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de Souza AH, de Oliveira US, Oliveira LA, de Carvalho PHN, de Andrade MT, Pereira TS, Gomes Junior CC, Cardoso AA, Ramalho JDC, Martins SCV, DaMatta FM. Growth and Leaf Gas Exchange Upregulation by Elevated [CO 2] Is Light Dependent in Coffee Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1479. [PMID: 37050105 PMCID: PMC10097104 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants have been assorted as highly suitable to growth at elevated [CO2] (eCa), although such suitability is hypothesized to decrease under severe shade. We herein examined how the combination of eCa and contrasting irradiance affects growth and photosynthetic performance. Coffee plants were grown in open-top chambers under relatively high light (HL) or low light (LL) (9 or 1 mol photons m-2 day-1, respectively), and aCa or eCa (437 or 705 μmol mol-1, respectively). Most traits were affected by light and CO2, and by their interaction. Relative to aCa, our main findings were (i) a greater stomatal conductance (gs) (only at HL) with decreased diffusive limitations to photosynthesis, (ii) greater gs during HL-to-LL transitions, whereas gs was unresponsive to the LL-to-HL transitions irrespective of [CO2], (iii) greater leaf nitrogen pools (only at HL) and higher photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency irrespective of light, (iv) lack of photosynthetic acclimation, and (v) greater biomass partitioning to roots and earlier branching. In summary, eCa improved plant growth and photosynthetic performance. Our novel and timely findings suggest that coffee plants are highly suited for a changing climate characterized by a progressive elevation of [CO2], especially if the light is nonlimiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio H. de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Ueliton S. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Pablo H. N. de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Moab T. de Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Talitha S. Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos C. Gomes Junior
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda A. Cardoso
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - José D. C. Ramalho
- PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab., Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Laboratório Associado Terra, Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. da República, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Samuel C. V. Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio M. DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
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Younas T, Cabello GGC, Taype MA, Cardenas JAL, Trujillo PDC, Salas-Contreras WH, Yaulilahua-Huacho R, Areche FO, Rodriguez AR, Cruz Nieto DD, Chirre ETC, Gondal AH. Conditioning of desert sandy soil and investigation of the ameliorative effects of poultry manure and bentonite treatment rate on plant growth. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 82:e269137. [PMID: 36629548 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.269137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil is the base of any ecosystem since it conserves nutrients and water for plant roots including agriculture and plantations. In dry and semi-arid places across the world, including the UAE, sandy soils are common. Their fertility is extremely low, and production is hampered by a number of agronomic challenges. Soil conditioner sources like bentonite and chicken manure might be used to improve the poor sandy soil attributes and hence boost soil productivity. From November 2019 to March 2020, an experiment was conducted to investigate the growth rates of Bougainvillea following bentonite and chicken manure amendments to sandy soil taken from Lehbab, Dubai. Bougainvillea was evaluated for its plant height (cm), max length of primary branch (cm), the number of leaves per plant, number of secondary branches, shoot weight (g), root length (cm), root weight (g), root/shoot ratio, chlorophyll contents, and chlorophyll a* and b*. In this experiment, a complete randomized design (CRD) with five treatments was used (10 replications per treatment). According to the findings, bentonite and chicken manure additions considerably influence the productive properties of sandy soil, as indicated by Bougainvillea growth. Additionally, the research suggests that Bougainvillea may be efficiently planted with 10% bentonite and 15% chicken manure applied to sandy soil, resulting in the healthiest plants compared to other amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Younas
- Hassan Al Amir Soil Analysis, Dubai, The United Arab Emirates
| | - G G C Cabello
- Daniel Alcides Carrión National University, Cerro de Pasco, Peru
| | - M A Taype
- National Autonomous University of Huanta, Huanta, Peru
- University for Andean Development, Lircay, Peru
| | - J A L Cardenas
- José Faustino Sánchez Carrión National University, Huacho, Peru
| | - P D C Trujillo
- Hermilio Valdizan National University of Huanuco, Huanuco, Peru
| | | | | | - F O Areche
- National University of Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Peru
| | - A R Rodriguez
- National University of Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Peru
| | - D D Cruz Nieto
- José Faustino Sánchez Carrión National University, Huacho, Peru
| | - E T C Chirre
- José Faustino Sánchez Carrión National University, Huacho, Peru
| | - A H Gondal
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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3
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Borsuk AM, Roddy AB, Théroux‐Rancourt G, Brodersen CR. Structural organization of the spongy mesophyll. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:946-960. [PMID: 35037256 PMCID: PMC9303971 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many plant leaves have two layers of photosynthetic tissue: the palisade and spongy mesophyll. Whereas palisade mesophyll consists of tightly packed columnar cells, the structure of spongy mesophyll is not well characterized and often treated as a random assemblage of irregularly shaped cells. Using micro-computed tomography imaging, topological analysis, and a comparative physiological framework, we examined the structure of the spongy mesophyll in 40 species from 30 genera with laminar leaves and reticulate venation. A spectrum of spongy mesophyll diversity encompassed two dominant phenotypes: first, an ordered, honeycomblike tissue structure that emerged from the spatial coordination of multilobed cells, conforming to the physical principles of Euler's law; and second, a less-ordered, isotropic network of cells. Phenotypic variation was associated with transitions in cell size, cell packing density, mesophyll surface-area-to-volume ratio, vein density, and maximum photosynthetic rate. These results show that simple principles may govern the organization and scaling of the spongy mesophyll in many plants and demonstrate the presence of structural patterns associated with leaf function. This improved understanding of mesophyll anatomy provides new opportunities for spatially explicit analyses of leaf development, physiology, and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam B. Roddy
- Department of Biological SciencesInstitute of EnvironmentFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Guillaume Théroux‐Rancourt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchInstitute of BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna1180ViennaAustria
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Odokonyero K, Gallo A, Dos Santos V, Mishra H. Effects of superhydrophobic sand mulching on evapotranspiration and phenotypic responses in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) plants under normal and reduced irrigation. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:74-88. [PMID: 37284006 PMCID: PMC10168038 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions is a vital contributor to the global food supply. However, these regions endure massive evaporative losses that are compensated by exploiting limited freshwater resources. To increase water-use efficiency in these giga-scale operations, plastic mulches are utilized; however, their non-biodegradability and eventual land-filling renders them unsustainable. In response, we have developed superhydrophobic sand (SHS) mulching technology that is comprised of sand grains or sandy soils with a nanoscale coating of paraffin wax. Here, we investigate the effects of 1 cm-thick SHS mulching on the evapotranspiration and phenotypic responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants as a model system under normal and reduced irrigation inside controlled growth chambers. Experimental results reveal that under either irrigation scenario, SHS mulching suppresses evaporation and enhances transpiration by 78% and 17%, respectively relative to the unmulched soil. Comprehensive phenotyping revealed that SHS mulching enhanced root xylem vessel diameter, stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content index by 21%, 25%, 28%, and 23%, respectively, in comparison with the unmulched soil. Consequently, total fruit yields, total dry mass, and harvest index increased in SHS-mulched plants by 33%, 20%, and 16%, respectively compared with the unmulched soil. We also provide mechanistic insights into the effects of SHS mulching on plant physiological processes. These results underscore the potential of SHS for realizing food-water security and greening initiatives in arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Odokonyero
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Adair Gallo
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Vinicius Dos Santos
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Himanshu Mishra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
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Silva JDGD, Müller C, Galon L, Pawelkiewicz R, Menegat AD, Brandler D, Toso JO, Perin GF. Selectivity of metsulfuron applied to soybean before sowing in different intervals and soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:623-633. [PMID: 34029160 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1929004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the selectivity of the herbicide metsulfuron applied at different times on the development of soybeans grown in soils with different characteristics. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme (4 x 4), with four replicates. Factor A was application time (0, 15, 30, and 45 days before sowing, DBS) and factor B was soil type (Erechim, Itaqui, Piratini, and Santa Maria). Soybean plants cultivated in the Erechim soil showed moderate phytotoxicity, with greater damage to the leaf area and plant dry matter, mainly after application at 30 DBS. Those cultivated in Itaqui soil showed gradual phytotoxicity between 14 and 28 days after emergence (DAE). Soybean plants grown in the Piratini and Santa Maria soils showed the highest phytotoxicity and photosynthetic reduction, mainly at 15 and 0 DBS. Metsulfuron application at 45 DBS caused reduced plant growth by up to 40%, and reduced shoot development (30%) in soybean plants grown in Piratini and Santa Maria soils, respectively. There were gradual changes in phytotoxicity and the morphophysiological traits of soybean plants exposed to the residual effect of metsulfuron in different soils, which indicates that soybeans should be sown more than 45 days after the application of metsulfuron, regardless of soil characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dias Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Systems, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, Brazil
| | - Caroline Müller
- Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Systems, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, Brazil
| | - Leandro Galon
- Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Systems, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, Brazil
| | - Renan Pawelkiewicz
- Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Systems, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, Brazil
| | - André Dalponte Menegat
- Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Systems, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, Brazil
| | - Daiani Brandler
- Laboratory of Weeds, Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Pato Branco, Brazil
| | - Janaíne Oliveira Toso
- Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Systems, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, Brazil
| | - Gismael Francisco Perin
- Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Systems, Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, Brazil
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Almeida WL, Ávila RT, Pérez-Molina JP, Barbosa ML, Marçal DMS, de Souza RPB, Martino PB, Cardoso AA, Martins SCV, DaMatta FM. The interplay between irrigation and fruiting on branch growth and mortality, gas exchange and water relations of coffee trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:35-49. [PMID: 32879972 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The overall coordination between gas exchanges and plant hydraulics may be affected by soil water availability and source-to-sink relationships. Here we evaluated how branch growth and mortality, leaf gas exchange and metabolism are affected in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) trees by drought and fruiting. Field-grown plants were irrigated or not, and maintained with full or no fruit load. Under mild water deficit, irrigation per se did not significantly impact growth but markedly reduced branch mortality in fruiting trees, despite similar leaf assimilate pools and water status. Fruiting increased net photosynthetic rate in parallel with an enhanced stomatal conductance, particularly in irrigated plants. Mesophyll conductance and maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rate remained unchanged across treatments. The increased stomatal conductance in fruiting trees over nonfruiting ones was unrelated to internal CO2 concentration, foliar abscisic acid (ABA) levels or differential ABA sensitivity. However, stomatal conductance was associated with higher stomatal density, lower stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit, and higher leaf hydraulic conductance and capacitance. Increased leaf transpiration rate in fruiting trees was supported by coordinated alterations in plant hydraulics, which explained the maintenance of plant water status. Finally, by preventing branch mortality, irrigation can mitigate biennial production fluctuations and improve the sustainability of coffee plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington L Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Ávila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Junior P Pérez-Molina
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Costa Rica, Avenida 1, Calle 9, Heredia 863000, Costa Rica
| | - Marcela L Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Dinorah M S Marçal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Raylla P B de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro B Martino
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
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Zakaria NI, Ismail MR, Awang Y, Megat Wahab PE, Berahim Z. Effect of Root Restriction on the Growth, Photosynthesis Rate, and Source and Sink Relationship of Chilli ( Capsicum annuum L.) Grown in Soilless Culture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2706937. [PMID: 32090071 PMCID: PMC7008264 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2706937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) plant is a high economic value vegetable in Malaysia, cultivated in soilless culture containers. In soilless culture, the adoption of small container sizes to optimize the volume of the growing substrate could potentially reduce the production cost, but will lead to a reduction of plant growth and yield. By understanding the physiological mechanism of the growth reduction, several potential measures could be adopted to improve yield under restricted root conditions. The mechanism of growth reduction of plants subjected to root restriction remains unclear. This study was conducted to determine the physiological mechanism of growth reduction of root-restricted chilli plants grown in polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) column of two different volumes, 2392 cm3(root-restricted) and 9570 cm3(control) in soilless culture. Root restriction affected plant growth, physiological process, and yield of chilli plants. Root restriction reduced the photosynthesis rate and photochemical activity of PSII, and increased relative chlorophyll content. Limited root growth in root restriction caused an accumulation of high levels of sucrose in the stem and suggested a transition of the stem as a major sink organ for photoassimilate. Growth reduction in root restriction was not related to limited carbohydrate production, but due to the low sink demand from the roots. Reduction of the total yield per plant about, 23% in root restriction was concomitant, with a slightly increased harvest index which reflected an increased photoassimilate partitioning to the fruit production and suggested more efficient fruits production in the given small plant size of root restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Idayu Zakaria
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Razi Ismail
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahya Awang
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarami Berahim
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Dos Santos MS, Sanglard LMPV, Martins SCV, Barbosa ML, de Melo DC, Gonzaga WF, DaMatta FM. Silicon alleviates the impairments of iron toxicity on the rice photosynthetic performance via alterations in leaf diffusive conductance with minimal impacts on carbon metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 143:275-285. [PMID: 31536896 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) toxicity is often observed in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants, disrupting cell homeostasis and impairing growth and crop yields. Silicon (Si) can mitigate the effects of Fe excess on rice by decreasing tissue Fe concentrations, but no information exists whether Si could prevent the harmful effects of Fe toxicity on the photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Two rice cultivars with contrasting abilities to tolerate Fe excess were hydroponically grown under two Fe levels (25 μM or 5 mM) and amended or not with Si (0 or 2 mM). Fe toxicity caused decreases in net photosynthetic rate (A), particularly in the sensitive cultivar. These decreases were correlated with reductions in stomatal (gs) and mesophyll (gm) conductances, as well as with increasing photorespiration. Photochemical (e.g. electron transport rate) and biochemical (e.g., maximum RuBisCO carboxylation capacity and RuBisCO activity) parameters of photosynthesis, and activities of a range of carbon metabolism enzymes, were minimally, if at all, affected by the treatments. Si attenuated the decreases in A by presumably reducing the Fe content. In fact, A as well as gs and gm, correlated significantly with leaf Fe contents. In summary, our data suggest a remarkable metabolic homeostasis under Fe toxicity, and that Si attenuated the impairments of Fe excess on the photosynthetic apparatus by affecting the leaf diffusive conductance with minimal impacts on carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martielly S Dos Santos
- Departamento Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 3570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lílian M P V Sanglard
- Departamento Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 3570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 3570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcela L Barbosa
- Departamento Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 3570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Danilo C de Melo
- Departamento Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 3570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - William F Gonzaga
- Departamento Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 3570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 3570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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9
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De Almeida J, Herrera A, Tezara W. Phenotypic plasticity to photon flux density of physiological, anatomical and growth traits in a modern Criollo cocoa clone. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:821-832. [PMID: 30238996 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa grows under shade, but some cultivars develop successfully in full sunlight. In order to characterize the response to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of a Modern Criollo cocoa clone, gas exchange, photochemical activity and leaf traits, and their relation to growth were measured in seedlings growing in a greenhouse at three different values of PPFD, as well as in adults in full sunlight and shade in the field. Plants showed changes in physiological, biochemical, and morpho-anatomical traits in response to the different light conditions, and in the phenotypic plasticity of these variables. Seedlings subjected to high PPFD in the greenhouse showed decreases in photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum yield of CO2 fixation and photochemical quenching, and increases in non-photochemical quenching, suggesting down-regulation of PSII. In contrast, trees under full sunlight in the field showed a marked reduction in maximum quantum yield of PSII, indicating photoinhibition and supporting that cocoa is a shade tolerant crop. Cocoa showed higher plasticity of physiological and biochemical variables than morpho-anatomical variables in response to PPFD. Effects of time under treatment in the greenhouse and plant age (greenhouse vs field) on plasticity were observed. The acclimation observed in some of the variables studied after 6 months in high light did not represent a particular advantage to seedlings, since relative growth rate was lower than in low- and medium-light seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny De Almeida
- Centro de Botánica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Ana Herrera
- Centro de Botánica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Wilmer Tezara
- Centro de Botánica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1041-A, Venezuela
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10
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Barbosa MAM, Chitwood DH, Azevedo AA, Araújo WL, Ribeiro DM, Peres LEP, Martins SCV, Zsögön A. Bundle sheath extensions affect leaf structural and physiological plasticity in response to irradiance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1575-1589. [PMID: 30523629 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coordination between structural and physiological traits is key to plants' responses to environmental fluctuations. In heterobaric leaves, bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) increase photosynthetic performance (light-saturated rates of photosynthesis, Amax ) and water transport capacity (leaf hydraulic conductance, Kleaf ). However, it is not clear how BSEs affect these and other leaf developmental and physiological parameters in response to environmental conditions. The obscuravenosa (obv) mutation, found in many commercial tomato varieties, leads to absence of BSEs. We examined structural and physiological traits of tomato heterobaric and homobaric (obv) near-isogenic lines grown at two different irradiance levels. Kleaf , minor vein density, and stomatal pore area index decreased with shading in heterobaric but not in homobaric leaves, which show similarly lower values in both conditions. Homobaric plants, on the other hand, showed increased Amax , leaf intercellular air spaces, and mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular airspace (Smes ) in comparison with heterobaric plants when both were grown in the shade. BSEs further affected carbon isotope discrimination, a proxy for long-term water-use efficiency. BSEs confer plasticity in traits related to leaf structure and function in response to irradiance levels and might act as a hub integrating leaf structure, photosynthetic function, and water supply and demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia M Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aristéa A Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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11
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A Simple Method for Estimating Field Crop Evapotranspiration from Pot Experiments. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10121823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pot experiments are a low-cost and easy-to-use technique for studies of soil evaporation and plant transpiration in controlled environments. However, little attention has been paid to the applicability of evapotranspiration (ET) measured in pot experiments to the field. The objective of this study was to determine whether a pot experiment can be used for measuring field ET. Evapotranspiration experiments with winter wheat and summer maize were conducted in pots and lysimeters under various water-deficit conditions. The measured ET values in the pot experiments under different water conditions were considerably different from those of the lysimeters. Causes of such differences in ET were analyzed, and a series of corrections were proposed to eliminate the effects of different crop densities, representative areas per plant, and soil moisture conditions on pot experiment results. After these corrections, the discrepancy in the total ET of wheat-maize seasons between pots and lysimeters was greatly reduced from a maximum of 117% to only approximately 10%. The relative mean square errors (RMSEs) for daily ET values also decreased from a maximum value of 4.56 mm to less than 1.5 mm for the wheat season and from a maximum value of 6.02 mm to approximately 2 mm for the maize season. Possible measures were proposed to further improve the accuracy of the corrected ET obtained from pot experiments. In sum, pot experiments can serve as a feasible tool for estimating ET in the field just with a few routine measurements at regions where large-scale weighing lysimeters, an eddy covariance device, and even meteorological data are not available. The proposed corrections can also be used for upscaling small-scale ET measurements to a large scale.
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12
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DaMatta FM, Avila RT, Cardoso AA, Martins SCV, Ramalho JC. Physiological and Agronomic Performance of the Coffee Crop in the Context of Climate Change and Global Warming: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018. [PMID: 29517900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most important global crops and provides a livelihood to millions of people living in developing countries. Coffee species have been described as being highly sensitive to climate change, as largely deduced from modeling studies based on predictions of rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. Here, we discuss the physiological responses of the coffee tree in the context of present and ongoing climate changes, including drought, heat, and light stresses, and interactions between these factors. We also summarize recent insights on the physiological and agronomic performance of coffee at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and highlight the key role of CO2 in mitigating the harmful effects of heat stress. Evidence is shown suggesting that warming, per se, may be less harmful to coffee suitability than previously estimated, at least under the conditions of an adequate water supply. Finally, we discuss several mitigation strategies to improve crop performance in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal , Universidade Federal Viçosa , 36570-900 Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Avila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal , Universidade Federal Viçosa , 36570-900 Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal , Universidade Federal Viçosa , 36570-900 Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal , Universidade Federal Viçosa , 36570-900 Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - José C Ramalho
- Interações Planta-Ambiente & Biodiversidade Lab (Plant Stress & Biodiversity), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, (LEAF), Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA) , Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa) , Av. República , 2784-505 Oeiras , Portugal
- GeoBioTec, Faculdade de Ciências Tecnologia , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
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13
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Aidar SDT, Chaves ARDM, Fernandes Júnior PI, Oliveira MDS, Costa Neto BPD, Calsa Junior T, Morgante CV. Vegetative desiccation tolerance of Tripogon spicatus (Poaceae) from the tropical semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:1124-1133. [PMID: 32480638 DOI: 10.1071/fp17066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vegetative desiccation tolerance of Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman was confirmed by its ability to recover the physiological functionality of intact plants previously subjected to extreme dehydration. Photosynthesis became undetectable when leaf relative water content (RWCleaf) achieved ~60%, whereas photochemical variables showed a partial decrease. Until the minimum RWCleaf of 6.41%, total chl decreased by 9%, and total carotenoids increased by 29%. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 57%, on average, during dehydration, but catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (APX) activities showed no significant differences throughout the experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased by 151%, total leaf and root amino acids decreased by 62% and 77%, respectively, whereas leaf and root proline decreased by 40% and 61%, respectively, until complete desiccation. After rehydration, leaves completely recovered turgidity and total chl contents. Carotenoids and MDA remained high, whereas SOD was 60% lower than the measured average measured before dehydration. With the exception of root amino acid contents, total amino acids and proline concentrations recovered completely. Gas exchange and photochemical variables remained substantially higher 4 days after rehydration, compared with the control. Besides increasing MDA, the overall physiological results showed that membrane functionality was preserved, leading to the vegetative desiccation tolerance of T. spicatus during the dehydration-rehydration cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo de T Aidar
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Semiárido, Rodovia BR 428, km 152, PO Box 23, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo R de M Chaves
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Semiárido, Rodovia BR 428, km 152, PO Box 23, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo I Fernandes Júnior
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Semiárido, Rodovia BR 428, km 152, PO Box 23, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Melquisedec de S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Genética, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Benjamim P da Costa Neto
- Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Rodovia BR 203, Km 2, sem número, CEP 56328903, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tercílio Calsa Junior
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Genética, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Morgante
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Semiárido, Rodovia BR 428, km 152, PO Box 23, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
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14
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Campany CE, Medlyn BE, Duursma RA. Reduced growth due to belowground sink limitation is not fully explained by reduced photosynthesis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1042-1054. [PMID: 28379555 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sink limitation is known to reduce plant growth, but it is not known how plant carbon (C) balance is affected, limiting our ability to predict growth under sink-limited conditions. We manipulated soil volume to impose sink limitation of growth in Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. seedlings. Seedlings were grown in the field in containers of different sizes and planted flush to the soil alongside freely rooted (Free) seedlings. Container volume negatively affected aboveground growth throughout the experiment, and light saturated rates of leaf photosynthesis were consistently lower in seedlings in containers (-26%) compared with Free seedlings. Significant reductions in photosynthetic capacity in containerized seedlings were related to both reduced leaf nitrogen content and starch accumulation, indicating direct effects of sink limitation on photosynthetic downregulation. After 120 days, harvested biomass of Free seedlings was on average 84% higher than seedlings in containers, but biomass distribution in leaves, stems and roots was not different. However, the reduction in net leaf photosynthesis over the growth period was insufficient to explain the reduction in growth, so that we also observed an apparent reduction in whole-plant C-use efficiency (CUE) between Free seedlings and seedlings in containers. Our results show that sink limitation affects plant growth through feedbacks to both photosynthesis and CUE. Mass balance approaches to predicting plant growth under sink-limited conditions need to incorporate both of these feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Campany
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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15
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Sinclair TR, Manandhar A, Shekoofa A, Rosas-Anderson P, Bagherzadi L, Schoppach R, Sadok W, Rufty TW. Pot binding as a variable confounding plant phenotype: theoretical derivation and experimental observations. PLANTA 2017; 245:729-735. [PMID: 27999989 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Theoretical derivation predicted growth retardation due to pot water limitations, i.e., pot binding. Experimental observations were consistent with these limitations. Combined, these results indicate a need for caution in high-throughput screening and phenotyping. Pot experiments are a mainstay in many plant studies, including the current emphasis on developing high-throughput, phenotyping systems. Pot studies can be vulnerable to decreased physiological activity of the plants particularly when pot volume is small, i.e., "pot binding". It is necessary to understand the conditions under which pot binding may exist to avoid the confounding influence of pot binding in interpreting experimental results. In this paper, a derivation is offered that gives well-defined conditions for the occurrence of pot binding based on restricted water availability. These results showed that not only are pot volume and plant size important variables, but the potting media is critical. Artificial potting mixtures used in many studies, including many high-throughput phenotyping systems, are particularly susceptible to the confounding influences of pot binding. Experimental studies for several crop species are presented that clearly show the existence of thresholds of plant leaf area at which various pot sizes and potting media result in the induction of pot binding even though there may be no immediate, visual plant symptoms. The derivation and experimental results showed that pot binding can readily occur in plant experiments if care is not given to have sufficiently large pots, suitable potting media, and maintenance of pot water status. Clear guidelines are provided for avoiding the confounding effects of water-limited pot binding in studying plant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Sinclair
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27965-7620, USA.
| | - Anju Manandhar
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27965-7620, USA
| | - Avat Shekoofa
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27965-7620, USA
| | - Pablo Rosas-Anderson
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27965-7620, USA
| | - Laleh Bagherzadi
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27965-7620, USA
| | - Remy Schoppach
- Earth and Life Institute, Universite Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Walid Sadok
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108-6026, USA
| | - Thomas W Rufty
- Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27965-7620, USA
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16
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Marias DE, Meinzer FC, Still C. Impacts of leaf age and heat stress duration on photosynthetic gas exchange and foliar nonstructural carbohydrates in Coffea arabica. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1297-1310. [PMID: 28303198 PMCID: PMC5306013 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Given future climate predictions of increased temperature, and frequency and intensity of heat waves in the tropics, suitable habitat to grow ecologically, economically, and socially valuable Coffea arabica is severely threatened. We investigated how leaf age and heat stress duration impact recovery from heat stress in C. arabica. Treated plants were heated in a growth chamber at 49°C for 45 or 90 min. Physiological recovery was monitored in situ using gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence (the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, FV/FM), and leaf nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) on mature and expanding leaves before and 2, 15, 25, and 50 days after treatment. Regardless of leaf age, the 90-min treatment resulted in greater FV/FM reduction 2 days after treatment and slower recovery than the 45-min treatment. In both treatments, photosynthesis of expanding leaves recovered more slowly than in mature leaves. Stomatal conductance (gs) decreased in expanding leaves but did not change in mature leaves. These responses led to reduced intrinsic water-use efficiency with increasing heat stress duration in both age classes. Based on a leaf energy balance model, aftereffects of heat stress would be exacerbated by increases in leaf temperature at low gs under full sunlight where C. arabica is often grown, but also under partial sunlight. Starch and total NSC content of the 45-min group significantly decreased 2 days after treatment and then accumulated 15 and 25 days after treatment coinciding with recovery of photosynthesis and FV/FM. In contrast, sucrose of the 90-min group accumulated at day 2 suggesting that phloem transport was inhibited. Both treatment group responses contrasted with control plant total NSC and starch, which declined with time associated with subsequent flower and fruit production. No treated plants produced flowers or fruits, suggesting that short duration heat stress can lead to crop failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Marias
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | | | - Christopher Still
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
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17
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Souza JP, Melo NMJ, Pereira EG, Halfeld AD, Gomes IN, Prado CHBA. Responses of woody Cerrado species to rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration and water stress: gains and losses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:1183-1193. [PMID: 32480537 DOI: 10.1071/fp16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has been accompanied by changes in other environmental factors of global climate change, such as drought. Tracking the early growth of plants under changing conditions can determine their ecophysiological adjustments and the consequences for ecosystem functions. This study investigated long-term ecophysiological responses in three woody Cerrado species: Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne, Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. and Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. and Hook. f. ex S. Moore, grown under ambient and elevated [CO2]. Plants were grown for 515 days at ambient (430mgdm-3) or elevated [CO2] (700mgdm-3). Some plants were also subjected to water stress to investigate the synergy between atmospheric [CO2] and soil water availability, and its effect on plant growth. All three species showed an increase in maximum net photosynthesis (PN) and chlorophyll index under high [CO2]. Transpiration decreased in some species under high [CO2] despite daily watering and a corresponding increase in water use efficiency was observed. Plants grown under elevated [CO2] and watered daily had greater leaf area and total biomass production than plants under water stress and ambient [CO2]. The high chlorophyll and PN in cerrado plants grown under elevated [CO2] are an investment in light use and capture and higher Rubisco carboxylation rate, respectively. The elevated [CO2] had a positive influence on biomass accumulation in the cerrado species we studied, as predicted for plants under high [CO2]. So, even with water stress, Cerrado species under elevated [CO2] had better growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Souza
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Florestal, LMG 818, Km 06, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 35690-000
| | - Nayara M J Melo
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Florestal, LMG 818, Km 06, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 35690-000
| | - Eduardo G Pereira
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Florestal, LMG 818, Km 06, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 35690-000
| | - Alessandro D Halfeld
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Florestal, LMG 818, Km 06, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 35690-000
| | - Ingrid N Gomes
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Florestal, LMG 818, Km 06, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 35690-000
| | - Carlos Henrique B A Prado
- Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luís Highway, Km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, 13565-905
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18
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Hohmann M, Stahl A, Rudloff J, Wittkop B, Snowdon RJ. Not a load of rubbish: simulated field trials in large-scale containers. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2064-73. [PMID: 27144906 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of yield performance under fluctuating environmental conditions is a major aim of crop breeders. Unfortunately, results from controlled-environment evaluations of complex agronomic traits rarely translate to field performance. A major cause is that crops grown over their complete lifecycle in a greenhouse or growth chamber are generally constricted in their root growth, which influences their response to important abiotic constraints like water or nutrient availability. To overcome this poor transferability, we established a plant growth system comprising large refuse containers (120 L 'wheelie bins') that allow detailed phenotyping of small field-crop populations under semi-controlled growth conditions. Diverse winter oilseed rape cultivars were grown at field densities throughout the crop lifecycle, in different experiments over 2 years, to compare seed yields from individual containers to plot yields from multi-environment field trials. We found that we were able to predict yields in the field with high accuracy from container-grown plants. The container system proved suitable for detailed studies of stress response physiology and performance in pre-breeding populations. Investment in automated large-container systems may help breeders improve field transferability of greenhouse experiments, enabling screening of pre-breeding materials for abiotic stress response traits with a positive influence on yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hohmann
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Stahl
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - J Rudloff
- Department of Crop Science, Division of Plant Breeding, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Wittkop
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - R J Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Dambreville A, Griolet M, Rolland G, Dauzat M, Bédiée A, Balsera C, Muller B, Vile D, Granier C. Phenotyping oilseed rape growth-related traits and their responses to water deficit: the disturbing pot size effect. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 44:35-45. [PMID: 32480544 DOI: 10.1071/fp16036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Following the recent development of high-throughput phenotyping platforms for plant research, the number of individual plants grown together in a same experiment has raised, sometimes at the expense of pot size. However, root restriction in excessively small pots affects plant growth and carbon partitioning, and may interact with other stresses targeted in these experiments. In work reported here, we investigated the interactive effects of pot size and soil water deficit on multiple growth-related traits from the cellular to the whole-plant scale in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The effects of pot size on responses to water deficit and allometric relationships revealed strong, multilevel interactions between pot size and watering regime. Notably, water deficit increased the root:shoot ratio in large pots, but not in small pots. At the cellular scale, water deficit decreased epidermal leaf cell area in large pots, but not in small pots. These results were consistent with changes in the level of endoreduplication factor in leaf cells. Our study illustrates the disturbing interaction of pot size with water deficit and raises the need to carefully consider this factor in the frame of the current development of high-throughput phenotyping experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Dambreville
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Mélanie Griolet
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Gaëlle Rolland
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Alexis Bédiée
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Crispulo Balsera
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Denis Vile
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Christine Granier
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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20
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DaMatta FM, Godoy AG, Menezes-Silva PE, Martins SCV, Sanglard LMVP, Morais LE, Torre-Neto A, Ghini R. Sustained enhancement of photosynthesis in coffee trees grown under free-air CO2 enrichment conditions: disentangling the contributions of stomatal, mesophyll, and biochemical limitations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:341-52. [PMID: 26503540 PMCID: PMC4682438 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Coffee (Coffea spp.), a globally traded commodity, is a slow-growing tropical tree species that displays an improved photosynthetic performance when grown under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). To investigate the mechanisms underlying this response, two commercial coffee cultivars (Catuaí and Obatã) were grown using the first free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Latin America. Measurements were conducted in two contrasting growth seasons, which were characterized by the high (February) and low (August) sink demand. Elevated [CO2] led to increases in net photosynthetic rates (A) in parallel with decreased photorespiration rates, with no photochemical limitations to A. The stimulation of A by elevated CO2 supply was more prominent in August (56% on average) than in February (40% on average). Overall, the stomatal and mesophyll conductances, as well as the leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, were unresponsive to the treatments. Photosynthesis was strongly limited by diffusional constraints, particularly at the stomata level, and this pattern was little, if at all, affected by elevated [CO2]. Relative to February, starch pools (but not soluble sugars) increased remarkably (>500%) in August, with no detectable alteration in the maximum carboxylation capacity estimated on a chloroplast [CO2] basis. Upregulation of A by elevated [CO2] took place with no signs of photosynthetic downregulation, even during the period of low sink demand, when acclimation would be expected to be greatest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Alice G Godoy
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Menezes-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lílian M V P Sanglard
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro E Morais
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - André Torre-Neto
- Embrapa Instrumentation, Rua Quinze de Novembro, 1452, 13561-206 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ghini
- Embrapa Environment, C.p. 69, 13820-000 Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
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21
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Schaz U, Düll B, Reinbothe C, Beck E. Influence of root-bed size on the response of tobacco to elevated CO2 as mediated by cytokinins. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu010. [PMID: 24790131 PMCID: PMC4038427 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The extent of growth stimulation of C3 plants by elevated CO2 is modulated by environmental factors. Under optimized environmental conditions (high light, continuous water and nutrient supply, and others), we analysed the effect of an elevated CO2 atmosphere (700 ppm, EC) and the importance of root-bed size on the growth of tobacco. Biomass production was consistently higher under EC. However, the stimulation was overridden by root-bed volumes that restricted root growth. Maximum growth and biomass production were obtained at a root bed of 15 L at ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. Starting with seed germination, the plants were strictly maintained under ambient or elevated CO2 until flowering. Thus, the well-known acclimation effect of growth to enhanced CO2 did not occur. The relative growth rates of EC plants exceeded those of ambient-CO2 plants only during the initial phases of germination and seedling establishment. This was sufficient for a persistently higher absolute biomass production by EC plants in non-limiting root-bed volumes. Both the size of the root bed and the CO2 concentration influenced the quantitative cytokinin patterns, particularly in the meristematic tissues of shoots, but to a smaller extent in stems, leaves and roots. In spite of the generally low cytokinin concentrations in roots, the amounts of cytokinins moving from the root to the shoot were substantially higher in high-CO2 plants. Because the cytokinin patterns of the (xylem) fluid in the stems did not match those of the shoot meristems, it is assumed that cytokinins as long-distance signals from the roots stimulate meristematic activity in the shoot apex and the sink leaves. Subsequently, the meristems are able to synthesize those phytohormones that are required for the cell cycle. Root-borne cytokinins entering the shoot appear to be one of the major control points for the integration of various environmental cues into one signal for optimized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schaz
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Present address: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Düll
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Erwin Beck
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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22
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Martins SCV, Araújo WL, Tohge T, Fernie AR, DaMatta FM. In high-light-acclimated coffee plants the metabolic machinery is adjusted to avoid oxidative stress rather than to benefit from extra light enhancement in photosynthetic yield. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94862. [PMID: 24733284 PMCID: PMC3986255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) has been traditionally considered as shade-demanding, although it performs well without shade and even out-yields shaded coffee. Here we investigated how coffee plants adjust their metabolic machinery to varying light supply and whether these adjustments are supported by a reprogramming of the primary and secondary metabolism. We demonstrate that coffee plants are able to adjust its metabolic machinery to high light conditions through marked increases in its antioxidant capacity associated with enhanced consumption of reducing equivalents. Photorespiration and alternative pathways are suggested to be key players in reductant-consumption under high light conditions. We also demonstrate that both primary and secondary metabolism undergo extensive reprogramming under high light supply, including depression of the levels of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle that were accompanied by an up-regulation of a range of amino acids, sugars and sugar alcohols, polyamines and flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercetin derivatives. When taken together, the entire dataset is consistent with these metabolic alterations being primarily associated with oxidative stress avoidance rather than representing adjustments in order to facilitate the plants from utilizing the additional light to improve their photosynthetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. V. Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fábio M. DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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23
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Ramalho JC, Rodrigues AP, Semedo JN, Pais IP, Martins LD, Simões-Costa MC, Leitão AE, Fortunato AS, Batista-Santos P, Palos IM, Tomaz MA, Scotti-Campos P, Lidon FC, DaMatta FM. Sustained photosynthetic performance of Coffea spp. under long-term enhanced [CO2]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82712. [PMID: 24324823 PMCID: PMC3855777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee is one of the world's most traded agricultural products. Modeling studies have predicted that climate change will have a strong impact on the suitability of current cultivation areas, but these studies have not anticipated possible mitigating effects of the elevated atmospheric [CO2] because no information exists for the coffee plant. Potted plants from two genotypes of Coffea arabica and one of C. canephora were grown under controlled conditions of irradiance (800 μmol m(-2) s(-1)), RH (75%) and 380 or 700 μL CO2 L(-1) for 1 year, without water, nutrient or root development restrictions. In all genotypes, the high [CO2] treatment promoted opposite trends for stomatal density and size, which decreased and increased, respectively. Regardless of the genotype or the growth [CO2], the net rate of CO2 assimilation increased (34-49%) when measured at 700 than at 380 μL CO2 L(-1). This result, together with the almost unchanged stomatal conductance, led to an instantaneous water use efficiency increase. The results also showed a reinforcement of photosynthetic (and respiratory) components, namely thylakoid electron transport and the activities of RuBisCo, ribulose 5-phosphate kinase, malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase, what may have contributed to the enhancements in the maximum rates of electron transport, carboxylation and photosynthetic capacity under elevated [CO2], although these responses were genotype dependent. The photosystem II efficiency, energy driven to photochemical events, non-structural carbohydrates, photosynthetic pigment and membrane permeability did not respond to [CO2] supply. Some alterations in total fatty acid content and the unsaturation level of the chloroplast membranes were noted but, apparently, did not affect photosynthetic functioning. Despite some differences among the genotypes, no clear species-dependent responses to elevated [CO2] were observed. Overall, as no apparent sign of photosynthetic down-regulation was found, our data suggest that Coffea spp. plants may successfully cope with high [CO2] under the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C. Ramalho
- Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente - Plant Stress, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento - BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Rodrigues
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José N. Semedo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel P. Pais
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lima D. Martins
- Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente - Plant Stress, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento - BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento Produção Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Simões-Costa
- Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente - Plant Stress, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento - BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António E. Leitão
- Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente - Plant Stress, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento - BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Fortunato
- Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente - Plant Stress, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento - BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Batista-Santos
- Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente - Plant Stress, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento - BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. Palos
- Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente - Plant Stress, Centro de Ambiente, Agricultura e Desenvolvimento - BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcelo A. Tomaz
- Departamento Produção Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Paula Scotti-Campos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fernando C. Lidon
- Departamento Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fábio M. DaMatta
- Departamento Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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24
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Poorter H, B Hler J, van Dusschoten D, Climent J, Postma JA. Pot size matters: a meta-analysis of the effects of rooting volume on plant growth. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:839-850. [PMID: 32480834 DOI: 10.1071/fp12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of experiments in plant biology use plants grown in some kind of container or pot. We conducted a meta-analysis on 65 studies that analysed the effect of pot size on growth and underlying variables. On average, a doubling of the pot size increased biomass production by 43%. Further analysis of pot size effects on the underlying components of growth suggests that reduced growth in smaller pots is caused mainly by a reduction in photosynthesis per unit leaf area, rather than by changes in leaf morphology or biomass allocation. The appropriate pot size will logically depend on the size of the plants growing in them. Based on various lines of evidence we suggest that an appropriate pot size is one in which the plant biomass does not exceed 1gL-1. In current research practice ~65% of the experiments exceed that threshold. We suggest that researchers need to carefully consider the pot size in their experiments, as small pots may change experimental results and defy the purpose of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | - Jonas B Hler
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | | | - Jos Climent
- INIA, Forest Research Centre, Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Avda A Coruña Km 7.5., 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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DaMatta FM, Grandis A, Arenque BC, Buckeridge MS. Impacts of climate changes on crop physiology and food quality. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Shi K, Fu LJ, Dong DK, Zhou YH, Yu JQ. Decreased energy synthesis is partially compensated by a switch to sucrose synthase pathway of sucrose degradation in restricted root of tomato plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:1040-1044. [PMID: 18768322 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersium L.) plants were grown hydroponically to investigate the changes of energy metabolism and adaptive mechanism in response to root restriction. Root restriction resulted in a significant increase in root lipid peroxidation and reduction in leaf net CO(2) assimilation rate, which was accompanied by increase of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) activities. Total, cytochrome pathway, and alternative pathway respirations were all decreased in the roots after 15 days of root restriction treatment. Accompanied with the decrease of ATP content, ratio of invertase/sucrose synthase activity was increased in the restricted roots together with a decrease in glucose content and an increase in fructose content. We concluded that the decreased energy synthesis under root restriction condition was partially compensated by the energy-conserving sucrose synthase pathway of sucrose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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27
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Araujo WL, Dias PC, Moraes GABK, Celin EF, Cunha RL, Barros RS, DaMatta FM. Limitations to photosynthesis in coffee leaves from different canopy positions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:884-90. [PMID: 18603439 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Limitations to photosynthesis were explored in leaves from four canopy positions of field-grown, unshaded coffee (Coffea arabica L.), a tropical tree species classified as shade-obligatory. Overall, compared to shade (lower) leaves, sun (upper) leaves had higher net carbon assimilation rate (A) (4.5 against 2.0 micromol m(-2)s(-1) at most) associated with higher electron transport rate (due to a greater irradiance availability) but unrelated to stomatal and mesophyll conductances, which were similar regardless of leaf position. Neither physiological variable directly involved with photosynthetic carbon gain nor those involved with light capture were able to adjust themselves to match the capacity of the photosynthetic machinery to the light supply. We concluded that: (i) there was no major difference in photosynthetic capacity between sun and shade leaves; (ii) the intrinsic low A in coffee was greatly associated with remarkable low diffusive limitations rather than with biochemical or photochemical constraints; and (iii) morphological (e.g., variations in specific leaf area and leaf inclination) or anatomical plasticity should be of greater acclimative value than physiological plasticity as a mean of coffee leaves to respond to changing irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner L Araujo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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28
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DaMatta FM, Cunha RL, Antunes WC, Martins SCV, Araujo WL, Fernie AR, Moraes GABK. In field-grown coffee trees source-sink manipulation alters photosynthetic rates, independently of carbon metabolism, via alterations in stomatal function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:348-357. [PMID: 18266616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations of the source-sink balances were performed in field-grown coffee (Coffea arabica) trees to investigate the possible role of carbohydrates in feedback regulation of photosynthesis. Four treatments were applied at the whole-plant level: (i) complete defruiting and maintenance of the full leaf area, (ii) the half crop load and full leaf area, (iii) the full crop load and full leaf area and (iv) the full crop load and half leaf area. Sampling and measurements were performed twice during the phase of dry matter accumulation of fruits. Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, carbon isotope labelling and steady-state metabolite measurements were assessed in source leaves. The average rate of net photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) were larger (> 50%), and carbon isotope composition ratio was lower, in trees with a full crop load and half leaf area than in defruited trees, with individuals of the other two treatments showing intermediate values. However, differences in A seem unlikely to have been caused either by photochemical impairments or a direct end-product-mediated feedback down-regulation of photosynthesis. It is proposed that the decreased A in defruited coffee trees was independent of carbon metabolism and was rather directly related to a lower CO(2) availability coupled to lower g(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Roberto L Cunha
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Werner C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Wagner L Araujo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muelenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gustavo A B K Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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29
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Abstract
After oil, coffee is the most valuable traded commodity worldwide. In this review we highlighted some aspects of coffee growth and development in addition to focusing our attention on recent advances on the (eco)physiology of production in both Coffea arabica and C. canephora, which together account for 99% of the world coffee bean production. This review is organized into sections dealing with (i) climatic factors and environmental requirements, (ii) root and shoot growth, (iii) blossoming synchronisation, fruiting and cup quality, (iv) competition between vegetative and reproductive growth and branch die-back, (v) photosynthesis and crop yield, (vi) physiological components of crop yield, (vii) shading and agroforestry systems, and (viii) high-density plantings.
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30
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Gomes-Junior RA, Gratão PL, Gaziola SA, Mazzafera P, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA. Selenium-induced oxidative stress in coffee cell suspension cultures. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:449-456. [PMID: 32689372 DOI: 10.1071/fp07010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans and animals that is required for key antioxidant reactions, but can be toxic at high concentrations. We have investigated the effect of Se in the form of selenite on coffee cell suspension cultures over a 12-day period. The antioxidant defence systems were induced in coffee cells grown in the presence of 0.05 and 0.5 mm sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). Lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant enzymes were the main responses observed, including a severe reduction in ascorbate peroxidase activity, even at 0.05 mm sodium selenite. Ten superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzymes were detected and the two major Mn-SOD isoenzymes (bands V and VI) responded more to 0.05 mm selenite. SOD band V exhibited a general decrease in activity after 12 h of treatment with 0.05 mm selenite, whereas band VI exhibited the opposite behavior and increased in activity. An extra isoenzyme of glutathione reductase (GR) was induced in the presence of selenite, which confirmed our previous results obtained with Cd and Ni indicating that this GR isoenzyme may have the potential to be a marker for oxidative stress in coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui A Gomes-Junior
- Centro de Estudos Superiores de Balsas, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, 65800-000, Balsas, MA, Brazil
| | - Priscila L Gratão
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Salete A Gaziola
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Peter J Lea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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