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Schwartz CP, Raj SL, Jamnuch S, Hull CJ, Miotti P, Lam RK, Nordlund D, Uzundal CB, Das Pemmaraju C, Mincigrucci R, Foglia L, Simoncig A, Coreno M, Masciovecchio C, Giannessi L, Poletto L, Principi E, Zuerch M, Pascal TA, Drisdell WS, Saykally RJ. Angstrom-Resolved Interfacial Structure in Buried Organic-Inorganic Junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:096801. [PMID: 34506179 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.096801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport processes at interfaces play a crucial role in many processes. Here, the first soft x-ray second harmonic generation (SXR SHG) interfacial spectrum of a buried interface (boron-Parylene N) is reported. SXR SHG shows distinct spectral features that are not observed in x-ray absorption spectra, demonstrating its extraordinary interfacial sensitivity. Comparison to electronic structure calculations indicates a boron-organic separation distance of 1.9 Å, with changes of less than 1 Å resulting in easily detectable SXR SHG spectral shifts (ca. hundreds of milli-electron volts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Schwartz
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sumana L Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sasawat Jamnuch
- ATLAS Materials Science Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, USA
| | - Chris J Hull
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Paolo Miotti
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Royce K Lam
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Can B Uzundal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chaitanya Das Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Claudio Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Luca Poletto
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Emiliano Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tod A Pascal
- ATLAS Materials Science Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, USA
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Richard J Saykally
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Lam RK, Raj SL, Pascal TA, Pemmaraju CD, Foglia L, Simoncig A, Fabris N, Miotti P, Hull CJ, Rizzuto AM, Smith JW, Mincigrucci R, Masciovecchio C, Gessini A, Allaria E, De Ninno G, Diviacco B, Roussel E, Spampinati S, Penco G, Di Mitri S, Trovò M, Danailov M, Christensen ST, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Coreno M, Poletto L, Drisdell WS, Prendergast D, Giannessi L, Principi E, Nordlund D, Saykally RJ, Schwartz CP. Soft X-Ray Second Harmonic Generation as an Interfacial Probe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:023901. [PMID: 29376703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.023901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical processes at soft x-ray wavelengths have remained largely unexplored due to the lack of available light sources with the requisite intensity and coherence. Here we report the observation of soft x-ray second harmonic generation near the carbon K edge (∼284 eV) in graphite thin films generated by high intensity, coherent soft x-ray pulses at the FERMI free electron laser. Our experimental results and accompanying first-principles theoretical analysis highlight the effect of resonant enhancement above the carbon K edge and show the technique to be interfacially sensitive in a centrosymmetric sample with second harmonic intensity arising primarily from the first atomic layer at the open surface. This technique and the associated theoretical framework demonstrate the ability to selectively probe interfaces, including those that are buried, with elemental specificity, providing a new tool for a range of scientific problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S L Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T A Pascal
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C D Pemmaraju
- Theory Institute for Materials and Energy Spectroscopies, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - N Fabris
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P Miotti
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C J Hull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A M Rizzuto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B Diviacco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Roussel
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Spampinati
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Trovò
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Danailov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S T Christensen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - D Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T-C Weng
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - M Coreno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- ISM-CNR, Elettra Laboratory, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Poletto
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - W S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- ENEA, C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Rome), Italy
| | - E Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R J Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C P Schwartz
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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