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Campagna MM, Hrubý J, van Dongen MEH, Smeulders DMJ. Homogeneous water nucleation in carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures: Experimental study on pressure and carrier gas effects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:154301. [PMID: 33887921 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
New homogeneous nucleation experiments are presented at 240 K for water in carrier gas mixtures of nitrogen with carbon dioxide molar fractions of 5%, 15%, and 25%. The pulse expansion wave tube is used to test three different pressure conditions, namely, 0.1, 1, and 2 MPa. In addition, a restricted series of nucleation experiments is presented for 25% carbon dioxide mixtures at temperatures of 234 and 236 K at 0.1 MPa. As pressure and carbon dioxide content are increased, the nucleation rate increases accordingly. This behavior is attributed to the reduction in the water surface tension by the adsorption of carrier gas molecules. The new data are compared with theoretical predictions based on the classical nucleation theory and on extrapolations of empirical surface tension data to the supercooled conditions at 240 K. The extrapolation is carried out on the basis of a theoretical adsorption/surface tension model, extended to multi-component mixtures. The theoretical model appears to strongly overestimate the pressure and composition dependence. At relatively low pressures of 0.1 MPa, a reduction in the nucleation rates is found due to an incomplete thermalization of colliding clusters and carrier gas molecules. The observed decrease in the nucleation rate is supported by the theoretical model of Barrett, generalized here for water in multi-component carrier gas mixtures. The temperature dependence of the nucleation rate at 0.1 MPa follows the scaling model proposed by Hale [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 204509 (2005)].
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Campagna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J Hrubý
- Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 5, CZ-182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M E H van Dongen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - D M J Smeulders
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Campagna MM, Hrubý J, van Dongen MEH, Smeulders DMJ. Homogeneous water nucleation: Experimental study on pressure and carrier gas effects. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:164303. [PMID: 33138427 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogeneous nucleation of water is investigated in argon and in nitrogen at about 240 K and 0.1 MPa, 1 MPa, and 2 MPa by means of a pulse expansion wave tube. The surface tension reduction at high pressure qualitatively explains the observed enhancement of the nucleation rate of water in argon as well as in nitrogen. The differences in nucleation rates for the two mixtures at high pressure are consistent with the differences in adsorption behavior of the different carrier gas molecules. At low pressure, there is not enough carrier gas available to ensure the growing clusters are adequately thermalized by collisions with carrier gas molecules so that the nucleation rate is lower than under isothermal conditions. This reduction depends on the carrier gas, pressure, and temperature. A qualitative agreement between experiments and theory is found for argon and nitrogen as carrier gases. As expected, the reduction in the nucleation rates is more pronounced at higher temperatures. For helium as the carrier gas, non-isothermal effects appear to be substantially stronger than predicted by theory. The critical cluster sizes are determined experimentally and theoretically according to the Gibbs-Thomson equation, showing a reasonable agreement as documented in the literature. Finally, we propose an empirical correction of the classical nucleation theory for the nucleation rate calculation. The empirical expression is in agreement with the experimental data for the analyzed mixtures (water-helium, water-argon, and water-nitrogen) and thermodynamic conditions (0.06 MPa-2 MPa and 220 K-260 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Campagna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J Hrubý
- Institute of Thermomechanics of the CAS, v. v. i. Dolejskova 5, CZ-182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M E H van Dongen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - D M J Smeulders
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Bruot N, Caupin F. Curvature Dependence of the Liquid-Vapor Surface Tension beyond the Tolman Approximation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:056102. [PMID: 26894721 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.056102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface tension is a macroscopic manifestation of the cohesion of matter, and its value σ_{∞} is readily measured for a flat liquid-vapor interface. For interfaces with a small radius of curvature R, the surface tension might differ from σ_{∞}. The Tolman equation, σ(R)=σ_{∞}/(1+2δ/R), with δ a constant length, is commonly used to describe nanoscale phenomena such as nucleation. Here we report experiments on nucleation of bubbles in ethanol and n-heptane, and their analysis in combination with their counterparts for the nucleation of droplets in supersaturated vapors, and with water data. We show that neither a constant surface tension nor the Tolman equation can consistently describe the data. We also investigate a model including 1/R and 1/R^{2} terms in σ(R). We describe a general procedure to obtain the coefficients of these terms from detailed nucleation experiments. This work explains the conflicting values obtained for the Tolman length in previous analyses, and suggests directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bruot
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut Universitaire de France, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Caupin
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut Universitaire de France, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Ferguson FT, Heist RH, Nuth JA. The influence of buoyant convection on the nucleation of n-propanol in thermal diffusion cloud chambers. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:204510. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3429618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Hrubý J, Labetski DG, van Dongen MEH. Gradient theory computation of the radius-dependent surface tension and nucleation rate for n-nonane clusters. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:164720. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2799515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yasuoka K, Zeng XC. Molecular dynamics of homogeneous nucleation in the vapor phase of Lennard-Jones. III. Effect of carrier gas pressure. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:124320. [PMID: 17411136 DOI: 10.1063/1.2712436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular dynamics simulation of vapor phase nucleation has been performed with 40,000 Lennard-Jones particles for the target gas and 0-160,000 particles for the carrier gas. Three carrier gas models are adopted, including a soft-core model, a Lennard-Jones model, and a modified Lennard-Jones model in which the attractive interaction can be adjusted. The effect of the carrier-gas pressure is assessed through computing and comparing the rate of nucleation and cluster size distribution. It is found that the effect of the carrier-gas pressure can be strongly dependent on the carrier-gas model. A positive effect (enhancement of the nucleation rate) is found with the soft-core potential model, whereas negligible effect is found with the Lennard-Jones potential model. For the modified Lennard-Jones potential with a weak attractive interaction, the carrier-gas effect is positive. However, the effect is negligible with a stronger attractive interaction between the target and carrier-gas particles. A reason for the negligible effect is that the carrier-gas particles are adsorbed on the cluster surface when the density of target and carrier-gas particles are comparable. When the density of carrier-gas particles are four times that of the target particles, the carrier-gas particles tend to mix with the target particles in the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yasuoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Kalikmanov VI, Labetski DG. Theory of anomalous critical-cluster content in high-pressure binary nucleation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:085701. [PMID: 17359111 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.085701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation experiments in binary (a-b) mixtures, when component a is supersaturated and b (carrier gas) is undersaturated, reveal that for some mixtures at high pressures the a content of the critical cluster dramatically decreases with pressure contrary to expectations based on classical nucleation theory. We show that this phenomenon is a manifestation of the dominant role of the unlike interactions at high pressures resulting in the negative partial molar volume of component a in the vapor phase beyond the compensation pressure. The analysis is based on the pressure nucleation theorem for multicomponent systems which is invariant to a nucleation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Kalikmanov
- Twister Supersonic Gas Solutions, Einsteinlaan 10, 2289 CC Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Hyvärinen AP, Brus D, Zdímal V, Smolík J, Kulmala M, Viisanen Y, Lihavainen H. The carrier gas pressure effect in a laminar flow diffusion chamber, homogeneous nucleation of n-butanol in helium. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:224304. [PMID: 16784271 DOI: 10.1063/1.2200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogeneous nucleation rate isotherms of n-butanol+helium were measured in a laminar flow diffusion chamber at total pressures ranging from 50 to 210 kPa to investigate the effect of carrier gas pressure on nucleation. Nucleation temperatures ranged from 265 to 280 K and the measured nucleation rates were between 10(2) and 10(6) cm(-3) s(-1). The measured nucleation rates decreased as a function of increasing pressure. The pressure effect was strongest at pressures below 100 kPa. This negative carrier gas effect was also temperature dependent. At nucleation temperature of 280 K and at the same saturation ratio, the maximum deviation between nucleation rates measured at 50 and 210 kPa was about three orders of magnitude. At nucleation temperature of 265 K, the effect was negligible. Qualitatively the results resemble those measured in a thermal diffusion cloud chamber. Also the slopes of the isothermal nucleation rates as a function of saturation ratio were different as a function of total pressure, 50 kPa isotherms yielded the steepest slopes, and 210 kPa isotherms the shallowest slopes. Several sources of inaccuracies were considered in the interpretation of the results: uncertainties in the transport properties, nonideal behavior of the vapor-carrier gas mixture, and shortcomings of the used mathematical model. Operation characteristics of the laminar flow diffusion chamber at both under-and over-pressure were determined to verify a correct and stable operation of the device. We conclude that a negative carrier gas pressure effect is seen in the laminar flow diffusion chamber and it cannot be totally explained with the aforementioned reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, P.O. Box 503, F1-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
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Brus D, Zdímal V, Stratmann F. Homogeneous nucleation rate measurements of 1-propanol in helium: The effect of carrier gas pressure. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:164306. [PMID: 16674134 DOI: 10.1063/1.2185634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetics of homogeneous nucleation in supersaturated vapor of 1-propanol was studied using an upward thermal diffusion cloud chamber. Helium was used as a noncondensable carrier gas and the influence of its pressure on observed nucleation rates was investigated. The isothermal nucleation rates were determined by a photographic method that is independent on any nucleation theory. In this method, the trajectories of growing droplets are recorded using a charge coupled device camera and the distribution of local nucleation rates is determined by image analysis. The nucleation rate measurements of 1-propanol were carried out at four isotherms 260, 270, 280, and 290 K. In addition, the pressure dependence was investigated on the isotherms 290 K (50, 120, and 180 kPa) and 280 K (50 and 120 kPa). The isotherm 270 K was measured at 25 kPa and the isotherm 260 K at 20 kPa. The experiments confirm the earlier observations from several thermal diffusion chamber investigations that the homogeneous nucleation rate of 1-propanol tends to increase with decreasing total pressure in the chamber. In order to reduce the possibility that the observed phenomenon is an experimental artifact, connected with the generally used one-dimensional description of transfer processes in the chamber, a recently developed two-dimensional model of coupled heat, mass, and momentum transfer inside the chamber was used and results of both models were compared. It can be concluded that the implementation of the two-dimensional model does not explain the observed effect. Furthermore the obtained results were compared both to the predictions of the classical theory and to the results of other investigators using different experimental devices. Plotting the experimental data on the so-called Hale plot shows that our data seem to be consistent both internally and also with the data of others. Using the nucleation theorem the critical cluster sizes were obtained from the slopes of the individual isotherms and compared with the Kelvin prediction. The influence of total pressure on the observed isothermal nucleation rate was studied in another experiment, where not only temperature but also supersaturation was kept constant as the total pressure was changed. It was shown that the dependence of the nucleation rate on pressure gets stronger as pressure decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brus
- Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Toxvaerd S. Droplet Formation in a Ternary-Fluid Mixture: Spontaneous Emulsion and Micelle Formation. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049112t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Toxvaerd
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Toxvaerd S. Molecular dynamics simulation of nucleation in the presence of a carrier gas. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1621855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Reguera D, Rubı́ JM. Homogeneous nucleation in inhomogeneous media. I. Nucleation in a temperature gradient. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1614776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chen B, Siepmann JI, Oh KJ, Klein ML. Simulating vapor–liquid nucleation of n-alkanes. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1445751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ferguson FT, Heist RH, Nuth JA. The effect of carrier gas pressure and wall heating on the operation of the thermal diffusion cloud chamber. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1409956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Stratmann F, Wilck M, Ždímal V, Smolík J. 2-D Model for the Description of Thermal Diffusion Cloud Chambers: Description and First Results. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011385q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Oh KJ, Zeng XC. Effect of carrier-gas pressure on barrier to nucleation: Monte Carlo simulation of water/nitrogen system. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1339222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yasuoka K, Gao GT, Zeng XC. Molecular dynamics simulation of supersaturated vapor nucleation in slit pore. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Anisimov MP, Nasibulin AG, Shandakov SD. Experimental detection of nucleation rate surface singularity. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Luijten CCM, Peeters P, van Dongen MEH. Nucleation at high pressure. II. Wave tube data and analysis. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Luijten CCM, van Dongen MEH. Nucleation at high pressure. I. Theoretical considerations. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kane D, Fisenko SP, Rusyniak M, El-Shall MS. The effect of carrier gas pressure on vapor phase nucleation experiments using a thermal diffusion cloud chamber. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ferguson FT, Nuth JA. The influence of buoyant convection on the operation of the upward thermal diffusion cloud nucleation chamber. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rudek MM, Katz JL, Vidensky IV, Ždı́mal V, Smolı́k J. Homogeneous nucleation rates of n-pentanol measured in an upward thermal diffusion cloud chamber. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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24
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Luijten CCM, Bosschaart KJ, van Dongen MEH. High pressure nucleation in water/nitrogen systems. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kane D, El‐Shall MS. Condensation of supersaturated vapors of hydrogen bonding molecules: Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, and glycerol. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rudek MM, Fisk JA, Chakarov VM, Katz JL. Condensation of a supersaturated vapor. XII. The homogeneous nucleation of the n‐alkanes. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fisk JA, Chakarov VM, Katz JL. Condensation of a supersaturated vapor. XI. Stable operation of a thermal diffusion cloud chamber. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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