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Menéndez M, Veselinova A, Zanchet A, Jambrina PG, Aoiz FJ. Rate coefficients for the O + H 2 and O + D 2 reactions: how well ring polymer molecular dynamics accounts for tunelling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:20947-20961. [PMID: 39046374 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01711k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
We present here extensive calculations of the O(3P) + H2 and O(3P) + D2 reaction dynamics spanning the temperature range from 200 K to 2500 K. The calculations have been carried out using fully converged time-independent quantum mechanics (TI QM), quasiclassical trajectories (QCT) and ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) on the two lowest lying adiabatic potential energy surfaces (PESs), 13A' and 13A'', calculated by Zanchet et al. [J. Chem. Phys., 2019, 151, 094307]. TI QM rate coefficients were determined using the cumulative reaction probability formalism on each PES including all of the total angular momenta and the Coriolis coupling and can be considered to be essentially exact within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The agreement between the rate coefficients calculated by using QM and RPMD is excellent for the reaction with D2 in almost the whole temperature range. For the reaction with H2, although the agreement is very good above 500 K, the deviations are significant at lower temperatures. In contrast, the QCT calculations largely underestimate the rate coefficients for the two isotopic variants due to their inability to account for tunelling. The differences found in the disagreements between RPMD and QM rate coefficients for the reactions for both the isotopologues are indicative of the ability of the RPMD method to accurately describe systems where tunelling plays a relevant role. Considering that both reactions are dominated by tunelling below 500 K, the present results show that RPMD is a very powerful tool for determining rate coefficients. The present QM rate coefficients calculated on adiabatic PESs slightly underestimate the best global fits of the experimental measurements, which we attribute to the intersystem crossing with the singlet 11A' PES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Física, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anzhela Veselinova
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alexandre Zanchet
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, C/Serrano 121-123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo G Jambrina
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - F Javier Aoiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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2
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London N, Bu S, Johnson B, Ananth N. Mean-Field Ring Polymer Rates Using a Population Dividing Surface. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5730-5739. [PMID: 38976564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Mean-field ring polymer molecular dynamics offers a computationally efficient method for the simulation of reaction rates in multilevel systems. Previous work has established that, to model a nonadiabatic state-to-state reaction accurately, it is necessary to ensure reactive trajectories form kinked ring polymer configurations at the dividing surface. Building on this idea, we introduce a population difference coordinate and a reactive flux expression modified to only include contributions from kinked configurations. We test the accuracy of the resulting mean-field rate theory on a series of linear vibronic coupling model systems. We demonstrate that this new kMF-RP rate approach is efficient to implement and quantitatively accurate for models over a wide range of driving forces, coupling strengths, and temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan London
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Siyu Bu
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Britta Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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3
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Murakami T, Takayanagi T. Computational study of the post-transition state dynamics for the OH + CH 3OH reaction probed by photodetachment of the CH 3O -(H 2O) anion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19195-19206. [PMID: 38956990 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Dissociative photodetachment dynamics simulations were conducted to study the CH3O-(H2O) → CH3O + H2O + e- reaction using classical molecular dynamics (MD) and ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) techniques on two newly formulated neutral potential energy surfaces (PES1 and PES2) by different research groups. While the dissociation dynamics exhibited similarities between classical MD and RPMD, there were noticeable differences in the fluctuation of probability densities for the internal modes due to nuclear quantum effects. Upon comparison of our findings with experimental data concerning the electron binding energy distribution and photofragment relative energy, it suggests that the potential energy landscapes of PES2 are reasonably precise. The time evolution of occupied vibrational states of the H2O photofragment is presented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takayanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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4
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Bridge O, Lazzaroni P, Martinazzo R, Rossi M, Althorpe SC, Litman Y. Quantum rates in dissipative systems with spatially varying friction. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:024110. [PMID: 38984959 DOI: 10.1063/5.0216823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate whether making the friction spatially dependent on the reaction coordinate introduces quantum effects into the thermal reaction rates for dissipative reactions. Quantum rates are calculated using the numerically exact multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method, as well as the approximate ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD), ring-polymer instanton methods, and classical molecular dynamics. By conducting simulations across a wide range of temperatures and friction strengths, we can identify the various regimes that govern the reactive dynamics. At high temperatures, in addition to the spatial-diffusion and energy-diffusion regimes predicted by Kramer's rate theory, a (coherent) tunneling-dominated regime is identified at low friction. At low temperatures, incoherent tunneling dominates most of Kramer's curve, except at very low friction, when coherent tunneling becomes dominant. Unlike in classical mechanics, the bath's influence changes the equilibrium time-independent properties of the system, leading to a complex interplay between spatially dependent friction and nuclear quantum effects even at high temperatures. More specifically, a realistic friction profile can lead to an increase (or decrease) of the quantum (classical) rates with friction within the spatial-diffusion regime, showing that classical and quantum rates display qualitatively different behaviors. Except at very low frictions, we find that RPMD captures most of the quantum effects in the thermal reaction rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bridge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Lazzaroni
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rocco Martinazzo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mariana Rossi
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stuart C Althorpe
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yair Litman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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5
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Jiang W, Chen Y, Li Y. Reactions dynamics for X + H2 insertion reactions (X = C(1D), N(2D), O(1D), S(1D)) with Cayley propagator ring-polymer molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:234107. [PMID: 38899683 DOI: 10.1063/5.0209143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, rate coefficients of four prototypical insertion reactions, X + H2 → H + XH (X = C(1D), N(2D), O(1D), S(1D)), and associated isotope reactions are calculated based on ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) with Cayley propagator (Cayley-RPMD). The associated kinetic isotope effects are systematically studied too. The Cayley propagator used in this work increases the stability of numerical integration in RPMD calculations and also supports a larger evolution time interval, allowing us to reach both high accuracy and efficiency. So, our results do not only provide chemical kinetic data for the title reactions in an extended temperature range but also consist of experimental results, standard RPMD, and other theoretical methods. The results in this work also reflect that Cayley-RPMD has strong consistency and high reliability in its investigations of chemical dynamics for insertion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Jiang
- Department of Physics, International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuhao Chen
- Department of Physics, International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yongle Li
- Department of Physics, International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Gu K, Lin S. Advances in the Dynamics of Adsorbate Diffusion on Metal Surfaces: Focus on Hydrogen and Oxygen. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400083. [PMID: 38511509 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Adsorbates on metal surfaces are typically formed from the dissociative chemisorption of molecules occurring at gas-solid interfaces. These adsorbed species exhibit unique diffusion behaviors on metal surfaces, which are influenced by their translational energy. They play crucial roles in various fields, including heterogeneous catalysis and corrosion. This review examines recent theoretical advancements in understanding the diffusion dynamics of adsorbates on metal surfaces, with a specific emphasis on hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The diffusion processes of adsorbates on metal surfaces involve two energy transfer mechanisms: surface phonons and electron-hole pair excitations. This review also surveys new theoretical methods, including the characterization of the electron-hole pair excitation within electronic friction models, the acceleration of quantum chemistry calculations through machine learning, and the treatment of atomic nuclear motion from both quantum mechanical and classical perspectives. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into how energy transfer, nuclear quantum effects, supercell sizes, and the topography of potential energy surfaces impact the diffusion behavior of hydrogen and oxygen species on metal surfaces. Lastly, some preliminary research proposals are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Sen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Murakami T, Takahashi S, Kikuma Y, Takayanagi T. Theoretical Study of the Thermal Rate Coefficients of the H 3+ + C 2H 4 Reaction: Dynamics Study on a Full-Dimensional Potential Energy Surface. Molecules 2024; 29:2789. [PMID: 38930853 PMCID: PMC11206701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ion-molecular reactions play a significant role in molecular evolution within the interstellar medium. In this study, the entrance channel reaction, H3+ + C2H4 → H2 + C2H5+, was investigated using classical molecular dynamic (classical MD) and ring polymer molecular dynamic (RPMD) simulation techniques. We developed an analytical potential energy surface function with a permutationally invariant polynomial basis, specifically employing the monomial symmetrized approach. Our dynamic simulations reproduced the rate coefficient of 300 K for H3+ + C2H4 → H2 + C2H5+, aligning reasonably well with the values in the kinetic database commonly utilized in astrochemistry. The thermal rate coefficients obtained using both the classical MD and RPMD techniques exhibited an increase from 100 K to 300 K as the temperature rose. Additionally, we analyzed the excess energy distribution of the C2H5+ fragment with respect to temperature to investigate the indirect reaction pathway of C2H5+ → H2 + C2H3+. This result suggests that the indirect reaction pathway of C2H5+ → H2 + C2H3+ holds minor significance, although the distribution highly depends on the collisional temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City 338-8570, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Soma Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City 338-8570, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuya Kikuma
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City 338-8570, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.K.)
| | - Toshiyuki Takayanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City 338-8570, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.K.)
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Liu XY, Wang SR, Fang WH, Cui G. Nuclear Quantum Effects on Nonadiabatic Dynamics of a Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Analogue: Ring-Polymer Surface-Hopping Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3426-3439. [PMID: 38656202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have used the "on-the-fly" ring-polymer surface-hopping simulation method with the centroid approximation (RPSH-CA), in combination with the multireference OM2/MRCI electronic structure calculations to study the photoinduced dynamics of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore analogue in the gas phase, i.e., o-HBI, at 50, 100, and 300 K with 1, 5, 10, and 15 beads (3600 1 ps trajectories). The electronic structure calculations identified five new minimum-energy conical intersection (MECI) structures, which, together with the previous one, play crucial roles in the excited-state decay dynamics of o-HBI. It is also found that the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs in an ultrafast manner and is completed within 20 fs in all the simulation conditions because there is no barrier associated with this ESIPT process in the S1 state. However, the other excited-state dynamical results are strongly related to the number of beads. At 50 and 100 K, the nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) are very important; therefore, the excited-state dynamical results change significantly with the bead number. For example, the S1 decay time deduced from time-dependent state populations becomes longer as the bead number increases. Nevertheless, an essentially convergent trend is observed when the bead number is close to 10. In contrast, at 300 K, the NQEs become weaker and the above dynamical results converge very quickly even with 1 bead. Most importantly, the NQEs seriously affect the excited-state decay mechanism of o-HBI. At 50 and 100 K, most trajectories decay to the S0 state via perpendicular keto MECIs, whereas, at 300 K, only twisted keto MECIs are responsible for the excited-state decay. The present work not only comprehensively explores the temperature-dependent photoinduced dynamics of o-HBI, but also demonstrates the importance and necessity of NQEs in nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, especially at relatively low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Sheng-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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9
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Pollak E. A personal perspective of the present status and future challenges facing thermal reaction rate theory. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:150902. [PMID: 38639316 DOI: 10.1063/5.0199557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Reaction rate theory has been at the center of physical chemistry for well over one hundred years. The evolution of the theory is not only of historical interest. Reliable and accurate computation of reaction rates remains a challenge to this very day, especially in view of the development of quantum chemistry methods, which predict the relevant force fields. It is still not possible to compute the numerically exact rate on the fly when the system has more than at most a few dozen anharmonic degrees of freedom, so one must consider various approximate methods, not only from the practical point of view of constructing numerical algorithms but also on conceptual and formal levels. In this Perspective, I present some of the recent analytical results concerning leading order terms in an ℏ2m series expansion of the exact rate and their implications on various approximate theories. A second aspect has to do with the crossover temperature between tunneling and thermal activation. Using a uniform semiclassical transmission probability rather than the "primitive" semiclassical theory leads to the conclusion that there is no divergence problem associated with a "crossover temperature." If one defines a semiclassical crossover temperature as the point at which the tunneling energy of the instanton equals the barrier height, then it is a factor of two higher than its previous estimate based on the "primitive" semiclassical approximation. In the low temperature tunneling regime, the uniform semiclassical theory as well as the "primitive" semiclassical theory were based on the classical Euclidean action of a periodic orbit on the inverted potential. The uniform semiclassical theory wrongly predicts that the "half-point," which is the energy at which the transmission probability equals 1/2, for any barrier potential, is always the barrier energy. We describe here how augmenting the Euclidean action with constant terms of order ℏ2 can significantly improve the accuracy of the semiclassical theory and correct this deficiency. This also leads to a deep connection with and improvement of vibrational perturbation theory. The uniform semiclassical theory also enables an extension of the quantum version of Kramers' turnover theory to temperatures below the "crossover temperature." The implications of these recent advances on various approximate methods used to date are discussed at length, leading to the conclusion that reaction rate theory will continue to challenge us both on conceptual and practical levels for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Pollak
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
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10
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London N, Limbu DK, Momeni MR, Shakib FA. DL_POLY Quantum 2.0: A modular general-purpose software for advanced path integral simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:132501. [PMID: 38557837 DOI: 10.1063/5.0197822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
DL_POLY Quantum 2.0, a vastly expanded software based on DL_POLY Classic 1.10, is a highly parallelized computational suite written in FORTRAN77 with a modular structure for incorporating nuclear quantum effects into large-scale/long-time molecular dynamics simulations. This is achieved by presenting users with a wide selection of state-of-the-art dynamics methods that utilize the isomorphism between a classical ring polymer and Feynman's path integral formalism of quantum mechanics. The flexible and user-friendly input/output handling system allows the control of methodology, integration schemes, and thermostatting. DL_POLY Quantum is equipped with a module specifically assigned for calculating correlation functions and printing out the values for sought-after quantities, such as dipole moments and center-of-mass velocities, with packaged tools for calculating infrared absorption spectra and diffusion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan London
- Division of Energy, Matter and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Dil K Limbu
- Division of Energy, Matter and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Mohammad R Momeni
- Division of Energy, Matter and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Farnaz A Shakib
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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11
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Espinosa-Garcia J, Bhowmick S. Kinetic study of the CN + C 2H 6 hydrogen abstraction reaction based on an analytical potential energy surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8344-8355. [PMID: 38391269 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the thermal rate constants and kinetic isotope effects (KIE) of the CN + C2H6 gas-phase hydrogen abstraction reaction was theoretically determined within the 25-1000 K temperature range, i.e., from very low- to high-temperature regimes. Based on a recently developed full-dimensional analytical potential energy surface fitted to highly accurate explicitly correlated ab initio calculations, three different kinetic theories were used: canonical variational transition state theory (CVT), quasiclassical trajectory theory (QCT), and ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) method for the computation of rate constants. We found that the thermal rate constants obtained with the three theories show a V-shaped temperature dependence, with a pronounced minimum near 200 K, qualitatively reproducing the experimental measurements. Among the three methods used in this work, the QCT and RPMD methods have the best agreement with the experiment at low and high temperatures, respectively, while the CVT model shows the largest discrepancies. The significant increase in the rate constant at very low temperatures in this very exothermic and practically barrierless reaction could be attributed to the large value of the impact parameter, possibly ruling out the role of the tunneling effect and the intermediate complexes in the entrance channel. The theoretical H/D KIE depicted a "normal" behaviour, i.e., values greater than unity, emulating the experimental measurements and improving previous theoretical results. Finally, the discrepancies between theory and experiments were analysed as a function of several factors, such as limitations of the kinetics theories and the potential energy surface, as well as the uncertainties in the experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Espinosa-Garcia
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Somnath Bhowmick
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus.
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12
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Zhang S, Chen Q, Zhang L, Li J, Hu X, Xie D. Dynamics studies for the multi-well and multi-channel reaction of OH with C 2H 2 on a full-dimensional global potential energy surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7351-7362. [PMID: 38375620 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05811e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The C2H2 + OH reaction is an important acetylene oxidation pathway in the combustion process, as well as a typical multi-well and multi-channel reaction. Here, we report an accurate full-dimensional machine learning-based potential energy surface (PES) for the C2H2 + OH reaction at the UCCSD(T)-F12b/cc-pVTZ-F12 level, based on about 475 000 ab initio points. Extensive quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations were performed on the newly developed PES to obtain detailed dynamic data and analyze reaction mechanisms. Below 1000 K, the C2H2 + OH reaction produces H + OCCH2 and CO + CH3. With increasing temperature, the product channels H2O + C2H and H + HCCOH are accessible and the former dominates above 1900 K. It is found that the formation of H2O + C2H is dominated by a direct reaction process, while other channels belong to the indirect mechanism involving long-lived intermediates along the reaction pathways. At low temperatures, the C2H2 + OH reaction behaves like an unimolecular reaction due to the unique PES topographic features, of which the dynamic features are similar to the decomposition of energy-rich complexes formed by C2H2 + OH collision. The classification of trajectories that undergo different reaction pathways to generate each product and their product energy distributions were also reported in this work. This dynamic information may provide a deep understanding of the C2H2 + OH reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China; State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Xixi Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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13
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Coffman AJ, Jin Z, Chen J, Subotnik JE, Cofer-Shabica DV. Use of QM/MM Surface Hopping Simulations to Understand Thermally Activated Rare-Event Nonadiabatic Transitions in the Condensed Phase. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7136-7150. [PMID: 37811904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We implement a rare-event sampling scheme for quantifying the rate of thermally activated nonadiabatic transitions in the condensed phase. Our Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methodology uses the recently developed Interface for NonAdiabatic QM/MM in Solvent (INAQS) package to interface an elementary electronic structure package and a popular open-source molecular dynamics software (GROMACS) to simulate an electron transfer event between two stationary ions in a solution of acetonitrile solvent molecules. Nonadiabatic effects are implemented through a surface hopping scheme, and our simulations allow further quantitative insight into the participation ratio of a solvent and the effect of ion separation distance as far as facilitating electron transfer. We also demonstrate that the standard gas-phase approaches for treating frustrated hops and velocity reversal must be refined when working in the condensed phase with many degrees of freedom. The code and methodology developed here can be easily expanded upon and modified to incorporate other systems and should provide a great deal of new insight into a wide variety of condensed phase nonadiabatic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Coffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - Zuxin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - Junhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - D Vale Cofer-Shabica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
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14
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Fiechter M, Runeson JE, Lawrence JE, Richardson JO. How Quantum is the Resonance Behavior in Vibrational Polariton Chemistry? J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8261-8267. [PMID: 37676159 PMCID: PMC10510439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments in polariton chemistry have demonstrated that reaction rates can be modified by vibrational strong coupling to an optical cavity mode. Importantly, this modification occurs only when the frequency of the cavity mode is tuned to closely match a molecular vibrational frequency. This sharp resonance behavior has proved to be difficult to capture theoretically. Only recently did Lindoy et al. [ Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 2733] report the first instance of a sharp resonant effect in the cavity-modified rate simulated in a model system using exact quantum dynamics. We investigate the same model system with a different method, ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD), which captures quantum statistics but treats dynamics classically. We find that RPMD does not reproduce this sharp resonant feature at the well frequency, and we discuss the implications of this finding for future studies of vibrational polariton chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit
R. Fiechter
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johan E. Runeson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph E. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy O. Richardson
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Steffen J. Caracal: A Versatile Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics Simulation Package. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:5334-5355. [PMID: 37555628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
A new open-source program package named Caracal covering simulations of molecular systems with ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) is presented. It combines a powerful RPMD implementation including chemical reaction rate calculations and biased periodic and nonperiodic samplings with a collection of easy to set up potential energy surface (PES) methodologies, thus delivering an all-inclusive approach. Most implemented PESs are based on the QMDFF and EVB-QMDFF methods. Where the quantum mechanically derived force field (QMDFF) can be set up for an arbitrary molecular system in a black-box fashion, the empirical valence bond (EVB)-QMDFF connects two QMDFFs and is able to represent the PES of a chemical reaction. With our previously published flavors of this composite method, PESs for almost arbitrary gas phase thermal ground state reactions can be set up. Given an optimized reaction path, the mechanism of the reaction can be classified and RPMD rate constants can be obtained via umbrella sampling and recrossing calculations on an EVB-QMDFF PES. Further, QMDFFs can be polymerized for the description of liquid systems. In this paper, the internal structure as well as the handling philosophy of Caracal are outlined. Further, examples of the different possible kinds of calculations are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Steffen
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
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16
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Zhang L, Zuo J, Suleimanov YV, Guo H. Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics Approach to Quantum Dissociative Chemisorption Rates. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7118-7125. [PMID: 37531595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
A ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) method is proposed for the calculation of the dissociative chemisorption rate coefficient on surfaces. The RPMD rate theory is capable of handling quantum effects such as the zero-point energy and tunneling in dissociative chemisorption, while it relies on classical trajectories for the simulation. Applications to H2 dissociative chemisorption are demonstrated. For the highly activated process on Ag(111), strong deviations from Arrhenius behavior are found at low temperatures and attributed to tunneling. On Pt(111), where the dissociation has a barrierless pathway, the RPMD rate coefficient is found to agree with the experimentally derived thermal sticking coefficient within a factor of 2 over a large temperature range. Significant quantum effects are also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Junxiang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Yury V Suleimanov
- American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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17
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Li C, Li Y, Jiang B. First-principles surface reaction rates by ring polymer molecular dynamics and neural network potential: role of anharmonicity and lattice motion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5087-5098. [PMID: 37206404 PMCID: PMC10189860 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06559b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elementary gas-surface processes are essential steps in heterogeneous catalysis. A predictive understanding of catalytic mechanisms remains challenging due largely to difficulties in accurately characterizing the kinetics of such steps. Experimentally, thermal rates for elementary surface reactions can now be measured using a novel velocity imaging technique, providing a stringent testing ground for ab initio rate theories. Here, we propose to combine ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) rate theory with state-of-the-art first-principles-determined neural network potential to calculate surface reaction rates. Taking NO desorption from Pd(111) as an example, we show that the harmonic approximation and the neglect of lattice motion in the commonly-used transition state theory overestimates and underestimates the entropy change during the desorption process, respectively, leading to opposite errors in rate coefficient predictions and artificial error cancellations. Including anharmonicity and lattice motion, our results reveal a generally neglected surface entropy change due to significant local structural change during desorption and obtain the right answer for the right reasons. Although quantum effects are found to be less important in this system, the proposed approach establishes a more reliable theoretical benchmark for accurately predicting the kinetics of elementary gas-surface processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yongle Li
- Department of Physics, International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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18
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Murakami T, Ibuki S, Hashimoto Y, Kikuma Y, Takayanagi T. Dynamics study of the post-transition-state-bifurcation process of the (HCOOH)H + → CO + H 3O +/HCO + + H 2O dissociation: application of machine-learning techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14016-14027. [PMID: 37161528 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00252g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The process of protonated formic acid dissociating from the transition state was studied using ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD), classical MD, and quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) simulations. Temperature had a strong influence on the branching fractions for the HCO+ + H2O and CO + H3O+ dissociation channels. The RPMD and classical MD simulations showed similar behavior, but the QCT dynamics were significantly different owing to the excess energies in the quasi-classical trajectories. Machine-learning analysis identified several key features in the phase information of the vibrational motions at the transition state. We found that the initial configuration and momentum of a hydrogen atom connected to a carbon atom and the shrinking coordinate of the CO bond at the transition state play a role in the dynamics of HCO+ + H2O production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shunichi Ibuki
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Yu Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Yuya Kikuma
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Takayanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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19
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Prada A, Pós ES, Althorpe SC. Comparison of Matsubara dynamics with exact quantum dynamics for an oscillator coupled to a dissipative bath. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114106. [PMID: 36948794 DOI: 10.1063/5.0138250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first numerical calculations in which converged Matsubara dynamics is compared directly with exact quantum dynamics with no artificial damping of the time-correlation functions (TCFs). The system treated is a Morse oscillator coupled to a harmonic bath. We show that, when the system-bath coupling is sufficiently strong, the Matsubara calculations can be converged by explicitly including up to M = 200 Matsubara modes, with the remaining modes included as a harmonic "tail" correction. The resulting Matsubara TCFs are in near-perfect agreement with the exact quantum TCFs, for non-linear as well as linear operators, at a temperature at which the TCFs are dominated by quantum thermal fluctuations. These results provide compelling evidence that incoherent classical dynamics can arise in the condensed phase at temperatures at which the statistics are dominated by quantum (Boltzmann) effects, as a result of smoothing of imaginary-time Feynman paths. The techniques developed here may also lead to efficient methods for benchmarking system-bath dynamics in the overdamped regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Prada
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Eszter S Pós
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart C Althorpe
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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20
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Wang HD, Fu YL, Fu B, Fang W, Zhang DH. A highly accurate full-dimensional ab initio potential surface for the rearrangement of methylhydroxycarbene (H 3C-C-OH). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8117-8127. [PMID: 36876923 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
We report here a full-dimensional machine learning global potential surface (PES) for the rearrangement of methylhydroxycarbene (H3C-C-OH, 1t). The PES is trained with the fundamental invariant neural network (FI-NN) method on 91 564 ab initio energies calculated at the UCCSD(T)-F12a/cc-pVTZ level of theory, covering three possible product channels. FI-NN PES has the correct symmetry properties with respect to permutation of four identical hydrogen atoms and is suitable for dynamics studies of the 1t rearrangement. The averaged root mean square error (RMSE) is 11.4 meV. Six important reaction pathways, as well as the energies and vibrational frequencies at the stationary geometries on these pathways are accurately preproduced by our FI-NN PES. To demonstrate the capacity of the PES, we calculated the rate coefficient of hydrogen migration in -CH3 (path A) and hydrogen migration of -OH (path B) with instanton theory on this PES. Our calculations predicted the half-life of 1t to be 95 min, which is excellent in agreement with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Ding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yan-Lin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Bina Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Wei Fang
- Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dong H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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21
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Bocus M, Goeminne R, Lamaire A, Cools-Ceuppens M, Verstraelen T, Van Speybroeck V. Nuclear quantum effects on zeolite proton hopping kinetics explored with machine learning potentials and path integral molecular dynamics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1008. [PMID: 36823162 PMCID: PMC9950054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton hopping is a key reactive process within zeolite catalysis. However, the accurate determination of its kinetics poses major challenges both for theoreticians and experimentalists. Nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) are known to influence the structure and dynamics of protons, but their rigorous inclusion through the path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) formalism was so far beyond reach for zeolite catalyzed processes due to the excessive computational cost of evaluating all forces and energies at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) level. Herein, we overcome this limitation by training first a reactive machine learning potential (MLP) that can reproduce with high fidelity the DFT potential energy surface of proton hopping around the first Al coordination sphere in the H-CHA zeolite. The MLP offers an immense computational speedup, enabling us to derive accurate reaction kinetics beyond standard transition state theory for the proton hopping reaction. Overall, more than 0.6 μs of simulation time was needed, which is far beyond reach of any standard DFT approach. NQEs are found to significantly impact the proton hopping kinetics up to ~473 K. Moreover, PIMD simulations with deuterium can be performed without any additional training to compute kinetic isotope effects over a broad range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bocus
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Ruben Goeminne
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Aran Lamaire
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Maarten Cools-Ceuppens
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Toon Verstraelen
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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22
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Käser S, Vazquez-Salazar LI, Meuwly M, Töpfer K. Neural network potentials for chemistry: concepts, applications and prospects. DIGITAL DISCOVERY 2023; 2:28-58. [PMID: 36798879 PMCID: PMC9923808 DOI: 10.1039/d2dd00102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Artificial Neural Networks (NN) are already heavily involved in methods and applications for frequent tasks in the field of computational chemistry such as representation of potential energy surfaces (PES) and spectroscopic predictions. This perspective provides an overview of the foundations of neural network-based full-dimensional potential energy surfaces, their architectures, underlying concepts, their representation and applications to chemical systems. Methods for data generation and training procedures for PES construction are discussed and means for error assessment and refinement through transfer learning are presented. A selection of recent results illustrates the latest improvements regarding accuracy of PES representations and system size limitations in dynamics simulations, but also NN application enabling direct prediction of physical results without dynamics simulations. The aim is to provide an overview for the current state-of-the-art NN approaches in computational chemistry and also to point out the current challenges in enhancing reliability and applicability of NN methods on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Käser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Kai Töpfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
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23
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Poulsen JA, Nyman G. Computing reaction rates using a Wigner function based on a new effective frequency theory. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2174361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Aage Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nyman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Bossion D, Chowdhury SN, Huo P. Non-adiabatic ring polymer molecular dynamics in the phase space of the SU(N) Lie group. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:044123. [PMID: 36725494 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We derive the non-adiabatic ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) approach in the phase space of the SU(N) Lie Group. This method, which we refer to as the spin mapping non-adiabatic RPMD (SM-NRPMD), is based on the spin-mapping formalism for the electronic degrees of freedom (DOFs) and ring polymer path-integral description for the nuclear DOFs. Using the Stratonovich-Weyl transform for the electronic DOFs and the Wigner transform for the nuclear DOFs, we derived an exact expression of the Kubo-transformed time-correlation function (TCF). We further derive the spin mapping non-adiabatic Matsubara dynamics using the Matsubara approximation that removes the high frequency nuclear normal modes in the TCF and derive the SM-NRPMD approach from the non-adiabatic Matsubara dynamics by discarding the imaginary part of the Liouvillian. The SM-NRPMD method has numerical advantages compared to the original NRPMD method based on the Meyer-Miller-Stock-Thoss (MMST) mapping formalism due to a more natural mapping using the SU(N) Lie Group that preserves the symmetry of the original system. We numerically compute the Kubo-transformed position auto-correlation function and electronic population correlation function for three-state model systems. The numerical results demonstrate the accuracy of the SM-NRPMD method, which outperforms the original MMST-based NRPMD. We envision that the SM-NRPMD method will be a powerful approach to simulate electronic non-adiabatic dynamics and nuclear quantum effects accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Bossion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Sutirtha N Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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25
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Braunstein M, Bonnet L. An efficient algorithm for capturing quantum effects in classical reactive scattering: application to D + H+3 → H 2D + + H. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1602-1605. [PMID: 36541279 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05108g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by a recent semiclassical analysis of chemical reaction thresholds [Bonnet et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2022, 157, 094114], we present an efficient algorithm for including zero-point energy (ZPE) effects in classical reactive scattering. The algorithm is an extension of the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) Gaussian binning method. We apply it to the astrophysically important D + H+3 reaction, where there are significant quantum effects and where application of other methods is problematic [Braunstein et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, 5489]. The rate constants computed with the new, general algorithm closely match recent Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics (RPMD) [Bulut et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2019, 123, 8766] and experimentally derived [Bowen et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2021, 154, 084307] ones spanning ∼4 orders of magnitude from 70 to 1500 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Braunstein
- Spectral Sciences Incorporated, 4 Fourth Avenue, Burlington, MA 01824, USA.
| | - Laurent Bonnet
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France.
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26
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Lamaire A, Cools-Ceuppens M, Bocus M, Verstraelen T, Van Speybroeck V. Quantum Free Energy Profiles for Molecular Proton Transfers. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 19:18-24. [PMID: 36563337 PMCID: PMC9835831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although many molecular dynamics simulations treat the atomic nuclei as classical particles, an adequate description of nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) is indispensable when studying proton transfer reactions. Herein, quantum free energy profiles are constructed for three typical proton transfers, which properly take NQEs into account using the path integral formalism. The computational cost of the simulations is kept tractable by deriving machine learning potentials. It is shown that the classical and quasi-classical centroid free energy profiles of the proton transfers deviate substantially from the exact quantum free energy profile.
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27
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Angiolari F, Huppert S, Spezia R. Quantum versus classical unimolecular fragmentation rate constants and activation energies at finite temperature from direct dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29357-29370. [PMID: 36448557 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigate how nuclear quantum effects modify the temperature dependent rate constants and, consequently, the activation energies in unimolecular reactions. In the reactions under study, nuclear quantum effects mainly stem from the presence of a large zero point energy. Thus, we investigate the behavior of methods compatible with direct dynamics simulations, the quantum thermal bath (QTB) and ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD). To this end, we first compare them with quantum reaction theory for a model Morse potential before extending this comparison to molecular models. Our results show that, in particular in the temperature range comparable with or lower than the zero point energy of the system, the RPMD method is able to correctly capture nuclear quantum effects on rate constants and activation energies. On the other hand, although the QTB provides a good description of equilibrium properties including zero-point energy effects, it largely overestimates the rate constants. The origin of the different behaviours is in the different distance distributions provided by the two methods and in particular how they differently describe the tails of such distributions. The comparison with transition state theory shows that RPMD can be used to study fragmentation of complex systems for which it may be difficult to determine the multiple reaction pathways and associated transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Angiolari
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Simon Huppert
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588 CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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28
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Murakami T, Iida R, Hashimoto Y, Takahashi Y, Takahashi S, Takayanagi T. Ring-Polymer Molecular Dynamics and Kinetics for the H – + C 2H 2 → H 2 + C 2H – Reaction Using the Full-Dimensional Potential Energy Surface. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9244-9258. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama338-8570, Japan
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryusei Iida
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama338-8570, Japan
| | - Yu Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama338-8570, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama338-8570, Japan
| | - Soma Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama338-8570, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takayanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama338-8570, Japan
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29
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Méndez E, Videla PE, Laria D. Equilibrium and Dynamical Characteristics of Hydrogen Bond Bifurcations in Water-Water and Water-Ammonia Dimers: A Path Integral Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4721-4733. [PMID: 35834556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present path integral molecular dynamics results that describe the effects of nuclear quantum fluctuations on equilibrium and dynamical characteristics pertaining to bifurcation pathways in hydrogen bonded dimers combining water and ammonia, at cryogenic temperatures of the order of 20 K. Along these isomerizations, the hydrogen atoms in the molecules acting as hydrogen-bond donors interchange their original dangling/connective characters. Our results reveal that the resulting quantum transition paths comprise three stages: the initial and final ones involve overall rotations during which the two protons retain their classical-like characteristics. Effects from quantum fluctuation are clearly manifested in the changes operated at the intermediate passages over transition states, as the spatial extents of the protons stretch over typical lengths comparable to the distances between connective and dangling basins of attractions. Consequently, the classical over-the-hill path is replaced by a tunneling controlled mechanism which, within the path integral perspective, can be cast in terms of concerted inter-basin migrations of polymer beads from dangling-to-connective and from connective-to-dangling, at practically no energy costs. We also estimated the characteristic timescales describing such interconversions within the approximate ring polymer rate theory. Effects derived from full and partial deuteration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Méndez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física and INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Videla
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Daniel Laria
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Meng Q, Chen J, Ma J, Zhang X, Chen J. Adiabatic models for the quantum dynamics of surface scattering with lattice effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16415-16436. [PMID: 35766107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we review models for the lattice effects in quantum dynamics calculations on surface scattering, which is important to modeling heterogeneous catalysis for achieving an interpretation of experimental measurements. Unlike dynamics models for reactions in the gas phase, those for heterogeneous reactions have to include the effects of the surface. For manageable computational costs in calculations, the effects of static surface (SS) are firstly modeled as this is simply and easily implemented. Then, the SS model has to be improved to include the effects of the flexible surface, that is the lattice effects. To do this, various surface models have been designed where the coordinates of the surface atoms are introduced in the Hamiltonian operator, especially those of the top surface atom. Based on this model Hamiltonian operator, extensive multi-dimension quantum dynamics calculations can be performed to recover the lattice effects. Here, we first review an overview of the techniques in constructing the Hamiltonian operator, which is a sum of the kinetic energy operator (KEO) and potential energy surface (PES). Since the PES containing the coordinates of the surface atoms in a cell is still expensive, the SS model is often accepted. We consider a mathematical model, called the coupled harmonic oscillator (CHO) model, to introduce the concepts of adiabatic and diabatic representations for separating the molecule and surface. Under the adiabatic model, we further introduce the expansion model where the potential function is Taylor expanded around the optimized geometry of the surface. By an expansion model truncated at the first and second order, various coupling surface models between the molecule and surface are derived. Moreover, by further and deeply understanding the adiabatic representation, an effective Hamiltonian operator is obtained by optimizing the total wave function in factorized form. By this factorized form of wave function and effective Hamiltonian operator, the geometry phase of the surface wave function is theoretically found. This theoretical prediction may be measured by carefully designing experiments. Finally, discussions on the adiabatic representation, the PES construction, and possibility of the classical-dynamics solutions are given. Based on these discussions, a simple outlook on the dynamics of photocatalytics is finally given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, West Youyi Road 127, 710072 Xi'an, China.
| | - Junbo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, West Youyi Road 127, 710072 Xi'an, China. .,Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, China North Industries Group Corp., Ltd., East Zhangba Road 168, 710065 Xi'an, China
| | - Jianxing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, West Youyi Road 127, 710072 Xi'an, China.
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, West Youyi Road 127, 710072 Xi'an, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangqiao Road West 155, 350002 Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Optoelectronic Industry Base at High-tech Zone, 350108 Fuzhou, China
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31
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Pollak E, Upadhyayula S, Liu J. Coherent state representation of thermal correlation functions with applications to rate theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:244101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A coherent state phase space representation of operators, based on the Husimi distribution, is used to derive an exact expression for the symmetrized version of thermal correlation functions. In addition to the time and temperature independent phase space representation of the two operators whose correlation function is of interest, the integrand includes a non-negative distribution function where only one imaginary time and one real time propagation are needed to compute it. The methodology is exemplified for the flux side correlation function used in rate theory. The coherent state representation necessitates the use of a smeared Gaussian flux operator whose coherent state phase space representation is identical to the classical flux expression. The resulting coherent state expression for the flux side correlation function has a number of advantages as compared to previous formulations. Since only one time propagation is needed, it is much easier to converge it with a semiclassical initial value representation. There is no need for forward–backward approximations, and in principle, the computation may be implemented on the fly. It also provides a route for analytic semiclassical approximations for the thermal rate, as exemplified by a computation of the transmission factor through symmetric and asymmetric Eckart barriers using a thawed Gaussian approximation for both imaginary and real time propagations. As a by-product, this example shows that one may obtain “good” tunneling rates using only above barrier classical trajectories even in the deep tunneling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Pollak
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
| | - Sameernandan Upadhyayula
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
| | - Jian Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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32
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Karibayev M, Kalybekkyzy S, Wang Y, Mentbayeva A. Molecular Modeling in Anion Exchange Membrane Research: A Brief Review of Recent Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:3574. [PMID: 35684512 PMCID: PMC9182285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) fuel cells have attracted growing interest, due to their encouraging advantages, including high power density and relatively low cost. AEM is a polymer matrix, which conducts hydroxide (OH-) ions, prevents physical contact of electrodes, and has positively charged head groups (mainly quaternary ammonium (QA) groups), covalently bound to the polymer backbone. The chemical instability of the quaternary ammonium (QA)-based head groups, at alkaline pH and elevated temperature, is a significant threshold in AEMFC technology. This review work aims to introduce recent studies on the chemical stability of various QA-based head groups and transportation of OH- ions in AEMFC, via modeling and simulation techniques, at different scales. It starts by introducing the fundamental theories behind AEM-based fuel-cell technology. In the main body of this review, we present selected computational studies that deal with the effects of various parameters on AEMs, via a variety of multi-length and multi-time-scale modeling and simulation methods. Such methods include electronic structure calculations via the quantum Density Functional Theory (DFT), ab initio, classical all-atom Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, and coarse-grained MD simulations. The explored processing and structural parameters include temperature, hydration levels, several QA-based head groups, various types of QA-based head groups and backbones, etc. Nowadays, many methods and software packages for molecular and materials modeling are available. Applications of such methods may help to understand the transportation mechanisms of OH- ions, the chemical stability of functional head groups, and many other relevant properties, leading to a performance-based molecular and structure design as well as, ultimately, improved AEM-based fuel cell performances. This contribution aims to introduce those molecular modeling methods and their recent applications to the AEM-based fuel cells research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirat Karibayev
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Sandugash Kalybekkyzy
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Systems for Energy Storage, Center for Energy and Advanced Materials Science, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
- Laboratory of Computational Materials Science for Energy Applications, Center for Energy and Advanced Materials Science, National Laboratory Astana, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Almagul Mentbayeva
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Systems for Energy Storage, Center for Energy and Advanced Materials Science, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
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33
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Trenins G, Richardson JO. Nonadiabatic instanton rate theory beyond the golden-rule limit. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174115. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermi's golden rule describes the leading-order behaviour of the reaction rate as a function of the diabatic coupling. Its asymptotic (ℏ →0) limit is the semiclassical golden-rule instanton rate theory, which rigorously approximates nuclear quantum effects, lends itself to efficient numerical computation and gives physical insight into reaction mechanisms. However the golden rule by itself becomes insufficient as the strength of the diabatic coupling increases, so higher-order terms must be additionally considered. In this work we give a first-principles derivation of the next-order term beyond the golden rule, represented as a sum of three components. Two of them lead to new instanton pathways that extend the golden-rule case and, among other factors, account for the effects of recrossing on the full rate. The remaining component derives from the equilibrium partition function and accounts for changes in potential energy around the reactant and product wells due to diabatic coupling. The new semiclassical theory demands little computational effort beyond a golden-rule instanton calculation. It makes it possible to rigorously assess the accuracy of the golden-rule approximation and sets the stage for future work on general semiclassical nonadiabatic rate theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Trenins
- ETH Zurich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Switzerland
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34
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Meuwly M. Atomistic Simulations for Reactions and Vibrational Spectroscopy in the Era of Machine Learning─ Quo Vadis?. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2155-2167. [PMID: 35286087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atomistic simulations using accurate energy functions can provide molecular-level insight into functional motions of molecules in the gas and in the condensed phase. This Perspective delineates the present status of the field from the efforts of others and some of our own work and discusses open questions and future prospects. The combination of physics-based long-range representations using multipolar charge distributions and kernel representations for the bonded interactions is shown to provide realistic models for the exploration of the infrared spectroscopy of molecules in solution. For reactions, empirical models connecting dedicated energy functions for the reactant and product states allow statistically meaningful sampling of conformational space whereas machine-learned energy functions are superior in accuracy. The future combination of physics-based models with machine-learning techniques and integration into all-purpose molecular simulation software provides a unique opportunity to bring such dynamics simulations closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Cheng YH, Zhu YC, Kang W, Li X, Fang W. Determination of concerted or stepwise mechanism of hydrogen tunneling from isotope effects: Departure between experiment and theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:124304. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0085010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotope substitution is an important experimental technique that offers deep insight into reaction mechanisms, as the measured kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) can be directly compared with theory. For multiple proton transfer processes, there are two types of mechanisms: stepwise transfer and concerted transfer. The Bell-Limbach model provides a simple theory to determine whether the proton transfer mechanism is stepwise or concerted from KIEs. Recent STM experiments have studied the proton switching process in water tetramers on NaCl(001). Theoretical studies predict that this process occurs via a concerted mechanism, however, the experimental KIEs resemble the Bell-Limbach model for stepwise tunneling, raising question on the underlying mechanism or the validity of the model. We study this system using ab initio instanton theory, and in addition to thermal rates, we also considered microcanonical rates, as well as tunneling splittings. Instanton theory predicts a concerted mechanism, and the KIEs for tunneling rates (both thermal and microcanonical) upon deuteration are consistent with the Bell-Limbach model for concerted tunneling, but could not explain the experiments. For tunneling splittings, partial and full deuteration changes the size of it in a similar fashion to how it changes the rates. We further examined the Bell-Limbach model in another system, porphycene, which has both stepwise and concerted tunneling pathways. The KIEs predicted by instanton theory are again consistent with the Bell-Limbach model. This study highlights differences between KIEs in stepwise and concerted tunneling, and the discrepancy between theory and recent STM experiments. New theory/experiments are desired to settle this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Kang
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, China
| | | | - Wei Fang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, China
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36
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Braunstein M, Bonnet L, Roncero O. Capturing quantum effects with quasi-classical trajectories in the D + H+3 → H 2D + + H reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5489-5505. [PMID: 35171152 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) cross sections, rate constants, and product state distributions for the D + H+3 → H2D+ + H reaction. Using the same H+4 potential surface, the rate constants obtained from several QCT-based methods correcting for zero-point effects by Gaussian binning the product H2D+ are compared to ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) rate constants [Bulut et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2019, 123, 8766] which include quantum effects and to recent experimentally derived rate constants [Bowen et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2021, 154, 084307]. QCT with standard binning predicts rate constants that increase slowly as the temperature decreases from 1500 to 100 K. In contrast, the RPMD rate constants decrease rapidly with decreasing temperature. By 100 K, the QCT standard binning rate constant is more than 3 orders of magnitude larger than the RPMD rate constant. We show that QCT with Gaussian binning and proper normalization captures the zero-point effects and reproduces the RPMD rate constants over a large temperature range. Furthermore, the simple technique of counting only reactive trajectories with vibrational energy above the product zero-point energy matches the RPMD results well down to ∼300 K. The present Gaussian binned rate constants are in fair agreement with new experimentally derived rate constants from 100 to 1500 K. However, because the Gaussian binned rate constants do not include tunneling, important at lower temperatures, and the RPMD and experimentally derived rate constants have significant differences, the roles of the competing effects of zero-point energy, internal excitation of the H+3, and quantum tunneling are not simple and require further study for a consistent picture of the dynamics. Since rate constants for complex forming reactions, such as the title reaction, are difficult to converge with RPMD, alternative QCT-based methods, which include quantum effects and in addition provide product state distributions as described here, are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Braunstein
- Spectral Sciences Incorporated, 4 Fourth Avenue, Burlington, MA 01824, USA.
| | - Laurent Bonnet
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Octavio Roncero
- Instituto de Fisica Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), C.S.I.C., Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Marjollet A, Inhester L, Welsch R. Initial state-selected scattering for the reactions H + CH4/CHD3 and F + CHD3 employing ring polymer molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0076216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Marjollet
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9-11, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Welsch
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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38
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Xu X, Chen J, Lu X, Fang W, Liu S, Zhang DH. Strong non-Arrhenius behavior at low temperatures in the OH + HCl → H 2O + Cl reaction due to resonance induced quantum tunneling. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7955-7961. [PMID: 35865883 PMCID: PMC9258319 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01958b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The OH + HCl reaction possesses many Feshbach resonances trapped in the hydrogen bond well in the entrance channel, which substantially enhance the reaction rates at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
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39
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Cao J, Wu Y, Bian W. Ring polymer molecular dynamics of the C(1D)+H2 reaction on the most recent potential energy surfaces. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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40
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Hickson KM, Bhowmick S, Suleimanov YV, Brandão J, Coelho DV. Experimental and theoretical studies of the gas-phase reactions of O( 1D) with H 2O and D 2O at low temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25797-25806. [PMID: 34761769 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04614d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the results of an experimental and theoretical study of the gas-phase reactions between O(1D) and H2O and O(1D) and D2O at room temperature and below. On the experimental side, the kinetics of these reactions have been investigated over the 50-127 K range using a continuous flow Laval nozzle apparatus, coupled with pulsed laser photolysis and pulsed laser induced fluorescence for the production and detection of O(1D) atoms respectively. Experiments were also performed at 296 K in the absence of a Laval nozzle. On the theoretical side, the existing full-dimensional ground X 1A potential energy surface for the H2O2 system involved in this process has been reinvestigated and enhanced to provide a better description of the barrierless H-atom abstraction pathway. Based on this enhanced potential energy surface, quasiclassical trajectory calculations and ring polymer molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to obtain low temperature rate constants. The measured and calculated rate constants display similar behaviour above 100 K, showing little or no variation as a function of temperature. Below 100 K, the experimental rate constants increase dramatically, in contrast to the essentially temperature independent theoretical values. The possible origins of the divergence between experiment and theory at low temperatures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Hickson
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, F-33400 Talence, France. .,CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Somnath Bhowmick
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus.,Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Yury V Suleimanov
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - João Brandão
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia - FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Daniela V Coelho
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia - FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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41
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Svensson SKM, Poulsen JA, Nyman G. Calculation of reaction rate constants from a classical Wigner model based on a Feynman path integral open polymer. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1970264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Aage Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nyman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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42
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Bhowmick S, Hernández MI, Campos-Martínez J, Suleimanov YV. Isotopic separation of helium through graphyne membranes: a ring polymer molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18547-18557. [PMID: 34612392 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic-level understanding of the separation mechanism for two-dimensional (2D) membranes is an active area of research due to potential implications of this class of membranes for various technological processes. Helium (He) purification from the natural resources is of particular interest due to the shortfall in its production. In this work, we applied the ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) method to graphdiyne (Gr2) and graphtriyne (Gr3) 2D membranes having variable pore sizes for the separation of He isotopes, and compare for the first time with rigorous quantum calculations. We found that the transmission rate through Gr3 is many orders of magnitude greater than Gr2. The selectivity of either isotope at low temperatures is a consequence of a delicate balance between the zero-point energy effect and tunneling of 4He and 3He. In particular, a remarkable tunneling effect is reported on the Gr2 membrane at 10 K, leading to a much larger permeation of the lighter species as compared to the heavier isotope. RPMD provides an efficient approach for studying the separation of He isotopes, taking into account quantum effects of light nuclei motions at low temperatures, which classical methods fail to capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bhowmick
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus.
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43
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Inakollu VSS, Yu H. Comparative studies of IR spectra of deprotonated serine with classical and thermostated ring polymer molecular dynamics simulations. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:054101. [PMID: 34549074 PMCID: PMC8443303 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the vibrational spectra of deprotonated serine calculated from the classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and thermostated ring-polymer molecular dynamics (TRPMD) simulation with third-order density-functional tight-binding. In our earlier study [Inakollu and Yu, "A systematic benchmarking of computational vibrational spectroscopy with DFTB3: Normal mode analysis and fast Fourier transform dipole autocorrelation function," J. Comput. Chem. 39, 2067 (2018)] of deprotonated serine, we observed a significant difference in the vibrational spectra with the classical MD simulations compared to the infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra. It was postulated that this is due to neglecting the nuclear quantum effects (NQEs). In this work, NQEs are considered in spectral calculation using the TRPMD simulations. With the help of potential of mean force calculations, the conformational space of deprotonated serine is analyzed and used to understand the difference in the spectra of classical MD and TRPMD simulations at 298.15 and 100 K. The high-frequency vibrational bands in the spectra are characterized using Fourier transform localized vibrational mode (FT-νN AC) and interatomic distance histograms. At room temperature, the quantum effects are less significant, and the free energy profiles in the classical MD and the TRPMD simulations are very similar. However, the hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl-carboxyl bond is slightly stronger in TRPMD simulations. At 100 K, the quantum effects are more prominent, especially in the 2600-3600 cm-1, and the free energy profile slightly differs between the classical MD and TRPMD simulations. Using the FT-νN AC and the interatomic distance histograms, the high-frequency vibrational bands are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haibo Yu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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44
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Fang JH, Fan WB, Yang H, Song JN, Li YL. Rate coefficients and kinetic isotope effects of Cl+XCl→XCl+Cl (X=H, D, Mu) reactions from ring polymer molecular dynamics. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2007117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hua Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wen-bin Fan
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jia-ning Song
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yong-le Li
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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45
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Li C, Liu Q, Zhang L, Li Y, Jiang B. Ring polymer molecular dynamics in gas-surface reactions: tests on initial sampling and potential energy landscape. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1941367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongle Li
- Department of Physics, International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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Li X, Huo P. Investigating Tunneling-Controlled Chemical Reactions through Ab Initio Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6714-6721. [PMID: 34261316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We use the ab initio ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) approach to investigate tunneling-controlled reactions in methylhydroxycarbene. Nuclear tunneling effects enable molecules to overcome the barriers which cannot be overcome classically. Under low-temperature conditions, intrinsic quantum tunneling effects can facilitate the chemical reaction in a pathway that is favored neither thermodynamically nor kinetically. This behavior is referred to as the tunneling-controlled chemical reaction and is regarded as the third paradigm of chemical reaction controls. In this work, we use the ab initio RPMD approach to incorporate the tunneling effects in our quantum dynamics simulations and investigate the reaction kinetics of two competitive reaction pathways at various temperatures. The reaction rate constants obtained here agree extremely well with the experimentally measured rates. We demonstrate the feasibility of using ab initio RPMD rate calculations in a realistic molecular system and provide an interesting and important example for future investigations of reaction mechanisms dominated by quantum tunneling effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Novikov IS, Suleimanov YV, Shapeev AV. Assessing parameters for ring polymer molecular dynamics simulations at low temperatures: DH + H chemical reaction. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Ye X, Zhou Z. Efficient sampling of thermal averages of interacting quantum particle systems with random batches. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204106. [PMID: 34241161 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient sampling method, the pmmLang + RBM, is proposed to compute the quantum thermal average in the interacting quantum particle system. Benefiting from the random batch method (RBM), the pmmLang + RBM has the potential to reduce the complexity due to interaction forces per time step from O(NP2) to O(NP), where N is the number of beads and P is the number of particles. Although the RBM introduces a random perturbation of the interaction forces at each time step, the long time effects of the random perturbations along the sampling process only result in a small bias in the empirical measure of the pmmLang + RBM from the target distribution, which also implies a small error in the thermal average calculation. We numerically study the convergence of the pmmLang + RBM and quantitatively investigate the dependence of the error in computing the thermal average on the parameters such as batch size, time step, and so on. We also propose an extension of the pmmLang + RBM, which is based on the splitting Monte Carlo method and is applicable when the interacting potential contains a singular part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuda Ye
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhennan Zhou
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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49
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Santoro F, Green JA, Martinez-Fernandez L, Cerezo J, Improta R. Quantum and semiclassical dynamical studies of nonadiabatic processes in solution: achievements and perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8181-8199. [PMID: 33875988 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05907b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We concisely review the main methodological approaches to model nonadiabatic dynamics in isotropic solutions and their applications. Three general classes of models are identified as the most used to include solvent effects in the simulations. The first model describes the solvent as a set of harmonic collective modes coupled to the solute degrees of freedom, and the second as a continuum, while the third explicitly includes solvent molecules in the calculations. The issues related to the use of these models in semiclassical and quantum dynamical simulations are discussed, as well as the main limitations and perspectives of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Santoro
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR), SS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - James A Green
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone 16, I-80136 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Lara Martinez-Fernandez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IADCHEM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cerezo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IADCHEM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Improta
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone 16, I-80136 Napoli, Italy.
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50
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Yang H, Fan WB, Fang JH, Song J, Li Y. Rate coefficients of roaming reaction H+MgH using ring polymer molecular dynamics. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2007121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wen-bin Fan
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jun-hua Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jianing Song
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yongle Li
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Devision of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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