseases, but we also report on specific prophylactic advancements against some of the main pathogens, focusing on new strategies that aim at improving vaccine efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Costanzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (G.N.R.)
| | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca site and Headquartes, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (G.N.R.)
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