1
|
Zhu Y, Peng J, Xu C, Lan Z. Unsupervised Machine Learning in the Analysis of Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:9601-9619. [PMID: 39270134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The all-atomic full-dimensional-level simulations of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) in large realistic systems has received high research interest in recent years. However, such NAMD simulations normally generate an enormous amount of time-dependent high-dimensional data, leading to a significant challenge in result analyses. Based on unsupervised machine learning (ML) methods, considerable efforts were devoted to developing novel and easy-to-use analysis tools for the identification of photoinduced reaction channels and the comprehensive understanding of complicated molecular motions in NAMD simulations. Here, we tried to survey recent advances in this field, particularly to focus on how to use unsupervised ML methods to analyze the trajectory-based NAMD simulation results. Our purpose is to offer a comprehensive discussion on several essential components of this analysis protocol, including the selection of ML methods, the construction of molecular descriptors, the establishment of analytical frameworks, their advantages and limitations, and persistent challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun K, Vasquez L, Borrelli R, Chen L, Zhao Y, Gelin MF. Interconnection between Polarization-Detected and Population-Detected Signals: Theoretical Results and Ab Initio Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:7560-7573. [PMID: 39185737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Most of spectroscopic signals are specified by the nonlinear laser-induced polarization. In recent years, population-detection of signals becomes a trend in femtosecond spectroscopy. Polarization-detected (PD) and population-detected signals are fundamentally different, because they are determined by photoinduced processes acting on disparate time scales. In this work, we consider the fluorescence-detected (FD) N-wave-mixing (NWM) signal as a representative example of population-detected signals, derive a rigorous expression for this signal, and discuss its approximate variants suitable for numerical simulations. This leads us to the definition of the phenomenological FD (PFD) signal, which contains as a special case all definitions of FD signals available in the literature. Then we formulate and prove the population-polarization equivalence (PPE) theorem, which states that PFD NWM signals produced by (possibly strong) laser pulses can be evaluated as conventional PD signals in which the effective polarization is determined by the PFD transition dipole moment operator. We use the PPE theorem for the construction of the ab initio protocol for the simulation of PFD 4WM signals. As an example, we calculate electronic two-dimensional (2D) PFD spectra of the gas-phase pyrazine and compare them with the corresponding PD 2D spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Luis Vasquez
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | | | | | - Yang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
S Mattos R, Mukherjee S, Barbatti M. Quantum Dynamics from Classical Trajectories. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 39235064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics plays an essential role in exploring the time evolution of molecular systems. Various methods have been developed for this study, with varying accuracy and computational cost. One very successful among them is trajectory surface hopping, which propagates nuclei as classical trajectories using forces from a quantum description of the electrons and incorporates nonadiabatic effects through stochastic state changes during each trajectory propagation. A statistical analysis of an ensemble of the independent trajectories recovers the simulated system's behavior. This approach can give good results, but it is known to overlook nuclear quantum effects, leading to inaccurate predictions. Here, we present quantum dynamics from classical trajectories (QDCT), a new protocol to recover the quantum wavepacket from the classical trajectories generated by surface hopping. In this first QDCT implementation, we apply it to recover results at the multiple spawning level from postprocessing surface hopping precomputed trajectories. With a series of examples, we demonstrate QDCT's potential to improve the accuracy of the dynamics, correct decoherence effects, and diagnose problems or increase confidence in surface hopping results. All that comes at virtually no computational cost since no new electronic calculation is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Mattos
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Saikat Mukherjee
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87100 Torun, Poland
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding Y, Greenman L, Rolles D. Surface hopping molecular dynamics simulation of ultrafast methyl iodide photodissociation mapped by Coulomb explosion imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:22423-22432. [PMID: 39140357 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
We present a highly efficient approach to directly and reliably simulate photodissociation followed by Coulomb explosion of methyl iodide. In order to achieve statistical reliability, more than 40 000 trajectories are calculated on accurate potential energy surfaces of both the neutral molecule and the doubly charged cation. Non-adiabatic effects during photodissociation are treated using a Landau-Zener surface hopping algorithm. The simulation is performed analogous to a recent pump-probe experiment using coincident ion momentum imaging [Ziaee et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2023, 25, 9999-10010]. At large pump-probe delays, the simulated delay-dependent kinetic energy release signals show overall good agreement with the experiment, with two major dissociation channels leading to I(2P3/2) and I*(2P1/2) products. At short pump-probe delays, the simulated kinetic energy release differs significantly from the values obtained by a purely Coulombic approximation or a one-dimensional description of the dicationic potential energy surfaces, and shows a clear bifurcation near 12 fs, owing to non-adiabatic transitions through a conical intersection. The proposed approach is particularly suitable and efficient in simulating processes that highly rely on statistics or for identifying rare reaction channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijue Ding
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Loren Greenman
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salazar E, Menger MFS, Faraji S. Ultrafast Photoinduced Dynamics in 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: A Comparison of Trajectory Surface Hopping Schemes†. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5796-5806. [PMID: 38949625 PMCID: PMC11270829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced nonadiabatic processes play a crucial role in a wide range of disciplines, from fundamental steps in biology to modern applications in advanced materials science. A theoretical understanding of these processes is highly desirable, and trajectory surface hopping (TSH) has proven to be a well-suited framework for a wide range of systems. In this work, we present a comprehensive comparison between two TSH algorithms, the conventional Tully's fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) scheme and the Landau-Zener surface hopping (LZSH), to study the photoinduced ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) to 1,3,5-hexatriene at the spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT) level of theory. Additionally, we compare our results with a literature study at the extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory method (XMS-CASPT2) level of theory. Our results show that the average population and lifetimes estimated with LZSH using SF-TDDFT are closer to the literature (using multireference methods) than those estimated with FSSH using SF-TDDFT. The latter speaks in favor of applying LZSH in combination with the SF-TDDFT method to study larger and more complex systems such as molecular photoswitches where the CHD molecule acts as a backbone. In addition, we present an implementation of Tully's FSSH algorithm as an extension to the PySurf software package.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edison
X. Salazar
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian F. S.
J. Menger
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretische
Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shu Y, Truhlar DG. Generalized Semiclassical Ehrenfest Method: A Route to Wave Function-Free Photochemistry and Nonadiabatic Dynamics with Only Potential Energies and Gradients. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4396-4426. [PMID: 38819014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We reconsider recent methods by which direct dynamics calculations of electronically nonadiabatic processes can be carried out while requiring only adiabatic potential energies and their gradients. We show that these methods can be understood in terms of a new generalization of the well-known semiclassical Ehrenfest method. This is convenient because it eliminates the need to evaluate electronic wave functions and their matrix elements along the mixed quantum-classical trajectories. The new approximations and procedures enabling this advance are the curvature-driven approximation to the time-derivative coupling, the generalized semiclassical Ehrenfest method, and a new gradient correction scheme called the time-derivative matrix (TDM) scheme. When spin-orbit coupling is present, one can carry out dynamics calculations in the fully adiabatic basis using potential energies and gradients calculated without spin-orbit coupling plus the spin-orbit coupling matrix elements. Even when spin-orbit coupling is neglected, the method is useful because it allows calculations by electronic structure methods for which nonadiabatic coupling vectors are unavailable. In order to place the new considerations in context, the article starts out with a review of background material on trajectory surface hopping, the semiclassical Ehrenfest scheme, and methods for incorporating decoherence. We consider both internal conversion and intersystem crossing. We also review several examples from our group of successful applications of the curvature-driven approximation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pios SV, Gelin MF, Ullah A, Dral PO, Chen L. Artificial-Intelligence-Enhanced On-the-Fly Simulation of Nonlinear Time-Resolved Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2325-2331. [PMID: 38386692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Time-resolved spectroscopy is an important tool for unraveling the minute details of structural changes in molecules of biological and technological significance. The nonlinear femtosecond signals detected for such systems must be interpreted, but it is a challenging task for which theoretical simulations are often indispensable. Accurate simulations of transient absorption or two-dimensional electronic spectra are, however, computationally very expensive, prohibiting the wider adoption of existing first-principles methods. Here, we report an artificial-intelligence-enhanced protocol to drastically reduce the computational cost of simulating nonlinear time-resolved electronic spectra, which makes such simulations affordable for polyatomic molecules of increasing size. The protocol is based on the doorway-window approach for the on-the-fly surface-hopping simulations. We show its applicability for the prototypical molecule of pyrazine for which it produces spectra with high precision with respect to ab initio reference while cutting the computational cost by at least 95% compared to pure first-principles simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian V Pios
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311100, People's Republic of China
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Arif Ullah
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Pavlo O Dral
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311100, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Janoš J, Slavíček P. What Controls the Quality of Photodynamical Simulations? Electronic Structure Versus Nonadiabatic Algorithm. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8273-8284. [PMID: 37939301 PMCID: PMC10688183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of nonadiabatic dynamics has matured over the last decade with a range of algorithms and electronic structure methods available at the moment. While the community currently focuses more on developing and benchmarking new nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms, the underlying electronic structure controls the outcome of nonadiabatic simulations. Yet, the electronic-structure sensitivity analysis is typically neglected. In this work, we present a sensitivity analysis of the nonadiabatic dynamics of cyclopropanone to electronic structure methods and nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms. In particular, we compare wave function-based CASSCF, FOMO-CASCI, MS- and XMS-CASPT2, density-functional REKS, and semiempirical MRCI-OM3 electronic structure methods with the Landau-Zener surface hopping, fewest switches surface hopping, and ab initio multiple spawning with informed stochastic selection algorithms. The results clearly demonstrate that the electronic structure choice significantly influences the accuracy of nonadiabatic dynamics for cyclopropanone even when the potential energy surfaces exhibit qualitative and quantitative similarities. Thus, selecting the electronic structure solely on the basis of the mapping of potential energy surfaces can be misleading. Conversely, we observe no discernible differences in the performance of the nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms across the various methods. Based on the above results, we discuss the present-day practice in computational photodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Janoš J, Vinklárek IS, Rakovský J, Mukhopadhyay DP, Curchod BFE, Fárník M, Slavíček P. On the Wavelength-Dependent Photochemistry of the Atmospheric Molecule CF 3COCl. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2275-2286. [PMID: 38026808 PMCID: PMC10658617 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The wavelength control of photochemistry usually results from ultrafast dynamics following the excitation of different electronic states. Here, we investigate the CF3COCl molecule, exhibiting wavelength-dependent photochemistry both via (i) depositing increasing internal energy into a single state and (ii) populating different electronic states. We reveal the mechanism behind the photon-energy dependence by combining nonadiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics techniques with the velocity map imaging experiment. We describe a consecutive mechanism of photodissociation where an immediate release of Cl taking place in an excited electronic state is followed by a slower ground-state dissociation of the CO fragment. The CO release is subject to an activation barrier and is controlled by excess internal energy via the excitation wavelength. Therefore, a selective release of CO along with Cl can be achieved. The mechanism is fully supported by both the measured kinetic energy distributions and anisotropies of the angular distributions. Interestingly, the kinetic energy of the released Cl atom is sensitively modified by accounting for spin-orbit coupling. Given the atmospheric importance of CF3COCl, we discuss the consequences of our findings for atmospheric photochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo S. Vinklárek
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Rakovský
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Deb Pratim Mukhopadhyay
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Basile F. E. Curchod
- Centre
for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Michal Fárník
- Department
of Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters, J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech
Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Menger MFSJ, Ou Q, Shao Y, Faraji S, Subotnik JE, Cofer-Shabica DV. Nature of Hops, Coordinates, and Detailed Balance for Nonadiabatic Simulations in the Condensed Phase. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8427-8436. [PMID: 37782887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced processes play a crucial role in a multitude of important molecular phenomena. Accurately modeling these processes in an environment other than a vacuum requires a detailed description of the electronic states involved as well as how energy flows are coupled to the surroundings. Nonadiabatic effects must also be included in order to describe the exchange of energy between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom correctly. In this work, we revisit the ring-opening reaction 1,3-cylohexadiene (CHD) in a solvent environment. Using our newly developed Interface for Non-Adiabatic Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics in Solvent (INAQS) we trace the evolution of the reaction via hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) surface hopping with a focus on the solvent's participation in the nonadiabatic relaxation process and the long-time approach to equilibrium. We explicitly include the MM solvent contribution to the nonadiabatic coupling vector─enabling an accurate approach to equilibrium at long times─and find that in highly multidimensional systems gradients can have little or nothing to do with the nonadiabatic couplings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian F S J Menger
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, University Heidelberg, INF 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Ou
- AI for Science Institute, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| | - D Vale Cofer-Shabica
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34 Street, Cret Wing 141D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhan S, Gelin MF, Huang X, Sun K. Ab initio simulation of peak evolutions and beating maps for electronic two-dimensional signals of a polyatomic chromophore. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2890773. [PMID: 37191214 DOI: 10.1063/5.0150387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
By employing the doorway-window (DW) on-the-fly simulation protocol, we performed ab initio simulations of peak evolutions and beating maps of electronic two-dimensional (2D) spectra of a polyatomic molecule in the gas phase. As the system under study, we chose pyrazine, which is a paradigmatic example of photodynamics dominated by conical intersections (CIs). From the technical perspective, we demonstrate that the DW protocol is a numerically efficient methodology suitable for simulations of 2D spectra for a wide range of excitation/detection frequencies and population times. From the information content perspective, we show that peak evolutions and beating maps not only reveal timescales of transitions through CIs but also pinpoint the most relevant coupling and tuning modes active at these CIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zhan
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Kewei Sun
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toldo JM, do Casal MT, Ventura E, do Monte SA, Barbatti M. Surface hopping modeling of charge and energy transfer in active environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8293-8316. [PMID: 36916738 PMCID: PMC10034598 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
An active environment is any atomic or molecular system changing a chromophore's nonadiabatic dynamics compared to the isolated molecule. The action of the environment on the chromophore occurs by changing the potential energy landscape and triggering new energy and charge flows unavailable in the vacuum. Surface hopping is a mixed quantum-classical approach whose extreme flexibility has made it the primary platform for implementing novel methodologies to investigate the nonadiabatic dynamics of a chromophore in active environments. This Perspective paper surveys the latest developments in the field, focusing on charge and energy transfer processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizete Ventura
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Silmar A do Monte
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao X, Shu Y, Zhang L, Xu X, Truhlar DG. Direct Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Ammonia with Curvature-Driven Coherent Switching with Decay of Mixing and with Fewest Switches with Time Uncertainty: An Illustration of Population Leaking in Trajectory Surface Hopping Due to Frustrated Hops. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1672-1685. [PMID: 36877830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical nonadiabatic dynamics is a widely used approach to simulate molecular dynamics involving multiple electronic states. There are two main categories of mixed quantum-classical nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms, namely, trajectory surface hopping (TSH) in which the trajectory propagates on a single potential energy surface, interrupted by hops, and self-consistent-potential (SCP) methods, such as semiclassical Ehrenfest, in which propagation occurs on a mean-field surface without hops. In this work, we will illustrate an example of severe population leaking in TSH. We emphasize that such leaking is a combined effect of frustrated hops and long-time simulations that drive the final excited-state population toward zero as a function of time. We further show that such leaking can be alleviated-but not eliminated-by the fewest switches with time uncertainty TSH algorithm (here implemented in the SHARC program); the time uncertainty algorithm slows down the leaking process by a factor of 4.1. The population leaking is not present in coherent switching with decay of mixing (CSDM), which is an SCP method with non-Markovian decoherence included. Another result in this paper is that we find very similar results with the original CSDM algorithm, with time-derivative CSDM (tCSDM), and with curvature-driven CSDM (κCSDM). Not only do we find good agreement for electronically nonadiabatic transition probabilities but also we find good agreement of the norms of the effective nonadiabatic couplings (NACs) that are derived from the curvature-driven time-derivative couplings as implemented in κCSDM with the time-dependent norms of the nonadiabatic coupling vectors computed by state-averaged complete-active-space self-consistent field theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhao
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.,School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Linyao Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Xuefei Xu
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boeije Y, Olivucci M. From a one-mode to a multi-mode understanding of conical intersection mediated ultrafast organic photochemical reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2643-2687. [PMID: 36970950 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how ultrafast organic photochemical reactions are controlled by conical intersections, highlighting that decay to the ground-state at multiple points of the intersection space results in their multi-mode character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yorrick Boeije
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Chemistry Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro n. 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gelin MF, Chen L, Domcke W. Equation-of-Motion Methods for the Calculation of Femtosecond Time-Resolved 4-Wave-Mixing and N-Wave-Mixing Signals. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17339-17396. [PMID: 36278801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond nonlinear spectroscopy is the main tool for the time-resolved detection of photophysical and photochemical processes. Since most systems of chemical interest are rather complex, theoretical support is indispensable for the extraction of the intrinsic system dynamics from the detected spectroscopic responses. There exist two alternative theoretical formalisms for the calculation of spectroscopic signals, the nonlinear response-function (NRF) approach and the spectroscopic equation-of-motion (EOM) approach. In the NRF formalism, the system-field interaction is assumed to be sufficiently weak and is treated in lowest-order perturbation theory for each laser pulse interacting with the sample. The conceptual alternative to the NRF method is the extraction of the spectroscopic signals from the solutions of quantum mechanical, semiclassical, or quasiclassical EOMs which govern the time evolution of the material system interacting with the radiation field of the laser pulses. The NRF formalism and its applications to a broad range of material systems and spectroscopic signals have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature. This article provides a detailed review of the suite of EOM methods, including applications to 4-wave-mixing and N-wave-mixing signals detected with weak or strong fields. Under certain circumstances, the spectroscopic EOM methods may be more efficient than the NRF method for the computation of various nonlinear spectroscopic signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching,Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Different timescales during ultrafast stilbene isomerization in the gas and liquid phases revealed using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1126-1132. [PMID: 35953643 PMCID: PMC7613649 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Directly contrasting ultrafast excited-state dynamics in the gas and liquid phases is crucial to understanding the influence of complex environments. Previous studies have often relied on different spectroscopic observables, rendering direct comparisons challenging. Here, we apply extreme-ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy to both gaseous and liquid cis-stilbene, revealing the coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics that underlie its isomerization. Our measurements track the excited-state wave packets from excitation along the complete reaction path to the final products. We observe coherent excited-state vibrational dynamics in both phases of matter that persist to the final products, enabling the characterization of the branching space of the S1-S0 conical intersection. We observe a systematic lengthening of the relaxation timescales in the liquid phase and a red shift of the measured excited-state frequencies that is most pronounced for the complex reaction coordinate. These results characterize in detail the influence of the liquid environment on both electronic and structural dynamics during a complete photochemical transformation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang X, Domcke W. Ab initio trajectory surface-hopping dynamics studies of excited-state proton-coupled electron transfer reactions in trianisoleheptazine-phenol complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15925-15936. [PMID: 35726762 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01262f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The excited-state proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reaction in hydrogen-bonded complexes of trianisoleheptazine (TAHz), a chromophore related to polymeric carbon nitrides widely used in hydrogen-evolution photocatalysis, with several phenol derivatives were recently studied by Schlenker and coworkers with time-resolved photoluminescence quenching and pump-probe experiments. A pronounced dependence of the PCET reactivity on the electron-donating/electron-withdrawing character of the substituents on phenol was found, with indications of a barrierless or nearly barrierless PCET reaction for the most strongly electron-donating substituent, methoxy. In the present work, the excited-state PCET dynamics was explored with first-principles nonadiabatic dynamics simulations using the TDDFT/ωB97X-D electronic-structure model for two selected complexes, TAHz-phenol and TAHz-methoxyphenol. The qualitative reliability of the TDDFT/ωB97X-D electronic-structure model was assessed by extensive benchmarking of excitation energies and potential-energy profiles against a wave-function-based ab initio method, the algebraic-diagrammatic construction of second order (ADC(2)). The nonadiabatic dynamics simulations provide temporally and structurally resolved insights into paradigmatic PCET reactions in TAHz-phenol complexes. The radiationless relaxation of the photoexcited bright 1ππ* state to the long-lived dark S1 state of TAHz occurs in less than 100 fs. The ensuing PCET reaction on the adiabatic S1 surface is faster in TAHz-methoxyphenol complexes than in TAHz-phenol complexes due to a lower H-atom-transfer barrier, as observed in the experiments. The relaxation of the complexes to the electronic ground state is found to occur exclusively via PCET within the 250 fs time window covered by the present simulations, confirming the essential role of the hydrogen bond for the fluorescence quenching process. The absolute values of the computed PCET time constants are significantly shorter than those extracted from time-resolved photoluminescence measurements for mixtures of TAHz with phenolic substrates in toluene. The possible origins of this discrepancy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Suchan J, Kolafa J, Slavíček P. Electron-induced fragmentation of water droplets: Simulation study. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:144303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of free electrons in a water environment is still poorly understood. We show that additional insight can be brought about by investigating fragmentation patterns of finite-size particles upon electron impact ionization. We have developed a composite protocol aiming to simulate fragmentation of water clusters by electrons with kinetic energies in the range of up to 100 eV. The ionization events for atomistically described molecular clusters are identified by a kinetic Monte Carlo procedure. We subsequently model the fragmentation with classical molecular dynamics simulations, calibrated by non-adiabatic quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations of the ionization process. We consider one-electron ionizations, energy transfer via electronic excitation events, elastic scattering, and also the autoionization events through intermolecular Coulombic decay. The simulations reveal that larger water clusters are often ionized repeatedly, which is the cause of substantial fragmentation. After losing most of its energy, low-energy electrons further contribute to fragmentation by electronic excitations. The simultaneous measurement of cluster size distribution before and after the ionization represents a sensitive measure of the energy transferred into the system by an incident electron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Suchan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kolafa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma XR, Zhang J, Xiong YC, Zhou W. Revising the performance of the Landau–Zener surface hopping on some typical one-dimensional nonadiabatic models. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2051761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rui Ma
- Department of Material Physics, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Technology, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Material Physics, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Technology, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Chen Xiong
- Department of Material Physics, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Technology, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanghuai Zhou
- Department of Material Physics, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Technology, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
T. do Casal M, Toldo JM, Pinheiro Jr M, Barbatti M. Fewest switches surface hopping with Baeck-An couplings. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:49. [PMID: 37645211 PMCID: PMC10446015 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13624.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In the Baeck-An (BA) approximation, first-order nonadiabatic coupling vectors are given in terms of adiabatic energy gaps and the second derivative of the gaps with respect to the coupling coordinate. In this paper, a time-dependent (TD) BA approximation is derived, where the couplings are computed from the energy gaps and their second time-derivatives. TD-BA couplings can be directly used in fewest switches surface hopping, enabling nonadiabatic dynamics with any electronic structure methods able to provide excitation energies and energy gradients. Test results of surface hopping with TD-BA couplings for ethylene and fulvene show that the TD-BA approximation delivers a qualitatively correct picture of the dynamics and a semiquantitative agreement with reference data computed with exact couplings. Nevertheless, TD-BA does not perform well in situations conjugating strong couplings and small velocities. Considered the uncertainties in the method, TD-BA couplings could be a competitive approach for inexpensive, exploratory dynamics with a small trajectories ensemble. We also assessed the potential use of TD-BA couplings for surface hopping dynamics with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), but the results are not encouraging due to singlet instabilities near the crossing seam with the ground state.
Collapse
|
21
|
T. do Casal M, Toldo JM, Pinheiro Jr M, Barbatti M. Fewest switches surface hopping with Baeck-An couplings. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:49. [PMID: 37645211 PMCID: PMC10446015 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13624.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In the Baeck-An (BA) approximation, first-order nonadiabatic coupling vectors are given in terms of adiabatic energy gaps and the second derivative of the gaps with respect to the coupling coordinate. In this paper, a time-dependent (TD) BA approximation is derived, where the couplings are computed from the energy gaps and their second time-derivatives. TD-BA couplings can be directly used in fewest switches surface hopping, enabling nonadiabatic dynamics with any electronic structure methods able to provide excitation energies and energy gradients. Test results of surface hopping with TD-BA couplings for ethylene and fulvene show that the TD-BA approximation delivers a qualitatively correct picture of the dynamics and a semiquantitative agreement with reference data computed with exact couplings. Nevertheless, TD-BA does not perform well in situations conjugating strong couplings and small velocities. Considered the uncertainties in the method, TD-BA couplings could be a competitive approach for inexpensive, exploratory dynamics with a small trajectories ensemble. We also assessed the potential use of TD-BA couplings for surface hopping dynamics with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), but the results are not encouraging due to singlet instabilities near the crossing seam with the ground state.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sweeny BC, Long BA, Viggiano AA, Ard SG, Shuman NS. Effect of Intersystem Crossings on the Kinetics of Thermal Ion-Molecule Reactions: Ti + + O 2, CO 2, and N 2O. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:859-869. [PMID: 35107288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A selected-ion flow tube apparatus has been used to measure rate constants and product branching fractions of 2Ti+ reacting with O2, CO2, and N2O over the range of 200-600 K. Ti+ + O2 proceeds at near the Langevin capture rate constant of 6-7 × 10-10 cm3 s-1 at all temperatures to yield 4TiO+ + O. Reactions initiated on doublet or quartet surfaces are formally spin-allowed; however, the 50% of reactions initiated on sextet surfaces must undergo an intersystem crossing (ISC). Statistical theory is used to calculate the energy and angular momentum dependences of the specific rate constants for the competing isomerization and dissociation channels. This acts as an internal clock on the lifetime to ISC, setting an upper limit on the order of τISC < 1e-11 s. 2Ti+ + CO2 produces 4TiO+ + CO less efficiently, with a rate constant fit as 5.5 ± 1.3 × 10-11 (T/300)-1.1 ± 0.2 cm3 s-1. The reaction is formally spin-prohibited, and statistical modeling shows that ISC, not a submerged transition state, is rate-limiting, occurring with a lifetime on the order of 10-7 s. Ti+ + N2O proceeds at near the capture rate constant. In this case, both Ti+ON2 and Ti+N2O entrance channel complexes are formed and can interconvert over a barrier. The main product is >90% TiO+ + N2, and the remainder is TiN+ + NO. Both channels need to undergo ISC to form ground-state products but TiO+ can be formed in an excited state exothermically. Therefore, kinetic information is obtained only for the TiN+ channel, where ISC occurs with a lifetime on the order of 10-9 s. Statistical modeling indicates that the dipole-preferred Ti+ON2 complex is formed in ∼80% of collisions, and this value is reproduced using a capture model based on the generic ion-dipole + quadrupole long-range potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan C Sweeny
- Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Bryan A Long
- NRC Postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Poštulka J, Slavíček P, Pysanenko A, Poterya V, Fárník M. Bimolecular reactions on sticky and slippery clusters: Electron-induced reactions of hydrogen peroxide. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:054306. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0079283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Poštulka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoriya Poterya
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang X, Xie W, Došlić N, Gelin MF, Domcke W. Ab Initio Quasiclassical Simulation of Femtosecond Time-Resolved Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectra of Pyrazine. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11736-11744. [PMID: 34851116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy is a powerful nonlinear technique which provides spectroscopic information on two frequency axes as well as dynamical information as a function of the so-called waiting time. Herein, an ab initio theoretical framework for the simulation of electronic 2D spectra has been developed. The method is based on the classical approximation to the doorway-window representation of three-pulse photon-echo signals and the description of nuclear motion by classical trajectories. Nonadiabatic effects are taken into account by a trajectory surface-hopping algorithm. 2D electronic spectra were simulated with ab initio on-the-fly trajectory calculations using the ADC(2) electronic-structure method for the pyrazine molecule, which is a benchmark system for ultrafast radiationless decay through conical intersections. It is demonstrated that 2D spectroscopy with subfemtosecond UV pulses can provide unprecedented detailed information on the ultrafast photodynamics of polyatomic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Nađa Došlić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruder Boscovic Institute, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, D-85747, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang X, Domcke W. Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Surface-Hopping Trajectory Simulations of Photocatalytic Water Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution with the Heptazine Chromophore. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9917-9931. [PMID: 34748705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, polymeric carbon nitrides consisting of heptazine (Hz) building blocks emerged as highly promising materials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water or sacrificial electron donors with near-ultraviolet light. However, the complexity of these materials and their poor characterization at the atomic level are detrimental to the unraveling of the detailed mechanisms of the reactions leading to hydrogen evolution. Recently, it has been shown that a derivative of the Hz molecule, trianisole-heptazine (TAHz), is a potent photobase, which readily oxidizes various derivatives of phenol and even water by an excited-state proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reaction. Energy profiles along minimum-energy reaction paths and relaxed PCET potential-energy surfaces, which previously were computed with ab initio electronic-structure methods for complexes of Hz and TAHz with protic substrates, led to qualitative insights. To obtain more quantitative insight, reaction dynamics simulations are required. In the present work, the time scales of the electron and proton transfer processes and the branching ratios of competing channels were explored with ab initio on-the-fly quasiclassical surface-hopping trajectory simulations for the hydrogen-bonded Hz-H2O complex. By the analysis of representative trajectories, detailed insight into the interplay of various nonadiabatic electronic transitions, electron transfer, proton transfer, and vibrational energy relaxation is obtained. The HzH radicals which are formed by the photoreduction of Hz can disproportionate to Hz and HzH2 in an exothermic reaction with a low reaction barrier. The time scales and branching ratios of competing channels in H-atom photodetachment from the HzH2 molecule also were explored with ab initio surface-hopping simulations. These results delineate for the first time a quantitatively supported scenario of water oxidation and hydrogen evolution with a molecular carbon nitride photocatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85747, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss coupled-trajectory schemes for molecular-dynamics simulations of excited-state processes. New coupled-trajectory strategies to capture decoherence effects, revival of coherence and nonadiabatic interferences in long-time dynamics are proposed, and compared to independent-trajectory schemes. The working framework is provided by the exact factorization of the electron-nuclear wave function, and it exploits ideas emanating from various surface-hopping schemes. The new coupled-trajectory algorithms are tested on a one-dimensional two-state system using different model parameters which allow one to induce different dynamics. The benchmark is provided by the numerically exact solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pieroni
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Agostini
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Morrow Z, Kwon HY, Kelley CT, Jakubikova E. Reduced-dimensional surface hopping with offline-online computations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19547-19557. [PMID: 34524324 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations often classically evolve the nuclear geometry on adiabatic potential energy surfaces (PESs), punctuated by random hops between energy levels in regions of strong coupling, in an algorithm known as surface hopping. However, the computational expense of integrating the geometry on a full-dimensional PES and computing the required couplings can quickly become prohibitive as the number of atoms increases. In this work, we describe a method for surface hopping that uses only important reaction coordinates, performs all expensive evaluations of the true PESs and couplings only once before simulating dynamics (offline), and then queries the stored values during the surface hopping simulation (online). Our Python codes are freely available on GitHub. Using photodissociation of azomethane as a test case, this method is able to reproduce experimental results that have thus far eluded ab initio surface hopping studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Morrow
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Box 8205, Raleigh, NC 27695-8205, USA.
| | - Hyuk-Yong Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Box 8204, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - C T Kelley
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Box 8205, Raleigh, NC 27695-8205, USA.
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Box 8204, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jankowska J, Sobolewski AL. Modern Theoretical Approaches to Modeling the Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175140. [PMID: 34500574 PMCID: PMC8434569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) phenomenon is nowadays widely acknowledged to play a crucial role in many photobiological and photochemical processes. It is an extremely fast transformation, often taking place at sub-100 fs timescales. While its experimental characterization can be highly challenging, a rich manifold of theoretical approaches at different levels is nowadays available to support and guide experimental investigations. In this perspective, we summarize the state-of-the-art quantum-chemical methods, as well as molecular- and quantum-dynamics tools successfully applied in ESIPT process studies, focusing on a critical comparison of their specific properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jankowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Geppert P, Althön M, Fichtner D, Ott H. Diffusive-like redistribution in state-changing collisions between Rydberg atoms and ground state atoms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3900. [PMID: 34162846 PMCID: PMC8222215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the dynamics of inelastic and reactive collisions on the quantum level is a fundamental goal in quantum chemistry. Such collisions are of particular importance in connection with Rydberg atoms in dense environments since they may considerably influence both the lifetime and the quantum state of the scattered Rydberg atoms. Here, we report on the study of state-changing collisions between Rydberg atoms and ground state atoms. We employ high-resolution momentum spectroscopy to identify the final states. In contrast to previous studies, we find that the outcome of such collisions is not limited to a single hydrogenic manifold. We observe a redistribution of population over a wide range of final states. We also find that even the decay to states with the same angular momentum quantum number as the initial state, but different principal quantum number is possible. We model the underlying physical process in the framework of a short-lived Rydberg quasi-molecular complex, where a charge exchange process gives rise to an oscillating electric field that causes transitions within the Rydberg manifold. The distribution of final states shows a diffusive-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Geppert
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Max Althön
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Fichtner
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Herwig Ott
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hu D, Xie Y, Peng J, Lan Z. On-the-Fly Symmetrical Quasi-Classical Dynamics with Meyer-Miller Mapping Hamiltonian for the Treatment of Nonadiabatic Dynamics at Conical Intersections. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3267-3279. [PMID: 34028268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The on-the-fly version of the symmetrical quasi-classical dynamics method based on the Meyer-Miller mapping Hamiltonian (SQC/MM) is implemented to study the nonadiabatic dynamics at conical intersections of polyatomic systems. The current on-the-fly implementation of the SQC/MM method is based on the adiabatic representation and the dressed momentum. To include the zero-point energy (ZPE) correction of the electronic mapping variables, we employ both the γ-adjusted and γ-fixed approaches. Nonadiabatic dynamics of the methaniminium cation (CH2NH2+) and azomethane are simulated using the on-the-fly SQC/MM method. For CH2NH2+, both ZPE correction approaches give reasonable and consistent results. However, for azomethane, the γ-adjusted version of the SQC/MM dynamics behaves much better than the γ-fixed version. Further analysis indicates that it is always recommended to use the γ-adjusted SQC/MM dynamics in the on-the-fly simulation of photoinduced dynamics of polyatomic systems, particularly when the excited state is well separated from the ground state in the Franck-Condon region. This work indicates that the on-the-fly SQC/MM method is a powerful simulation protocol to deal with the nonadiabatic dynamics of realistic polyatomic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deping Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiawei Peng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Barbatti M. Velocity Adjustment in Surface Hopping: Ethylene as a Case Study of the Maximum Error Caused by Direction Choice. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3010-3018. [PMID: 33844922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The most common surface hopping dynamics algorithms require velocity adjustment after hopping to ensure total-energy conservation. Based on the semiclassical analysis, this adjustment must be made parallel to the nonadiabatic coupling vector's direction. Nevertheless, this direction is not always known, and the common practice has been to adjust the velocity in either the linear momentum or velocity directions. This paper benchmarks surface hopping dynamics of photoexcited ethylene with velocity adjustment in several directions, including those of the nonadiabatic coupling vector, the momentum, and the energy gradient difference. It is shown that differences in time constants and structural evolution fall within the statistical uncertainty of the method considering up to 500 trajectories in each dynamics set, rendering the three approaches statistically equivalent. For larger ensembles beyond 1000 trajectories, significant differences between the results arise, limiting the validity of adjustment in alternative directions. Other possible adjustment directions (velocity, single-state gradients, angular momentum) are evaluated as well. Given the small size of ethylene, the results reported in this paper should be considered an upper limit for the error caused by the choice of the velocity-adjustment direction on surface hopping dynamics.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gelin MF, Huang X, Xie W, Chen L, Došlić NA, Domcke W. Ab Initio Surface-Hopping Simulation of Femtosecond Transient-Absorption Pump-Probe Signals of Nonadiabatic Excited-State Dynamics Using the Doorway-Window Representation. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2394-2408. [PMID: 33755464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An ab initio theoretical framework for the simulation of femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption (TA) pump-probe (PP) spectra with quasi-classical trajectories is presented. The simulations are based on the classical approximation to the doorway-window (DW) representation of third-order four-wave-mixing signals. The DW formula accounts for the finite duration and spectral shape of the pump and probe pulses. In the classical DW formalism, classical trajectories are stochastically sampled from a positive definite doorway distribution, and the signals are evaluated by averaging over a positive definite window distribution. Nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics is described by a stochastic surface-hopping algorithm. The method has been implemented for the pyrazine molecule with the second-order algebraic-diagrammatic construction (ADC(2)) ab initio electronic-structure method. The methodology is illustrated by ab initio simulations of the ground-state bleach, stimulated emission, and excited-state absorption contributions to the TA PP spectrum of gas-phase pyrazine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim F Gelin
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nad A Došlić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruder Boscovic Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vinklárek IS, Suchan J, Rakovský J, Moriová K, Poterya V, Slavíček P, Fárník M. Energy partitioning and spin-orbit effects in the photodissociation of higher chloroalkanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14340-14351. [PMID: 34169306 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01371h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the photodissociation dynamics of the C-Cl bond in chloroalkanes CH3Cl, n-C3H7Cl, i-C3H7Cl, n-C5H11Cl, combining velocity map imaging (VMI) experiment and direct ab initio dynamical simulations. The Cl fragment kinetic energy distributions (KEDs) from the VMI experiment exhibit a single peak with maximum close to 0.8 eV, irrespective of the alkyl chain length and C-Cl bond position. In contrary to CH3Cl, where less than 10% of the available energy is deposited into the internal excitation of the CH3 fragment, for all higher chloroalkanes around 40% to 60% of the available energy goes into the alkyl fragment excitation. We apply the classical hard spheres and spectator model to explain the energy partitioning, and compare the classical approach with direct ab initio dynamics simulations. The alkyl chain appears to be a soft, energy absorbing unit. We further investigate the role of the spin-orbit effects on the excitation and dynamics. Combining our experimental data with theory allows us to derive the probability of the direct absorption into the triplet electronic state as well as the probabilities for intersystem crossing. The results indicate an increasing direct absorption into the triplet state with increasing alkyl chain length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S Vinklárek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Suchan
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Rakovský
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamila Moriová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktoriya Poterya
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Slavíček
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Janoš J, Madea D, Mahvidi S, Mujawar T, Švenda J, Suchan J, Slavíček P, Klán P. Conformational Control of the Photodynamics of a Bilirubin Dipyrrinone Subunit: Femtosecond Spectroscopy Combined with Nonadiabatic Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10457-10471. [PMID: 33283519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The photochemistry of bilirubin has been extensively studied due to its importance in the phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemia. In the present work, we investigated the ultrafast photodynamics of a bilirubin dipyrrinone subunit, vinylneoxanthobilirubic acid methyl ester. The photoisomerization and photocyclization reactions of its (E) and (Z) isomers were studied using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and by multireference electronic structure theory, where the nonadiabatic dynamics was modeled with a Landau-Zener surface hopping technique. The following picture has emerged from the combined theoretical and experimental approach. Upon excitation, dipyrrinone undergoes a very fast vibrational relaxation, followed by an internal conversion on a picosecond time scale. The internal conversion leads either to photoisomerization or regeneration of the starting material. Further relaxation dynamics on the order of tens of picoseconds was observed in the ground state. The nonadiabatic simulations revealed a strong conformational control of the photodynamics. The ultrafast formation of a cyclic photochemical product from a less-populated conformer of the studied subunit was predicted by our calculations. We discuss the relevance of the present finding for the photochemistry of native bilirubin. The work has also pointed to the limits of semiclassical nonadiabatic simulations for simulating longer photochemical processes, probably due to the zero-point leakage issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Madea
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sadegh Mahvidi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Taufiqueahmed Mujawar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Švenda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Suchan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Farfan CA, Turner DB. A systematic model study quantifying how conical intersection topography modulates photochemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20265-20283. [PMID: 32966428 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite their important role in photochemistry and expected presence in most polyatomic molecules, conical intersections have been thoroughly characterized in a comparatively small number of systems. Conical intersections can confer molecular photoreactivity or photostability, often with remarkable efficacy, due to their unique structure: at a conical intersection, the adiabatic potential energy surfaces of two or more electronic states are degenerate, enabling ultrafast decay from an excited state without radiative emission, known as nonadiabatic transfer. Furthermore, the precise conical intersection topography determines fundamental properties of photochemical processes, including excited-state decay rate, efficacy, and molecular products that are formed. However, these relationships have yet to be defined comprehensively. In this article, we use an adaptable computational model to investigate a variety of conical intersection topographies, simulate resulting nonadiabatic dynamics, and calculate key photochemical observables. We varied the vibrational mode frequencies to modify conical intersection topography systematically in four primary classes of conical intersections and quantified the resulting rate, total yield, and product yield of nonadiabatic decay. The results reveal that higher vibrational mode frequencies reduce nonadiabatic transfer, but increase the transfer rate and resulting photoproduct formation. These trends can inform progress toward experimental control of photochemical reactions or tuning of molecules' photochemical properties based on conical intersections and their topography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Farfan
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Suchan J, Janoš J, Slavíček P. Pragmatic Approach to Photodynamics: Mixed Landau–Zener Surface Hopping with Intersystem Crossing. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5809-5820. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Suchan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janoš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu Q, Zhou L, Schatz GC, Zhang Y, Guo H. Mechanistic Insights into Photocatalyzed H2 Dissociation on Au Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13090-13101. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Linsen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Koner D, Bemish RJ, Meuwly M. Dynamics on Multiple Potential Energy Surfaces: Quantitative Studies of Elementary Processes Relevant to Hypersonics. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6255-6269. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Koner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond J. Bemish
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pysanenko A, Gámez F, Fárník M, Chalabala J, Slavíček P. Photochemistry of Amylene Double Bond in Clusters on Free Argon Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3038-3047. [PMID: 32240587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated reactivity of double bond in 2-methyl-2-butene (also trimethylethylene or amylene) in the excited and ionized states. In a combined experimental and theoretical study, we focused on both the intermolecular and intramolecular reactions. In a molecular beam experiment, we have sequentially picked up several amylene molecules on the surface of argon nanoparticles ArM, M̅ ≈ 90, acting as a cold support. Ionization with 70 eV electrons yields mass spectra strongly dominated by amylene cluster ions Am(Am)n+. Interestingly, upon multiphoton ionization with 193 nm (6.4 eV) photons, a new strong fragment series appears in the spectra, nominally corresponding to an addition of two carbon atoms, i.e., (Am)nC2+. This difference between electron and photoionization suggests a reaction in an excited state of amylene with a neighboring amylene molecule. We used techniques of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics to study the reactivity of amylene molecules both in the excited and in ionized states. Possible reaction pathways are proposed, substantiating the observed differences between the electron ionization and photoionization mass spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Gámez
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chalabala
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Prlj A, Begušić T, Zhang ZT, Fish GC, Wehrle M, Zimmermann T, Choi S, Roulet J, Moser JE, Vaníček J. Semiclassical Approach to Photophysics Beyond Kasha's Rule and Vibronic Spectroscopy Beyond the Condon Approximation. The Case of Azulene. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2617-2626. [PMID: 32119547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Azulene is a prototypical molecule with an anomalous fluorescence from the second excited electronic state, thus violating Kasha's rule, and with an emission spectrum that cannot be understood within the Condon approximation. To better understand the photophysics and spectroscopy of azulene and other nonconventional molecules, we developed a systematic, general, and efficient computational approach combining the semiclassical dynamics of nuclei with ab initio electronic structure. First, to analyze the nonadiabatic effects, we complement the standard population dynamics by a rigorous measure of adiabaticity, estimated with the multiple-surface dephasing representation. Second, we propose a new semiclassical method for simulating non-Condon spectra, which combines the extended thawed Gaussian approximation with the efficient single-Hessian approach. S1 ← S0 and S2 ← S0 absorption and S2 → S0 emission spectra of azulene, recorded in a new set of experiments, agree very well with our calculations. We find that accuracy of the evaluated spectra requires the treatment of anharmonicity, Herzberg-Teller, and mode-mixing effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Prlj
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomislav Begušić
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhan Tong Zhang
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Cameron Fish
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marius Wehrle
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Seonghoon Choi
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roulet
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques-Edouard Moser
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Vaníček
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martens CC. Classical and nonclassical effects in surface hopping methodology for simulating coupled electronic-nuclear dynamics. Faraday Discuss 2020; 221:449-477. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the detailed quantum-classical behavior of two alternative approaches to simulating molecular dynamics with electronic transitions: the popular fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) method, introduced by Tully in 1990 [Tully, J. Chem. Phys., 1990, 93, 1061] and our recently developed quantum trajectory surface hopping (QTSH) method [Martens, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2019, 123, 1110].
Collapse
|
42
|
Ghosh S, Giannini S, Lively K, Blumberger J. Nonadiabatic dynamics with quantum nuclei: simulating charge transfer with ring polymer surface hopping. Faraday Discuss 2020; 221:501-525. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exploring effects of quantizing nuclei in non-adiabatic dynamics for simulating charge transfer in a dimer of “ethylene-like-molecules” at different temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
| | - Kevin Lively
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
- Institute for Advanced Study
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dörfler AD, Eberle P, Koner D, Tomza M, Meuwly M, Willitsch S. Long-range versus short-range effects in cold molecular ion-neutral collisions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5429. [PMID: 31780657 PMCID: PMC6882903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of cold interactions between ions and neutrals has recently emerged as a new scientific frontier at the interface of physics and chemistry. Here, we report a study of charge-transfer (CT) collisions of Rb atoms with N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${}_{2}^{+}$$\end{document}2+ and O\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${}_{2}^{+}$$\end{document}2+ ions in the mK regime using a dynamic ion-neutral hybrid trapping experiment. We observe markedly different CT kinetics and dynamics for the different systems and reaction channels studied. While the kinetics in some channels are consistent with classical capture theory, others show distinct non-universal dynamics. The experimental results are interpreted with the help of classical-capture, quasiclassical-trajectory and quantum-scattering calculations using ab-initio potentials for the highly excited molecular states involved. The theoretical analysis reveals an intricate interplay between short- and long-range effects in the different reaction channels which ultimately determines the CT dynamics and rates. Our results illustrate salient mechanisms that determine the efficiency of cold molecular CT reactions. Studies on reactions between cold molecular ions and neutral atoms provide insights into intermolecular interactions. Here the authors explore the kinetics and dynamics of charge-transfer collisions between the cold N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${}_{2}^{+}$$\end{document}2+ and O\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${}_{2}^{+}$$\end{document}2+ ions and neutral Rb atoms and discuss the role of long- and short-range effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Dörfler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Eberle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debasish Koner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michał Tomza
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Willitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schmidt B, Klein R, Cancissu Araujo L. WavePacket: A Matlab package for numerical quantum dynamics. III. Quantum-classical simulations and surface hopping trajectories. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2677-2688. [PMID: 31411345 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
WavePacket is an open-source program package for numerical simulations in quantum dynamics. Building on the previous Part I (Schmidt and Lorenz, Comput. Phys. Commun. 2017, 213, 223] and Part II (Schmidt and Hartmann, Comput. Phys. Commun. 2018, 228, 229] which dealt with quantum dynamics of closed and open systems, respectively, the present Part III adds fully classical and mixed quantum-classical propagation techniques to WavePacket. There classical phase-space densities are sampled by trajectories which follow (diabatic or adiabatic) potential energy surfaces. In the vicinity of (genuine or avoided) intersections of those surfaces, trajectories may switch between them. To model these transitions, two classes of stochastic algorithms have been implemented: (1) Tully's fewest switches surface hopping and (2) Landau-Zener-based single switch surface hopping. The latter one offers the advantage of being based on adiabatic energy gaps only, thus not requiring nonadiabatic coupling information any more. The present work describes the MATLAB version of WavePacket 6.1.0, which is essentially an object-oriented rewrite of previous versions, allowing to perform fully classical, quantum-classical and quantum-mechanical simulations on an equal footing, that is, for the same physical system described by the same WavePacket input. The software package is hosted and further developed at the Sourceforge platform, where also extensive Wiki-documentation as well as numerous worked-out demonstration examples with animated graphics are available. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Schmidt
- Institut für Mathematik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rupert Klein
- Institut für Mathematik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Martens CC. Surface Hopping without Momentum Jumps: A Quantum-Trajectory-Based Approach to Nonadiabatic Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1110-1128. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig C. Martens
- University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li X, Hu D, Xie Y, Lan Z. Analysis of trajectory similarity and configuration similarity in on-the-fly surface-hopping simulation on multi-channel nonadiabatic photoisomerization dynamics. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:244104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5048049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xusong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research/Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deping Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research/Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xie Y, Zheng J, Lan Z. Performance evaluation of the symmetrical quasi-classical dynamics method based on Meyer-Miller mapping Hamiltonian in the treatment of site-exciton models. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:174105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5047002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xie
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- The Environmental Research Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- The Environmental Research Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Koner D, Bemish RJ, Meuwly M. The C( 3P) + NO(X 2Π) → O( 3P) + CN(X 2Σ +), N( 2D)/N( 4S) + CO(X 1Σ +) reaction: Rates, branching ratios, and final states from 15 K to 20 000 K. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:094305. [PMID: 30195287 DOI: 10.1063/1.5046906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The C + NO collision system is of interest in the area of high-temperature combustion and atmospheric chemistry. In this work, full dimensional potential energy surfaces for the 2A', 2A″, and 4A″ electronic states of the [CNO] system have been constructed following a reproducing kernel Hilbert space approach. For this purpose, more than 50 000 ab initio energies are calculated at the MRCI+Q/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The dynamical simulations for the C(3P) + NO(X2Π) → O(3P) + CN(X2Σ+), N(2D)/N(4S) + CO(X1Σ+) reactive collisions are carried out on the newly generated surfaces using the quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculation method to obtain reaction probabilities, rate coefficients, and the distribution of product states. Preliminary quantum calculations are also carried out on the surfaces to obtain the reaction probabilities and compared with QCT results. The effect of nonadiabatic transitions on the dynamics for this title reaction is explored within the Landau-Zener framework. QCT simulations have been performed to simulate molecular beam experiment for the title reaction at 0.06 and 0.23 eV of relative collision energies. Results obtained from theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the available experimental as well as theoretical data reported in the literature. Finally, the reaction is studied at temperatures that are not practically achievable in the laboratory environment to provide insight into the reaction dynamics at temperatures relevant to hypersonic flight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Koner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond J Bemish
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Crespo-Otero R, Barbatti M. Recent Advances and Perspectives on Nonadiabatic Mixed Quantum–Classical Dynamics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7026-7068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|