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Atomistic assessment of structural evolution for magnesium during hypervelocity nanoprojectile penetration. J Mol Model 2022; 28:370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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2
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Shi J, Hu C, Sun S, Song B, Qin QH. Bonding few-layered graphene via collision with high-speed fullerenes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:285704. [PMID: 33831851 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf5fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, as a typical two-dimensional material, is popular in the design of nanodevices. The interlayer relative sliding of graphene sheets can significantly affect the effective bending stiffness of the few-layered graphene. For restricting the relative sliding, we adopted the atomic shot peening method to bond the graphene sheets together by ballistic C60 fullerenes from its two surfaces. Collision effects are evaluated via molecular dynamics simulations. Results obtained indicate that the fullerenes' incident velocity has an interval, in which the graphene sheet can be bonded after collision while no atoms on the fullerenes escaping from the graphene ribbon after collision. The limits of the interval increase with the layer number. Within a few picoseconds of collision, a stable carbon network is produced at an impacted area. The graphene sheets are bonded via the network and cannot slide relatively anymore. Conclusions are drawn to show the way of potential applications of the method in manufacturing a new graphene-based two-dimensional material that has a high out-of-plane bending stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Shi
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunwei Hu
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Sreykeo Sun
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hua Qin
- Department of Engineering, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, People's Republic of China
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3
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Su S, Xue J. Facile Fabrication of Subnanopores in Graphene under Ion Irradiation: Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12366-12374. [PMID: 33683091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanoporous membranes have attracted great interest in water desalination, energy conversion, electrode, and gas separation. The performances of these membranes are mainly determined by the nanopores, and only with satisfactory subnanometer pores can applications such as high-precision ion separation be realized. Therefore, to efficiently create subnanopores in 2D materials is of great importance. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the direct irradiation of energetic ion is capable of introducing subnanopores in monolayer graphene. By changing the energy of the incident Au ion, the averaged pore diameter can be adjusted from 4.2 to 5.6 Å, and pore diameter distributions are narrow. In the formation processes of the subnanopores, the cascade collisions caused by the primary knock-on atom (PKA) predominates, and pores can only be created in ion impact positions close to the PKA, especially for the incident ion with high energy. Our results show the promise of ion irradiation as a facile method to fabricate subnanopores in 2D materials. As hydrated ions, gases, and small organic molecules have diameters of several angstroms, close to the pore sizes, the created nanoporous membranes can be used to separate those matter, which is conducive to accelerating related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- CAPT and HEDPS, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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Verkhoturov SV, Gołuński M, Verkhoturov DS, Czerwinski B, Eller MJ, Geng S, Postawa Z, Schweikert EA. Hypervelocity cluster ion impacts on free standing graphene: Experiment, theory, and applications. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:160901. [PMID: 31042896 DOI: 10.1063/1.5080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We present results from experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations obtained with C60 and Au400 impacting on free-standing graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene-supported molecular layers. The experiments were run on custom-built ToF reflectron mass spectrometers with C60 and Au-LMIS sources with acceleration potentials generating 50 keV C60 2+ and 440-540 keV Au400 4+. Bombardment-detection was in the same mode as MD simulation, i.e., a sequence of individual projectile impacts with separate collection/identification of the ejecta from each impact in either the forward (transmission) or backward (reflection) direction. For C60 impacts on single layer graphene, the secondary ion (SI) yields for C2 and C4 emitted in transmission are ∼0.1 (10%). Similar yields were observed for analyte-specific ions from submonolayer deposits of phenylalanine. MD simulations show that graphene acts as a trampoline, i.e., they can be ejected without destruction. Another topic investigated dealt with the chemical composition of free-standing GO. The elemental composition was found to be approximately COH2. We have also studied the impact of Au400 clusters on graphene. Again SI yields were high (e.g., 1.25 C-/impact). 90-100 Au atoms evaporate off the exiting projectile which experiences an energy loss of ∼72 keV. The latter is a summation of energy spent on rupturing the graphene, ejecting carbon atoms and clusters and a dipole projectile/hole interaction. The charge distribution of the exiting projectiles is ∼50% neutrals and ∼25% either negatively or positively charged. We infer that free-standing graphene enables detection of attomole to zeptomole deposits of analyte via cluster-SI mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitriy S Verkhoturov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Bartlomiej Czerwinski
- Applied Physics, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Eller
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Sheng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | | | - Emile A Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
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Scale Effects on the Ballistic Penetration of Graphene Sheets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6750. [PMID: 29712955 PMCID: PMC5928051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanostructures are promising ballistic protection materials, due to their low density and excellent mechanical properties. Recent experimental and computational investigations on the behavior of graphene under impact conditions revealed exceptional energy absorption properties as well. However, the reported numerical and experimental values differ by an order of magnitude. In this work, we combined numerical and analytical modeling to address this issue. In the numerical part, we employed reactive molecular dynamics to carry out ballistic tests on single, double, and triple-layered graphene sheets. We used velocity values within the range tested in experiments. Our numerical and the experimental results were used to determine parameters for a scaling law. We find that the specific penetration energy decreases as the number of layers (N) increases, from ∼15 MJ/kg for N = 1 to ∼0.9 MJ/kg for N = 350, for an impact velocity of 900 m/s. These values are in good agreement with simulations and experiments, within the entire range of N values for which data is presently available. Scale effects explain the apparent discrepancy between simulations and experiments.
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6
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Signetti S, Taioli S, Pugno NM. 2D Material Armors Showing Superior Impact Strength of Few Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40820-40830. [PMID: 29120161 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study the ballistic properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials upon the hypervelocity impacts of C60 fullerene molecules combining ab initio density functional tight binding and finite element simulations. The critical penetration energy of monolayer membranes is determined using graphene and the 2D allotrope of boron nitride as case studies. Furthermore, the energy absorption scaling laws with a variable number of layers and interlayer spacing are investigated, for homogeneous or hybrid configurations (alternated stacking of graphene and boron nitride). At the nanolevel, a synergistic interaction between the layers emerges, not observed at the micro- and macro-scale for graphene armors. This size-scale transition in the impact behavior toward higher dimensional scales is rationalized in terms of scaling of the damaged volume and material strength. An optimal number of layers, between 5 and 10, emerges demonstrating that few-layered 2D material armors possess impact strength even higher than their monolayer counterparts. These results provide fundamental understanding for the design of ultralightweight multilayer armors using enhanced 2D material-based nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Signetti
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired and Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento , via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Taioli
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas, Fondazione Bruno Kessler & Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications , strada delle Tabarelle 286, Villazzano, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University , Praha 8, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired and Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento , via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, U.K
- Ket-Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Italian Space Agency , via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy
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Verkhoturov SV, Czerwinski B, Verkhoturov DS, Geng S, Delcorte A, Schweikert EA. Ejection-ionization of molecules from free standing graphene. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:084308. [PMID: 28249462 DOI: 10.1063/1.4976832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first data on emission of C60- stimulated by single impacts of 50 keV C602+ on the self-assembled molecular layer of C60 deposited on free standing 2 layer graphene. The yield, Y, of C60- emitted in the transmission direction is 1.7%. To characterize the ejection and ionization of molecules, we have measured the emission of C60- from the surface of bulk C60 (Y = 3.7%) and from a single layer of C60 deposited on bulk pyrolytic graphite (Y = 3.3%). To gain insight into the mechanism(s) of ejection, molecular dynamic simulations were performed. The scenario of the energy deposition and ejection of molecules is different for the case of graphene due to the confined volume of projectile-analyte interaction. In the case of 50 keV C602+ impacts on graphene plus C60, the C atoms of the projectile collide with those of the target. The knocked-on atoms take on a part of the kinetic energy of the projectile atoms. Another part of the kinetic energy is deposited into the rim around the impact site. The ejection of molecules from the rim is a result of collective movement of the molecules and graphene membrane, where the membrane movement provides the impulse for ejection. The efficient emission of the intact molecular ions implies an effective ionization probability of intact C60. The proposed mechanism of ionization involves the tunneling of electrons from the vibrationally exited area around the hole to the ejecta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartlomiej Czerwinski
- Applied Physics, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Dmitriy S Verkhoturov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Sheng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Arnaud Delcorte
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Emile A Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
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Geng S, Verkhoturov SV, Eller MJ, Della-Negra S, Schweikert EA. The collision of a hypervelocity massive projectile with free-standing graphene: Investigation of secondary ion emission and projectile fragmentation. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:054305. [PMID: 28178829 DOI: 10.1063/1.4975171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here the study of the individual hypervelocity massive projectiles (440-540 keV, 33-36 km/s Au4004+ cluster) impact on 1-layer free-standing graphene. The secondary ions were detected and recorded separately from each individual impact in the transmission direction using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We observed C1-10± ions emitted from graphene, the projectiles which penetrated the graphene, and the Au1-3± fragment ions in mass spectra. During the projectile-graphene interaction, the projectile loses ∼15% of its initial kinetic energy (∼0.18 keV/atom, 72 keV/projectile). The Au projectiles are neutralized when approaching the graphene and then partially ionized again via electron tunneling from the hot rims of the holes on graphene, obtaining positive and negative charges. The projectile reaches an internal energy of ∼450-500 eV (∼4400-4900 K) after the impact and then undergoes a ∼90-100 step fragmentation with the ejection of Au1 atoms in the experimental time range of ∼0.1 μs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | | | - Michael J Eller
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Serge Della-Negra
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay, Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR8608, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay F-91406, France
| | - Emile A Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
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Machado LD, Ozden S, Tiwary C, Autreto PAS, Vajtai R, Barrera EV, Galvao DS, Ajayan PM. The structural and dynamical aspects of boron nitride nanotubes under high velocity impacts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14776-81. [PMID: 27189765 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01949h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication report is a study on the structural and dynamical aspects of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) shot at high velocities (∼5 km s−1) against solid targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D. Machado
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental
| | - Sehmus Ozden
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | | | | | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | - Enrique V. Barrera
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | - Douglas S. Galvao
- Applied Physics Department
- State University of Campinas
- Campinas-SP
- Brazil
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
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10
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Verkhoturov SV, Geng S, Czerwinski B, Young AE, Delcorte A, Schweikert EA. Single impacts of keV fullerene ions on free standing graphene: Emission of ions and electrons from confined volume. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:164302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4933310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Bartlomiej Czerwinski
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences–Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Applied Physics, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Amanda E. Young
- Materials Characterization Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, USA
| | - Arnaud Delcorte
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences–Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Emile A. Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
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