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Kumar V, Garg V, Saini N, Aggarwal N, Kumar H, Kumar D, Chopra H, Kamal MA, Dureja H. An Updated Review on Nanoemulsion: Factory for Food and Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:2218-2252. [PMID: 38415490 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010267771240211124950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A nanoemulsion is a colloidal system of small droplets dispersed in another liquid. It has attracted considerable attention due to its unique properties and various applications. Throughout this review, we provide an overview of nanoemulsions and how they can be applied to various applications such as drug delivery, food applications, and pesticide formulations. OBJECTIVE This updated review aims to comprehensively overview nanoemulsions and their applications as a versatile platform for drug delivery, food applications, and pesticide formulations. METHODS Research relevant scientific literature across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Suitable keywords for this purpose include "nanoemulsion," "drug delivery," and "food applications." Ensure the search criteria include recent publications to ensure current knowledge is included. RESULTS Several benefits have been demonstrated in the delivery of drugs using nanoemulsions, including improved solubility, increased bioavailability, and controlled delivery. Nanoemulsions have improved some bioactive compounds in food applications, including vitamins and antioxidants. At the same time, pesticide formulations based on nanoemulsions have also improved solubility, shelf life, and effectiveness. CONCLUSION The versatility of nanoemulsions makes them ideal for drug delivery, food, and pesticide formulation applications. These products are highly soluble, bioavailable, and targeted, providing significant advantages. More research and development are required to implement nanoemulsion-based products on a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Vandana Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Nakul Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Navidha Aggarwal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - Harsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
- Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Davinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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Abbasian Chaleshtari Z, Foudazi R. Rheological study of nanoemulsions with repulsive and attractive interdroplet interactions. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8337-8348. [PMID: 37873582 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions have adjustable transparency, tunable rheology, high stability, and low sensitivity to changes in pH and temperature, which make them interesting for applications such as low-fat and low-calorie foods. In this research, we study model concentrated nanoemulsions which are stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). To prepare samples in different structural states, semi-dilute nanoemulsions are prepared at 25% droplet volume fraction (φ), after which evaporating the continuous phase at room temperature leads to concentrated nanoemulsions up to 60% volume fraction. Surfactant concentration is also tuned to induce different interdroplet interactions so that concentrated nanoemulsions in repulsive glass, attractive glass, and gel states are achieved. Rheological properties of nanoemulsions with different structural states are comprehensively studied over a volume fraction range. Utilizing the existing predictive models for (nano)emulsion rheology reveals a more satisfactory prediction for repulsive systems than systems with attractive interactions. In addition, a master curve is constructed for storage and loss moduli of nanoemulsions with different interdroplet interactions. The present work offers control over physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions for design of new food products with enhanced quality and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Foudazi
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
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Abbasian Chaleshtari Z, Salimi-Kenari H, Foudazi R. Glassy and compressed nanoemulsions stabilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:5989-6004. [PMID: 37497795 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00349c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The rheology of concentrated nanoemulsions is critical for their formulation in various applications, such as pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, and templating advanced materials. The rheological properties of nanoemulsions depend on interdroplet interactions, Laplace pressure, dispersed phase volume fraction, and continuous phase properties. The interdroplet forces can be tuned by background electrolytes (i.e., charge screening), surfactant type, the excess surfactant micelle concentration, and depletant molecules such as polymer chains. In the current research, we study the effect of varying the content of poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) on the interfacial tension of the water-oil phase and rheological properties of concentrated nanoemulsions with 50% and 60% volume fractions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as the ionic surfactant. The final concentrated nanoemulsions are repulsive according to overall interaction potentials and are in the glass and compressed states based on the effective volume fraction estimation. They contain nearly same SDS concentration on the droplet surface and also in the bulk, but a different amount of PEGDA. The scaled rheological properties of the glassy nanoemulsions show a higher dependency on the PEGDA content and the possible effect of polymer-surfactant complexations compared to those of the compressed ones. This dependency is more pronounced in small strain amplitudes but not in large strains in the non-linear regime. These results provide insights into formulating concentrated nanoemulsions with controlled rheology for expanded application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Salimi-Kenari
- Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Reza Foudazi
- School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
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Roullet M, Clegg PS, Frith WJ. Rheology of protein-stabilised emulsion gels envisioned as composite networks. 2 - Framework for the study of emulsion gels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 594:92-100. [PMID: 33756372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The aggregation of protein-stabilised emulsions leads to the formation of emulsion gels. These soft solids may be envisioned as droplet-filled matrices. Here however, it is assumed that protein-coated sub-micron droplets contribute to the network formation in a similar way to proteins. Emulsion gels are thus envisioned as composite networks made of proteins and droplets. EXPERIMENTS Emulsion gels with a wide range of composition are prepared and their viscoelasticity and frequency dependence are measured. Their rheological behaviours are then analysed and compared with the properties of pure gels presented in the first part of this study. FINDINGS When the concentrations of droplets and protein are expressed as an effective volume fraction, the rheological behaviour of emulsion gels is shown to depend mostly on the total volume fraction, while the composition of the gel indicates its level of similarity with either pure droplet gels or pure protein gels. These results help to form an emerging picture of protein-stabilised emulsion gel as intermediate between droplet and protein gels. This justifies a posteriori the hypothesis of composite networks, and opens the road for the formulation of emulsion gels with fine-tuned rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Roullet
- Unilever R& D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Paul S Clegg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.
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Ashaolu TJ. Nanoemulsions for health, food, and cosmetics: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:3381-3395. [PMID: 33746662 PMCID: PMC7956871 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are gaining importance in healthcare and cosmetics sectors as a result of the unique properties of nanosized droplets, such as high surface area. Here we review nanotechnology and nanoemulsions with focus on emulsifiers and nanoemulsifiers, and applications for drugs and vaccines delivery, cancer therapy, inflammation treatment, cosmetics, perfumes, polymers, and food. We discuss nanoemulsion safety and properties, e.g., stability, emulsification, solubility, molecular number and arrangements, ionic strength, pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development, Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
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Barkat MA, Harshita, Rizwanullah M, Pottoo FH, Beg S, Akhter S, Ahmad FJ. Therapeutic Nanoemulsion: Concept to Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1145-1166. [PMID: 32183664 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200317140600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NEs) or nanometric-scaled emulsions are transparent or translucent, optically isotropic and kinetically stable heterogeneous system of two different immiscible liquids namely, water and oil stabilized with an amphiphilic surfactant having droplet size ranges up to 100 nm. They offer a variety of potential interests for certain applications: improved deep-rooted stability; excellent optical clarity; and, enhanced bioavailability due to its nanoscale of particles. Though there is still comparatively narrow insight apropos design, development, and optimization of NEs, which mainly stems from the fact that conventional characteristics of emulsion development and stabilization only partly apply to NEs. The contemporary article focuses on the nanoemulsion dosage form journey from concept to key application in drug delivery. In addition, industrial scalability of the nanoemulsion, as well as its presence in commercial and clinical practice, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md A Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Al Jamiah, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harshita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Al Jamiah, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Rizwanullah
- Formulation Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Faheem H Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Formerly University of Dammam), 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Nanomedicine Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sohail Akhter
- Le Studium research fellow for Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM)-CNRS, University of Orléans, UPR4301, Orléans, France
| | - Farhan J Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Anand K, Ray S, Rahman M, Shaharyar A, Bhowmik R, Bera R, Karmakar S. Nano-emulgel: Emerging as a Smarter Topical Lipidic Emulsion-based Nanocarrier for Skin Healthcare Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 14:16-35. [PMID: 31333141 DOI: 10.2174/1574891x14666190717111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, enormous efforts for different drug discovery processes have led to a number of drug molecules available today to overcome different challenges of the health care system. Unfortunately, more than half of these drugs are listed in either BCS (biopharmaceutical classification system) class II/ IV or both are eliminated from the development pipeline due to their limited clinical use. A nanotechnological approach bears much hope and lipoidal fabrication is found to be suitable for the delivery of such drugs. Nanoemulsion based gel i.e. nanoemulgel out of different nanolipoidal formulations has been found to be a suitable approach to successful drug delivery through topical routes. In past few years many herbal and synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has been patented as nano sized emulsified gel for various therapeutic activities. METHODS Nanoemulgel is basically an emulsion-based topical gel formulation, where nanosized emulsion globules can be prepared with the help of high energy or low energy methods and further converted into nanoemulgel by adding a suitable gelling agent. Nanoemulgel fabrication enlists various kinds of polymeric materials, surfactants and fatty substances of natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic nature with a globule size range from 5 to 500 nm. RESULTS Nanoemulgel can be applicable to various acute and chronic diseases through topical routes. CONCLUSION Nanoemulgel preparations of many recently approved drugs are being used successfully in different areas of health care and have re-defined the significance of topical route of delivery as compared to other routes. However, along with various improvements in the current state of the delivery system, the safety factor needs to be taken into account by toxicological studies of the materials used in such formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Anand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhabrata Ray
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, West 713206 Bengal, India
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Shalom Institute of Health and Allied sciences, Allahabad 211007, India
| | - Adil Shaharyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudranil Bhowmik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rammohan Bera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanmoy Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
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de Lourdes Pérez-González ML, González-de la Rosa CH, Pérez-Hernández G, Beltrán HI. Nanostructured oleic acid/polysorbate 80 emulsions with diminished toxicity in NL-20 cell line: Insights of potential drug carriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 187:110758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Nanoemulsions: A review on low energy formulation methods, characterization, applications and optimization technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kumar M, Bishnoi RS, Shukla AK, Jain CP. Techniques for Formulation of Nanoemulsion Drug Delivery System: A Review. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:225-234. [PMID: 31608247 PMCID: PMC6779084 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsion drug delivery systems are advanced modes for delivering and improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and the drug which have high first pass metabolism. The nanoemulsion can be prepared by both high energy and low energy methods. High energy method includes high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, and ultrasonication whereas low energy methods include the phase inversion emulsification method and the self-nanoemulsification method. Low energy methods should be preferred over high energy methods as these methods require less energy, so are more efficient and do not require any sophisticated instruments. However high energy methods are more favorable for food grade emulsion as they require lower quantities of surfactant than low energy methods. Techniques for formulation of nanoemulsion drug delivery system are overlapping in nature, especially in the case of low energy methods. In this review, we have classified different methods for formulation of nanoemulsion systems based on energy requirements, nature of phase inversion, and self-emulsification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Ram Singh Bishnoi
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Shukla
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
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Harwansh RK, Deshmukh R, Rahman MA. Nanoemulsion: Promising nanocarrier system for delivery of herbal bioactives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Philippe AM, Truzzolillo D, Galvan-Myoshi J, Dieudonné-George P, Trappe V, Berthier L, Cipelletti L. Glass transition of soft colloids. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:040601. [PMID: 29758608 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We explore the glassy dynamics of soft colloids using microgels and charged particles interacting by steric and screened Coulomb interactions, respectively. In the supercooled regime, the structural relaxation time τ_{α} of both systems grows steeply with volume fraction, reminiscent of the behavior of colloidal hard spheres. Computer simulations confirm that the growth of τ_{α} on approaching the glass transition is independent of particle softness. By contrast, softness becomes relevant at very large packing fractions when the system falls out of equilibrium. In this nonequilibrium regime, τ_{α} depends surprisingly weakly on packing fraction, and time correlation functions exhibit a compressed exponential decay consistent with stress-driven relaxation. The transition to this novel regime coincides with the onset of an anomalous decrease in local order with increasing density typical of ultrasoft systems. We propose that these peculiar dynamics results from the combination of the nonequilibrium aging dynamics expected in the glassy state and the tendency of colloids interacting through soft potentials to refluidize at high packing fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian-Marie Philippe
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Domenico Truzzolillo
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Véronique Trappe
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Luca Cipelletti
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Food Nanoemulsions: Stability, Benefits and Applications. AN INTRODUCTION TO FOOD GRADE NANOEMULSIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6986-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hashim AF, Youssef K, Abd-Elsalam KA. The Role of Nanoemulsions as Antimicrobial Agents in Plant Protection. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2018:137-153. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91161-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Siddiqui SW, Wan Mohamad WAF, Mohd. Rozi MF, Norton IT. Continuous, High-Throughput Flash-Synthesis of Submicron Food Emulsions Using a Confined Impinging Jet Mixer: Effect of in Situ Turbulence, Sonication, and Small Surfactants. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shad W. Siddiqui
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - W. A. F. Wan Mohamad
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - M. F. Mohd. Rozi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian T. Norton
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Rodríguez-Burneo N, Busquets MA, Estelrich J. Magnetic Nanoemulsions: Comparison between Nanoemulsions Formed by Ultrasonication and by Spontaneous Emulsification. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7070190. [PMID: 28737673 PMCID: PMC5535256 DOI: 10.3390/nano7070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are particularly suitable as a platform in the development of delivery systems. The type of nanoemulsion with a higher stability will offer an advantage in the preparation of a delivery system for lipophilic drugs. Nanoemulsions can be fabricated by different processing methods, which are usually categorized as either high- or low-energy methods. In this study, a comparison between two methods of preparing magnetic oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions is described. The nanoemulsions were formed by sonication (the high-energy method) or by spontaneous emulsification (the low-energy method). In both cases, the oil phase was olive oil, and a phospholipid and a pegylated phospholipid were used as emulsifiers. To favor the comparison, the amounts of the components were the same in both kinds of nanoemulsions. Moreover, nanoemulsions were loaded with hydrophobic superparamagnetic nanoparticles and indomethacin. In vitro, releases studies indicated a short drug burst period followed by a prolonged phase of dissolutive drug release. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model can fit the associated kinetics. The results showed that such nanoemulsions are suitable as a platform in the development of delivering systems for lipophilic drugs. The long-term stability was also examined at different temperatures, as well as the interaction with plasma proteins. Nanoemulsion obtained by the low-energy method showed a great stability at 4 °C and at ambient temperature. Its size and polydispersity did not change over more than two months. The spontaneous emulsification method therefore has great potential for forming nanoemulsion-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Rodríguez-Burneo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Antònia Busquets
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Estelrich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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PREPARATION OF NANOEMULSIONS BY HIGH-ENERGY AND LOWENERGY EMULSIFICATION METHODS. IFMBE PROCEEDINGS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4166-2_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Helgeson ME. Colloidal behavior of nanoemulsions: Interactions, structure, and rheology. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Pachioni-Vasconcelos JDA, Lopes AM, Apolinário AC, Valenzuela-Oses JK, Costa JSR, Nascimento LDO, Pessoa A, Barbosa LRS, Rangel-Yagui CDO. Nanostructures for protein drug delivery. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:205-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured systems, such as nanoemulsions and polymersomes, are important tools to develop safe and effective therapeutic protein preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Moreni Lopes
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of São Paulo
- Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Laura de Oliveira Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology
- Institute of Biology
- University of Campinas
- Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of São Paulo
- Brazil
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Malkin AY, Kulichikhin VG. Structure and rheology of highly concentrated emulsions: a modern look. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pérez-Mosqueda LM, Trujillo-Cayado LA, Carrillo F, Ramírez P, Muñoz J. Formulation and optimization by experimental design of eco-friendly emulsions based on d-limonene. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 128:127-131. [PMID: 25734966 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
d-Limonene is a natural occurring solvent that can replace more pollutant chemicals in agrochemical formulations. In the present work, a comprehensive study of the influence of dispersed phase mass fraction, ϕ, and of the surfactant/oil ratio, R, on the emulsion stability and droplet size distribution of d-limonene-in-water emulsions stabilized by a non-ionic triblock copolymer surfactant has been carried out. An experimental full factorial design 3(2) was conducted in order to optimize the emulsion formulation. The independent variables, ϕ and R were studied in the range 10-50 wt% and 0.02-0.1, respectively. The emulsions studied were mainly destabilized by both creaming and Ostwald ripening. Therefore, initial droplet size and an overall destabilization parameter, the so-called turbiscan stability index, were used as dependent variables. The optimal formulation, comprising minimum droplet size and maximum stability was achieved at ϕ=50 wt%; R=0.062. Furthermore, the surface response methodology allowed us to obtain the formulation yielding sub-micron emulsions by using a single step rotor/stator homogenizer process instead of most commonly used two-step emulsification methods. In addition, the optimal formulation was further improved against Ostwald ripening by adding silicone oil to the dispersed phase. The combination of these experimental findings allowed us to gain a deeper insight into the stability of these emulsions, which can be applied to the rational development of new formulations with potential application in agrochemical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Pérez-Mosqueda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, P. García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis A Trujillo-Cayado
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, P. García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Carrillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, P. García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, P. García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José Muñoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, P. García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Kwon SS, Kong BJ, Cho WG, Park SN. Formation of stable hydrocarbon oil-in-water nanoemulsions by phase inversion composition method at elevated temperature. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Erramreddy VV, Ghosh S. Influence of emulsifier concentration on nanoemulsion gelation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11062-74. [PMID: 25137632 DOI: 10.1021/la502733v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsion gels are a new class of soft materials that manifest stronger elasticity even at lower dispersed phase volume fraction. In this work, gelation in 40 wt % canola oil-in-water nanoemulsions was investigated as a function of emulsifier type (anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or nonionic Tween 20) and concentration. It was observed that the liquid nanoemulsions transformed into viscoelastic gels at a specific concentration range of SDS, whereas no gelation was observed for Tween 20. The apparent viscosity, yield stress, and storage modulus of the nanogels increased with SDS concentration until 15 times critical micelle concentration (CMC), thereafter decreased steadily as the gelation weakened beginning 20 CMC. Three regimes of colloidal interactions in the presence of emulsifier were proposed. (1) Repulsive gelation: at low SDS concentration (0.5-2 times CMC) the repulsive charge cloud around the nanodroplets acted as interfacial shell layer that significantly increased the effective volume fraction of the dispersed phase (ϕ(eff)). When ϕ(eff) became comparable to the volume fraction required for maximal random jamming, nanoemulsions formed elastic gels. (2) Attractive gelation: as the SDS concentration increased to 5-15 times CMC, ϕ(eff) dropped due to charge screening by more counterions from SDS, but depletion attractions generated by micelles in the continuous phase led to extensive droplet aggregation which immobilized the continuous phase leading to stronger gel formation. (3) Decline in gelation due to oscillatory structural forces (OSF): at very high SDS concentration (20-30 time CMC), structural forces were manifested due to the layered-structuring of excess micelles in the interdroplet regions resulting in loss of droplet aggregation. Tween 20 nanoemulsions, on the other hand, did not show repulsive gelation due to lack of charge cloud, while weak depletion attraction and early commencement of OSF regime leading to liquid-like behavior at all concentrations. The nanogels possess great potential for use in low-fat foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vardhan Erramreddy
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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Adjonu R, Doran G, Torley P, Agboola S. Whey protein peptides as components of nanoemulsions: A review of emulsifying and biological functionalities. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Srivastava S, Archer LA, Narayanan S. Structure and transport anomalies in soft colloids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:148302. [PMID: 25167044 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.148302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous trends in nanoparticle correlation and motion are reported in soft nanoparticle suspensions using static and dynamic x-ray scattering measurements. Contrary to normal expectations, we find that particle-particle correlations decrease and particle dynamics become faster as volume fraction rises above a critical particle loading associated with overlap. Our observations bear many similarities to the cascade of structural and transport anomalies reported for complex, network forming molecular fluids such as water, and are argued to share similar physical origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanvaya Srivastava
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Lynden A Archer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Yu L, Li C, Xu J, Hao J, Sun D. Highly stable concentrated nanoemulsions by the phase inversion composition method at elevated temperature. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14547-52. [PMID: 22985401 DOI: 10.1021/la302995a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were produced in the system water/Span 80-Tween 80/paraffin oil via the phase inversion composition (PIC) method at elevated temperature. With the increase of preparation temperature from 20 to 70 °C, we found that the emulsion droplet diameter decreases from 10.3 μm to 51 nm, proving the formation of nanoemulsions. The viscosity of nanoemulsions clearly increases with droplet volume fraction, φ, but the droplet size changes less. Significantly, at φ ≤ 0.5, the size distribution of nanoemulsions can be kept unchangeable more than 5 months. These results proved that the highly viscous paraffin oil can hardly be dispersed by the PIC method at 25 °C, but the increase in preparation temperature makes it possible for producing monodisperse nanoemulsions. Once the nanoemulsion is produced, the stability against Ostwald ripening is outstanding due to the extremely low solubility of the paraffin oil in the continuous phase. The highly stable nanoemulsions are of great importance in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
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Khan AW, Kotta S, Ansari SH, Sharma RK, Ali J. Potentials and challenges in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1305-17. [PMID: 22954323 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.719870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A significant number of new chemical entities (almost 40%), that are outcome of contemporary drug discovery programs, have a potential therapeutic promise for patient, as they are highly potent but poorly water soluble resulting in reduced oral bioavailability. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have emerged as a vital strategy to formulate these poorly soluble compounds for bioavailability enhancement. AREAS COVERED The review gives an insight about potential of SNEDDS with regards to oral drug delivery. The effect of various key constituents on formulation of SNEDDS and their applications in oral drug delivery is also discussed. Various aspects of formulation, characterization and biopharmaceutical aspects of SNEDDS are also been explored. The choice and selection of excipients for development of SNEDDS is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The ability of SNEDDS to present the drug in single unit dosage form either as soft or hard gelatin capsule with enhanced solubility maintaining the uniformity of dose is unique. With the ease of large-scale production, high drug-loading capacity, improvement in release behavior of poorly water-soluble drugs and improvement of oral bioavailability, SNEDDS have emerged as preferable system for the formulation of drug compounds with bioavailability problems due to poor aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wadood Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas G. Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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Kotta S, Khan AW, Pramod K, Ansari SH, Sharma RK, Ali J. Exploring oral nanoemulsions for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:585-98. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.668523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhu X, Fryd MM, Huang JR, Mason TG. Optically probing nanoemulsion compositions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2455-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Semi-solid Sucrose Stearate-Based Emulsions as Dermal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:275-306. [PMID: 24310496 PMCID: PMC3864235 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild non-ionic sucrose ester surfactants can be employed to produce lipid-based drug delivery systems for dermal application. Moreover, sucrose esters of intermediate lipophilicity such as sucrose stearate S-970 possess a peculiar rheological behavior which can be employed to create highly viscous semi-solid formulations without any further additives. Interestingly, it was possible to develop both viscous macroemulsions and fluid nanoemulsions with the same chemical composition merely by slight alteration of the production process. Optical light microscopy and cryo transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the sucrose ester led to the formation of an astonishing hydrophilic network at a concentration of only 5% w/w in the macroemulsion system. A small number of more finely structured aggregates composed of surplus surfactant were likewise detected in the nanoemulsions. These discoveries offer interesting possibilities to adapt the low viscosity of fluid O/W nanoemulsions for a more convenient application. Moreover, a simple and rapid production method for skin-friendly creamy O/W emulsions with excellent visual long-term stability is presented. It could be shown by franz-cell diffusion studies and in vitro tape stripping that the microviscosity within the semi-solid formulations was apparently not influenced by their increased macroviscosity: the release of three model drugs was not impaired by the complex network-like internal structure of the macroemulsions. These results indicate that the developed semi-solid emulsions with advantageous application properties are highly suitable for the unhindered delivery of lipophilic drugs despite their comparatively large particle size and high viscosity.
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Bouchoux A, Gésan-Guiziou G, Pérez J, Cabane B. How to squeeze a sponge: casein micelles under osmotic stress, a SAXS study. Biophys J 2011; 99:3754-62. [PMID: 21112300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the osmotic stress technique with small-angle x-ray scattering measurements, we followed the structural response of the casein micelle to an overall increase in concentration. When the aqueous phase that separates the micelles is extracted, they behave as polydisperse repelling spheres and their internal structure is not affected. When they are compressed, the micelles lose water and shrink to a smaller volume. Our results indicate that this compression is nonaffine, i.e., some parts of the micelle collapse, whereas other parts resist deformation. We suggest that this behavior is consistent with a spongelike casein micelle having a triple hierarchical structure. The lowest level of the structure consists of the CaP nanoclusters that serve as anchors for the casein molecules. The intermediate level consists of 10- to 40-nm hard regions that resist compression and contain the nanoclusters. Those regions are connected and/or partially merged with each other, thus forming a continuous and porous material. The third level of structure is the casein micelle itself, with an average size of 100 nm. In our view, such a structure is consistent with the observation of 10- to 20-nm casein particles in the Golgi vesicles of lactating cells: upon aggregation, those particles would rearrange, fuse, and/or swell to form the spongelike micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bouchoux
- INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France.
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Zhang Y, Sinha-Ray S, Yarin AL. Mechanoresponsive polymer nanoparticles, nanofibers and coatings as drug carriers and components of microfluidic devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03634j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Toro-Mendoza J, Lozsan A, Garcia-Sucre M, Castellanos S AJ, Urbina-Villalba G. Influence of droplet deformability on the coalescence rate of emulsions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:011405. [PMID: 20365371 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.011405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this article the influence of deformation on the coalescence rates of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions is analyzed. Calculations for doublets and many-particles systems were performed based on a Brownian dynamics algorithm. Extensional and bending energies were included in order to quantify the effect of the changes in the surface geometry on the coalescence rates. Also, the hydrodynamic resistance due to the flat film was included through a correction to the diffusion coefficient in the lubrication limit. Results of two particles calculations were compared with previous analytical evaluations of the coalescence time in absence of highly repulsive barriers [Danov, Langmuir 9, 1731 (1993)]. Lifetime of doublets was calculated as a function of the particle radius from 100 nm to 100 microm. It was found that the doublets lifetime strongly depends on the interplay between the potential of interaction between the droplets and the hydrodynamic resistance. Depending on the repulsive barrier either a monotonous increase of the lifetime with the droplet size or a maximum value is observed. Finally, the evolution of O/W emulsions with a volume fraction of phi=0.10 was studied. For these many-particle systems, the results show a sensitive dependence of the aggregation behavior on the interfacial tension. The procedure reported here allows us to include Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and non-DLVO forces and the film drainage velocity of many different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhoan Toro-Mendoza
- Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios de la Física, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.
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Scheffold F, Mason TG. Scattering from highly packed disordered colloids. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:332102. [PMID: 21828592 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/33/332102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the measurable structure factor S(M)(q) of highly concentrated nanoemulsions in a glassy amorphous state. Neutron scattering data show that the primary structure factor peak decreases with increasing concentration and eventually drops below unity. We find very good quantitative agreement between the experimental S(M)(q) and analytical predictions for a polydisperse hard sphere fluid. Subunity structure factor peaks are predicted for dense fluids near and above the jamming transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scheffold
- Physics Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin de Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Stability of oil-in-water nano-emulsions prepared using the phase inversion composition method. J IND ENG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang L, Mutch KJ, Eastoe J, Heenan RK, Dong J. Nanoemulsions prepared by a two-step low-energy process. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6092-6099. [PMID: 18489188 DOI: 10.1021/la800624z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple low-energy two-step dilution process has been applied in oil/surfactant/water systems with pentaoxyethylene lauryl ether (C12E5), dodecyldimethylammonium bromide, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, sodium n-dodecyl sulfate-pentanol, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide-pentanol. Appropriate formulations were chosen for the concentrate to be diluted with water to generate oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions or nanoemulsions. For the system of decane/C12E5/water, bluish, transparent nanoemulsions having droplet radii of the order of 15 nm were formed, only when the initial concentrate was a bicontinuous microemulsion, whereas opaque emulsions were generated if the concentrate began in an emulsion-phase region. Nanoemulsions generated in the system decane/C12E5/water have been investigated both by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and contrast-variation small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The SANS profiles show that nanodroplets exist as spherical core-shell (decane-C12E5) particles, which suffer essentially no structural change on dilution with water, at least for volume fractions phi down to 0.060. These results suggest that the nanoemulsion droplet structure is mainly controlled by the phase behavior of the initial concentrate and is largely independent of dilution. A discrepancy between apparent nanoemulsion droplet sizes was observed by comparing DLS and SANS data, which is consistent with long-range droplet interactions occurring outside of the SANS sensitivity range. These combined phase behavior, SANS, and DLS results suggest a different reason for the stability/instability of nanoemulsions compared with earlier studies, and here it is proposed that a general mechanism for nanoemulsion formation is homogeneous nucleation of oil droplets during the emulsification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Guo H, Wilking JN, Liang D, Mason TG, Harden JL, Leheny RL. Slow, nondiffusive dynamics in concentrated nanoemulsions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:041401. [PMID: 17500888 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.041401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Using multispeckle x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, we have measured the slow, wave-vector-dependent dynamics of concentrated, disordered nanoemulsions composed of silicone oil droplets in water. The intermediate scattering function possesses a compressed exponential line shape and a relaxation time that varies inversely with wave vector. We interpret this dynamics as strain in response to local stress relaxation. The motion includes a transient component whose characteristic velocity decays exponentially with time following a mechanical perturbation of the nanoemulsions and a second component whose characteristic velocity is essentially independent of time. The steady-state characteristic velocity is surprisingly insensitive to the droplet volume fraction in the concentrated regime, indicating that the strain motion is only weakly dependent on the droplet-droplet interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Mason TG, Graves SM, Wilking JN, Lin MY. Effective Structure Factor of Osmotically Deformed Nanoemulsions. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:22097-102. [PMID: 17078645 DOI: 10.1021/jp0601623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extreme osmotic compression of nanoemulsion droplets, achieved by ultracentrifugation, can create solidlike biliquid foams without causing significant droplet coalescence. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we probe the structure of a uniform silicone oil-in-water nanoemulsion stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate over a wide range of volume fractions, phi, up to and beyond the limit associated with maximal random jamming of spheres, phiMRJ = 0.64. Although some features in the structure can be understood at lower phi using simple predictions for hard spheres, the anionic repulsion and deformability of the droplet interfaces creates departures from these predictions at higher phi. For phi near and beyond phiMRJ, the effective structure factor, Seff, as a function of wavenumber, q, exhibits a primary peak that is subunity. We speculate that this striking feature is due to the deformation of the droplets into nonspherical shapes as the system begins to approach the limit of a random array of nanoscopic thin films, Plateau borders, and vertexes characteristic of a polyhedral foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Wilking JN, Graves SM, Chang CB, Meleson K, Lin MY, Mason TG. Dense cluster formation during aggregation and gelation of attractive slippery nanoemulsion droplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:015501. [PMID: 16486472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, we have measured the wave-number-dependent structure factor S(q) of monodisperse nanoemulsions that aggregate and gel after we suddenly turn on a strong, short-range, slippery attraction between the droplets. At high q, peaks in S(q) appear as dense clusters of droplets form, and S(q) increases strongly toward low q, as these dense clusters become locked into a rigid gel network, despite the fluidity of the films between the droplets. The long-time high-q structure of nanoemulsion gels formed by slippery diffusion-limited cluster aggregation is universal in shape and remarkably independent of the droplet volume fraction, phi.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Wilking
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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