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Beatrez W, Pillai A, Janes O, Suter D, Ajoy A. Electron Induced Nanoscale Nuclear Spin Relaxation Probed by Hyperpolarization Injection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:010802. [PMID: 37478433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.010802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on experiments that quantify the role of a central electronic spin as a relaxation source for nuclear spins in its nanoscale environment. Our strategy exploits hyperpolarization injection from the electron as a means to controllably probe an increasing number of nuclear spins in the bath and subsequently interrogate them with high fidelity. Our experiments are focused on a model system of a nitrogen vacancy center electronic spin surrounded by several hundred ^{13}C nuclear spins. We observe that the ^{13}C transverse spin relaxation times vary significantly with the extent of hyperpolarization injection, allowing the ability to measure the influence of electron-mediated relaxation extending over several nanometers. These results suggest interesting new means to spatially discriminate nuclear spins in a nanoscale environment and have direct relevance to dynamic nuclear polarization and quantum sensors and memories constructed from hyperpolarized nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beatrez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Otto Janes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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2
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Roberts MF, Hedstrom L. High Resolution 31P Field Cycling NMR Reveals Unsuspected Features of Enzyme-Substrate-Cofactor Dynamics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:865519. [PMID: 35433832 PMCID: PMC9009223 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.865519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic interactions of enzymes and substrates underpins catalysis, yet few techniques can interrogate the dynamics of protein-bound ligands. Here we describe the use of field cycling NMR relaxometry to measure the dynamics of enzyme-bound substrates and cofactors in catalytically competent complexes of GMP reductase. These studies reveal new binding modes unanticipated by x-ray crystal structures and reaction-specific dynamic networks. Importantly, this work demonstrates that distal interactions not usually considered part of the reaction coordinate can play an active role in catalysis. The commercialization of shuttling apparatus will make field cycling relaxometry more accessible and expand its use to additional nuclei, promising more intriguing findings to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lizbeth Hedstrom,
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3
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Cerrillo J, Oviedo Casado S, Prior J. Low Field Nano-NMR via Three-Level System Control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:220402. [PMID: 34152193 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.220402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional control strategies for nitrogen-vacancy centers in quantum sensing are based on a two-level model of their triplet ground state. However, this approach fails in regimes of weak bias magnetic fields or strong microwave pulses, as we demonstrate. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel control sequence that exploits all three levels by addressing a hidden Raman configuration with microwave pulses tuned to the zero-field transition. We report excellent performance in typical dynamical decoupling sequences, opening up the possibility for nano-NMR operation in low field environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cerrillo
- Área de Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena E-30202, Spain
| | - S Oviedo Casado
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Givat Ram, Israel
| | - J Prior
- Área de Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena E-30202, Spain
- Departamento de Física-CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia E-30071, Spain
- Instituto Carlos I de Física teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain
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Ajoy A, Nazaryan R, Druga E, Liu K, Aguilar A, Han B, Gierth M, Oon JT, Safvati B, Tsang R, Walton JH, Suter D, Meriles CA, Reimer JA, Pines A. Room temperature "optical nanodiamond hyperpolarizer": Physics, design, and operation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:023106. [PMID: 32113392 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) is a powerful suite of techniques that deliver multifold signal enhancements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MRI. The generated athermal spin states can also be exploited for quantum sensing and as probes for many-body physics. Typical DNP methods require the use of cryogens, large magnetic fields, and high power microwave excitation, which are expensive and unwieldy. Nanodiamond particles, rich in Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers, have attracted attention as alternative DNP agents because they can potentially be optically hyperpolarized at room temperature. Here, unraveling new physics underlying an optical DNP mechanism first introduced by Ajoy et al. [Sci. Adv. 4, eaar5492 (2018)], we report the realization of a miniature "optical nanodiamond hyperpolarizer," where 13C nuclei within the diamond particles are hyperpolarized via the NV centers. The device occupies a compact footprint and operates at room temperature. Instrumental requirements are very modest: low polarizing fields, low optical and microwave irradiation powers, and convenient frequency ranges that enable miniaturization. We obtain the best reported optical 13C hyperpolarization in diamond particles exceeding 720 times of the thermal 7 T value (0.86% bulk polarization), corresponding to a ten-million-fold gain in averaging time to detect them by NMR. In addition, the hyperpolarization signal can be background-suppressed by over two-orders of magnitude, retained for multiple-minute long periods at low fields, and deployed efficiently even to 13C enriched particles. Besides applications in quantum sensing and bright-contrast MRI imaging, this work opens possibilities for low-cost room-temperature DNP platforms that relay the 13C polarization to liquids in contact with the high surface-area particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Han
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Gierth
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J T Oon
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Safvati
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Tsang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J H Walton
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - D Suter
- Fakultat Physik, Technische Universitat Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Pines
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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5
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Ajoy A, Safvati B, Nazaryan R, Oon JT, Han B, Raghavan P, Nirodi R, Aguilar A, Liu K, Cai X, Lv X, Druga E, Ramanathan C, Reimer JA, Meriles CA, Suter D, Pines A. Hyperpolarized relaxometry based nuclear T 1 noise spectroscopy in diamond. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5160. [PMID: 31727898 PMCID: PMC6856091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins of spin lifetimes in quantum systems is a matter of importance in several areas of quantum information. Spectrally mapping spin relaxation processes provides insight into their origin and motivates methods to mitigate them. In this paper, we map nuclear relaxation in a prototypical system of [Formula: see text] nuclei in diamond coupled to Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers over a wide field range (1 mT-7 T). Nuclear hyperpolarization through optically pumped NV electrons allows signal measurement savings exceeding million-fold over conventional methods. Through a systematic study with varying substitutional electron (P1 center) and [Formula: see text] concentrations, we identify the operational relaxation channels for the nuclei at different fields as well as the dominant role played by [Formula: see text] coupling to the interacting P1 electronic spin bath. These results motivate quantum control techniques for dissipation engineering to boost spin lifetimes in diamond, with applications including engineered quantum memories and hyperpolarized [Formula: see text] imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - B Safvati
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J T Oon
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - B Han
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R Nirodi
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - K Liu
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - X Cai
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - X Lv
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C Ramanathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - D Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Pines
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Chmelka BF. Materializing opportunities for NMR of solids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:91-97. [PMID: 31377152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in sensitivity and resolution of NMR of solids are opening a bonanza of fundamental and technological opportunities in materials science. Many of these are at the boundaries of related disciplines that provide creative inputs to motivate the development of new methodologies and possibilities for new applications. As Boltzmann limitations are surmounted by dynamic-nuclear-polarization- and laser-enhanced hyperpolarization techniques, the correlative benefits of multidimensional NMR are becoming more and more impactful. Nevertheless, there are limits, and the atomic-level information provided by solid-state NMR will be most useful in combination with state-of-the-art diffraction, microscopy, computational, and materials synthesis methods. Collectively these can be expected to lead to design criteria that will promote discovery of new materials, lead to novel or improved material properties, catalyze new applications, and motivate further methodological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley F Chmelka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Zangara PR, Dhomkar S, Ajoy A, Liu K, Nazaryan R, Pagliero D, Suter D, Reimer JA, Pines A, Meriles CA. Dynamics of frequency-swept nuclear spin optical pumping in powdered diamond at low magnetic fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2512-2520. [PMID: 30679282 PMCID: PMC6377465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811994116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad effort is underway to improve the sensitivity of NMR through the use of dynamic nuclear polarization. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offer an appealing platform because these paramagnetic defects can be optically polarized efficiently at room temperature. However, work thus far has been mainly limited to single crystals, because most polarization transfer protocols are sensitive to misalignment between the NV and magnetic field axes. Here we study the spin dynamics of NV-13C pairs in the simultaneous presence of optical excitation and microwave frequency sweeps at low magnetic fields. We show that a subtle interplay between illumination intensity, frequency sweep rate, and hyperfine coupling strength leads to efficient, sweep-direction-dependent 13C spin polarization over a broad range of orientations of the magnetic field. In particular, our results strongly suggest that finely tuned, moderately coupled nuclear spins are key to the hyperpolarization process, which makes this mechanism distinct from other known dynamic polarization channels. These findings pave the route to applications where powders are intrinsically advantageous, including the hyperpolarization of target fluids in contact with the diamond surface or the use of hyperpolarized particles as contrast agents for in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Zangara
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Siddharth Dhomkar
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kristina Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Raffi Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031;
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
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