1
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Pillai A, Elanchezhian M, Virtanen T, Conti S, Ajoy A. Electron-to-nuclear spectral mapping via dynamic nuclear polarization. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:154201. [PMID: 37843056 DOI: 10.1063/5.0157954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on a strategy to indirectly read out the spectrum of an electronic spin via polarization transfer to nuclear spins in its local environment. The nuclear spins are far more abundant and have longer lifetimes, allowing for repeated polarization accumulation in them. Subsequent nuclear interrogation can reveal information about the electronic spectral density of states. We experimentally demonstrate the method by reading out the ESR spectrum of nitrogen vacancy center electrons in diamond via readout of lattice 13C nuclei. Spin-lock control on the 13C nuclei yields a significantly enhanced signal-to-noise ratio for the nuclear readout. Spectrally mapped readout presents operational advantages in being background-free and immune to crystal orientation and optical scattering. We harness these advantages to demonstrate applications in underwater magnetometry. The physical basis for the "one-to-many" spectral map is itself intriguing. To uncover its origin, we develop a theoretical model that maps the system dynamics, involving traversal of a cascaded structure of Landau-Zener anti-crossings, to the operation of a tilted "Galton board." This work points to new opportunities for "ESR-via-NMR" in dilute electronic systems and in hybrid electron-nuclear quantum memories and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Moniish Elanchezhian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Teemu Virtanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sophie Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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2
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Beatrez W, Pillai A, Janes O, Suter D, Ajoy A. Electron Induced Nanoscale Nuclear Spin Relaxation Probed by Hyperpolarization Injection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:010802. [PMID: 37478433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.010802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on experiments that quantify the role of a central electronic spin as a relaxation source for nuclear spins in its nanoscale environment. Our strategy exploits hyperpolarization injection from the electron as a means to controllably probe an increasing number of nuclear spins in the bath and subsequently interrogate them with high fidelity. Our experiments are focused on a model system of a nitrogen vacancy center electronic spin surrounded by several hundred ^{13}C nuclear spins. We observe that the ^{13}C transverse spin relaxation times vary significantly with the extent of hyperpolarization injection, allowing the ability to measure the influence of electron-mediated relaxation extending over several nanometers. These results suggest interesting new means to spatially discriminate nuclear spins in a nanoscale environment and have direct relevance to dynamic nuclear polarization and quantum sensors and memories constructed from hyperpolarized nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beatrez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Otto Janes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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3
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Saul P, Schröder L, Schmidt AB, Hövener JB. Nanomaterials for hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1879. [PMID: 36781151 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials play an important role in the development and application of hyperpolarized materials for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this context they can not only act as hyperpolarized materials which are directly imaged but also play a role as carriers for hyperpolarized gases and catalysts for para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) to generate hyperpolarized substrates for metabolic imaging. Those three application possibilities are discussed, focusing on carbon-based materials for the directly imaged particles. An overview over recent developments in all three fields is given, including the early developments in each field as well as important steps towards applications in MRI, such as making the initially developed methods more biocompatible and first imaging experiments with spatial resolution in either phantoms or in vivo studies. Focusing on the important features nanomaterials need to display to be applicable in the MRI context, a wide range of different approaches to that extent is covered, giving the reader a general idea of different possibilities as well as recent developments in those different fields of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Saul
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas B Schmidt
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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4
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Aslam N, Zhou H, Urbach EK, Turner MJ, Walsworth RL, Lukin MD, Park H. Quantum sensors for biomedical applications. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2023; 5:157-169. [PMID: 36776813 PMCID: PMC9896461 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors are finding their way from laboratories to the real world, as witnessed by the increasing number of start-ups in this field. The atomic length scale of quantum sensors and their coherence properties enable unprecedented spatial resolution and sensitivity. Biomedical applications could benefit from these quantum technologies, but it is often difficult to evaluate the potential impact of the techniques. This Review sheds light on these questions, presenting the status of quantum sensing applications and discussing their path towards commercialization. The focus is on two promising quantum sensing platforms: optically pumped atomic magnetometers, and nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. The broad spectrum of biomedical applications is highlighted by four case studies ranging from brain imaging to single-cell spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Aslam
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hengyun Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Elana K. Urbach
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Matthew J. Turner
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Ronald L. Walsworth
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | | | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
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5
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Sahin O, de Leon Sanchez E, Conti S, Akkiraju A, Reshetikhin P, Druga E, Aggarwal A, Gilbert B, Bhave S, Ajoy A. High field magnetometry with hyperpolarized nuclear spins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5486. [PMID: 36123342 PMCID: PMC9485171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensors have attracted broad interest in the quest towards sub-micronscale NMR spectroscopy. Such sensors predominantly operate at low magnetic fields. Instead, however, for high resolution spectroscopy, the high-field regime is naturally advantageous because it allows high absolute chemical shift discrimination. Here we demonstrate a high-field spin magnetometer constructed from an ensemble of hyperpolarized 13C nuclear spins in diamond. They are initialized by Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers and protected along a transverse Bloch sphere axis for minute-long periods. When exposed to a time-varying (AC) magnetic field, they undergo secondary precessions that carry an imprint of its frequency and amplitude. For quantum sensing at 7T, we demonstrate detection bandwidth up to 7 kHz, a spectral resolution < 100mHz, and single-shot sensitivity of 410pT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$/\sqrt{{{{{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}}}}}$$\end{document}/Hz. This work anticipates opportunities for microscale NMR chemical sensors constructed from hyperpolarized nanodiamonds and suggests applications of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in quantum sensing. Quantum sensors based on NV centers in diamond find applications in high spatial resolution NMR spectroscopy, but their operation is typically limited to low fields. Sahin et al. demonstrate a high-field sensor based on nuclear spins in diamond, where NV centers play a supporting role in optical initialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Sophie Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amala Akkiraju
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul Reshetikhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aakriti Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sunil Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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6
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Allert RD, Briegel KD, Bucher DB. Advances in nano- and microscale NMR spectroscopy using diamond quantum sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8165-8181. [PMID: 35796253 PMCID: PMC9301930 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01546c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum technologies have seen a rapid developmental surge over the last couple of years. Though often overshadowed by quantum computation, quantum sensors show tremendous potential for widespread applications in chemistry and biology. One system stands out in particular: the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, an atomic-sized sensor allowing the detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals at unprecedented length scales down to a single proton. In this article, we review the fundamentals of NV center-based quantum sensing and its distinct impact on nano- and microscale NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we highlight possible future applications of this novel technology ranging from energy research, materials science, to single-cell biology, and discuss the associated challenges of these rapidly developing NMR sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Karl D Briegel
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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7
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Oshimi K, Nishimura Y, Matsubara T, Tanaka M, Shikoh E, Zhao L, Zou Y, Komatsu N, Ikado Y, Takezawa Y, Kage-Nakadai E, Izutsu Y, Yoshizato K, Morita S, Tokunaga M, Yukawa H, Baba Y, Teki Y, Fujiwara M. Glass-patternable notch-shaped microwave architecture for on-chip spin detection in biological samples. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2519-2530. [PMID: 35510631 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00112h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a notch-shaped coplanar microwave waveguide antenna on a glass plate designed for on-chip detection of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs). A lithographically patterned thin wire at the center of the notch area in the coplanar waveguide realizes a millimeter-scale ODMR detection area (1.5 × 2.0 mm2) and gigahertz-broadband characteristics with low reflection (∼8%). The ODMR signal intensity in the detection area is quantitatively predictable by numerical simulation. Using this chip device, we demonstrate a uniform ODMR signal intensity over the detection area for cells, tissue, and worms. The present demonstration of a chip-based microwave architecture will enable scalable chip integration of ODMR-based quantum sensing technology into various bioassay platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oshimi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yushi Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masuaki Tanaka
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Eiji Shikoh
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yajuan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Ikado
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Yuka Takezawa
- Department of Human Life Science, Graduate School of Food and Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Eriko Kage-Nakadai
- Department of Human Life Science, Graduate School of Food and Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yumi Izutsu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Synthetic biology laboratory, Graduate school of medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Saho Morita
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masato Tokunaga
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshio Teki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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8
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Kavtanyuk VV, Lee HJ, Oh S, Jeong K, Shim JH. Optical Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of 13C Spins in Diamond at a Low Field with Multi-Tone Microwave Irradiation. Molecules 2022; 27:1700. [PMID: 35268801 PMCID: PMC8911784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments have been requiring helium cryogenics and strong magnetic fields for a high degree of nuclear polarization. In this work, we instead demonstrate an optical hyperpolarization of naturally abundant 13C nuclei in a diamond crystal at a low magnetic field and the room temperature. It exploits continuous laser irradiation for polarizing electronic spins of nitrogen vacancy centers and microwave irradiation for transferring the electronic polarization to 13C nuclear spins. We have studied the dependence of 13C polarization on laser and microwave powers. For the first time, a triplet structure corresponding to the 14N hyperfine splitting has been observed in the 13C polarization spectrum. By simultaneously exciting three microwave frequencies at the peaks of the triplet, we have achieved 13C bulk polarization of 0.113 %, leading to an enhancement of 90,000 over the thermal polarization at 17.6 mT. We believe that the multi-tone irradiation can be extended to further enhance the 13C polarization at a low magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Kavtanyuk
- Quantum Magnetic Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (V.V.K.); (S.O.)
| | - Hyun Joon Lee
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Korea;
| | - Sangwon Oh
- Quantum Magnetic Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (V.V.K.); (S.O.)
| | | | - Jeong Hyun Shim
- Quantum Magnetic Imaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (V.V.K.); (S.O.)
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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9
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Iyengar SA, Puthirath AB, Swaminathan V. Realizing Quantum Technologies in Nanomaterials and Nanoscience. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2107839. [PMID: 35119138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A brief overview of quantum materials and their prospects for applications, in the near, mid, and far-term in the areas of quantum information science, spintronics, valleytronics, and twistronics and those involving topology are covered in this perspective. The material and processing challenges that will modulate the realism of the applications will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathvik Ajay Iyengar
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Anand B Puthirath
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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10
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Eills J, Hale W, Utz M. Synergies between Hyperpolarized NMR and Microfluidics: A Review. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 128:44-69. [PMID: 35282869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and lab-on-a-chip microfluidics are two dynamic, but until recently quite distinct, fields of research. Recent developments in both areas increased their synergistic overlap. By microfluidic integration, many complex experimental steps can be brought together onto a single platform. Microfluidic devices are therefore increasingly finding applications in medical diagnostics, forensic analysis, and biomedical research. In particular, they provide novel and powerful ways to culture cells, cell aggregates, and even functional models of entire organs. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a non-invasive, high-resolution spectroscopic technique which allows real-time process monitoring with chemical specificity. It is ideally suited for observing metabolic and other biological and chemical processes in microfluidic systems. However, its intrinsically low sensitivity has limited its application. Recent advances in nuclear hyperpolarization techniques may change this: under special circumstances, it is possible to enhance NMR signals by up to 5 orders of magnitude, which dramatically extends the utility of NMR in the context of microfluidic systems. Hyperpolarization requires complex chemical and/or physical manipulations, which in turn may benefit from microfluidic implementation. In fact, many hyperpolarization methodologies rely on processes that are more efficient at the micro-scale, such as molecular diffusion, penetration of electromagnetic radiation into a sample, or restricted molecular mobility on a surface. In this review we examine the confluence between the fields of hyperpolarization-enhanced NMR and microfluidics, and assess how these areas of research have mutually benefited one another, and will continue to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute for Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55090 Mainz, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - William Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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11
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Ajoy A, Sarkar A, Druga E, Zangara P, Pagliero D, Meriles CA, Reimer JA. Low-field microwave-mediated optical hyperpolarization in optically pumped diamond. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 331:107021. [PMID: 34563333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a new class of optically polarizable electronic spins in diamond, nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect centers, has opened interesting new avenues for dynamic nuclear polarization. Here we review methods for the room-temperature hyperpolarization of lattice 13C nuclei using optically pumped NV centers, focusing particular attention to a polarization transfer via rotating-frame level anti-crossings. We describe special features of this optical DNP mechanism at low-field, in particular, its deployability to randomly oriented diamond nanoparticles. In addition, we detail methods for indirectly obtaining high-resolution NV ESR spectra via hyperpolarization readout. These mechanistic features provide perspectives for interesting new applications exploiting the optically generated 13C hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P Zangara
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, and CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D Pagliero
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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12
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Lv X, Walton JH, Druga E, Wang F, Aguilar A, McKnelly T, Nazaryan R, Liu FL, Wu L, Shenderova O, Vigneron DB, Meriles CA, Reimer JA, Pines A, Ajoy A. Background-free dual-mode optical and 13C magnetic resonance imaging in diamond particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023579118. [PMID: 34001612 PMCID: PMC8166172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023579118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal imaging-the ability to acquire images of an object through more than one imaging mode simultaneously-has opened additional perspectives in areas ranging from astronomy to medicine. In this paper, we report progress toward combining optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in such a "dual" imaging mode. They are attractive in combination because they offer complementary advantages of resolution and speed, especially in the context of imaging in scattering environments. Our approach relies on a specific material platform, microdiamond particles hosting nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect centers that fluoresce brightly under optical excitation and simultaneously "hyperpolarize" lattice [Formula: see text] nuclei, making them bright under MR imaging. We highlight advantages of dual-mode optical and MR imaging in allowing background-free particle imaging and describe regimes in which either mode can enhance the other. Leveraging the fact that the two imaging modes proceed in Fourier-reciprocal domains (real and k-space), we propose a sampling protocol that accelerates image reconstruction in sparse-imaging scenarios. Our work suggests interesting possibilities for the simultaneous optical and low-field MR imaging of targeted diamond nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Lv
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jeffrey H Walton
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Tommy McKnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Raffi Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Fanglin Linda Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City University of New York-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
- City University of New York Graduate Center, City University of New York-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
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13
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Miyanishi K, Segawa T, Takeda K, Ohki I, Onoda S, Ohshima T, Abe H, Takashima H, Takeuchi S, Shames A, Morita K, Wang Y, So FK, Terada D, Igarashi R, Kagawa A, Kitagawa M, Mizuochi N, Shirakawa M, Negoro M. Room-temperature hyperpolarization of polycrystalline samples with optically polarized triplet electrons: pentacene or nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond? MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:33-48. [PMID: 37904782 PMCID: PMC10539752 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-33-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate room-temperature 13 C hyperpolarization by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) using optically polarized triplet electron spins in two polycrystalline systems: pentacene-doped [carboxyl-13 C] benzoic acid and microdiamonds containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV- ) centers. For both samples, the integrated solid effect (ISE) is used to polarize the 13 C spin system in magnetic fields of 350-400 mT. In the benzoic acid sample, the 13 C spin polarization is enhanced by up to 0.12 % through direct electron-to-13 C polarization transfer without performing dynamic 1 H polarization followed by 1 H - 13 C cross-polarization. In addition, the ISE has been successfully applied to polarize naturally abundant 13 C spins in a microdiamond sample to 0.01 %. To characterize the buildup of the 13 C polarization, we discuss the efficiencies of direct polarization transfer between the electron and 13 C spins as well as that of 13 C - 13 C spin diffusion, examining various parameters which are beneficial or detrimental for successful bulk dynamic 13 C polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Miyanishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takuya F. Segawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kazuyuki Takeda
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Izuru Ohki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takashima
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shigeki Takeuchi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Alexander I. Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kohki Morita
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Frederick T.-K. So
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Daiki Terada
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuji Igarashi
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Akinori Kagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Norikazu Mizuochi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Negoro
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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14
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Lv X, Walton J, Druga E, Nazaryan R, Mao H, Pines A, Ajoy A, Reimer J. Imaging Sequences for Hyperpolarized Solids. Molecules 2020; 26:E133. [PMID: 33396762 PMCID: PMC7795150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is one of the approaches to enhance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) signal by increasing the population difference between the nuclear spin states. Imaging hyperpolarized solids opens up extensive possibilities, yet is challenging to perform. The highly populated state is normally not replenishable to the initial polarization level by spin-lattice relaxation, which regular MRI sequences rely on. This makes it necessary to carefully "budget" the polarization to optimize the image quality. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework to address such challenge under the assumption of either variable flip angles or a constant flip angle. In addition, we analyze the gradient arrangement to perform fast imaging to overcome intrinsic short decoherence in solids. Hyperpolarized diamonds imaging is demonstrated as a prototypical platform to test the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Lv
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (X.L.); (E.D.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Jeffrey Walton
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (X.L.); (E.D.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Raffi Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (X.L.); (E.D.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (X.L.); (E.D.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (X.L.); (E.D.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Jeffrey Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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15
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Wu H, Mirkhanov S, Ng W, Chen KC, Xiong Y, Oxborrow M. Invasive optical pumping for room-temperature masers, time-resolved EPR, triplet-DNP, and quantum engines exploiting strong coupling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29691-29702. [PMID: 33114862 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We explore an approach for optically pumping a body of optically dense magnetic material. This challenge arises in time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR), triplet-based dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP), and cavity QED. Crystals of pentacene-doped p-terphenyl were grown around variously shaped ends of optical waveguides, through which pump light could be injected deeply into the crystal. When incorporated into a maser as the gain medium, we found that, compared to conventional side-pumping, 11 times less pump beam intensity was needed to reach the masing threshold and 54 times more pulse energy could be absorbed by the gain medium without damage, resulting in a record peak output power of -5 dBm.
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