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Richert R. Dielectric Study of n-Propanol during Physical Vapor Deposition: No Surface Mobility and No Kinetic Stability. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5528-5533. [PMID: 38781977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Dielectric relaxation experiments have been performed on n-propanol (NPOH) films during physical vapor deposition at temperatures above and below its glass transition, Tg = 97 K. The results for NPOH are compared with those of analogous experiments on methyl-m-toluate (MMT) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF), with all three deposited at the same reduced temperature, 0.82Tg. While MMT and MTHF display clear signs of a highly mobile surface layer, no such feature is observed for NPOH. The existence of this in situ observed mobile surface layer correlates perfectly with the material's ability to form kinetically stable glasses, as NPOH differs from MMT and MTHF by not displaying kinetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Richert
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Gabriel JP, Riechers B, Thoms E, Guiseppi-Elie A, Ediger MD, Richert R. Polyamorphism in vapor-deposited 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: A broadband dielectric relaxation study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:024502. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0035591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Gabriel
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Birte Riechers
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Erik Thoms
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Mark D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ranko Richert
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Beasley MS, Kasting BJ, Tracy ME, Guiseppi-Elie A, Richert R, Ediger MD. Physical vapor deposition of a polyamorphic system: Triphenyl phosphite. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:124511. [PMID: 33003706 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ AC nanocalorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy were used to analyze films of vapor-deposited triphenyl phosphite. The goal of this work was to investigate the properties of vapor-deposited glasses of this known polyamorphic system and to determine which liquid is formed when the glass is heated. We find that triphenyl phosphite forms a kinetically stable glass when prepared at substrate temperatures of 0.75-0.95Tg, where Tg is the glass transition temperature. Regardless of the substrate temperature utilized during deposition of triphenyl phosphite, heating a vapor-deposited glass always forms the ordinary supercooled liquid (liquid 1). The identity of liquid 1 was confirmed by both the calorimetric signal and the shape and position of the dielectric spectra. For the purposes of comparison, the glacial phase of triphenyl phosphite (liquid 2) was prepared by the conventional method of annealing liquid 1. We speculate that these new results and previous work on vapor deposition of other polyamorphic systems can be explained by the free surface structure being similar to one polyamorph even in a temperature regime where the other polyamorph is more thermodynamically stable in the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Beasley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Kasting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M E Tracy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Guiseppi-Elie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - R Richert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Gainaru C, Nelson H, Huebinger J, Grabenbauer M, Böhmer R. Suppression of Orientational Correlations in the Viscous-Liquid State of Hyperquenched Pressure-Densified Glycerol. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:065503. [PMID: 32845696 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.065503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol pressurized to 2 kbar and hyperquenched from the bulk liquid at rates of about -10 000 K/s, has been frozen to an extreme out-of-equilibrium state. As compared to conventionally cooled melts, the resulting material exhibits lower orientational correlations, enabling the observation of a secondary relaxation peak in the ambient-pressure dielectric response. The hyperquenching rather than the pressurizing part of the preparation protocol induces the observed structural changes. These vanish entirely only well above the glass transition temperature of the equilibrium liquid and are evidence for strong similarities between hyperquenched and vapor-deposited glass formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Helge Nelson
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan Huebinger
- Max Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Roland Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Guo Y, Jin X, Kang Z, Wang LM. Distinct changes of Debye relaxation in primary and secondary monoalcohols by carbon nano-dots. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Riechers B, Guiseppi-Elie A, Ediger MD, Richert R. Ultrastable and polyamorphic states of vapor-deposited 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:214502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5091796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birte Riechers
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - A. Guiseppi-Elie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Ranko Richert
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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Samanta S, Huang G, Gao G, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Wolf S, Woods CN, Jin Y, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. Exploring the Importance of Surface Diffusion in Stability of Vapor-Deposited Organic Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4108-4117. [PMID: 30998844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stable glasses are formed during physical vapor deposition (PVD), through the surface-mediated equilibration process. Understanding surface relaxation dynamics is important in understanding the details of this process. Direct measurements of the surface relaxation times in molecular glass systems are challenging. As such, surface diffusion measurements have been used in the past as a proxy for the surface relaxation process. In this study, we show that the absence of enhanced surface diffusion is not a reliable predictor of reduced ability to produce stable glasses. To demonstrate, we have prepared stable glasses (SGs) from two structurally similar organic molecules, 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (TNB) and 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), with similar density increase and improved kinetic stability as compared to their liquid-quenched (LQ) counterparts. The surface diffusion values of these glasses were measured both in the LQ and SG states below their glass transition temperatures ( Tgs) using gold nanorod probes. While TNB shows enhanced surface diffusion in both SG and LQ states, no significant surface Tg diffusion is observed on the surface of α,α-A within our experimental time scales. However, isothermal dewetting experiments on ultrathin films of both molecules below Tg indicate the existence of enhanced dynamics in ultrathin films for both molecules, indirectly showing the existence of an enhanced mobile surface layer. Both films produce stable glasses, which is another indication for the existence of the mobile surface layer. Our results suggest that lateral surface diffusion may not be a good proxy for enhanced surface relaxation dynamics required to produce stable glasses, and thus, other types of measurements to directly probe the surface relaxation times may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Georgia Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Gui Gao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Sarah Wolf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Connor N Woods
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
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