1
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Di Lisio V, Gallino I, Riegler SS, Frey M, Neuber N, Kumar G, Schroers J, Busch R, Cangialosi D. Size-dependent vitrification in metallic glasses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4698. [PMID: 37542023 PMCID: PMC10403508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the sample size can profoundly impact properties of bulk metallic glasses. Here, we systematically reduce the length scale of Au and Pt-based metallic glasses and study their vitrification behavior and atomic mobility. For this purpose, we exploit fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) allowing to study glassy dynamics in an exceptionally wide range of cooling rates and frequencies. We show that the main α relaxation process remains size independent and bulk-like. In contrast, we observe pronounced size dependent vitrification kinetics in micrometer-sized glasses, which is more evident for the smallest samples and at low cooling rates, resulting in more than 40 K decrease in fictive temperature, Tf, with respect to the bulk. We discuss the deep implications on how this outcome can be used to convey glasses to low energy states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Di Lisio
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Isabella Gallino
- Saarland University, Chair of Metallic Materials, Campus C6.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | | | - Maximilian Frey
- Saarland University, Chair of Metallic Materials, Campus C6.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nico Neuber
- Saarland University, Chair of Metallic Materials, Campus C6.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Golden Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jan Schroers
- Yale University, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ralf Busch
- Saarland University, Chair of Metallic Materials, Campus C6.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
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2
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Seo Y, Zuo B, Cangialosi D, Priestley RD. Physical aging of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate via enthalpy recovery. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8331-8341. [PMID: 36300535 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) utilize the kinetic stability of the amorphous state to stabilize drug molecules within a glassy polymer matrix. Therefore, understanding the glassy-state stability of the polymer excipient is critical to ASD design and performance. Here, we investigated the physical aging of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), a commonly used polymer in ASD formulations. We found that HPMCAS exhibited conventional physical aging behavior when annealed near the glass transition temperature (Tg). In this scenario, structural recovery was facilitated by α-relaxation dynamics. However, when annealed well below Tg, a sub-α-relaxation process facilitated low-temperature physical aging in HPMCAS. Nevertheless, the physical aging rate exhibited no significant change up to 40 K below Tg, below which it exhibited a near monotonic decrease with decreasing temperature. Finally, infrared spectroscopy was employed to assess any effect of physical aging on the chemical structure of HPMCAS, which is known to be susceptible to degradation at temperatures 30 K above its Tg. Our results provide critical insights necessary to understand better the link between the stability of ASDs and physical aging of the glassy polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejoon Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, 41 Olden St, A215 Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
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3
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Shi G, Geng X, Liu Y, Wu G. Nanophase Separation-Induced Anomalous Enthalpy Hysteresis in Poly( n-alkyl methacrylate)s. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoning Geng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanbiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guozhang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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4
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Cangialosi D, Alegría A, Colmenero J. Comment on “Anomalous structural recovery in the near glass transition range in a polymer glass: Data revisited in light of temperature variability in vacuum oven‐based experiments”. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC‐UPV/EHU) Sebastián Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU) San Sebastián Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU) San Sebastián Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center San Sebastián Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC‐UPV/EHU) Sebastián Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología (UPV/EHU) San Sebastián Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center San Sebastián Spain
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5
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Cassidy A, Jørgensen MRV, Glavic A, Lauter V, Plekan O, Field D. A mechanism for ageing in a deeply supercooled molecular glass. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6368-6371. [PMID: 34105533 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01639c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of the decay of electric fields, formed spontaneously within vapour-deposited films of cis-methyl formate, provide the first direct assessment of the energy barrier to secondary relaxation in a molecular glass. At temperatures far below the glass transition temperature, the mechanism of relaxation is shown to be through hindered molecular rotation. Magnetically-polarised neutron scattering experiments exclude diffusion, which is demonstrated to take place only close to the glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cassidy
- Center for Interstellar Catalysis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Mads R V Jørgensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, iNano & Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C, Denmark & MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, Lund, Sweden
| | - Artur Glavic
- Laboratory for Neutron and Muon Instrumentation, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5231 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Lauter
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - David Field
- Center for Interstellar Catalysis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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6
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Wu G, Liu Y, Shi G. New Experimental Evidence for Thermodynamic Links to the Kinetic Fragility of Glass-Forming Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanbiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gaopeng Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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7
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Monnier X, Marina S, Lopez de Pariza X, Sardón H, Martin J, Cangialosi D. Physical Aging Behavior of a Glassy Polyether. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:954. [PMID: 33804594 PMCID: PMC8003685 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to provide insights on recent findings indicating the presence of multiple equilibration mechanisms in physical aging of glasses. To this aim, we have investigated a glass forming polyether, poly(1-4 cyclohexane di-methanol) (PCDM), by following the evolution of the enthalpic state during physical aging by fast scanning calorimetry (FSC). The main results of our study indicate that physical aging persists at temperatures way below the glass transition temperature and, in a narrow temperature range, is characterized by a two steps evolution of the enthalpic state. Altogether, our results indicate that the simple old-standing view of physical aging as triggered by the α relaxation does not hold true when aging is carried out deep in the glassy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Sara Marina
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (X.L.d.P.); (H.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Xabier Lopez de Pariza
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (X.L.d.P.); (H.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Haritz Sardón
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (X.L.d.P.); (H.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (X.L.d.P.); (H.S.); (J.M.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Esteiro s/n, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain;
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Sebastián, Spain
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8
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Monnier X, Colmenero J, Wolf M, Cangialosi D. Reaching the Ideal Glass in Polymer Spheres: Thermodynamics and Vibrational Density of States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:118004. [PMID: 33798388 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.118004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The existence of an ideal glass and the resolution to the Kauzmann paradox is a long-standing open question in materials science. To address this problem, we exploit the ability of glasses with large interfacial area to access low energy states. We submit aggregates of spheres of a polymeric glass former to aging well below their glass transition temperature, T_{g}; and characterize their thermodynamic state by calorimetry, and the vibrational density of state (VDOS) by inelastic neutron scattering (INS). We show that, when aged at appropriate temperatures, glassy spheres attain a thermodynamic state corresponding to an ideal glass in time scales of about one day. In this state, the boson peak, underlying the deviation from the Debye level of the VDOS, is essentially suppressed. Our results are discussed in the framework of the link between the macroscopic thermodynamic state of glasses and their vibrational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Fisica de Materiales (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marcel Wolf
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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9
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Ngai KL. The origin of the faster mechanism of partial enthalpy recovery deep in the glassy state of polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13468-13472. [PMID: 34105553 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel finding made by Cangialosi and coworkers in the physical aging of several polymers way below the glass transition temperature Tg is that equilibrium recovery occurs by reaching a plateau in the enthalpy with partial enthalpy recovery. This observation points to the existence of a much faster mechanism capable of partial equilibrium recovery deep in the glassy state. A similar phenomenon was found in different glassy materials. The generality of the phenomenon indicates that the faster mechanism of equilibrium recovery is universal and fundamental. In this paper the faster mechanism is identified to be the universal JG β-relaxation having dynamic and thermodynamic properties analogous to the α-relaxation, and thus capable of effecting enthalpy and volume recovery far below Tg in several high-Tg polymers. The JG β-relaxation is also the mechanism responsible for the first step of two steps in the approach to equilibrium found in another polymer with much lower Tg. The Coupling Model is used to explain why the first step transpires far below Tg in some polymers but much closer to Tg in another polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Monnier X, Cangialosi D, Ruta B, Busch R, Gallino I. Vitrification decoupling from α-relaxation in a metallic glass. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1454. [PMID: 32494629 PMCID: PMC7182406 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how glasses form, the so-called vitrification, remains a major challenge in materials science. Here, we study vitrification kinetics, in terms of the limiting fictive temperature, and atomic mobility related to the α-relaxation of an Au-based bulk metallic glass former by fast scanning calorimetry. We show that the time scale of the α-relaxation exhibits super-Arrhenius temperature dependence typical of fragile liquids. In contrast, vitrification kinetics displays milder temperature dependence at moderate undercooling, and thereby, vitrification takes place at temperatures lower than those associated to the α-relaxation. This finding challenges the paradigmatic view based on a one-to-one correlation between vitrification, leading to the glass transition, and the α-relaxation. We provide arguments that at moderate to deep undercooling, other atomic motions, which are not involved in the α-relaxation and that originate from the heterogeneous dynamics in metallic glasses, contribute to vitrification. Implications from the viewpoint of glasses fundamental properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 50018 Sebastián, Spain
| | - Beatrice Ruta
- Universté Lyon, Universitè Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ralf Busch
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Isabella Gallino
- Chair of Metallic Materials, Saarland University, Campus C6.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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11
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Tombari E, Johari GP. Endothermic Effects on Heating Physically Aged Sucrose Glasses and the Clausius Theorem Violation in Glass Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2017-2028. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elpidio Tombari
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Physici del CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. P. Johari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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12
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Androsch R, Jariyavidyanont K, Schick C. Enthalpy Relaxation of Polyamide 11 of Different Morphology Far Below the Glass Transition Temperature. ENTROPY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7514315 DOI: 10.3390/e21100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyamide 11 (PA 11) samples of different supermolecular structure, including the crystal-free glass and semi-crystalline PA 11 of largely different semi-crystalline morphology, were prepared by fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC). These samples were then annealed at different temperatures well below the glass transition temperature Tg. The main purpose of the low-temperature annealing experiments was the calorimetric detection of mobility of chain segments at temperatures as low as −40 °C (≈Tg − 80 K) where still excellent impact resistance is predicted. It was found that annealing PA 11 at such low temperature, regardless the thermal history and supermolecular structure including crystallinity as well as crystal shape and size, permits distinct enthalpy relaxation at rather short time scale with the structural changes reverting on subsequent heating as detected with pronounced sub-Tg-enthalpy-recovery peaks. The main glass transition, associated to large-amplitude segmental mobility, as well as relaxations at temperatures only slightly below Tg are even more distinctly sensitive to the crystal morphology. In contrast to spherulitically grown lamellar crystals, presence of high-specific-surface area nanometer-sized ordered domains causes a shift of the glass transition temperature of the amorphous phase to higher temperature, proving stronger coupling of ordered and amorphous phases than in case of lamellae. In addition, the increased coupling of the crystalline and amorphous phases slows down the cooperative rearrangements on annealing the glass slightly below Tg. The performed study contributes to further understanding of the spectrum of structural relaxations in PA 11 including the effect of presence of crystals. Enthalpy relaxation and consequently the reduction of entropy at temperatures slightly below Tg strongly depends on the semi-crystalline morphology, while an only minor effect is seen on low-temperature annealing at Tg − 80 K, possibly indicating different molecular mechanisms for the processes occurring in both temperature ranges. The low-temperature process even seems proceeding in the crystalline fraction of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Center CALOR, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23–24, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- G. P. Johari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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14
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Ngai KL, Capaccioli S, Wang LM. Segmental α-Relaxation for the First Step and Sub-Rouse Modes for the Second Step in Enthalpy Recovery in the Glassy State of Polystyrene. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Simone Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
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15
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Shmool TA, Zeitler JA. Insights into the structural dynamics of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid at terahertz frequencies. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01210e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of an amorphous copolymer are directly related to the dynamic processes occurring at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia A. Shmool
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0AS
- UK
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0AS
- UK
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16
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Monnier X, Cangialosi D. Thermodynamic Ultrastability of a Polymer Glass Confined at the Micrometer Length Scale. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:137801. [PMID: 30312075 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.137801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We employ fast scanning calorimetry to assess the thermodynamic state attained after a given cooling rate and the molecular mobility of glassy poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) confined at the micrometer length scale. We show that, for such a large confinement length scale, thermodynamic states with a fictive temperature (T_{f}) 80 K below the polymer glass transition temperature (T_{g}) are attained, which allows to bypass the geological timescales required for bulk glasses. Access to such states is promoted by a fast mechanism of equilibration. Importantly, the tremendous T_{f} decrease takes place while the molecular mobility remains bulklike, indicating marked decoupling between vitrification kinetics and molecular mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain and Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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17
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Aji DPB, Johari GP. Decrease in electrical resistivity on depletion of islands of mobility during aging of a bulk metal glass. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:144506. [PMID: 29655350 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of structural relaxation on electrical resistivity, ρglass, of strain-free Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 bulk metallic glass was studied during isothermal aging at several temperatures, Tas. Since cooling of a liquid metal increases its resistivity ρliq, one expects ρglass to increase on aging toward ρliq at T = Ta. Instead, ρglass decreased non-exponentially with the aging time. The activation energy of aging kinetics is 189 kJ mol-1, which is higher than the activation energy of the Johari-Goldstein (JG) relaxation. After considering the sample's contraction, phase separation, and crystallization as possible causes of the decrease in ρglass, we attribute the decrease to depletion of islands of atomic mobility, soft spots, or static heterogeneity. Vibrations of the atoms in these local (loosely packed) regions and in the region's interfacial area contribute to electron scattering. As these deplete on aging, the contribution decreases and ρglass decreases, with a concomitant decrease in macroscopic volume, enthalpy, and entropy (V, H, and S). Local regions of faster mobility also decrease on cooling as V, H, and S of a liquid decrease, but structure fluctuations dominate electron scattering of a liquid metal and ρliq increases effectively according to the Ziman-Nagel theory for a homogenously disordered structure. Whether depletion of such local regions initiates the structural relaxation of a glass, or vice versa, may be resolved by finding a glass that physically ages but shows no JG relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisman P B Aji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trisakti University, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
| | - G P Johari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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18
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Andersson O, Johari GP. Sub-T g features of glasses formed by cooling glycerol under pressure - Additional incompatibility of vibrational with configurational states in the depressurized, high density glass. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:204506. [PMID: 27908124 DOI: 10.1063/1.4968019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The vibrational state of a glass is naturally incompatible with its configurational state, which makes the glass structurally unstable. When a glass is kept at constant temperature, both the vibrational and configurational states of a glass change with time until it becomes metastable (equilibrium) liquid and the two states become compatible. The process, known as structural relaxation, occurs at a progressively higher rate during heating, and the properties of a glass change accordingly. We add to this incompatibility by depressurizing a glass that had been formed by cooling a liquid under a high pressure, p, and then investigate the effects of the added incompatibility by studying thermal conductivity, κ, and the heat capacity per unit volume ρCp of the depressurized glass. We use glycerol for the purpose and study first the changes in the features of κ and of ρCp during glass formation on cooling under a set of different p. We then partially depressurize the glass and study the effect of the p-induced instability on the features of κ and ρCp as the glass is isobarically heated to the liquid state. At a given low p, the glass configuration that was formed by cooling at high-p had a higher κ than the glass configuration that was formed by cooling at a low p. The difference is more when the glass is formed at a higher p and/or is depressurized to a lower p. On heating at a low p, its κ decreases before its glass-liquid transition range is reached. The effect is the opposite of the increase in κ observed on heating a glass at the same p under which it was formed. It is caused by thermally assisted loss of the added incompatibility of configurational and vibrational states of a high-p formed glass kept at low p. If a glass formed under a low-p is pressurized and then heated under high p, it would show the opposite effect, i.e., its κ would first increase to its high p value before its glass-to-liquid transition range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Andersson
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - G P Johari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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19
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Yu HB, Richert R, Samwer K. Correlation between Viscoelastic Moduli and Atomic Rearrangements in Metallic Glasses. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3747-3751. [PMID: 27606965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical moduli, such as storage and loss moduli, characterize the viscoelasticity of materials (i.e., time-dependent elasticity) and convey important information about the relaxation processes of glasses and supercooled liquids. A fundamental question is what ultimately determines them in glassy materials. Here, for several model metallic glasses, we demonstrate that both the storage and loss moduli are uniquely determined by the most probable atomic nonaffine displacements, regardless of temperature or frequency. Moreover, the fast-moving atoms (which contribute to dynamical heterogeneity) do not contribute explicitly to the moduli. Our findings provide a physical basis for the origin of viscoelasticity in metallic glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Yu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , WuHan 430074, China
| | - Ranko Richert
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Konrad Samwer
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen , D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Ngai KL, Capaccioli S, Prevosto D, Wang LM. Coupling of Caged Molecule Dynamics to JG β-Relaxation II: Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12502-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- State
Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004 China
| | - S. Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D. Prevosto
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State
Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004 China
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21
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Ngai KL, Capaccioli S, Prevosto D, Wang LM. Coupling of Caged Molecule Dynamics to JG β-Relaxation III: van der Waals Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12519-25. [PMID: 26340473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the first two papers separately on the polyalcohols and amorphous polymers of this series, we demonstrated that the fast dynamics observed in the glassy state at high frequencies above circa 1 GHz is the caged dynamics. We showed generally the intensity of the fast caged dynamics changes temperature dependence at a temperature THF nearly coincident with the secondary glass transition temperature Tgβ lower than the nominal glass transition temperature Tgα. The phenomenon is remarkable, since THF is determined from measurements of fast caged dynamics at short time scales typically in the ns to ps range, while Tgβ characterizes the secondary glass transition at which the Johari-Goldstein (JG) β-relaxation time τJG reaches a long time of ∼10(3) s, determined directly either by positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, calorimetry, or low frequency dielectric and mechanical relaxation spectroscopy. The existence of the secondary glass transition originates from the dependence of τJG on density, previously proven by experiments performed at elevated pressure. The fact that THF ≈ Tgβ reflects the density dependence of the caged dynamics and coupling to the JG β-relaxation. The generality of the phenomenon and its theoretical rationalization implies the same should be observable in other classes of glass-formers. In this paper, III, we consider two archetypal small molecular van der Waals glass-formers, ortho-terphenyl and toluene. The experimental data show the same phenomenon. The present paper extends the generality of the phenomenon and explanation from the polyalcohols, a pharmaceutical, and many polymers to the small molecular van der Waals glass-formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ngai
- CNR-IPCF , Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.,State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - S Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF , Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa , Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Prevosto
- CNR-IPCF , Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
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22
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Capaccioli S, Ngai KL, Thayyil MS, Prevosto D. Coupling of Caged Molecule Dynamics to JG β-Relaxation: I. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:8800-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Capaccioli
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - K. L. Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- State
Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004 China
| | | | - D. Prevosto
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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