Communication: The reason why +c ZnO surface is less stable than −c ZnO surface: First-principles calculation

Activity of ZnO polar surfaces: an insight from surface energies

We estimate the energies of intrinsically coupled (0001)-Zn/O faces of wurtzite ZnO using a heterojunction model.

A first-principles study of ZnO polar surface growth: adsorption of Zn(x)O(y) clusters

Adsorption of Zn(x)O(y) (x + y = 1-6) clusters on ZnO (000 ± 1) polar surfaces is studied systematically via density function theory (DFT) calculations. Different adsorption behaviors are predicted for these two surfaces. On the (0001)-Zn surface, O atoms adsorb on hollow sites at the initial stage. Then Zn atoms come in, and the stable structure becomes bulk-like for some specific clusters. On the (0001)-O surface, Zn cluster adsorption leads to stable cage structures formed by pulling substrate O out. In clusters with both Zn and O, O atoms avoid directly bonding with the surface, and no energetically favorable bulk-like structure is found. On the basis of the prediction of these surface adsorption behaviors, experimentally observed growth rate and surface roughness differences on these two polar surfaces can be understood.