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Kazak L, Meiwes-Broer KH, Tiggesbäumker J. Ionization potentials of Mg N ( N = 7-56) clusters formed by spontaneous collapse of magnesium foam in helium nanodroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23350-23356. [PMID: 36134466 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03075f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ionization potentials of magnesium clusters (MgN, N = 7-56) are determined by doping ultracold helium nanodroplets (HeM, M ≈ 52 000) with Mg atoms. Inspecting the particle size distributions resulting from non-resonant, short-wavelength, single-photon ionization gives evidence that beyond a certain ensemble size, the developing foam structure undergoes a spontaneous collapse on the way to the laser interaction region. As a result, hot Mg clusters form in the relaxation process. The spontaneous collapse manifests in a substantial change in the size distributions, when recording mass spectra at wavelengths shorter than 272 nm. Tracing individual MgN signals as a function of laser photon energy allows extraction of size-specific ionization potentials, which for small clusters show a good agreement with results obtained from density functional theory simulations. The further development is compared to calculations based on the liquid drop model. However, even when quantum effects are included, the simple scaling law is not able to reproduce the development of the ionization potentials. The results suggest that small neutral magnesium clusters behave as non-metallic. The comparison to electron affinities and band gaps obtained from photoemission experiments on MgN- provides information on the charge state dependence of the non-metal-to-metal transition and properties like the Mulliken electron negativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Kazak
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany. .,Department "Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Josef Tiggesbäumker
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany. .,Department "Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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2
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Getzlaff M, Leifels M, Weber P, Kökcam-Demir Ü, Janiak C. Nanoparticles in toner material. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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3
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Roy G, Chattopadhyay AP. Reactivity of CO on Ni 4 cluster- effect of spin multiplicity and H doping-A DFT investigation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:362-369. [PMID: 29957415 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the reactivity of carbon monoxide on tetrahedral Ni4 clusters at different spin multiplicity applying density functional theory calculations considering pure and hybrid functional. The stability of the clusters increases with the increasing spin multiplicity and doping hydrogen in Ni4 cluster. The adsorption or binding energy of CO on Ni4 cluster is thermodynamically feasible process at normal condition whereas dissociation is not feasible. Ab initio molecular orbital analysis shows the orbital overlaps are observed at bridging site, three fold sites, and tetra coordinated centre and formation of δ-bond in the cluster. In NBO analysis, CO binds strongly to the Ni4 cluster not only by two NiC bond (spd hybrid), but also donor-acceptor delocalization interactions, for example, σ type BD(CO) → BD*(NiC) and BD(NiC) → BD*(NiC/CO), two π-type BD(CO) → LP*(Ni) and several diffuse RY*(C) ← LP(Ni) and π*(CO) ← LP(Ni) interactions. Singlet Ni4 cluster shows highest activation energy barrier, 3 eV. H-doped Ni4 cluster decreases dissociation barrier and favors CH bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanashyam Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Krishnagar Govt. College, West Bengal 741101, India.
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4
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Chikhaoui A, Ziane M, Tazibt S, Bouarab S, Vega A. Unveiling the effects of doping small nickel clusters with a sulfur impurity. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Ilyina MG, Khamitov EM, Galiakhmetov RN, Mustafin IA, Mustafin AG. Enhancing 4-propylheptane dissociation with nickel nanocluster based on molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 72:106-111. [PMID: 28092829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a 0.4nm nickel cluster has been theoretically studied. Its equilibrium structural parameters have been calculated by the DFT method based on the PBEH1PBE hybrid functional and split-valence basis set Lanl2DZ including effective core potentials. We have systematically considered diverse spin states of this cluster and find out its ground state. The relative stability of these states depends on the HOMO-LUMO gap. The interaction of the Ni6 with 4-propylheptane С10Н22 has been studied to simulate the process of catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons. The optimization of this structure has been performed by the ωPBE/Lanl2DZ_ecp method (the TeraChem V.1.9 program package) with no symmetry restrictions; the electron shells of the metal were described by effective core pseudopotentials. For visualization and quantitative estimation of the bonding bonds between the nickel nanocluster and 4-propylheptane, the analysis of weak interactions based on RGD has been performed. To confirm the proposition about the formation of Ni-H bonds, we have scrutinized critical points of electronic density. Values of laplasian of electronic density and Bader atomic charge distribution in the global minimum of the total energy have been estimated by the AIMAll 15.05.18 program suite. Finally, we have simulated interaction of Ni6 with 4-propylheptane in terms of the Born-Oppenheimer ab initio molecular dynamics. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation provide pair radial distribution function CH at 1500°C and a detailed picture of the processes occurring in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita G Ilyina
- Bashkir State University, Chemical Faculty, Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Ecology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450074, Russia; Institute of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemistry, Laboratory of quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics of the Department of Chemistry and Technology, 12 Initsiativnaya Str., Ufa 450065, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia.
| | - Edward M Khamitov
- Bashkir State University, Chemical Faculty, Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Ecology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450074, Russia; Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Physics, 69 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa 450054, Russia; Institute of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemistry, Laboratory of quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics of the Department of Chemistry and Technology, 12 Initsiativnaya Str., Ufa 450065, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Rail N Galiakhmetov
- Bashkir State University, Engineering College, Department of Quality Management, 100 Mingageva Str., Ufa 450078, Russia
| | - Ildar A Mustafin
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Technological Faculty, Department of Oil and Gas Technology, 1 Kosmonavtov Str., Ufa 450062, Russia
| | - Akhat G Mustafin
- Bashkir State University, Chemical Faculty, Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Ecology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., Ufa 450074, Russia
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Pakiari AH, Pahlavan F. The electronic structures of small Ni(n) (n=2-4) clusters and their interactions with ethylene and triplet oxygen: a theoretical study. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:4055-66. [PMID: 25263214 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of small nickel clusters and their interacting systems are carried out using the BLYP and B97-2 methods, after DFT calibration. All bare nickel clusters in this study have high multiplicities and are paramagnetic. Our results for the interactions between ethylene and oxygen with Ni(n) (n=2-4) clusters at different adsorption modes show that for ethylene, π-orientation is preferred, and that oxygen adsorption in a bridge mode is stronger than on-top coordination. Vibrational frequency analysis reveals that the vibrational modes of ethylene π-coordinated to nickel clusters converge toward the corresponding value for surface-bound ethylene, as the cluster size increases from two to four, showing that finite clusters can be used as localized models for ligand adsorption on nickel surfaces. We also calculate DFT global reactivity descriptors, chemical potential and hardness, and use these to predict the relative stability and reactivity of each bare cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Pakiari
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Shiraz University, Eram square, Eram street 7146713565 Shiraz (Iran).
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Lecours MJ, Chow WCT, Hopkins WS. Density Functional Theory Study of RhnS0,± and Rhn+10,± (n = 1–9). J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4278-87. [PMID: 24784348 DOI: 10.1021/jp412457m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lecours
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - W. C. Theodore Chow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - W. Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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8
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Armentrout PB. Gas-phase perspective on the thermodynamics and kinetics of heterogeneous catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase studies of small transition metal cluster cations provide thermochemistry of utility to surface science and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Gutsev GL, Weatherford CW, Belay KG, Ramachandran BR, Jena P. An all-electron density functional theory study of the structure and properties of the neutral and singly charged M12 and M13 clusters: M = Sc–Zn. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:164303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4799917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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10
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Nakajima A. Study on Electronic Properties of Composite Clusters toward Nanoscale Functional Advanced Materials. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20120298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
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11
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Duncan MA. Invited review article: laser vaporization cluster sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:041101. [PMID: 22559508 DOI: 10.1063/1.3697599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The laser vaporization cluster source has been used for the production of gas phase atomic clusters and metal-molecular complexes for 30 years. Numerous experiments in the chemistry and physics of clusters have employed this source. Its operation is simple in principle, but there are many subtle design features that influence the number and size of clusters produced, as well as their composition, charge state, and temperature. This article examines all aspects of the design of these cluster sources, discussing the relevant chemistry, physics, and mechanical aspects of experimental configurations employed by different labs. The principles detailed here provide a framework for the design and implementation of this source for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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12
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13
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Chikhaoui A, Haddab K, Bouarab S, Vega A. Density Functional Study of the Structures and Electronic Properties of Nitrogen-Doped Nin Clusters, n = 1–10. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13997-4005. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207861p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Chikhaoui
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Quantique, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, B.P. No. 17 RP, 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - K. Haddab
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Quantique, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, B.P. No. 17 RP, 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - S. Bouarab
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Quantique, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, B.P. No. 17 RP, 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - A. Vega
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
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14
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Goel S, Masunov AE. Density functional theory study of small nickel clusters. J Mol Model 2011; 18:783-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Impurity Atoms on Small Transition Metal Clusters. Insights from Density Functional Model Studies. Top Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-011-9667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Guzmán-Ramírez G, Robles J, Vega A, Aguilera-Granja F. Stability, structural, and magnetic phase diagrams of ternary ferromagnetic 3d-transition-metal clusters with five and six atoms. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:054101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3533954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Jiao D, Leung K, Rempe SB, Nenoff TM. First Principles Calculations of Atomic Nickel Redox Potentials and Dimerization Free Energies: A Study of Metal Nanoparticle Growth. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 7:485-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ct100431m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Jiao
- Nanobiology Department, MS 0895, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States, and Surface and Interface Sciences Department, MS 1415, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Kevin Leung
- Nanobiology Department, MS 0895, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States, and Surface and Interface Sciences Department, MS 1415, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Susan B. Rempe
- Nanobiology Department, MS 0895, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States, and Surface and Interface Sciences Department, MS 1415, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Tina M. Nenoff
- Nanobiology Department, MS 0895, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States, and Surface and Interface Sciences Department, MS 1415, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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18
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Irion MP, Schnabel P. Chemical Reactivity. Chemical Reactions of Metal Cluster Cations in a Fourier-Transform ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Becker JA, De Heer WA. The Ferromagnetism of Iron and Nickel Clusters in a Molecular Beam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Vucković S, Svanqvist M, Popok VN. Laser ablation source for formation and deposition of size-selected metal clusters. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:073303. [PMID: 18681696 DOI: 10.1063/1.2952503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes construction of a source and optimisation of its parameters for production of cluster ion beams using material ablation by the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). The influence of different source parameters such as carrier gas pressure, laser power, delay time between gas, and laser pulses as well as nozzle configuration on the cluster formation are studied. For the current experiments the laser ablation cluster source was optimized for production of Con+ cluster ions. Clusters with n up to 150 atoms are registered by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Deposition of size-selected Co50+ clusters with kinetic energies in the interval of 250-4850 eV/cluster on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite is studied. At the highest impact energies the clusters are implanted. Craters and well-like structures can be seen by scanning tunneling microscopy at impact spots. A decrease in cluster kinetic energy leads to formation of bumplike structures which probably represent damaged graphite areas with incorporated Co atoms. Further decrease in the cluster impact energy to the level of 450-250 eV/cluster creates condition for so-called cluster pinning when the cluster constituents are intact but the energy transferred to the graphite is still enough to produce radiation defects to which the cluster is bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vucković
- Department of Physics, Goteborg University, SE-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden.
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21
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Petkov PS, Vayssilov GN, Krüger S, Rösch N. Density functional study of Ni6 clusters containing impurity atoms. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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23
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Harb M, Rabilloud F, Simon D. Density Functional Study of Structural and Electronic Properties of Small Bimetallic Silver−Nickel Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:7726-31. [PMID: 17637046 DOI: 10.1021/jp072207l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical study on the structure and electronic properties of small AgmNip (m + p < or = 6) clusters has been carried out in the framework of density functional theory. Structural features, cohesive energies, vertical ionization potentials, and charge transfers are evaluated for each Ag/Ni ratio. In all the AgmNip clusters, the nickel atoms are brought together, yielding a maximum of Ni-Ni bonds, and the silver atoms are located around a Ni core with a maximum of Ag-Ni bonds. The ionization potential and the highest occupied molecular orbital shape are directly related to the two- or three-dimensional character of the cluster's geometry. A very low electronic charge transfer from Ni to Ag is found, and the magnetic moment is located on Ni atoms but with a low spin polarization on silver in the Ni-rich clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harb
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, LASIM UMR 5579, bât A. Kastler, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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24
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López Arvizu G, Calaminici P. Assessment of density functional theory optimized basis sets for gradient corrected functionals to transition metal systems: The case of small Nin (n⩽5) clusters. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:194102. [PMID: 17523793 DOI: 10.1063/1.2735311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional calculations have been performed for small nickel clusters, Ni(n), Ni(n) (+), and Ni(n)(-) (n<or=5), using the linear combination of Gaussian-type orbital density functional theory approach. Newly developed nickel all-electron basis sets optimized for generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as well as an all-electron basis set optimized for the local density approximation were employed. For both neutral and charged systems, several isomers and different multiplicities were studied in order to determine the lowest energy structures. A vibrational analysis was performed in order to characterize these isomers. Structural parameters, harmonic frequencies, binding energies, ionization potentials, and electron affinities are reported. This work shows that the employed GGA basis sets for the nickel atom are important for the correct prediction of the ground state structures of small nickel clusters and that the structural assignment of these systems can be performed, with a good resolution, over the ionization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio López Arvizu
- Departamento de Quimica, CINVESTAV, Avenida Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Apartado Postal 14-740 07000 Mexico, Distrito Federal Mexico
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St Petkov P, Vayssilov GN, Krüger S, Rösch N. Influence of Single Impurity Atoms on the Structure, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Ni5 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2067-76. [PMID: 17388298 DOI: 10.1021/jp0675431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With a gradient-corrected density functional method, we have studied computationally the influence of single impurity atoms on the structure, electronic, and magnetic properties of Ni5 clusters. The square-pyramidal isomer of bare Ni5 with six unpaired electrons was calculated 23 kJ/mol more stable than the trigonal bipyramid in its lowest-energy electronic configuration with four unpaired electrons. In a previous study on the cluster Ni4, we had obtained only one stable isomer with an O or an H impurity, but we located six minima for ONi5 and five minima for HNi5. In the most stable structures of HNi5, the H atom bridges a Ni-Ni edge at the base or the side of the square pyramid, similarly to the coordination of an H atom at the tetrahedral cluster Ni4. The most stable ONi5 isomers exhibit a trigonal bipyramidal structure of the Ni5 moiety, with the impurity coordinated at a facet, (micro3-O)Ni5, or at an apex edge, (micro-O)Ni5. We located four stable structures for a C impurity at a Ni5 cluster. As for CNi4, the most stable structure of the corresponding Ni5 complex comprises a four-coordinated C atom, (micro4-C)Ni5, and can be considered as insertion of the impurity into a Ni-Ni bond of the bare cluster. All structures with C and five with O impurity have four unpaired electrons, while the number of unpaired electrons in the clusters HNi5 varies between 3 and 7. As a rough trend, the ionization potentials and electron affinities of the clusters with impurity atoms decrease with the coordination number of the impurity. However, the position of the impurity and the shape of the metal moiety also affect the results. Coordination of an impurity atom leads to a partial oxidation of the metal atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petko St Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Ichihashi M, Hanmura T, Kondow T. How many metal atoms are needed to dehydrogenate an ethylene molecule on metal clusters?: Correlation between reactivity and electronic structures of Fen+, Con+, and Nin+. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:133404. [PMID: 17029478 DOI: 10.1063/1.2236117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The absolute cross section for dehydrogenation of an ethylene molecule on Mn+ [Fen+ (n = 2-28), Con+ (n = 8-29), and Nin+ (n = 3-30)] was measured as a function of the cluster size n in a gas-beam geometry at a collision energy of 0.4 eV in the center-of-mass frame in an apparatus equipped with a tandem-type mass spectrometer. It is found that (1) the dehydrogenation cross section increases rapidly above a cluster size of approximately 18 on Fen+, approximately 13 and approximately 18 on Con+, and approximately 10 on Nin+ and (2) the rapid increase of the cross section for Mn+ occurs at a cluster size where the 3d electrons start to contribute to the highest occupied levels of Mn+. These findings lead us to conclude that the 3d electrons of Mn+ play a central role in the dehydrogenation on Mn+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Ichihashi
- Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute: in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
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St Petkov P, Vayssilov GN, Krüger S, Rösch N. Structure, stability, electronic and magnetic properties of Ni4 clusters containing impurity atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:1282-91. [PMID: 16633608 DOI: 10.1039/b518175e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a gradient-corrected density functional method, we studied computationally how single impurity atoms affect the structure and the properties of a Ni4 cluster. H and O atoms coordinate at a Ni-Ni bond, inducing small changes to the structure of bare Ni4 which is essentially a tetrahedron. For a C impurity, we found three stable structures at a Ni4 cluster. In the most stable geometry, the carbon atom cleaves a Ni-Ni bond of Ni4, binding to all Ni atoms. Inclusion of the impurity atom leads to a partial oxidation of the metal atoms and, in the most stable structures, reduces the spin polarization of the cluster compared to bare Ni4. An H impurity interacts mainly with the Ni 4s orbitals, whereas the Ni 3d orbitals participate strongly in the bonding with O and C impurity atoms. For these impurity atoms, Ni 3d contributions dominate the character of the HOMO of the ligated cluster, in contrast to the HOMO of bare Ni4 where Ni 4s orbitals prevail. We also discuss a simple model which relates the effect of a H impurity on the magnetic state of metal clusters to the spin character (minority or majority) of the LUMO or HOMO of the bare metal cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petko St Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria
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28
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Smits M, de Lange CA, Stolow A, Rayner DM. Dynamic polarization in the strong-field ionization of small metal clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:203402. [PMID: 15600923 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.203402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on the strong field ionization of small transition metal clusters (nickel, Ni(n) n=1-36) within the quasistatic regime at an infrared wavelength of 1.5 microm and at intensities up to 2 x 10(14) W/cm(2). From ion yields in a constant axial intensity beam, we obtained saturation intensities for the individual Ni(n) clusters. As compared to quasistatic, single active electron calculations, a dramatic suppression of ionization was observed. Dynamic polarization in the laser field likely leads to strong multielectron screening of the "active" electron. Representing the metal clusters as classical conducting spheres, we obtained, via a barrier suppression calculation, the classical ionization rates. Agreement was obtained for larger clusters with n>10 when the dynamic polarization was taken into account, emphasizing the multielectron nature of the ionization suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Smits
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Aleksandrov HA, Vayssilov GN, Rösch N. Theoretical Investigation of the Coordination of N2 Ligands to the Cluster Ni3. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048923u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hristiyan A. Aleksandrov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria, and Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Georgi N. Vayssilov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria, and Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Notker Rösch
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria, and Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Andriotis AN, Menon M. Degradation of inter-atomic bonds during structural phase change in intermediate Ni-clusters (Ni39–Ni49). J Chem Phys 2004; 120:230-4. [PMID: 15267282 DOI: 10.1063/1.1628676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Results based on a symmetry- and spin-unrestricted tight-binding molecular-dynamics study are presented for the ground-state geometries of intermediate Ni(n), n in [39,49], clusters. A structural phase change is found to take place around n=43 during which a structural transition from fcc/hcp structure to icosahedral one is observed. This is in good agreement with recent experimental findings. This structural transition is found to be associated with a degradation of the inter-atomic bond energy which indicates that the inter-atomic bond does not only depend on the coordination number of each atom but also on its point group symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis N Andriotis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, P.O. Box 1527, 71110 Heraklio, Crete, Greece.
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Liu SR, Zhai HJ, Wang LS. Evolution of the electronic properties of small Nin− (n=1–100) clusters by photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1519008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Miyajima K, Muraoka K, Hashimoto M, Yasuike T, Yabushita S, Nakajima A, Kaya K. Quasi-Band Electronic Structure of Vn(benzene)n+1 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Miyajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Muraoka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masatomo Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yasuike
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yabushita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Koji Kaya
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Knickelbein MB. Nickel clusters: The influence of adsorbates on magnetic moments. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1477175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Koretsky GM, Knickelbein MB, Rousseau R, Marx D. A Combined Infrared Photodissociation and Theoretical Study of the Interaction of Ethanol with Small Gold Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0129636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Knickelbein MB. Nickel clusters: The influence of adsorbed CO on magnetic moments. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1388542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Abstract
This review discusses the reactivities and thermodynamics of small-size-specific transition metal clusters and focuses on thermodynamic information, which has not been comprehensively discussed before. Because of this focus, guided-ion-beam mass spectrometry was used to acquire much of the data. The details of this technique and the associated data analysis methods are provided. Results on the stabilities of bare transition metal clusters are provided for neutral, cationic, and anionic species. Implications for the electronic and geometrical structures are discussed, as well as the extrapolation of these values to bulk phase behavior. Detailed results for reactions of transition metal clusters with D2 and the oxygen donors O2 and CO2 are reviewed. Available bond energies between size-specific clusters and one D atom and one and two O atoms are compiled, and their implications are evaluated and favorably compared with bulk phase analogs. Several additional thermodynamic studies of various cluster systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Armentrout
- Chemistry Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Xiang Y, Sun DY, Gong XG. Generalized Simulated Annealing Studies on Structures and Properties of Nin (n = 2−55) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992923q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Xiang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Academia Sinica, 230031-Hefei, P. R. China
| | - D. Y. Sun
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Academia Sinica, 230031-Hefei, P. R. China
| | - X. G. Gong
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Academia Sinica, 230031-Hefei, P. R. China
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Estiú GL, Cory MG, Zerner MC. Projected Unrestricted Hartree−Fock Calculations and the Magnetism of Large Nickel Clusters. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991863l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Lucia Estiú
- CEQUINOR, Departamento de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 962, CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marshall G. Cory
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Michael C. Zerner
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Lievens P, Thoen P, Bouckaert S, Bouwen W, Vanhoutte F, Weidele H, Silverans RE, Navarro-Vázquez A, von Ragué Schleyer P. Ionization potentials of LinO (2⩽n⩽70) clusters: Experiment and theory. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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45
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Koretsky GM, Kerns KP, Nieman GC, Knickelbein MB, Riley SJ. Reactivity and Photoionization Studies of Bimetallic Cobalt−Manganese Clusters. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9844157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Koretsky
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - K. P. Kerns
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - G. C. Nieman
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - M. B. Knickelbein
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - S. J. Riley
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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47
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48
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Parks EK, Nieman GC, Kerns KP, Riley SJ. The thermodynamics of nitrogen adsorption on nickel clusters: Ni19–Ni71. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Reddy BV, Nayak SK, Khanna SN, Rao BK, Jena P. Physics of Nickel Clusters. 2. Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980262b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. V. Reddy
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - S. K. Nayak
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - S. N. Khanna
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - B. K. Rao
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - P. Jena
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
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Vajda Š, Wolf S, Leisner T, Busolt U, Wöste LH, Wales DJ. Reactions of size-selected positively charged nickel clusters with carbon monoxide in molecular beams. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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