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Yuan S, Han X, Zhang J, Xie Z, Fan C, Xiao Y, Gao YQ, Yang YI. Generating High-Precision Force Fields for Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Study Chemical Reaction Mechanisms Using Molecular Configuration Transformer. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4378-4390. [PMID: 38759697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Theoretical studies on chemical reaction mechanisms have been crucial in organic chemistry. Traditionally, calculating the manually constructed molecular conformations of transition states for chemical reactions using quantum chemical calculations is the most commonly used method. However, this way is heavily dependent on individual experience and chemical intuition. In our previous study, we proposed a research paradigm that used enhanced sampling in molecular dynamics simulations to study chemical reactions. This approach can directly simulate the entire process of a chemical reaction. However, the computational speed limited the use of high-precision potential energy functions for simulations. To address this issue, we presented a scheme for training high-precision force fields for molecular modeling using a previously developed graph-neural-network-based molecular model, molecular configuration transformer. This potential energy function allowed for highly accurate simulations at a low computational cost, leading to more precise calculations of the mechanism of chemical reactions. We applied this approach to study a Claisen rearrangement reaction and a carbonyl insertion reaction catalyzed by manganese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Yuan
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Xu Han
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Zhaoxin Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Cheng Fan
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yunlong Xiao
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Yi Isaac Yang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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Shi Y, Li M, Jia N, Shi R, Su Y. Structures and bonding characteristics of KCl(H2O)n clusters with n = 1-10 based on density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114316. [PMID: 38506288 DOI: 10.1063/5.0194237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aqueous inorganic salt solutions play a prominent role in both physiological and chemical experiments, and significant attention has been directed toward understanding the mechanisms underlying salt dissolution. In our effort to elucidate the hydration process of potassium chloride, we employed a comprehensive genetic algorithm to explore the structures of KCl(H2O)n (n = 1-10). A series of stable structures were identified by high-level ab initio optimization and single-point energy calculations with a zero-point energy correction. An analysis of the probability distribution of KCl(H2O)1-10 revealed that clusters with high probability at low temperatures exhibit reduced probabilities at higher temperatures, while others become more prevalent. When n = 1-9, the contact ion pair configurations or partially dissociated structures dominate in the system, and the probability distribution plot shows that the proportion of the solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) structures of KCl(H2O)n is very small, while the SSIP configuration in KCl(H2O)10 becomes a stable structure with increasing temperature. The results from natural bond orbital analysis reveal a stronger interaction between chloride ions and water molecules. These findings provide valuable insights for a more comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of potassium chloride dissolution in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mengxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Nan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- School of Mathematics and Physics Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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Lu Y, Ning C. Structural Versatility and Energy Difference of Salt-Water Complex NaCl(H 2O) Encoded in Cryogenic Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4995-5000. [PMID: 35648589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A weakly bound complex usually has multiple structural isomers with small energy differences. The sophisticated ab initio calculations are the main workhorse for providing theoretical results of different isomers. In contrast, the experimental determination of the energy difference is very rare. We report the energy-difference measurement of a model complex: salt-water complex NaCl(H2O). We measured the energy difference among the structural isomers of the negatively charged NaCl(H2O) complex and the neutral counterpart using cryogenic photoelectron spectroscopy. The temperature-dependent photoelectron spectra (15-300 K) revealed that the negatively charged NaCl(H2O) and the neutral counterpart both have three isomers. The two higher-lying isomers are 186(22) and 481(48) cm-1, respectively, above the most stable isomer for the negatively charged and 123(10) and 1821(24) cm-1 for the neutral. These results provide a benchmark for the development of theoretic methods of weakly bound complexes. The experimental technique demonstrated here can be employed to investigate other weakly bound complexes with multiple isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Lu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuangang Ning
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Wei ZY, Yang LJ, Gong SY, Xu HG, Xu XL, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Comparison of the Microsolvation of CaX 2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) in Water: Size-Selected Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3288-3306. [PMID: 33872010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To understand the microsolvation of alkaline-earth dihalides in water and provide information about the dependence of solvation processes on different halides, we investigated CaBr2(H2O)n-, CaI2(H2O)n-, and CaF2(H2O)n- (n = 0-6) clusters using size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and conducted theoretical calculations on these clusters and their neutrals. The results are compared with those of CaCl2(H2O)n-/0 clusters reported previously. It is found that the vertical detachment energies (VDEs) of CaCl2(H2O)n-, CaBr2(H2O)n-, and CaI2(H2O)n- show a similar trend with increasing cluster size, while the VDEs of CaF2(H2O)n- show a different trend. The VDEs of CaF2(H2O)n- are much lower than those of CaCl2(H2O)n-, CaBr2(H2O)n-, and CaI2(H2O)n-. A detailed probing of the structures shows that a significant increase of the Ca-X distance (separation of Ca2+-X- ion pair) in CaCl2(H2O)n-/0, CaBr2(H2O)n-/0, and CaI2(H2O)n-/0 clusters occurred at about n = 5. However, for CaF2(H2O)n-/0, no abrupt change of the Ca-F distance with the increasing cluster size has been observed. In CaCl2(H2O)6-/0, CaBr2(H2O)6-/0, and CaI2(H2O)6-/0, the Ca atom coordinates directly with 5 H2O molecules. However, in CaF2(H2O)n-/0, the Ca atom coordinates directly with only 2 or 3 H2O molecules. The similarity or differences in the structures and coordination numbers are consistent with the fact that CaCl2, CaBr2, and CaI2 have similar solubility, while CaF2 has much lower solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shi-Yan Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Fan YW, Wang HQ, Li HF. Microsolvation of Co - in water: Density functional theory calculations coupled with stochastic kicking method. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 245:118935. [PMID: 32971345 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydrated clusters [Formula: see text] (n = 1-4) in gas phase are studied by density functional theory calculations (DFT) coupled with stochastic kicking method. The global minimum structure of [Formula: see text] exhibits low-symmetry pattern since only one H atom of water molecules interact with Co- ion and other ones associate with a network of hydrogen bonds. The Co- ion prefers to locate at vertex site of the water molecular clusters in such way to reduce the repulsion with O atom. These results elucidate the formation of these low-lying isomers are determined by the delicate balance between ion-water and water-water interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Fan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Huai-Qian Wang
- College of engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
| | - Hui-Fang Li
- College of engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
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Wei ZY, Yang LJ, Xu HG, Farooq U, Xu XL, Gao YQ, Zheng WJ. Hydration processes of barium chloride: Size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations of BaCl 2-water clusters. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134301. [PMID: 33032412 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the hydration processes of BaCl2, we investigated BaCl2(H2O)n - (n = 0-5) clusters using size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The structures of neutral BaCl2(H2O)n clusters up to n = 8 were also investigated by theoretical calculations. It is found that in BaCl2(H2O)n -/0, the Ba-Cl distances increase very slowly with the cluster size. The hydration process is not able to induce the breaking of a Ba-Cl bond in the cluster size range (n = 0-8) studied in this work. In small BaCl2(H2O)n clusters with n ≤ 5, the Ba atom has a coordination number of n + 2; however, in BaCl2(H2O)6-8 clusters, the Ba atom coordinates with two Cl atoms and (n - 1) water molecules, and it has a coordination number of n + 1. Unlike the previously studied MgCl2(H2O)n - and CaCl2(H2O)n -, negative charge-transfer-to-solvent behavior has not been observed for BaCl2(H2O)n -, and the excess electron of BaCl2(H2O)n - is mainly localized on the Ba atom rather on the water molecules. No observation of Ba2+-Cl- separation in current work is consistent with the lower solubility of BaCl2 compared to MgCl2 and CaCl2. Considering the BaCl2/H2O mole ratio in the saturated solution, one would expect that about 20-30 H2O molecules are needed to break the first Ba-Cl bond in BaCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Jiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi-Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Yang YI, Shao Q, Zhang J, Yang L, Gao YQ. Enhanced sampling in molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:070902. [PMID: 31438687 DOI: 10.1063/1.5109531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although molecular dynamics simulations have become a useful tool in essentially all fields of chemistry, condensed matter physics, materials science, and biology, there is still a large gap between the time scale which can be reached in molecular dynamics simulations and that observed in experiments. To address the problem, many enhanced sampling methods were introduced, which effectively extend the time scale being approached in simulations. In this perspective, we review a variety of enhanced sampling methods. We first discuss collective-variables-based methods including metadynamics and variationally enhanced sampling. Then, collective variable free methods such as parallel tempering and integrated tempering methods are presented. At last, we conclude with a brief introduction of some newly developed combinatory methods. We summarize in this perspective not only the theoretical background and numerical implementation of these methods but also the new challenges and prospects in the field of the enhanced sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Isaac Yang
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Shao
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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Bouchafra Y, Shee A, Réal F, Vallet V, Severo Pereira Gomes A. Predictive Simulations of Ionization Energies of Solvated Halide Ions with Relativistic Embedded Equation of Motion Coupled Cluster Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:266001. [PMID: 30636145 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.266001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A subsystem approach for obtaining electron binding energies in the valence region is presented and applied to the case of halide ions (X^{-},X=F-At) in water. This approach is based on electronic structure calculations combining the relativistic equation-of-motion coupled cluster method for electron detachment and density functional theory via the frozen density embedding approach, using structures from classical molecular dynamics with polarizable force fields for discrete systems (in our study, droplets containing the anion and 50 water molecules). Our results indicate that one can accurately capture both the large solvent effect observed for the halides and the splitting of their ionization signals due to the increasingly large spin-orbit coupling of the p_{3/2}-p_{1/2} manifold across the series, at an affordable computational cost. Furthermore, owing to the quantum mechanical treatment of both solute and solvent electron binding energies of semiquantitative quality are also obtained for (bulk) water as by-products of the calculations for the halogens (in droplets).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Bouchafra
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Avijit Shee
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florent Réal
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Vallet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - André Severo Pereira Gomes
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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