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Chirvi K, Biegert J. Laser-induced electron diffraction: Imaging of a single gas-phase molecular structure with one of its own electrons. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:041301. [PMID: 39221452 PMCID: PMC11365610 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Among the many methods to image molecular structure, laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED) can image a single gas-phase molecule by locating all of a molecule's atoms in space and time. The method is based on attosecond electron recollision driven by a laser field and can reach attosecond temporal resolution. Implementation with a mid-IR laser and cold-target recoil ion-momentum spectroscopy, single molecules are measured with picometer resolution due to the keV electron impact energy without ensemble averaging or the need for molecular orientation. Nowadays, the method has evolved to detect single complex and chiral molecular structures in 3D. The review will touch on the various methods to discuss the implementations of LIED toward single-molecule imaging and complement the discussions with noteworthy experimental findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Chirvi
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - J. Biegert
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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2
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Robinson MS, Küpper J. Unraveling the ultrafast dynamics of thermal-energy chemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1587-1601. [PMID: 38131437 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03954d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we discuss how one can initiate, image, and disentangle the ultrafast elementary steps of thermal-energy chemical dynamics, building upon advances in technology and scientific insight. We propose that combinations of ultrashort mid-infrared laser pulses, controlled molecular species in the gas phase, and forefront imaging techniques allow to unravel the elementary steps of general-chemistry reaction processes in real time. We detail, for prototypical first reaction systems, experimental methods enabling these investigations, how to sufficiently prepare and promote gas-phase samples to thermal-energy reactive states with contemporary ultrashort mid-infrared laser systems, and how to image the initiated ultrafast chemical dynamics. The results of such experiments will clearly further our understanding of general-chemistry reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Robinson
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Wang Z, Hu X, Xue X, Zhou S, Li X, Yang Y, Zhou J, Shu Z, Zhao B, Yu X, Gong M, Wang Z, Ma P, Wu Y, Chen X, Wang J, Ren X, Wang C, Ding D. Directly imaging excited state-resolved transient structures of water induced by valence and inner-shell ionisation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5420. [PMID: 37669964 PMCID: PMC10480213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time imaging of transient structure of the electronic excited state is fundamentally critical to understand and control ultrafast molecular dynamics. The ejection of electrons from the inner-shell and valence level can lead to the population of different excited states, which trigger manifold ultrafast relaxation processes, however, the accurate imaging of such electronic state-dependent structural evolutions is still lacking. Here, by developing the laser-induced electron recollision-assisted Coulomb explosion imaging approach and molecular dynamics simulations, snapshots of the vibrational wave-packets of the excited (A) and ground states (X) of D2O+ are captured simultaneously with sub-10 picometre and few-femtosecond precision. We visualise that θDOD and ROD are significantly increased by around 50∘ and 10 pm, respectively, within approximately 8 fs after initial ionisation for the A state, and the ROD further extends 9 pm within 2 fs along the ground state of the dication in the present condition. Moreover, the ROD can stretch more than 50 pm within 5 fs along autoionisation state of dication. The accuracies of the results are limited by the simulations. These results provide comprehensive structural information for studying the fascinating molecular dynamics of water, and pave the way towards to make a movie of excited state-resolved ultrafast molecular dynamics and light-induced chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Xue
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengpeng Zhou
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yizhang Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China
| | - Banchi Zhao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xitao Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Maomao Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physic, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi' an, China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physic, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Pan Ma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China.
- HEDPS, Center of Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physic, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, 100088, Beijing, China
| | - Xueguang Ren
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
| | - Chuncheng Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
| | - Dajun Ding
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
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4
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Ohmura S, Ohmura H, Kato T, Koseki S, Kono H. Investigation of the multielectron dynamics of CO in intense laser fields by the effective potential analysis of natural orbitals. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Dowek D, Decleva P. Trends in angle-resolved molecular photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24614-24654. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective article, main trends of angle-resolved molecular photoelectron spectroscopy in the laboratory up to the molecular frame, in different regimes of light-matter interactions, are highlighted with emphasis on foundations and most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dowek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Piero Decleva
- CNR IOM and Dipartimento DSCF, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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6
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Wang SJ, Daněk J, Blaga CI, DiMauro LF, Biegert J, Lin CD. Two-dimensional retrieval methods for ultrafast imaging of molecular structure using laser-induced electron diffraction. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:164104. [PMID: 34717362 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular structural retrieval based on electron diffraction has been proposed to determine the atomic positions of molecules with sub-angstrom spatial and femtosecond temporal resolutions. Given its success on small molecular systems, in this work, we point out that the accuracy of structure retrieval is constrained by the availability of a wide range of experimental data in the momentum space in all molecular systems. To mitigate the limitations, for laser-induced electron diffraction, here we retrieve molecular structures using two-dimensional (energy and angle) electron momentum spectra in the laboratory frame for a number of small molecular systems, which have previously been studied with 1D methods. Compared to the conventional single-energy or single-angle analysis, our 2D methods effectively expand the momentum range of the measured data. Besides utilization of the 2D data, two complementary methods are developed for consistency check on the retrieved results. The 2D nature of our methods also offers a way of estimating the error from retrieval, which has never been explored before. Comparing with results from prior experiments, our findings show evidence that our 2D methods outperform the conventional 1D methods. Paving the way to the retrieval of large molecular systems, in which their tunneling ionization rates are challenging to obtain, we estimate the error of using the isotropic model in place of including the orientation-dependent ionization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ju Wang
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Jiří Daněk
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Cosmin I Blaga
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jens Biegert
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C D Lin
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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7
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Belsa B, Amini K, Liu X, Sanchez A, Steinle T, Steinmetzer J, Le AT, Moshammer R, Pfeifer T, Ullrich J, Moszynski R, Lin CD, Gräfe S, Biegert J. Laser-induced electron diffraction of the ultrafast umbrella motion in ammonia. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:014301. [PMID: 34026922 PMCID: PMC8121549 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing molecular transformations in real-time requires a structural retrieval method with Ångström spatial and femtosecond temporal atomic resolution. Imaging of hydrogen-containing molecules additionally requires an imaging method sensitive to the atomic positions of hydrogen nuclei, with most methods possessing relatively low sensitivity to hydrogen scattering. Laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED) is a table-top technique that can image ultrafast structural changes of gas-phase polyatomic molecules with sub-Ångström and femtosecond spatiotemporal resolution together with relatively high sensitivity to hydrogen scattering. Here, we image the umbrella motion of an isolated ammonia molecule (NH3) following its strong-field ionization. Upon ionization of a neutral ammonia molecule, the ammonia cation (NH3 +) undergoes an ultrafast geometrical transformation from a pyramidal ( Φ HNH = 107 ° ) to planar ( Φ HNH = 120 ° ) structure in approximately 8 femtoseconds. Using LIED, we retrieve a near-planar ( Φ HNH = 117 ± 5 ° ) field-dressed NH3 + molecular structure 7.8 - 9.8 femtoseconds after ionization. Our measured field-dressed NH3 + structure is in excellent agreement with our calculated equilibrium field-dressed structure using quantum chemical ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Belsa
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - X. Liu
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Sanchez
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T. Steinle
- ICFO—Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Steinmetzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A. T. Le
- Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - R. Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T. Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - R. Moszynski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - C. D. Lin
- Department of Physics, J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-2604, USA
| | - S. Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J. Biegert
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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8
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Brausse F, Bach F, Krečinić F, Vrakking MJJ, Rouzée A. Evolution of a Molecular Shape Resonance along a Stretching Chemical Bond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:123001. [PMID: 33016721 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report experiments on laser-assisted electron recollisions that result from strong-field ionization of photoexcited I_{2} molecules in the regime of low-energy electron scattering (<25 eV impact energy). By comparing differential scattering cross sections extracted from the angle-resolved photoelectron spectra to differential scattering cross sections from quantum-scattering calculations, we demonstrate that the electron-scattering dynamics is dominated by a shape resonance. When the molecular bond stretches during the evolution of a vibrational wave packet this shape resonance shifts to lower energies, both in experiment and theory. We explain this behavior by the nature of the resonance wave function, which closely resembles an antibonding molecular orbital of I_{2}.
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9
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Yuan KJ, Bandrauk AD. Ultrafast X-ray photoelectron diffraction in triatomic molecules by circularly polarized attosecond light pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:325-336. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically study ultrafast photoelectron diffraction in triatomic molecules with cyclic geometry by ultrafast circular soft X-ray attosecond pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jun Yuan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
| | - André D. Bandrauk
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Québec
- Canada
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10
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Amini K, Biegert J, Calegari F, Chacón A, Ciappina MF, Dauphin A, Efimov DK, Figueira de Morisson Faria C, Giergiel K, Gniewek P, Landsman AS, Lesiuk M, Mandrysz M, Maxwell AS, Moszyński R, Ortmann L, Antonio Pérez-Hernández J, Picón A, Pisanty E, Prauzner-Bechcicki J, Sacha K, Suárez N, Zaïr A, Zakrzewski J, Lewenstein M. Symphony on strong field approximation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:116001. [PMID: 31226696 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab2bb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper has been prepared by the Symphony collaboration (University of Warsaw, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, DESY/CNR and ICFO) on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the 'simple man's models' which underlie most of the phenomena that occur when intense ultrashort laser pulses interact with matter. The phenomena in question include high-harmonic generation (HHG), above-threshold ionization (ATI), and non-sequential multielectron ionization (NSMI). 'Simple man's models' provide both an intuitive basis for understanding the numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the motivation for the powerful analytic approximations generally known as the strong field approximation (SFA). In this paper we first review the SFA in the form developed by us in the last 25 years. In this approach the SFA is a method to solve the TDSE, in which the non-perturbative interactions are described by including continuum-continuum interactions in a systematic perturbation-like theory. In this review we focus on recent applications of the SFA to HHG, ATI and NSMI from multi-electron atoms and from multi-atom molecules. The main novel part of the presented theory concerns generalizations of the SFA to: (i) time-dependent treatment of two-electron atoms, allowing for studies of an interplay between electron impact ionization and resonant excitation with subsequent ionization; (ii) time-dependent treatment in the single active electron approximation of 'large' molecules and targets which are themselves undergoing dynamics during the HHG or ATI processes. In particular, we formulate the general expressions for the case of arbitrary molecules, combining input from quantum chemistry and quantum dynamics. We formulate also theory of time-dependent separable molecular potentials to model analytically the dynamics of realistic electronic wave packets for molecules in strong laser fields. We dedicate this work to the memory of Bertrand Carré, who passed away in March 2018 at the age of 60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Amini
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland. ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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11
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Fukuzawa H, Yamada S, Sakakibara Y, Tachibana T, Ito Y, Takanashi T, Nishiyama T, Sakai T, Nagaya K, Saito N, Oura M, Stener M, Decleva P, Ueda K. Probing gaseous molecular structure by molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:104302. [PMID: 31521098 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon 1s photoelectron angular distributions of an iodomethane molecule were measured relative to the recoil-frame determined by the momentum correlation between I+ and CH3 + at photoelectron energies of 3, 6.1, and 12 eV. The energy dependent behavior of the recoil-frame photoelectron angular distributions is reproduced reasonably well by the time-dependent density functional theory with B-spline methods. We discuss potential applications of the fully differential photoelectron angular distribution measurements in the molecular frame to three-dimensional molecular structural determinations identifying the directions and lengths of the bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Syuhei Yamada
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakakibara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tachibana
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takanashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | - Tsukasa Sakai
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kiyonobu Nagaya
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Norio Saito
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Masaki Oura
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mauro Stener
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Liu X, Amini K, Steinle T, Sanchez A, Shaikh M, Belsa B, Steinmetzer J, Le AT, Moshammer R, Pfeifer T, Ullrich J, Moszynski R, Lin CD, Gräfe S, Biegert J. Imaging an isolated water molecule using a single electron wave packet. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:024306. [PMID: 31301712 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Observing changes in molecular structure requires atomic-scale Ångstrom and femtosecond spatio-temporal resolution. We use the Fourier transform (FT) variant of laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED), FT-LIED, to directly retrieve the molecular structure of H2O+ with picometer and femtosecond resolution without a priori knowledge of the molecular structure nor the use of retrieval algorithms or ab initio calculations. We identify a symmetrically stretched H2O+ field-dressed structure that is most likely in the ground electronic state. We subsequently study the nuclear response of an isolated water molecule to an external laser field at four different field strengths. We show that upon increasing the laser field strength from 2.5 to 3.8 V/Å, the O-H bond is further stretched and the molecule slightly bends. The observed ultrafast structural changes lead to an increase in the dipole moment of water and, in turn, a stronger dipole interaction between the nuclear framework of the molecule and the intense laser field. Our results provide important insights into the coupling of the nuclear framework to a laser field as the molecular geometry of H2O+ is altered in the presence of an external field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Liu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasra Amini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tobias Steinle
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelien Sanchez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moniruzzaman Shaikh
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Belsa
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes Steinmetzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anh-Thu Le
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - Robert Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Moszynski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - C D Lin
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jens Biegert
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Karamatskos ET, Goldsztejn G, Raabe S, Stammer P, Mullins T, Trabattoni A, Johansen RR, Stapelfeldt H, Trippel S, Vrakking MJJ, Küpper J, Rouzée A. Atomic-resolution imaging of carbonyl sulfide by laser-induced electron diffraction. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:244301. [PMID: 31255082 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements on the strong-field ionization of carbonyl sulfide molecules by short, intense, 2 µm wavelength laser pulses are presented from experiments where angle-resolved photoelectron distributions were recorded with a high-energy velocity map imaging spectrometer, designed to reach a maximum kinetic energy of 500 eV. The laser-field-free elastic-scattering cross section of carbonyl sulfide was extracted from the measurements and is found in good agreement with previous experiments, performed using conventional electron diffraction. By comparing our measurements to the results of calculations, based on the quantitative rescattering theory, the bond lengths and molecular geometry were extracted from the experimental differential cross sections to a precision better than ±5 pm and in agreement with the known values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos T Karamatskos
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gildas Goldsztejn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Raabe
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stammer
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Terry Mullins
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Trabattoni
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Johansen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Stapelfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Trippel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc J J Vrakking
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Probing Attosecond Electron Coherence in Molecular Charge Migration by Ultrafast X-Ray Photoelectron Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electron coherence is a fundamental quantum phenomenon in today’s ultrafast physics and chemistry research. Based on attosecond pump–probe schemes, ultrafast X-ray photoelectron imaging of molecules was used to monitor the coherent electron dynamics which is created by an XUV pulse. We performed simulations on the molecular ion H 2 + by numerically solving time-dependent Schrödinger equations. It was found that the X-ray photoelectron angular and momentum distributions depend on the time delay between the XUV pump and soft X-ray probe pulses. Varying the polarization and helicity of the soft X-ray probe pulse gave rise to a modulation of the time-resolved photoelectron distributions. The present results provide a new approach for exploring ultrafast coherent electron dynamics and charge migration in reactions of molecules on the attosecond time scale.
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15
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Fukuzawa H, Lucchese RR, Liu XJ, Sakai K, Iwayama H, Nagaya K, Kreidi K, Schöffler MS, Harries JR, Tamenori Y, Morishita Y, Suzuki IH, Saito N, Ueda K. Probing molecular bond-length using molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174306. [PMID: 31067899 DOI: 10.1063/1.5091946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPADs) in O 1s photoemission from CO2 molecule were measured. Patterns due to photoelectron diffractions were observed in the MFPADs. The polarization-averaged MFPADs were compared with theoretical calculation and were found to be useful in determining the molecular bond-length, which is a component to determine molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Robert R Lucchese
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sakai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwayama
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyonobu Nagaya
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Katharina Kreidi
- Goeth-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus S Schöffler
- Goeth-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James R Harries
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamenori
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | | | - Isao H Suzuki
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Norio Saito
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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16
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Fuest H, Lai YH, Blaga CI, Suzuki K, Xu J, Rupp P, Li H, Wnuk P, Agostini P, Yamazaki K, Kanno M, Kono H, Kling MF, DiMauro LF. Diffractive Imaging of C_{60} Structural Deformations Induced by Intense Femtosecond Midinfrared Laser Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:053002. [PMID: 30822022 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.053002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical studies indicated that C_{60} exposed to linearly polarized intense infrared pulses undergoes periodic cage structural distortions with typical periods around 100 fs (1 fs=10^{-15} s). Here, we use the laser-driven self-imaging electron diffraction technique, previously developed for atoms and small molecules, to measure laser-induced deformation of C_{60} in an intense 3.6 μm laser field. A prolate molecular elongation along the laser polarization axis is determined to be (6.1±1.4)% via both angular- and energy-resolved measurements of electrons that are released, driven back, and diffracted from the molecule within the same laser field. The observed deformation is confirmed by density functional theory simulations of nuclear dynamics on time-dependent adiabatic states and indicates a nonadiabatic excitation of the h_{g}(1) prolate-oblate mode. The results demonstrate the applicability of laser-driven electron diffraction methods for studying macromolecular structural dynamics in four dimensions with atomic time and spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Fuest
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yu Hang Lai
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Cosmin I Blaga
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kazuma Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Junliang Xu
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Philipp Rupp
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hui Li
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Pawel Wnuk
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pierre Agostini
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kaoru Yamazaki
- Institute for Material Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Manabu Kanno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Matthias F Kling
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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17
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Schell F, Bredtmann T, Schulz CP, Patchkovskii S, Vrakking MJJ, Mikosch J. Molecular orbital imprint in laser-driven electron recollision. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap8148. [PMID: 29736412 PMCID: PMC5935475 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrons released by strong-field ionization from atoms and molecules or in solids can be accelerated in the oscillating laser field and driven back to their ion core. The ensuing interaction, phase-locked to the optical cycle, initiates the central processes underlying attosecond science. A common assumption assigns a single, well-defined return direction to the recolliding electron. We study laser-induced electron rescattering associated with two different ionization continua in the same, spatially aligned, polyatomic molecule. We show by experiment and theory that the electron return probability is molecular frame-dependent and carries structural information on the ionized orbital. The returning wave packet structure has to be accounted for in analyzing strong-field spectroscopy experiments that critically depend on the interaction of the laser-driven continuum electron, such as laser-induced electron diffraction.
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18
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Tsuru S, Fujikawa T, Stener M, Decleva P, Yagishita A. Theoretical study of ultrafast x-ray photoelectron diffraction from molecules undergoing photodissociation. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5019878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tsuru
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mauro Stener
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Akira Yagishita
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, KEK, Oho1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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19
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Walt SG, Bhargava Ram N, Atala M, Shvetsov-Shilovski NI, von Conta A, Baykusheva D, Lein M, Wörner HJ. Dynamics of valence-shell electrons and nuclei probed by strong-field holography and rescattering. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643771 PMCID: PMC5481729 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong-field photoelectron holography and laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED) are two powerful emerging methods for probing the ultrafast dynamics of molecules. However, both of them have remained restricted to static systems and to nuclear dynamics induced by strong-field ionization. Here we extend these promising methods to image purely electronic valence-shell dynamics in molecules using photoelectron holography. In the same experiment, we use LIED and photoelectron holography simultaneously, to observe coupled electronic-rotational dynamics taking place on similar timescales. These results offer perspectives for imaging ultrafast dynamics of molecules on femtosecond to attosecond timescales. Capturing ultrafast molecular dynamics is difficult as the process involves coupled and very fast motions of electrons and nuclei. Here the authors study non-adiabatic dynamics in the NO molecule using strong-field photoelectron holography to shed light on the valence-shell electron dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Walt
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niraghatam Bhargava Ram
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Atala
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Aaron von Conta
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Denitsa Baykusheva
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Lein
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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