1
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Mukherjee S, Saha S, Ghosh S, Adhikari S, Sathyamurthy N, Baer M. Quasi-Classical Trajectory Calculations on a Two-State Potential Energy Surface Including Nonadiabatic Coupling Terms as Friction for D + + H 2 Collisions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:7691-7702. [PMID: 39172694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Akin to the traditional quasi-classical trajectory method for investigating the dynamics on a single adiabatic potential energy surface for an elementary chemical reaction, we carry out the dynamics on a 2-state ab initio potential energy surface including nonadiabatic coupling terms as friction terms for D+ + H2 collisions. It is shown that the resulting dynamics correctly accounts for nonreactive charge transfer, reactive non-charge transfer and reactive charge transfer processes. In addition, it leads to the formation of triatomic DH2+ species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, India
| | - Swagato Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sandip Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246, India
| | - Satrajit Adhikari
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Narayanasami Sathyamurthy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli 140306, India
| | - Michael Baer
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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2
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Mäck M, Thoss M, Rudge SL. Nonadiabatic dynamics of molecules interacting with metal surfaces: Extending the hierarchical equations of motion and Langevin dynamics approach to position-dependent metal-molecule couplings. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:064106. [PMID: 39132787 DOI: 10.1063/5.0222076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Electronic friction and Langevin dynamics is a popular mixed quantum-classical method for simulating the nonadiabatic dynamics of molecules interacting with metal surfaces, as it can be computationally more efficient than fully quantum approaches. In this work, we extend the theory of electronic friction within the hierarchical equations of motion formalism to models with a position-dependent metal-molecule coupling. We show that the addition of a position-dependent metal-molecule coupling adds new contributions to the electronic friction and other forces, which are highly relevant for many physical processes. Our expressions for the electronic forces within the Langevin equation are valid both in and out of equilibrium and for molecular models containing strong interactions. We demonstrate the approach by applying it to different models of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mäck
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Thoss
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Samuel L Rudge
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Litman Y, Kapil V, Feldman YMY, Tisi D, Begušić T, Fidanyan K, Fraux G, Higer J, Kellner M, Li TE, Pós ES, Stocco E, Trenins G, Hirshberg B, Rossi M, Ceriotti M. i-PI 3.0: A flexible and efficient framework for advanced atomistic simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:062504. [PMID: 39140447 DOI: 10.1063/5.0215869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Atomic-scale simulations have progressed tremendously over the past decade, largely thanks to the availability of machine-learning interatomic potentials. These potentials combine the accuracy of electronic structure calculations with the ability to reach extensive length and time scales. The i-PI package facilitates integrating the latest developments in this field with advanced modeling techniques thanks to a modular software architecture based on inter-process communication through a socket interface. The choice of Python for implementation facilitates rapid prototyping but can add computational overhead. In this new release, we carefully benchmarked and optimized i-PI for several common simulation scenarios, making such overhead negligible when i-PI is used to model systems up to tens of thousands of atoms using widely adopted machine learning interatomic potentials, such as Behler-Parinello, DeePMD, and MACE neural networks. We also present the implementation of several new features, including an efficient algorithm to model bosonic and fermionic exchange, a framework for uncertainty quantification to be used in conjunction with machine-learning potentials, a communication infrastructure that allows for deeper integration with electronic-driven simulations, and an approach to simulate coupled photon-nuclear dynamics in optical or plasmonic cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Litman
- Y. Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Venkat Kapil
- Y. Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre and London Centre for Nanotechnology, 19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Davide Tisi
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomislav Begušić
- Div. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Karen Fidanyan
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Fraux
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Higer
- School of Physics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Matthias Kellner
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tao E Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Eszter S Pós
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elia Stocco
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - George Trenins
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barak Hirshberg
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Mariana Rossi
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Farahvash A, Willard AP. A theory of phonon-induced friction on molecular adsorbates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400589121. [PMID: 39052839 PMCID: PMC11295025 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400589121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we provide a general theory for how surface phonons couple to molecular adsorbates. Our theory maps the extended dynamics of a surface's atomic vibrational motions to a generalized Langevin equation, and by doing so captures these dynamics in a single quantity: the non-Markovian friction. The different frequency components of this friction are the phonon modes of the surface slab weighted by their coupling to the adsorbate degrees of freedom. Using this formalism, we demonstrate that physisorbed species couple primarily to acoustic phonons while chemisorbed species couple to dispersionless local vibrations. We subsequently derive equations for phonon-adjusted reaction rates using transition state theory and demonstrate that these corrections improve agreement with experimental results for CO desorption rates from Pt(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Farahvash
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Adam P. Willard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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5
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Meng G, Gardner J, Hertl N, Dou W, Maurer RJ, Jiang B. First-Principles Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Molecules at Metal Surfaces with Vibrationally Coupled Electron Transfer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:036203. [PMID: 39094165 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.036203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Accurate description of nonadiabatic dynamics of molecules at metal surfaces involving electron transfer has been a long-standing challenge for theory. Here, we tackle this problem by first constructing high-dimensional neural network diabatic potentials including state crossings determined by constrained density functional theory, then applying mixed quantum-classical surface hopping simulations to evolve coupled electron-nuclear motion. Our approach accurately describes the nonadiabatic effects in CO scattering from Au(111) without empirical parameters and yields results agreeing well with experiments under various conditions for this benchmark system. We find that both adiabatic and nonadiabatic energy loss channels have important contributions to the vibrational relaxation of highly vibrationally excited CO(v_{i}=17), whereas relaxation of low vibrationally excited states of CO(v_{i}=2) is weak and dominated by nonadiabatic energy loss. The presented approach paves the way for accurate first-principles simulations of electron transfer mediated nonadiabatic dynamics at metal surfaces.
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6
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Rahinov I, Kandratsenka A, Schäfer T, Shirhatti P, Golibrzuch K, Wodtke AM. Vibrational energy transfer in collisions of molecules with metal surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15090-15114. [PMID: 38757203 PMCID: PMC11135613 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00957f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA), which serves as the basis for our understanding of chemical bonding, reactivity and dynamics, is routinely violated for vibrationally inelastic scattering of molecules at metal surfaces. The title-field therefore represents a fascinating challenge to our conventional wisdom calling for new concepts that involve explicit electron dynamics occurring in concert with nuclear motion. Here, we review progress made in this field over the last decade, which has witnessed dramatic advances in experimental methods, thereby providing a much more extensive set of diverse observations than has ever before been available. We first review the experimental methods used in this field and then provide a systematic tour of the vast array of observations that are currently available. We show how these observations - taken together and without reference to computational simulations - lead us to a simple and intuitive picture of BOA failure in molecular dynamics at metal surfaces, one where electron transfer between the molecule and the metal plays a preeminent role. We also review recent progress made in the theory of electron transfer mediated BOA failure in molecule-surface interactions, describing the most important methods and their ability to reproduce experimental observation. Finally, we outline future directions for research and important unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rahinov
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 4353701 Raanana, Israel.
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Pranav Shirhatti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Kai Golibrzuch
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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7
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S. Muzas A, Serrano Jiménez A, Zhang Y, Jiang B, Juaristi JI, Alducin M. Multicoverage Study of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Desorption of CO from Pd(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2587-2594. [PMID: 38416783 PMCID: PMC10926157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
We study the strong coverage dependence of the femtosecond laser-induced desorption of CO from Pd(111) using molecular dynamics simulations that consistently include the effect of the laser-induced hot electrons on both the adsorbates and surface atoms. Adiabatic forces are obtained from a multicoverage neural network potential energy surface that we construct using data from density functional theory calculations for 0.33 and 0.75 monolayer (ML). Our molecular dynamics simulations performed for these two trained coverages and an additional intermediate coverage of 0.60 ML reproduce well the peculiarities of the experimental findings. The performed simulations also permit us to disentangle the relative role played by the excited electrons and phonons on the desorption process and discover interesting properties of the reaction dynamics as the relevance that the precursor physisorption well acquires during the dynamics as coverage increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto S. Muzas
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología, Facultad de Químicas (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC−UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alfredo Serrano Jiménez
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC−UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Yaolong Zhang
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Key Laboratory
of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher
Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Key Laboratory
of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher
Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - J. Iñaki Juaristi
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología, Facultad de Químicas (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC−UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maite Alducin
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC−UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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8
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Bi RH, Dou W. Electronic friction near metal surface: Incorporating nuclear quantum effect with ring polymer molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074110. [PMID: 38380747 DOI: 10.1063/5.0187646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular dynamics with electronic friction (MDEF) approach can accurately describe nonadiabatic effects at metal surfaces in the weakly nonadiabatic limit. That being said, the MDEF approach treats nuclear motion classically such that the nuclear quantum effects are completely missing in the approach. To address this limitation, we combine Electronic Friction with Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics (EF-RPMD). In particular, we apply the averaged electronic friction from the metal surface to the centroid mode of the ring polymer. We benchmark our approach against quantum dynamics to show that EF-RPMD can accurately capture zero-point energy as well as transition dynamics. In addition, we show that EF-RPMD can correctly predict the electronic transfer rate near metal surfaces in the tunneling limit as well as the barrier crossing limit. We expect that our approach will be very useful to study nonadiabatic dynamics near metal surfaces when nuclear quantum effects become essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hao Bi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Wenjie Dou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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9
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Malpathak S, Ananth N. A Linearized Semiclassical Dynamics Study of the Multiquantum Vibrational Relaxation of NO Scattering from a Au(111) Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:794-801. [PMID: 38232133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The vibrational relaxation of NO molecules scattering from a Au(111) surface has served as the focus of efforts to understand nonadiabatic energy transfer at metal-molecule interfaces. Experimental measurements and previous theoretical efforts suggest that multiquantal NO vibrational energy relaxation occurs via electron-hole pair excitations in the metal. Here, using a linearized semiclassical approach, we accurately predict the vibrational relaxation of NO from the νi = 3 state for different incident translational energies. We also accurately capture the central role of transient electron transfer from the metal to the molecule in mediating the vibrational relaxation process but fall short of quantitatively predicting the full extent of multiquantum relaxation for high incident vibrational excitations (νi = 16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Malpathak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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10
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Huang Z, Xu L, Zhou Z. Stochastic Schrödinger Equation Approach to Real-Time Dynamics of Anderson-Holstein Impurities: An Open Quantum System Perspective. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:946-962. [PMID: 38194479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We develop a stochastic Schrödinger equation (SSE) framework to simulate the real-time dynamics of Anderson-Holstein (AH) impurities coupled to a continuous Fermionic bath. The bath degrees of freedom are incorporated through fluctuating terms determined by exact system-bath correlations, which is derived in an ab initio manner. We show that such an SSE treatment provides a middle ground between numerically expansive microscopic simulations and macroscopic master equations. Computationally, the SSE model enables efficient numerical methods for propagating stochastic trajectories. We demonstrate that this approach not only naturally provides microscopically detailed information unavailable from reduced models but also captures effects beyond master equations, thus serving as a promising tool to study open quantum dynamics emerging in physics and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Limin Xu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhennan Zhou
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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11
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Gardner J, Habershon S, Maurer RJ. Assessing Mixed Quantum-Classical Molecular Dynamics Methods for Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Molecules on Metal Surfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:15257-15270. [PMID: 37583439 PMCID: PMC10424245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical (MQC) methods for simulating the dynamics of molecules at metal surfaces have the potential to accurately and efficiently provide mechanistic insight into reactive processes. Here, we introduce simple two-dimensional models for the scattering of diatomic molecules at metal surfaces based on recently published electronic structure data. We apply several MQC methods to investigate their ability to capture how nonadiabatic effects influence molecule-metal energy transfer during the scattering process. Specifically, we compare molecular dynamics with electronic friction, Ehrenfest dynamics, independent electron surface hopping, and the broadened classical master equation approach. In the case of independent electron surface hopping, we implement a simple decoherence correction approach and assess its impact on vibrationally inelastic scattering. Our results show that simple, low-dimensional models can be used to qualitatively capture experimentally observed vibrational energy transfer and provide insight into the relative performance of different MQC schemes. We observe that all approaches predict similar kinetic energy dependence but return different vibrational energy distributions. Finally, by varying the molecule-metal coupling, we can assess the coupling regime in which some MQC methods become unsuitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gardner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Habershon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard J. Maurer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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12
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Dan X, Shi Q. Theoretical study of nonadiabatic hydrogen atom scattering dynamics on metal surfaces using the hierarchical equations of motion method. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044101. [PMID: 37486050 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen atom scattering on metal surfaces is investigated based on a simplified Newns-Anderson model. Both the nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom are treated quantum mechanically. By partitioning all the surface electronic states as the bath, the hierarchical equations of motion method for the fermionic bath is employed to simulate the scattering dynamics. It is found that, with a reasonable set of parameters, the main features of the recent experimental studies of hydrogen atom scattering on metal surfaces can be reproduced. Vibrational states on the chemisorption state whose energies are close to the incident energy are found to play an important role, and the scattering process is dominated by a single-pass electronic transition forth and back between the diabatic physisorption and chemisorption states. Further study on the effects of the atom-surface coupling strength reveals that, upon increasing the atom-surface coupling strength, the scattering mechanism changes from typical nonadiabatic transitions to dynamics in the electronic friction regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Dan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Tully JC. Ehrenfest dynamics with quantum mechanical nuclei. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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14
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Krüger K, Wang Y, Tödter S, Debbeler F, Matveenko A, Hertl N, Zhou X, Jiang B, Guo H, Wodtke AM, Bünermann O. Hydrogen atom collisions with a semiconductor efficiently promote electrons to the conduction band. Nat Chem 2023; 15:326-331. [PMID: 36411362 PMCID: PMC9986106 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Born-Oppenheimer approximation is the keystone of modern computational chemistry and there is wide interest in understanding under what conditions it remains valid. Hydrogen atom scattering from insulator, semi-metal and metal surfaces has helped provide such information. The approximation is adequate for insulators and for metals it fails, but not severely. Here we present hydrogen atom scattering from a semiconductor surface: Ge(111)c(2 × 8). Experiments show bimodal energy-loss distributions revealing two channels. Molecular dynamics trajectories within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation reproduce one channel quantitatively. The second channel transfers much more energy and is absent in simulations. It grows with hydrogen atom incidence energy and exhibits an energy-loss onset equal to the Ge surface bandgap. This leads us to conclude that hydrogen atom collisions at the surface of a semiconductor are capable of promoting electrons from the valence to the conduction band with high efficiency. Our current understanding fails to explain these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Krüger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yingqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, NM, USA
| | - Sophia Tödter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Debbeler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Matveenko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Hertl
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Xueyao Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, NM, USA
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- International Center of Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Bünermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- International Center of Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Zhu L, Hu C, Chen J, Jiang B. Investigating the Eley-Rideal recombination of hydrogen atoms on Cu (111) via a high-dimensional neural network potential energy surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5479-5488. [PMID: 36734463 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As a prototypical system for studying the Eley-Rideal (ER) mechanism at the gas-surface interface, the reaction between incident H/D atoms and pre-covered D/H atoms on Cu (111) has attracted much experimental and theoretical interest. Detailed final state-resolved experimental data have been available for about thirty-years, leading to the discovery of many interesting dynamical features. However, previous theoretical models have suffered from reduced-dimensional approximations and/or omitting energy transfer to surface phonons and electrons, or the high cost of on-the-fly ab initio molecular dynamics, preventing quantitative comparisons with experimental data. Herein, we report the first high-dimensional neural network potential (NNP) for this ER reaction based on first-principles calculations including all molecular and surface degrees of freedom. Thanks to the high efficiency of this NNP, we are able to perform extensive quasi-classical molecular dynamics simulations with the inclusion of the excitation of low-lying electron-hole pairs (EHPs), which generally yield good agreement with various experimental results. More importantly, the isotopic and/or EHP effects in total reaction cross-sections and distributions of the product energy, scattering angle, and individual ro-vibrational states have been more clearly shown and discussed. This study sheds valuable light on this important ER prototype and opens a new avenue for further investigations of ER reactions using various initial conditions, surface temperatures, and coverages in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Ce Hu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Jialu Chen
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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16
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Gardner J, Corken D, Janke SM, Habershon S, Maurer RJ. Efficient implementation and performance analysis of the independent electron surface hopping method for dynamics at metal surfaces. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:064101. [PMID: 36792522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Independent electron surface hopping (IESH) is a computational algorithm for simulating the mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics of adsorbate atoms and molecules interacting with metal surfaces. It is capable of modeling the nonadiabatic effects of electron-hole pair excitations on molecular dynamics. Here, we present a transparent, reliable, and efficient implementation of IESH, demonstrating its ability to predict scattering and desorption probabilities across a variety of systems, ranging from model Hamiltonians to full dimensional atomistic systems. We further show how the algorithm can be modified to account for the application of an external bias potential, comparing its accuracy to results obtained using the hierarchical quantum master equation. Our results show that IESH is a practical method for modeling coupled electron-nuclear dynamics at metal surfaces, especially for highly energetic scattering events.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Corken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Svenja M Janke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Habershon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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17
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Bui AT, Thiemann FL, Michaelides A, Cox SJ. Classical Quantum Friction at Water-Carbon Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:580-587. [PMID: 36626824 PMCID: PMC9881168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Friction at water-carbon interfaces remains a major puzzle with theories and simulations unable to explain experimental trends in nanoscale waterflow. A recent theoretical framework─quantum friction (QF)─proposes to resolve these experimental observations by considering nonadiabatic coupling between dielectric fluctuations in water and graphitic surfaces. Here, using a classical model that enables fine-tuning of the solid's dielectric spectrum, we provide evidence from simulations in general support of QF. In particular, as features in the solid's dielectric spectrum begin to overlap with water's librational and Debye modes, we find an increase in friction in line with that proposed by QF. At the microscopic level, we find that this contribution to friction manifests more distinctly in the dynamics of the solid's charge density than that of water. Our findings suggest that experimental signatures of QF may be more pronounced in the solid's response rather than liquid water's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T. Bui
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian L. Thiemann
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Thomas
Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology, and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Cox
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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18
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Unraveling the Nature of Hydrogen Bonds of "Proton Sponges" Based on Car-Parrinello and Metadynamics Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021542. [PMID: 36675059 PMCID: PMC9860969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of intra- and intermolecular non-covalent interactions was studied in four naphthalene derivatives commonly referred to as "proton sponges". Special attention was paid to an intramolecular hydrogen bond present in the protonated form of the compounds. The unsubstituted "proton sponge" served as a reference structure to study the substituent influence on the hydrogen bond (HB) properties. We selected three compounds substituted by methoxy, amino, and nitro groups. The presence of the substituents either retained the parent symmetry or rendered the compounds asymmetric. In order to reveal the non-covalent interaction properties, the Hirshfeld surface (HS) was computed for the crystal structures of the studied compounds. Next, quantum-chemical simulations were performed in vacuo and in the crystalline phase. Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD), Path Integral Molecular Dynamics (PIMD), and metadynamics were employed to investigate the time-evolution changes of metric parameters and free energy profile in both phases. Additionally, for selected snapshots obtained from the CPMD trajectories, non-covalent interactions and electronic structure were studied. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and the Density Overlap Regions Indicator (DORI) were applied for this purpose. It was found based on Hirshfeld surfaces that, besides intramolecular hydrogen bonds, other non-covalent interactions are present and have a strong impact on the crystal structure organization. The CPMD results obtained in both phases showed frequent proton transfer phenomena. The proton was strongly delocalized in the applied time-scale and temperature, especially in the PIMD framework. The use of metadynamics allowed for tracing the free energy profiles and confirming that the hydrogen bonds present in "proton sponges" are Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bonds (LBHBs). The electronic and topological analysis quantitatively described the temperature dependence and time-evolution changes of the electronic structure. The covalency of the hydrogen bonds was estimated based on QTAIM analysis. It was found that strong hydrogen bonds show greater covalency, which is additionally determined by the proton position in the hydrogen bridge.
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19
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Chandran SS, Wu Y, Subotnik JE. Effect of Duschinskii Rotations on Spin-Dependent Electron Transfer Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9535-9552. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S. Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yanze Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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20
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Zhang Y, Lin Q, Jiang B. Atomistic neural network representations for chemical dynamics simulations of molecular, condensed phase, and interfacial systems: Efficiency, representability, and generalization. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaolong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Qidong Lin
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
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21
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Zhang Y, Box CL, Schäfer T, Kandratsenka A, Wodtke AM, Maurer RJ, Jiang B. Stereodynamics of adiabatic and non-adiabatic energy transfer in a molecule surface encounter. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19753-19760. [PMID: 35971747 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03312g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular energy transfer and reactions at solid surfaces depend on the molecular orientation relative to the surface. While such steric effects have been largely understood in electronically adiabatic processes, the orientation-dependent energy transfer in NO scattering from Au(111) was complicated by electron-mediated nonadiabatic effects, thus lacking a clear interpretation and posing a great challenge for theories. Herein, we investigate the stereodynamics of adiabatic and nonadiabatic energy transfer via molecular dynamics simulations of NO(v = 3) scattering from Au(111) using realistic initial orientation distributions based on accurate neural network fitted adiabatic potential energy surface and electronic friction tensor. Our results reproduce the observed stronger vibrational relaxation for N-first orientation and enhanced rotational rainbow for O-first orientation, and demonstrate how adiabatic anisotropic interactions steer molecules into the more attractive N-first orientation to experience more significant energy transfer. Remaining disagreements with experiment suggest the direction for further developments of nonadiabatic theories for gas-surface scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Connor L Box
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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22
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Pradhan CS, Jain A. Detailed Balance and Independent Electron Surface-Hopping Method: The Importance of Decoherence and Correct Calculation of Diabatic Populations. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4615-4626. [PMID: 35880817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We benchmark and improve the independent electron surface-hopping (IESH) method developed by J. C. Tully's group for nonadiabatic simulations near metal surfaces. We have incorporated decoherence within the IESH method as well as implemented a scheme for the accurate calculation of diabatic populations. We benchmark the original IESH method with the above inclusions for a model system to calculate rate constants and long-time populations. The original IESH method fails to capture the detailed balance for some of the parameters, which is corrected with the inclusion of decoherence and accurate calculation of diabatic populations. Total rate constants are well captured both within the original IESH method as well as within our modified IESH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay S Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Amber Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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23
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Manson JR, Miret-Artés S. Atom-surface scattering in the classical multiphonon regime. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16942-16972. [PMID: 35796229 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many experiments that utilize beams of incident atoms colliding with surfaces as a probe of surface properties are carried out at large energies, high temperatures and with large mass atoms. Under these conditions the scattering process does not exhibit quantum mechanical properties such as diffraction or single-phonon excitation, but rather can be treated with classical physics. This is a review of work carried out by the authors over a span of several years to develop theoretical frameworks using classical physics for describing the scattering interactions of atom with surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Manson
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - S Miret-Artés
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Ke Y, Kaspar C, Erpenbeck A, Peskin U, Thoss M. Nonequilibrium reaction rate theory: Formulation and implementation within the hierarchical equations of motion approach. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034103. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of chemical reactions in environments under nonequilibrium conditions has been of interest recently in a variety of contexts, including current-induced reactions in molecular junctions and scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. In this work, we outline a fully quantum mechanical, numerically exact approach to describe chemical reaction rates in such nonequilibrium situations. The approach is based on an extension of the flux correlation function formalism to nonequilibrium conditions and uses a mixed real and imaginary time hierarchical equations of motion approach for the calculation of rate constants. As a specific example, we investigate current-induced intramolecular proton transfer reactions in a molecular junction for different applied bias voltages and molecule-lead coupling strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Ke
- Institute of Physics, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Uri Peskin
- Chemistry, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
| | - Michael Thoss
- University of Freiburg Institute of Physics, Germany
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25
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Bian X, Qiu T, Chen J, Subotnik JE. On the meaning of Berry force for unrestricted systems treated with mean-field electronic structure. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:234107. [PMID: 35732536 DOI: 10.1063/5.0093092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the Berry force as computed by an approximate, mean-field electronic structure can be meaningful if properly interpreted. In particular, for a model Hamiltonian representing a molecular system with an even number of electrons interacting via a two-body (Hubbard) interaction and a spin-orbit coupling, we show that a meaningful nonzero Berry force emerges whenever there is spin unrestriction-even though the Hamiltonian is real-valued and formally the on-diagonal single-surface Berry force must be zero. Moreover, if properly applied, this mean-field Berry force yields roughly the correct asymptotic motion for scattering through an avoided crossing. That being said, within the context of a ground-state calculation, several nuances do arise as far interpreting the Berry force correctly, and as a practical matter, the Berry force diverges near the Coulson-Fischer point (which can lead to numerical instabilities). We do not address magnetic fields here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Junhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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26
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Töpfer K, Upadhyay M, Meuwly M. Quantitative molecular simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12767-12786. [PMID: 35593769 PMCID: PMC9158373 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All-atom simulations can provide molecular-level insights into the dynamics of gas-phase, condensed-phase and surface processes. One important requirement is a sufficiently realistic and detailed description of the underlying intermolecular interactions. The present perspective provides an overview of the present status of quantitative atomistic simulations from colleagues' and our own efforts for gas- and solution-phase processes and for the dynamics on surfaces. Particular attention is paid to direct comparison with experiment. An outlook discusses present challenges and future extensions to bring such dynamics simulations even closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Töpfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Meenu Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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27
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Litman Y, Pós ES, Box CL, Martinazzo R, Maurer RJ, Rossi M. Dissipative tunneling rates through the incorporation of first-principles electronic friction in instanton rate theory. II. Benchmarks and applications. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194107. [PMID: 35597654 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Paper I [Litman et al., J. Chem. Phys. (in press) (2022)], we presented the ring-polymer instanton with explicit friction (RPI-EF) method and showed how it can be connected to the ab initio electronic friction formalism. This framework allows for the calculation of tunneling reaction rates that incorporate the quantum nature of the nuclei and certain types of non-adiabatic effects (NAEs) present in metals. In this paper, we analyze the performance of RPI-EF on model potentials and apply it to realistic systems. For a 1D double-well model, we benchmark the method against numerically exact results obtained from multi-layer multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree calculations. We demonstrate that RPI-EF is accurate for medium and high friction strengths and less accurate for extremely low friction values. We also show quantitatively how the inclusion of NAEs lowers the crossover temperature into the deep tunneling regime, reduces the tunneling rates, and, in certain regimes, steers the quantum dynamics by modifying the tunneling pathways. As a showcase of the efficiency of this method, we present a study of hydrogen and deuterium hopping between neighboring interstitial sites in selected bulk metals. The results show that multidimensional vibrational coupling and nuclear quantum effects have a larger impact than NAEs on the tunneling rates of diffusion in metals. Together with Paper I [Litman et al., J. Chem. Phys. (in press) (2022)], these results advance the calculations of dissipative tunneling rates from first principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Litman
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - E S Pós
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C L Box
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - R Martinazzo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - R J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M Rossi
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Litman Y, Pós ES, Box CL, Martinazzo R, Maurer RJ, Rossi M. Dissipative tunneling rates through the incorporation of first-principles electronic friction in instanton rate theory. I. Theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194106. [PMID: 35597633 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions involving adsorbates on metallic surfaces and impurities in bulk metals are ubiquitous in a wide range of technological applications. The theoretical modeling of such reactions presents a formidable challenge for theory because nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) can play a prominent role and the coupling of the atomic motion with the electrons in the metal gives rise to important non-adiabatic effects (NAEs) that alter atomic dynamics. In this work, we derive a theoretical framework that captures both NQEs and NAEs and, due to its high efficiency, can be applied to first-principles calculations of reaction rates in high-dimensional realistic systems. More specifically, we develop a method that we coin ring polymer instanton with explicit friction (RPI-EF), starting from the ring polymer instanton formalism applied to a system-bath model. We derive general equations that incorporate the spatial and frequency dependence of the friction tensor and then combine this method with the ab initio electronic friction formalism for the calculation of thermal reaction rates. We show that the connection between RPI-EF and the form of the electronic friction tensor presented in this work does not require any further approximations, and it is expected to be valid as long as the approximations of both underlying theories remain valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Litman
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - E S Pós
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C L Box
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - R Martinazzo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - R J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M Rossi
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Martinazzo R, Burghardt I. Quantum Dynamics with Electronic Friction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:206002. [PMID: 35657868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.206002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A theory of electronic friction is developed using the exact factorization of the electronic-nuclear wave function. No assumption is made regarding the electronic bath, which can be made of independent or interacting electrons, and the nuclei are treated quantally. The ensuing equation of motion for the nuclear wave function is a nonlinear Schrödinger equation including a friction term. The resulting friction kernel agrees with a previously derived mixed quantum-classical result by Dou et al., [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 046001 (2017)]PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.046001, except for a pseudomagnetic contribution in the latter that is here removed. More specifically, it is shown that the electron dynamics generally washes out the gauge fields appearing in the adiabatic dynamics. However, these are fully re-established in the typical situation where the electrons respond rapidly on the slow time scale of the nuclear dynamics (Markov limit). Hence, we predict Berry's phase effects to be observable also in the presence of electronic friction. Application to a model vibrational relaxation problem proves that the proposed approach represents a viable way to account for electronic friction in a fully quantum setting for the nuclear dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Martinazzo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", CNR, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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30
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Gardner J, Douglas-Gallardo OA, Stark WG, Westermayr J, Janke SM, Habershon S, Maurer RJ. NQCDynamics.jl: A Julia package for nonadiabatic quantum classical molecular dynamics in the condensed phase. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174801. [PMID: 35525649 DOI: 10.1063/5.0089436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and efficient methods to simulate nonadiabatic and quantum nuclear effects in high-dimensional and dissipative systems are crucial for the prediction of chemical dynamics in the condensed phase. To facilitate effective development, code sharing, and uptake of newly developed dynamics methods, it is important that software implementations can be easily accessed and built upon. Using the Julia programming language, we have developed the NQCDynamics.jl package, which provides a framework for established and emerging methods for performing semiclassical and mixed quantum-classical dynamics in the condensed phase. The code provides several interfaces to existing atomistic simulation frameworks, electronic structure codes, and machine learning representations. In addition to the existing methods, the package provides infrastructure for developing and deploying new dynamics methods, which we hope will benefit reproducibility and code sharing in the field of condensed phase quantum dynamics. Herein, we present our code design choices and the specific Julia programming features from which they benefit. We further demonstrate the capabilities of the package on two examples of chemical dynamics in the condensed phase: the population dynamics of the spin-boson model as described by a wide variety of semiclassical and mixed quantum-classical nonadiabatic methods and the reactive scattering of H2 on Ag(111) using the molecular dynamics with electronic friction method. Together, they exemplify the broad scope of the package to study effective model Hamiltonians and realistic atomistic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar A Douglas-Gallardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech G Stark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Westermayr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Svenja M Janke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Habershon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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31
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Zhou X, Meng G, Guo H, Jiang B. First-Principles Insights into Adiabatic and Nonadiabatic Vibrational Energy-Transfer Dynamics during Molecular Scattering from Metal Surfaces: The Importance of Surface Reactivity. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3450-3461. [PMID: 35412832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer is ubiquitous during molecular collisions and reactions at gas-surface interfaces. Of particular importance is vibrational energy transfer because of its relevance to bond forming and breaking. In this Perspective, we review recent first-principles studies on vibrational energy-transfer dynamics during molecular scattering from metal surfaces at the state-to-state level. Taking several representative systems as examples, we highlight the intrinsic correlation between vibrational energy transfer in nonreactive scattering and surface reactivity and how it operates in both electronically adiabatic and nonadiabatic pathways. Adiabatically, the presence of a dissociation barrier softens a bond in the impinging molecule and increases its couplings with other molecular modes and surface phonons. In the meantime, the stronger interaction between the molecule and the surface also changes the electronic structure at the barrier, resulting in an increase of nonadiabatic effects. We further discuss future prospects toward a more quantitative understanding of this important surface dynamical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Zhou
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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32
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Ha JK, Min SK. Independent Trajectory Mixed Quantum-Classical Approaches Based on the Exact Factorization. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174109. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0084493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical dynamics based on the exact factorization exploits the "derived" electron-nuclear correlation (ENC) term aiming for the description of quantum coherences. The ENC contains interactions between the phase of electronic states and nuclear quantum momenta which depend on the spatial shape of the nuclear density.The original surface hopping based on the exact factorization (SHXF) [\textit{J. Phys. Chem. Lett.} \textbf{2018}, \textit{9}, 1097] exploits frozen Gaussian functions to construct the nuclear density in the ENC term while the phase of electronic states is approximated as a fictitious nuclear momentum change.However, in reality, the width of nuclear wave packets varies in time depending on the shape of potential energy surfaces.In this work, we present a modified SHXF approach and a newly-developed Ehrenfest dynamics based on the exact factorization (EhXF) with time-dependent Gaussian functions and phases by enforcing total energy conservation.We perform numerical tests for various one-dimensional two-state model Hamiltonians.Overall, the time-dependent width of Gaussian functions and the energy conserving phase show a reliable decoherence compared to the original frozen Gaussian-based SHXF and the exact quantum mechanical calculation.Especially, the energy conserving phase is crucial for EhXF to reproduce the correct quantum dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kwon Ha
- Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
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33
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Hertl N, Kandratsenka A, Wodtke AM. Effective medium theory for bcc metals: electronically non-adiabatic H atom scattering in full dimensions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8738-8748. [PMID: 35373798 PMCID: PMC9007224 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a newly derived Effective Medium Theory (EMT) formalism for bcc metals and apply it for the construction of a full-dimensional PES for H atoms interacting with molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W). We construct PESs for the (111) and (110) facets of both metals. The EMT-PESs have the advantage that they automatically provide the background electron density on the fly which makes incorporation of ehp excitation within the framework of electronic friction straightforward. Using molecular dynamics with electronic friction (MDEF) with these new PESs, we simulated 2.76 eV H atoms scattering and adsorption. The large energy losses at a surface temperature of 300 K is very similar those seen for H atom scattering from the late fcc metals and is dominated by ehp excitation. We see significant differences in the scattering from different surface facets of the same metal. For the (110) facet, we see strong evidence of sub-surface scattering, which should be observable in experiment and we predict the best conditions for observing this novel type of scattering process. At low temperatures the MD simulations predict that H atom scattering is surface specific due to the reduced influence of the random force. We derive a many-body formalism for interaction energies of adsorbates in metals and use it for. electronically non-adiabatic H atom scattering simulations from metal surfaces.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hertl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Am Faßberg 11, Göttingen, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Am Faßberg 11, Göttingen, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Am Faßberg 11, Göttingen, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany
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34
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Li WL, Lininger CN, Chen K, Vaissier Welborn V, Rossomme E, Bell AT, Head-Gordon M, Head-Gordon T. Critical Role of Thermal Fluctuations for CO Binding on Electrocatalytic Metal Surfaces. JACS AU 2021; 1:1708-1718. [PMID: 34723274 PMCID: PMC8549055 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work considers the evaluation of density functional theory (DFT) when comparing against experimental observations of CO binding trends on the strong binding Pt(111) and intermediate binding Cu(111) and for weak binding Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces important in electrocatalysis. By introducing thermal fluctuations using appropriate statistical mechanical NVT and NPT ensembles, we find that the RPBE and B97M-rV DFT functionals yield qualitatively better metal surface strain trends and CO enthalpies of binding for Cu(111) and Pt(111) than found at 0 K, thereby correcting the overbinding by 0.2 to 0.3 eV to yield better agreement with the enthalpies determined from experiment. The importance of dispersion effects are manifest for the weak CO binding Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces at finite temperatures in which the RPBE functional does not bind CO at all, while the B97M-rV functional shows that the CO-metal interactions are a mixture of chemisorbed and physisorbed species with binding enthalpies that are within ∼0.05 eV of experiment. Across all M(111) surfaces, we show that the B97M-rV functional consistently predicts the correct atop site preference for all metals due to thermally induced surface distortions that preferentially favor the undercoordinated site. This study demonstrates the need to fully account for finite temperature fluctuations to make contact with the binding enthalpies from surface science experiments and electrocatalysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lu Li
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kenneth
S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christianna N. Lininger
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kenneth
S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kenneth
S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Valerie Vaissier Welborn
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kenneth
S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 26067, United States
| | - Elliot Rossomme
- Kenneth
S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kenneth
S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kenneth
S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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35
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Choi S, Vaníček J. High-order geometric integrators for representation-free Ehrenfest dynamics. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124104. [PMID: 34598577 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrenfest dynamics is a useful approximation for ab initio mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics that can treat electronically nonadiabatic effects. Although a severe approximation to the exact solution of the molecular time-dependent Schrödinger equation, Ehrenfest dynamics is symplectic, is time-reversible, and conserves exactly the total molecular energy as well as the norm of the electronic wavefunction. Here, we surpass apparent complications due to the coupling of classical nuclear and quantum electronic motions and present efficient geometric integrators for "representation-free" Ehrenfest dynamics, which do not rely on a diabatic or adiabatic representation of electronic states and are of arbitrary even orders of accuracy in the time step. These numerical integrators, obtained by symmetrically composing the second-order splitting method and exactly solving the kinetic and potential propagation steps, are norm-conserving, symplectic, and time-reversible regardless of the time step used. Using a nonadiabatic simulation in the region of a conical intersection as an example, we demonstrate that these integrators preserve the geometric properties exactly and, if highly accurate solutions are desired, can be even more efficient than the most popular non-geometric integrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoon Choi
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Vaníček
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Zhou X, Zhang Y, Yin R, Hu C, Jiang B. Neural Network Representations for Studying
Gas‐Surface
Reaction Dynamics: Beyond the
Born‐Oppenheimer
Static Surface Approximation
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yaolong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Rongrong Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ce Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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37
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Westermayr J, Marquetand P. Machine Learning for Electronically Excited States of Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9873-9926. [PMID: 33211478 PMCID: PMC8391943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electronically excited states of molecules are at the heart of photochemistry, photophysics, as well as photobiology and also play a role in material science. Their theoretical description requires highly accurate quantum chemical calculations, which are computationally expensive. In this review, we focus on not only how machine learning is employed to speed up such excited-state simulations but also how this branch of artificial intelligence can be used to advance this exciting research field in all its aspects. Discussed applications of machine learning for excited states include excited-state dynamics simulations, static calculations of absorption spectra, as well as many others. In order to put these studies into context, we discuss the promises and pitfalls of the involved machine learning techniques. Since the latter are mostly based on quantum chemistry calculations, we also provide a short introduction into excited-state electronic structure methods and approaches for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations and describe tricks and problems when using them in machine learning for excited states of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Westermayr
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Data
Science @ Uni Vienna, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 29, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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38
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Abstract
Electronically excited states of molecules are at the heart of photochemistry, photophysics, as well as photobiology and also play a role in material science. Their theoretical description requires highly accurate quantum chemical calculations, which are computationally expensive. In this review, we focus on not only how machine learning is employed to speed up such excited-state simulations but also how this branch of artificial intelligence can be used to advance this exciting research field in all its aspects. Discussed applications of machine learning for excited states include excited-state dynamics simulations, static calculations of absorption spectra, as well as many others. In order to put these studies into context, we discuss the promises and pitfalls of the involved machine learning techniques. Since the latter are mostly based on quantum chemistry calculations, we also provide a short introduction into excited-state electronic structure methods and approaches for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations and describe tricks and problems when using them in machine learning for excited states of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Westermayr
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Data Science @ Uni Vienna, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 29, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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39
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Hertl N, Martin-Barrios R, Galparsoro O, Larrégaray P, Auerbach DJ, Schwarzer D, Wodtke AM, Kandratsenka A. Random Force in Molecular Dynamics with Electronic Friction. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:14468-14473. [PMID: 34267855 PMCID: PMC8273891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Originally conceived to describe thermal diffusion, the Langevin equation includes both a frictional drag and a random force, the latter representing thermal fluctuations first seen as Brownian motion. The random force is crucial for the diffusion problem as it explains why friction does not simply bring the system to a standstill. When using the Langevin equation to describe ballistic motion, the importance of the random force is less obvious and it is often omitted, for example, in theoretical treatments of hot ions and atoms interacting with metals. Here, friction results from electronic nonadiabaticity (electronic friction), and the random force arises from thermal electron-hole pairs. We show the consequences of omitting the random force in the dynamics of H-atom scattering from metals. We compare molecular dynamics simulations based on the Langevin equation to experimentally derived energy loss distributions. Despite the fact that the incidence energy is much larger than the thermal energy and the scattering time is only about 25 fs, the energy loss distribution fails to reproduce the experiment if the random force is neglected. Neglecting the random force is an even more severe approximation than freezing the positions of the metal atoms or modelling the lattice vibrations as a generalized Langevin oscillator. This behavior can be understood by considering analytic solutions to the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, where a ballistic particle experiencing friction decelerates under the influence of thermal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hertl
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raidel Martin-Barrios
- Université
de Bordeaux, 351 Cours
de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
- CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
- Universidad
de La Habana, San Lázaro
y L, CP 10400 La
Habana, Cuba
| | - Oihana Galparsoro
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pascal Larrégaray
- Université
de Bordeaux, 351 Cours
de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
- CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Daniel J. Auerbach
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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40
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Douglas-Gallardo OA, Box CL, Maurer RJ. Plasmonic enhancement of molecular hydrogen dissociation on metallic magnesium nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11058-11068. [PMID: 34152348 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven plasmonic enhancement of chemical reactions on metal catalysts is a promising strategy to achieve highly selective and efficient chemical transformations. The study of plasmonic catalyst materials has traditionally focused on late transition metals such as Au, Ag, and Cu. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the plasmonic properties of a set of earth-abundant elements such as Mg, which exhibit interesting hydrogenation chemistry with potential applications in hydrogen storage. This work explores the optical, electronic, and catalytic properties of a set of metallic Mg nanoclusters with up to 2057 atoms using time-dependent density functional tight-binding and density functional theory calculations. Our results show that Mg nanoclusters are able to produce highly energetic hot electrons with energies of up to 4 eV. By electronic structure analysis, we find that these hot electrons energetically align with electronic states of physisorbed molecular hydrogen, occupation of which by hot electrons can promote the hydrogen dissociation reaction. We also find that the reverse reaction, hydrogen evolution on metallic Mg, can potentially be promoted by hot electrons, but following a different mechanism. Thus, from a theoretical perspective, Mg nanoclusters display very promising behaviour for their use in light promoted storage and release of hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connor L Box
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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41
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Auerbach DJ, Tully JC, Wodtke AM. Chemical dynamics from the gas‐phase to surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ntls.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Auerbach
- Institut für physikalische Chemie Georg‐August Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Abteilung für Dynamik an Oberflächen Max‐Planck‐Institut für biophysikalische Chemie Göttingen Germany
| | - John C. Tully
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institut für physikalische Chemie Georg‐August Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Abteilung für Dynamik an Oberflächen Max‐Planck‐Institut für biophysikalische Chemie Göttingen Germany
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42
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Bünermann O, Kandratsenka A, Wodtke AM. Inelastic Scattering of H Atoms from Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3059-3076. [PMID: 33779163 PMCID: PMC8154602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an instrument that uses photolysis of hydrogen halides to produce nearly monoenergetic hydrogen atom beams and Rydberg atom tagging to obtain accurate angle-resolved time-of-flight distributions of atoms scattered from surfaces. The surfaces are prepared under strict ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Data from these experiments can provide excellent benchmarks for theory, from which it is possible to obtain an atomic scale understanding of the underlying dynamical processes governing H atom adsorption. In this way, the mechanism of adsorption on metals is revealed, showing a penetration-resurfacing mechanism that relies on electronic excitation of the metal by the H atom to succeed. Contrasting this, when H atoms collide at graphene surfaces, the dynamics of bond formation involving at least four carbon atoms govern adsorption. Future perspectives of H atom scattering from surfaces are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bünermann
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University
of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University
of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Kroes GJ. Computational approaches to dissociative chemisorption on metals: towards chemical accuracy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8962-9048. [PMID: 33885053 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the state-of-the-art in the theory of dissociative chemisorption (DC) of small gas phase molecules on metal surfaces, which is important to modeling heterogeneous catalysis for practical reasons, and for achieving an understanding of the wealth of experimental information that exists for this topic, for fundamental reasons. We first give a quick overview of the experimental state of the field. Turning to the theory, we address the challenge that barrier heights (Eb, which are not observables) for DC on metals cannot yet be calculated with chemical accuracy, although embedded correlated wave function theory and diffusion Monte-Carlo are moving in this direction. For benchmarking, at present chemically accurate Eb can only be derived from dynamics calculations based on a semi-empirically derived density functional (DF), by computing a sticking curve and demonstrating that it is shifted from the curve measured in a supersonic beam experiment by no more than 1 kcal mol-1. The approach capable of delivering this accuracy is called the specific reaction parameter (SRP) approach to density functional theory (DFT). SRP-DFT relies on DFT and on dynamics calculations, which are most efficiently performed if a potential energy surface (PES) is available. We therefore present a brief review of the DFs that now exist, also considering their performance on databases for Eb for gas phase reactions and DC on metals, and for adsorption to metals. We also consider expressions for SRP-DFs and briefly discuss other electronic structure methods that have addressed the interaction of molecules with metal surfaces. An overview is presented of dynamical models, which make a distinction as to whether or not, and which dissipative channels are modeled, the dissipative channels being surface phonons and electronically non-adiabatic channels such as electron-hole pair excitation. We also discuss the dynamical methods that have been used, such as the quasi-classical trajectory method and quantum dynamical methods like the time-dependent wave packet method and the reaction path Hamiltonian method. Limits on the accuracy of these methods are discussed for DC of diatomic and polyatomic molecules on metal surfaces, paying particular attention to reduced dimensionality approximations that still have to be invoked in wave packet calculations on polyatomic molecules like CH4. We also address the accuracy of fitting methods, such as recent machine learning methods (like neural network methods) and the corrugation reducing procedure. In discussing the calculation of observables we emphasize the importance of modeling the properties of the supersonic beams in simulating the sticking probability curves measured in the associated experiments. We show that chemically accurate barrier heights have now been extracted for DC in 11 molecule-metal surface systems, some of which form the most accurate core of the only existing database of Eb for DC reactions on metal surfaces (SBH10). The SRP-DFs (or candidate SRP-DFs) that have been derived show transferability in many cases, i.e., they have been shown also to yield chemically accurate Eb for chemically related systems. This can in principle be exploited in simulating rates of catalyzed reactions on nano-particles containing facets and edges, as SRP-DFs may be transferable among systems in which a molecule dissociates on low index and stepped surfaces of the same metal. In many instances SRP-DFs have allowed important conclusions regarding the mechanisms underlying observed experimental trends. An important recent observation is that SRP-DFT based on semi-local exchange DFs has so far only been successful for systems for which the difference of the metal work function and the molecule's electron affinity exceeds 7 eV. A main challenge to SRP-DFT is to extend its applicability to the other systems, which involve a range of important DC reactions of e.g. O2, H2O, NH3, CO2, and CH3OH. Recent calculations employing a PES based on a screened hybrid exchange functional suggest that the road to success may be based on using exchange functionals of this category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Kroes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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44
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Box C, Zhang Y, Yin R, Jiang B, Maurer RJ. Determining the Effect of Hot Electron Dissipation on Molecular Scattering Experiments at Metal Surfaces. JACS AU 2021; 1:164-173. [PMID: 34467282 PMCID: PMC8395621 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic effects that arise from the concerted motion of electrons and atoms at comparable energy and time scales are omnipresent in thermal and light-driven chemistry at metal surfaces. Excited (hot) electrons can measurably affect molecule-metal reactions by contributing to state-dependent reaction probabilities. Vibrational state-to-state scattering of NO on Au(111) has been one of the most studied examples in this regard, providing a testing ground for developing various nonadiabatic theories. This system is often cited as the prime example for the failure of electronic friction theory, a very efficient model accounting for dissipative forces on metal-adsorbed molecules due to the creation of hot electrons in the metal. However, the exact failings compared to experiment and their origin from theory are not established for any system because dynamic properties are affected by many compounding simulation errors of which the quality of nonadiabatic treatment is just one. We use a high-dimensional machine learning representation of electronic structure theory to minimize errors that arise from quantum chemistry. This allows us to perform a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the performance of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics in describing vibrational state-to-state scattering of NO on Au(111) and compare directly to adiabatic results. We find that electronic friction theory accurately predicts elastic and single-quantum energy loss but underestimates multiquantum energy loss and overestimates molecular trapping at high vibrational excitation. Our analysis reveals that multiquantum energy loss can potentially be remedied within friction theory whereas the overestimation of trapping constitutes a genuine breakdown of electronic friction theory. Addressing this overestimation for dynamic processes in catalysis and surface chemistry will likely require more sophisticated theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor
L. Box
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yaolong Zhang
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rongrong Yin
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Reinhard J. Maurer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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45
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Jin Z, Subotnik JE. Nonadiabatic Dynamics at Metal Surfaces: Fewest Switches Surface Hopping with Electronic Relaxation. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:614-626. [PMID: 33512137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new scheme is proposed for modeling molecular nonadiabatic dynamics near metal surfaces. The charge-transfer character of such dynamics is exploited to construct an efficient reduced representation for the electronic structure. In this representation, the fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) approach can be naturally modified to include electronic relaxation (ER). The resulting FSSH-ER method is valid across a wide range of coupling strengths as supported by tests applied to the Anderson-Holstein model for electron transfer. Future work will combine this scheme with ab initio electronic structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxin Jin
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
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46
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Bustamante CM, Todorov TN, Sánchez CG, Horsfield A, Scherlis DA. A simple approximation to the electron-phonon interaction in population dynamics. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234108. [PMID: 33353325 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The modeling of coupled electron-ion dynamics including a quantum description of the nuclear degrees of freedom has remained a costly and technically difficult practice. The kinetic model for electron-phonon interaction provides an efficient approach to this problem, for systems evolving with low amplitude fluctuations, in a quasi-stationary state. In this work, we propose an extension of the kinetic model to include the effect of coherences, which are absent in the original approach. The new scheme, referred to as Liouville-von Neumann + Kinetic Equation (or LvN + KE), is implemented here in the context of a tight-binding Hamiltonian and employed to model the broadening, caused by the nuclear vibrations, of the electronic absorption bands of an atomic wire. The results, which show close agreement with the predictions given by Fermi's golden rule (FGR), serve as a validation of the methodology. Thereafter, the method is applied to the electron-phonon interaction in transport simulations, adopting to this end the driven Liouville-von Neumann equation to model open quantum boundaries. In this case, the LvN + KE model qualitatively captures the Joule heating effect and Ohm's law. It, however, exhibits numerical discrepancies with respect to the results based on FGR, attributable to the fact that the quasi-stationary state is defined taking into consideration the eigenstates of the closed system rather than those of the open boundary system. The simplicity and numerical efficiency of this approach and its ability to capture the essential physics of the electron-phonon coupling make it an attractive route to first-principles electron-ion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Bustamante
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Tchavdar N Todorov
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Cristián G Sánchez
- Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Andrew Horsfield
- Department of Materials, Thomas Young Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Damian A Scherlis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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47
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Jiang B, Li J, Guo H. High-Fidelity Potential Energy Surfaces for Gas-Phase and Gas-Surface Scattering Processes from Machine Learning. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5120-5131. [PMID: 32517472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we review recent advances in constructing high-fidelity potential energy surfaces (PESs) from discrete ab initio points, using machine learning tools. Such PESs, albeit with substantial initial investments, provide significantly higher efficiency than direct dynamics methods and/or high accuracy at a level that is not affordable by on-the-fly approaches. These PESs not only are a necessity for quantum dynamical studies because of delocalization of wave packets but also enable the study of low-probability and long-time events in (quasi-)classical treatments. Our focus here is on inelastic and reactive scattering processes, which are more challenging than bound systems because of the involvement of continua. Relevant applications and developments for dynamical processes in both the gas phase and at gas-surface interfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Schwarz K, Sundararaman R. The electrochemical interface in first-principles calculations. SURFACE SCIENCE REPORTS 2020; 75:10.1016/j.surfrep.2020.100492. [PMID: 34194128 PMCID: PMC8240516 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfrep.2020.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
First-principles predictions play an important role in understanding chemistry at the electrochemical interface. Electronic structure calculations are straightforward for vacuum interfaces, but do not easily account for the interfacial fields and solvation that fundamentally change the nature of electrochemical reactions. Prevalent techniques for first-principles prediction of electrochemical processes range from expensive explicit solvation using ab initio molecular dynamics, through a hierarchy of continuum solvation techniques, to neglecting solvation and interfacial field effects entirely. Currently, no single approach reliably captures all relevant effects of the electrochemical double layer in first-principles calculations. This review systematically lays out the relation between all major approaches to first-principles electrochemistry, including the key approximations and their consequences for accuracy and computational cost. Focusing on ab initio methods for thermodynamic properties of aqueous interfaces, we first outline general considerations for modeling electrochemical interfaces, including solvent and electrolyte dynamics and electrification. We then present the specifics of various explicit and implicit models of the solvent and electrolyte. Finally, we discuss the compromise between computational efficiency and accuracy, and identify key outstanding challenges and future opportunities in the wide range of techniques for first-principles electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Schwarz
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Ravishankar Sundararaman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
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49
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Spiegelman F, Tarrat N, Cuny J, Dontot L, Posenitskiy E, Martí C, Simon A, Rapacioli M. Density-functional tight-binding: basic concepts and applications to molecules and clusters. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2020; 5:1710252. [PMID: 33154977 PMCID: PMC7116320 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2019.1710252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of this article is to present an overview of the Density Functional based Tight Binding (DFTB) method and its applications. The paper introduces the basics of DFTB and its standard formulation up to second order. It also addresses methodological developments such as third order expansion, inclusion of non-covalent interactions, schemes to solve the self-interaction error, implementation of long-range short-range separation, treatment of excited states via the time-dependent DFTB scheme, inclusion of DFTB in hybrid high-level/low level schemes (DFT/DFTB or DFTB/MM), fragment decomposition of large systems, large scale potential energy landscape exploration with molecular dynamics in ground or excited states, non-adiabatic dynamics. A number of applications are reviewed, focusing on -(i)- the variety of systems that have been studied such as small molecules, large molecules and biomolecules, bare orfunctionalized clusters, supported or embedded systems, and -(ii)- properties and processes, such as vibrational spectroscopy, collisions, fragmentation, thermodynamics or non-adiabatic dynamics. Finally outlines and perspectives are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Tarrat
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS, UPR8011, Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Leo Dontot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Evgeny Posenitskiy
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité LCAR/IRSAMC, UMR5589, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carles Martí
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR5182, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon and CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Aude Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS)and CNRS, Toulouse, France
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50
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Jin Z, Dou W, Subotnik JE. Configuration interaction approaches for solving quantum impurity models. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:064105. [PMID: 32061216 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop several configuration interaction approaches for characterizing the electronic structure of an adsorbate on a metal surface (at least in model form). When one can separate the adsorbate from the substrate, these methods can achieve a reasonable description of adsorbate on-site electron-electron correlation in the presence of a continuum of states. While the present paper is restricted to the Anderson impurity model, there is hope that these methods can be extended to ab initio Hamiltonians and provide insight into the structure and dynamics of molecule-metal surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Wenjie Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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