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Wang K, Zhao J, Guo J, Chen S, Zhao Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang C, Liu Z. Magnetic properties of CrMnGe n (n = 3-20) clusters. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:2318-2324. [PMID: 38872590 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Due to the potential applications in next-generation micro/nano electronic devices and functional materials, magnetic germanium (Ge)-based clusters are receiving increasing attention. In this work, we reported the structures, electronic and magnetic properties of CrMnGen with sizes n = 3-20. Transition metals (TMs) of Cr and Mn tend to stay together and be surrounded by Ge atoms. Small sized clusters with n ≤ 8 prefer to adopt bipyramid-based structures as the motifs with the excess Ge atoms absorbed on the surface. Starting from n = 9, the structure with one TM atom interior appears and persists until n = 16, and for larger sizes n = 17-20, the two TM atoms are full-encapsulated by Ge atoms to form endohedral structures. The Hirshfeld population analyses show that Cr atom always acts as the electron donor, while Mn atom is always the acceptor except for sizes 3 and 6. The average binding energies of these clusters increase with cluster size n, sharing a very similar trend as that of CrMnSin (n = 4-20) clusters, which indicates that it is favorable to form large-sized clusters. CrMnGen (n = 6, 13, 16, 19, and 20) clusters prefer to exhibit ferromagnetic Cr-Mn coupling, while the remaining clusters are ferrimagnetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Junji Guo
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Shanbao Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Yapeng Zhao
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Yarui Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Le Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Chaoyong Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Building-Photovoltaics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
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Lu SJ. B 3Ge 12: a aromatic molecular sandwich-shaped structure with short B−B single bonds coordinated by a Ge 12 hexagonal prism and reinforced by σ + π double delocalised bonding patterns. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1676476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Pham HT, Phan CTD, Nguyen MT, Tam NM. A remarkable mixture of germanium with phosphorus and arsenic atoms making stable pentagonal hetero-prisms [M@Ge5E5]+, E = P, As and M = Fe, Ru, Os. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19781-19789. [PMID: 35520435 PMCID: PMC9054236 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A pentagonal hetero-prismatic structural motif was found for singly transition metal doped M@Ge5E5+ clusters, where the transition metal atom is located at the centre of a (5/5) Ge5E5 prism in which Ge is mixed with either P or As atoms. Structural characterization indicates that each (5/5) Ge5E5 prism is established by joining of two Ge3E2 and Ge2E3 strings in a prismatic fashion rather than two Ge5 and E5 strings. Each string results from a remarkable mixture of Ge and E atoms and contains only one E–E connection due to the fact that Ge–E bonds are much stronger than E–E connections. From the donor–acceptor perspective, the Ge5E5 tube donates electrons to the M center, which behaves as an acceptor. NBO atomic charge and ELI_D analyses demonstrate such electrostatic interactions of the M dopant with a Ge5E5+ tube which likely induce thermodynamic stability for the resulting M@Ge5E5+ cluster. CMO analysis illustrates that the conventional 18 electron count is recovered in the M@Ge5E5+ cations. Geometric shape of the lowest-energy structure M@Ge5E5+.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Cam-Tu Dang Phan
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling
- Quy Nhon University
- Quy Nhon
- Vietnam
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tam
- Computational Chemistry Research Group
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
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4
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Pham HT, Dang CTP, Trung NT, Ngan VT. Transformation between Hexagonal Prism and Antiprism of the Singly and Doubly Cr-Doped Ge 12 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10721-10729. [PMID: 31756105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural transformation is a unique characteristic of atomic clusters, but it turns out very different from cluster to cluster. This theoretical study proves that the isomeric transformation between hexagonal prism and hexagonal antiprism is found for the doubly doped Cr2Ge12 cluster but not for singly doped CrGe12 cluster. We confirm that the ground state of CrGe12 is the distorted hexagonal prism C2h at the 3Bg triplet state instead of various shapes predicted in the previous studies. Upon comparison between the estimation at the B3P86/6-311+G(d) level of theory and the detachment energies measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, hexagonal antiprismatic shape is identified as the most stable isomer of the Cr2Ge12 cluster and it is easy to transform to the hexagonal prism-a less stable isomer by the rotation of the hexagonal rings. That is the first evidence for the structural transformation between a hexagonal prism and an antiprism of the germanium clusters, referring to the ability of Ge-based clusters in the formation of tubular geometry by doping Cr atoms. All the low-energy isomers of both Cr-doped germanium clusters have high magnetic moments. Interestingly, there is a tuning in magnetic properties of Cr2Ge12 from the ferromagnetism of the lowest-lying hexagonal antiprism to the ferrimagnetism of the higher-energy hexagonal prism. The stronger Cr-Cr bond and stronger interaction between the Cr2 moiety and the antiprism cage are accounted for by the higher stability of the hexagonal antiprismatic isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Cam-Tu Phan Dang
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Trung
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ngan
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon City , Vietnam
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5
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Wu D, Du Q, Wu X, Shi R, Sai L, Liang X, Huang X, Zhao J. Evolution of atomic structures of SnN, SnN−, and SnNCl− clusters (N = 4–20): Insight from ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Linwei Sai
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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6
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Lu SJ, Farooq U, Xu HG, Xu XL, Zheng WJ. Structural evolution and electronic properties of Au 2Ge n−/0 ( n=1−8) clusters: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1902036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad-Campus, Pakistan
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Atomic Structures and Electronic Properties of Large-Sized GeN Clusters (N = 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70) by First-Principles Global Search. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Pham HT, Nguyen MT. Theoretical Investigation of Metallic Heterofullerenes of Silicon and Germanium Mixed with Phosphorus and Arsenic Atoms M-A8E6, A = Si, Ge; E = P, As; and M = Cr, Mo, W. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5056-5066. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan Pham
- Computational Chemistry
Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Computational Chemistry
Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Siouani C, Mahtout S, Safer S, Rabilloud F. Structure, Stability, and Electronic and Magnetic Properties of VGe n (n = 1-19) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3540-3554. [PMID: 28415843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We systematically study the equilibrium geometries and electronic and magnetic properties of Gen+1 and VGen (n = 1-19) clusters using the density functional theory approach within the generalized gradient approximation. Endohedral structures in which the vanadium atom is encapsulated inside a Gen cage are predicted to be favored for n ≥ 10. The dopant V atom in the Gen clusters has not an immediate effect on the stability of small germanium clusters (n < 6), but it largely contributes to strengthen the stability for n ≥ 7. Our study enhances the large stability of the VGe14 cluster, which presents an Oh symmetry cagelike geometry and a peculiar electronic structure in which the valence electrons of V and Ge atoms are delocalized and exhibit a shell structure associated with the quasi-spherical geometry. Consequently, this cluster is proposed to be a good candidate to be used as the building blocks for developing new materials. The cluster size dependence of the stability, the vertical ionization potentials, and electron affinities of Gen+1 and VGen are presented. Magnetic properties and the partial density of states of the most stable VGen clusters are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Siouani
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Bejaia , 06000 Bejaia, Algérie
| | - S Mahtout
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Bejaia , 06000 Bejaia, Algérie
| | - S Safer
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Bejaia , 06000 Bejaia, Algérie
| | - F Rabilloud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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10
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Jin Y, Lu S, Hermann A, Kuang X, Zhang C, Lu C, Xu H, Zheng W. Probing the structural evolution of ruthenium doped germanium clusters: Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30116. [PMID: 27439955 PMCID: PMC4954966 DOI: 10.1038/srep30116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of ruthenium doped germanium clusters, RuGen(-) (n = 3-12), and their corresponding neutral species. Photoelectron spectra of RuGen(-) clusters are measured at 266 nm. The vertical detachment energies (VDEs) and adiabatic detachment energies (ADEs) are obtained. Unbiased CALYPSO structure searches confirm the low-lying structures of anionic and neutral ruthenium doped germanium clusters in the size range of 3 ≤ n ≤ 12. Subsequent geometry optimizations using density functional theory (DFT) at PW91/LANL2DZ level are carried out to determine the relative stability and electronic properties of ruthenium doped germanium clusters. It is found that most of the anionic and neutral clusters have very similar global features. Although the global minimum structures of the anionic and neutral clusters are different, their respective geometries are observed as the low-lying isomers in either case. In addition, for n > 8, the Ru atom in RuGen(-/0) clusters is absorbed endohedrally in the Ge cage. The theoretically predicted vertical and adiabatic detachment energies are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The excellent agreement between DFT calculations and experiment enables a comprehensive evaluation of the geometrical and electronic structures of ruthenium doped germanium clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jin
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
- Department of Physics, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Shengjie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyu Kuang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chuanzhao Zhang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Physics, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
- Department of Physics and High Pressure Science and Engineering Center, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Hongguang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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11
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Li H, Chen W, Han X, Li L, Sun Q, Guo Z, Jia Y. Van der Waals Effects on semiconductor clusters. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:1919-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang City Henan Province 471023 China
- Center for Clean Energy and Quantum Structures, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Weiguang Chen
- Center for Clean Energy and Quantum Structures, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
- Department of Physics and Electronic Science; Zhengzhou Normal University; Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Department of Chemistry; University College London; London WCIH 0AJ United Kingdom
| | - Liben Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang City Henan Province 471023 China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Center for Clean Energy and Quantum Structures, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zhengxiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry; University College London; London WCIH 0AJ United Kingdom
| | - Yu Jia
- Center for Clean Energy and Quantum Structures, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
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12
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Liu X, Lei X, Le J, Ouyang C. Structural Features of Medium-Sized Ge n (n = 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60) clusters. J CLUST SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-014-0794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Qin W, Lu WC, Zang QJ, Zhao LZ, Chen GJ, Wang CZ, Ho KM. Geometric structures of Gen (n=34–39) clusters. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:214509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3425995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Qin W, Lu WC, Zhao LZ, Zang QJ, Chen GJ, Wang CZ, Ho KM. Platelike structures of semiconductor clusters Gen (n=40–44). J Chem Phys 2009; 131:124507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3230602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Theoretical study of hierarchical structures and heredity effect of silicon solidifying on carbon nanotube. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2009; 95:063106. [PMCID: PMC2738735 DOI: 10.1063/1.3200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The growth of silicon atoms at the heterogeneous surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that silicon atoms are concentrated to form an “annual ring” structure around CNTs. The structures of CNTs have strong correlation with the stacking sequence of silicon atoms. Heredity effect can be clearly observed during the heterogeneous nucleation. The uniform internal potential field around CNTs results in the formation of annual ring structures.
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