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Cheng MH, Way R, Fresa K, Catandi GD, Carnevale E, Chicco AJ, Chen TW. IMSIS: An instrumented microphysiological system with integrated sensors for monitoring cellular metabolic activities. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 263:116595. [PMID: 39098284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Well plates are widely used in biological experiments, particularly in pharmaceutical sciences and cell biology. Its popularity stems from its versatility to support a variety of fluorescent markers for high throughput monitoring of cellular activities. However, using fluorescent markers in traditional well plates has its own challenges, namely, they can be potentially toxic to cells, and thus, may perturb their biological functions; and it is difficult to monitor multiple analytes concurrently and in real-time inside each well. This paper presents a fully instrumented microphysiological system with integrated sensors (IMSIS) with a similar well format. Each well in the microphysiological system has a set of sensors for monitoring multiple metabolic analytes in real-time. The IMSIS platform is supported by integrated bioelectronic circuits and a graphical user interface for easy user configuration and monitoring. The system has integrated microfluidics to maintain its microphysiological environment within each well. The IMSIS platform currently incorporates O2, H2O2, and pH sensors inside each well, allowing up to six wells to perform concurrent measurements in real-time. Furthermore, the architecture is scalable to achieve an even higher level of throughput. The miniaturized design ensures portability, suitable for small offices and field applications. The IMSIS platform was successfully used to monitor in real-time the mitochondrial functions of live bovine embryos in O2 consumption, H2O2 release as an indication of ROS production, and extracellular acidity changes before and after the introduction of external substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Way
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kyle Fresa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Giovana D Catandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elaine Carnevale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Thomas W Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Catandi GD, Cheng MH, Chicco AJ, Chen T, Carnevale EM. L-carnitine enhances developmental potential of bovine oocytes matured under high lipid concentrations in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 252:107249. [PMID: 37119563 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity elevates non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) follicular concentrations. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) matured in vitro under high NEFA have altered metabolism and reduced quality. Systemically, obesity promotes altered mitochondrial metabolism linked to L-carnitine insufficiency. We hypothesized that L-carnitine supplementation during IVM of bovine COCs in the presence of high NEFA would lessen the negative effects of exposure to excessive lipids on embryonic development and oxidative stress. COCs were collected from abattoir ovaries and matured in four groups: CON (control), LC (3 mM L-carnitine), HN (high NEFA: 200uM oleic, 150uM palmitic and 75uM stearic acid), and HNLC (HN and LC). Mature oocytes were assayed for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism utilizing oxygen and pH microsensors or fertilized in vitro (D0). Cleavage (D3) and blastocyst (D7, D8) rates were assessed. D3 embryos with ≥ 4 cells were stained for cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS. D8 blastocysts were assayed for gene transcript abundance of metabolic enzymes. Oocyte metabolism was not affected by IVM treatment. D3 formation of embryos with ≥ 4 cells were lower in LC or HN than CON or HNLC; blastocyst rates were greater for CON and lower for HN than LC and HNLC. D3 embryo mitochondrial and cytosolic ROS were reduced in HNLC when compared to other groups. IVM in HN altered blastocyst gene transcript abundance when compared to CON, but not LC or HNLC. In conclusion, supplementation with L-carnitine protects oocytes exposed to high NEFA during IVM and improves their developmental competence, suggesting that high lipid exposure may lead to L-carnitine insufficiency in bovine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana D Catandi
- Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3101 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ming-Hao Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tom Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elaine M Carnevale
- Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3101 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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3
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Menjivar NG, Gad A, Gebremedhn S, Ghosh S, Tesfaye D. Granulosa cell-derived extracellular vesicles mitigate the detrimental impact of thermal stress on bovine oocytes and embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1142629. [PMID: 37091982 PMCID: PMC10116072 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1142629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced global warming results in rises in body temperatures above normal physiological levels (hyperthermia) with negative impacts on reproductive function in dairy and beef animals. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), commonly described as nano-sized, lipid-enclosed complexes, harnessed with a plethora of bioactive cargoes (RNAs, proteins, and lipids), are crucial to regulating processes like folliculogenesis and the initiation of different signaling pathways. The beneficial role of follicular fluid-derived EVs in inducing thermotolerance to oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM) has been evidenced. Here we aimed to determine the capacity of in vitro cultured granulosa cell-derived EVs (GC-EVs) to modulate bovine oocytes’ thermotolerance to heat stress (HS) during IVM. Moreover, this study tested the hypothesis that EVs released from thermally stressed GCs (S-EVs) shuttle protective messages to provide protection against subsequent HS in bovine oocytes. For this, sub-populations of GC-EVs were generated from GCs subjected to 38.5°C (N-EVs) or 42°C (S-EVs) and supplemented to cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) matured in vitro at the normal physiological body temperature of the cow (38.5°C) or HS (41°C) conditions. Results indicate that S-EVs improve the survival of oocytes by reducing ROS accumulation, improving mitochondrial function, and suppressing the expression of stress-associated genes thereby reducing the severity of HS on oocytes. Moreover, our findings indicate a carryover impact from the addition of GC-EVs during oocyte maturation in the development to the blastocyst stage with enhanced viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico G. Menjivar
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ahmed Gad
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samuel Gebremedhn
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Genus Plc, Deforest, WI, United States
| | - Soham Ghosh
- Cellular Engineering and Mechanobiology Laboratory (CEML), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Translational Medicine Institute (TMI), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL), Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Dawit Tesfaye,
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Purdy PH, Graham JK, Azevedo HC. Evaluation of boar and bull sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction using flow cytometry. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106846. [PMID: 34563407 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry can be used to evaluate many sperm attributes and Dr. Duane Garner was influential in developing assays to understand sperm physiology and function. We review some of Dr. Garner's work and describe experiments that evaluate sperm capacitation using Dr. Garner's philosophy. In exploratory experiments, boar sperm were cryopreserved in lactose egg yolk (LEY) or Beltsville Freezing Extender 5 (BF5) and incubated in one capacitating medium. In another experiment, frozen-thawed bull sperm were incubated in TALP-Ca or CFDM1 capacitating media. In both experiments, sperm viability and capacitation were evaluated using multiple probes. Boar sperm frozen in LEY had greater survival rates (38%) than sperm frozen in BF5 (22%; P < 0.05) but did not capacitate as effectively as sperm in BF5 (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, bull sperm survived to a greater extent when incubated in TALP-Ca than in CFDM1 (P < 0.05) and had greater capacitation for most parameters (P < 0.05). Of particular interest, 77% of sperm incubated in TALP-Ca had activated second messenger systems involved in capacitation, compared with < 5% of sperm incubated in CFDM1. The results indicate different freezing and capacitating media induce different responses to sperm capacitation and functions. If only sperm viability and acrosomal integrity were evaluated, these results would be interpreted very differently. Dr. Garner's philosophy of evaluating multiple sperm parameters was an impetus to determine unique treatment differences which help in understanding sperm capacitation, and design further experiments to determine how media content causes sperm physiology differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H Purdy
- USDA, ARS, NLGRP, National Animal Germplasm Program, 1111 S. Mason St., Fort Collins, CO 80521-4500, USA.
| | - James K Graham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Docosahexaenoic acid and phenazine ethosulfate are not efficient lipid modulators for porcine in vitro maturation systems. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:731-738. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Real-Time Analysis of Oxygen Gradient in Oocyte Respiration Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11080256. [PMID: 34436058 PMCID: PMC8393405 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physiological events related to oxygen concentration gradients provide valuable information to determine the state of metabolizing biological cells. The existing oxygen sensing methods (i.e., optical photoluminescence, magnetic resonance, and scanning electrochemical) are well-established and optimized for existing in vitro analyses. However, such methods also present various limitations in resolution, real-time sensing performance, complexity, and costs. An electrochemical imaging system with an integrated microelectrode array (MEA) would offer attractive means of measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) based on the cell’s two-dimensional (2D) oxygen concentration gradient. This paper presents an application of an electrochemical sensor platform with a custom-designed complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based microchip and its Pt-coated surface MEA. The high-density MEA provides 16,064 individual electrochemical pixels that cover a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm area. Utilizing the three-electrode configuration, the system is capable of imaging low oxygen concentration (18.3 µM, 0.58 mg/L, or 13.8 mmHg) at 27.5 µm spatial resolution and up to 4 Hz temporal resolution. In vitro oxygen imaging experiments were performed to analyze bovine cumulus-oocytes-complexes cells OCR and oxygen flux density. The integration of a microfluidic system allows proper bio-sample handling and delivery to the MEA surface for imaging. Finally, the imaging results are processed and presented as 2D heatmaps, representing the dissolved oxygen concentration in the immediate proximity of the MEA. This paper provides the results of real-time 2D imaging of OCR of live cells/tissues to gain spatial and temporal dynamics of target cell metabolism.
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Benham HM, McCollum MP, Nol P, Frey RK, Clarke PR, Rhyan JC, Barfield JP. Production of embryos and a live offspring using post mortem reproductive material from bison (Bison bison bison) originating in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Theriogenology 2020; 160:33-39. [PMID: 33171350 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bison from Yellowstone National Park (YNP) have an important genetic history. As one of the few wild herds of bison with no evidence of cattle DNA introgression and a large enough population to maintain genetic diversity, they are considered a conservation priority for the species. Unfortunately, there is a high prevalence of the zoonotic disease brucellosis in the herd. Part of the management strategy for controlling the disease and herd size in YNP is to remove bison from the population during the winter migration out of the park. This interagency management cull provides an opportunity to collect a large number of oocytes from a wild bison population for genetic banking and research purposes. During the winters of 2014-2018, which is the nonbreeding season for bison, oocytes were collected post mortem and used to determine the effects of donor reproductive maturity and pregnancy status on oocyte quality and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes, and to demonstrate the feasibility of producing healthy offspring. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were placed into an in vitro embryo production (IVP) system, and on days 7, 7.5, and 8 of in vitro culture (Day 0 = day of in vitro fertilization) embryos were assessed for developmental stage and quality prior to vitrification. Embryos were then stored in liquid nitrogen until the breeding season when a subset were warmed, cultured for 6 h, evaluated for survival, and transferred to healthy bison recipients. There were no significant differences in the ability of recovered COCs to support blastocyst development based on female reproductive maturity or pregnancy status (juvenile 79/959 (8.2%) vs sexually mature 547/6544 (8.4%); non-pregnant 188/2302 (8.2%) vs pregnant 556/6122 (9.1%)). Following the transfer of 15 embryos to 10 recipients, one healthy female calf was born. This work demonstrates that live offspring can be generated from COCs collected from YNP bison post mortem in the non-breeding season, and that gamete recovery can be a valuable tool for conservation of valuable genetics for this species while mitigating diseases like brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley M Benham
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Science, 1683 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Matthew P McCollum
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Pauline Nol
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Rebecca K Frey
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), Montana, USA
| | - P Ryan Clarke
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), Montana, USA
| | - Jack C Rhyan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS), National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Jennifer P Barfield
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Science, 1683 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Gonzalez-Castro RA, Amoroso-Sanches F, Stokes JE, Graham JK, Carnevale EM. Localisation of phospholipase Cζ1 (PLCZ1) and postacrosomal WW-binding protein (WBP2 N-terminal like) on equine spermatozoa and flow cytometry quantification of PLCZ1 and association with cleavage in vitro. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1778-1792. [PMID: 31597592 DOI: 10.1071/rd19217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oocyte activation is initiated when a fertilising spermatozoon delivers sperm-borne oocyte-activating factor(s) into the oocyte cytoplasm. Candidates for oocyte activation include two proteins, phospholipase Cζ1 (PLCZ1) and postacrosomal WW-binding protein (PAWP; also known as WBP2 N-terminal like (WBP2NL)). We localised PLCZ1 and WBP2NL/PAWP in stallion spermatozoa and investigated the PLCZ1 content and sperm parameters as well as cleavage after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). PLCZ1 was identified as 71-kDa protein in the acrosomal and postacrosomal regions, midpiece and principal piece of the tail. Anti-WBP2NL antibody identified two WBP2NL bands (~28 and ~32kDa) in the postacrosomal region, midpiece and principal piece of the tail. PLCZ1 and WBP2NL expression was positively correlated (P=0.04) in sperm heads. Flow cytometry evaluation of PLCZ1 revealed large variations in fluorescence intensity and the percentage of positively labelled spermatozoa among stallions. PLCZ1 expression was significantly higher in viable than non-viable spermatozoa, and DNA fragmentation was negatively correlated with PLCZ1 expression and the percentage of positively labelled spermatozoa (P<0.05). The use of equine sperm populations considered to have high versus low PLCZ1 content resulted in significantly higher cleavage rates after ICSI of bovine and equine oocytes, supporting the importance of PLCZ1 for oocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul A Gonzalez-Castro
- Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3101 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, USA
| | - Fabio Amoroso-Sanches
- Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3101 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, USA
| | - JoAnne E Stokes
- Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3101 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, USA
| | - James K Graham
- Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3101 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, USA
| | - Elaine M Carnevale
- Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 3101 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521, USA; and Corresponding author.
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Cañón-Beltrán K, Giraldo-Giraldo J, Cajas YN, Beltrán-Breña P, Hidalgo CO, Vásquez N, Leal CLV, Gutiérrez-Adán A, González EM, Rizos D. Inhibiting diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 reduces lipid biosynthesis in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. Theriogenology 2020; 158:267-276. [PMID: 33002770 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) is one of the DGAT enzymes that catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of triacylglycerol, which is a major component of the lipid droplets in embryos. Intracellular lipids accumulated in embryos produced in vitro have been associated with reduced cryotolerance and quality. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of DGAT1 inhibition on embryo development, quality, and post-vitrification survival, in addition to expression profiles of selected lipid metabolism-regulating and oxidative stress genes. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured and fertilized in vitro and were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) alone (Control) or with 1, 5, 10 or 50 μM DGAT1 inhibitor (A922500®; D1, D5, D10, and D50, respectively) or 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (CDMSO: vehicle for DGAT1 inhibitor dilution) from 54 h post-insemination until Day 8 post insemination. No differences were found in blastocyst yield on days 7 and 8 in Control, CDMSO, D10, and D50 groups. Embryos cultured with 10 or 50 μM DGAT1 inhibitor had greater mitochondrial activity (P < 0.01), and increased number of cells (P < 0.05), while the cytoplasmic lipid content was reduced (P < 0.01), the latter associated with altered expression profiles of selected genes regulating lipid metabolism or genes related with oxidative stress (transcript abundance increased for SLC2A1 and SLC2A5 and decreased for DGAT1 and GPX1). Importantly, the survival rate of blastocysts produced with 10 μM DGAT1 was higher than that of Control, CDMSO and D50 groups at 72 h after vitrification and warming (73.8 vs 57.1, 55.9 and 56.1%, respectively, P < 0.001). In conclusion, inhibition of DGAT1 synthesis in bovine embryos produced in vitro abrogates the negative effect of FCS by decreasing their lipid content, increasing mitochondria activity and improving embryo cryotolerance, as well as favoring the expression of lipid metabolism regulating and oxidative stress-related transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cañón-Beltrán
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - J Giraldo-Giraldo
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain; Reproductive Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Science Faculty, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Y N Cajas
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - P Beltrán-Breña
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - C O Hidalgo
- Department of Animal Selection and Reproduction, The Regional Agri-Food Research and Development Service of Asturias (SERIDA), Gijon, Spain
| | - N Vásquez
- Reproductive Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Science Faculty, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C L V Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - A Gutiérrez-Adán
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - E M González
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Rizos
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain.
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Sosa F, Romo S, Kjelland ME, Álvarez-Gallardo H, Pérez-Reynozo S, Urbán-Duarte D, De La Torre-Sánchez JF. Effect of pterostilbene on development, equatorial lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species production of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:1490-1500. [PMID: 32767686 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pterostilbene (PT) molecule is a phytoalexin with a reducing effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and with a capacity to block lipogenesis. However, the potential reducing effects of PT on equatorial lipid accumulation and ROS have not yet been elucidated for in vitro-derived bovine embryos. The present study evaluated the effects of concentrations of 3, 1, 0.33, 0.11 μM PT, and a vehicle group on the percentage of cleaved embryos, embryos with more than 6 cells, percentage of blastocyst on Day 7 and 8, percentage of transferable embryos on Day 7, the cell count and relative concentration of lipids. In the second experiment, the effects of 0.33 μM PT and a vehicle group within two different O2 environments (5% and 20%) were evaluated for ROS generation and the percentage of Day 8 blastocysts. In the first experiment, no significant differences were found between the treatments with PT and the vehicle group (p > .05) concerning the percentage of cleaved embryos and embryos with more than 6 cells. Lipid reduction was observed in the groups treated with PT versus the vehicle group (p < .05). The vehicle group showed a higher rate of blastocyst production on Days 7 and 8 (p < .05) and an increase in the percentage of transferable embryos on Day 7 compared to the PT treatment groups (p < .05). Cell counts were not significantly different between treatments with PT and the vehicle group (p > .05). In the second experiment, the O2 concentration did not significantly affect ROS generation (p > .05); however, the groups treated with PT (0.33 μM) had a reduction in ROS (p < .05). The O2 concentration also did not significantly affect the rate of blastocyst production on Day 8 (p = .7696). Future research should be conducted to ascertain whether the reduction of lipids could enhance the cryopreservation and post-thaw viability of PT-treated embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froylan Sosa
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Salvador Romo
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Michael E Kjelland
- Conservation, Genetics & Biotech, LLC, Valley City, ND, USA.,Mayville State University, Mayville, ND, USA
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In Vitro Production of Bison Embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31230280 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9566-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Bison are an iconic species of cultural, conservation, and commercial interest. Various assisted reproductive technologies have been tested in bison over the last few decades (e.g., superovulation and embryo transfer), but their efficiencies are low. Since 2007, several methods for producing bison embryos in vitro have been published. All of these methods are based on cattle embryo production models and have varying degrees of success with regard to embryo production rates. In this chapter, a brief summary of these reports is presented followed by a detailed protocol that has been successfully used to produce bison embryos in vitro and live offspring following embryo transfer.
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12
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Obeidat Y, Catandi G, Carnevale E, Chicco AJ, DeMann A, Field S, Chen T. A multi-sensor system for measuring bovine embryo metabolism. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:615-623. [PMID: 30508786 PMCID: PMC6661109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a multi-sensor platform capable of simultaneous measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, glucose and lactate concentrations in a micro-chamber for real-time evaluation of metabolic flux in bovine embryos. A micro-chamber containing all three sensors (DO, glucose, and lactate) was made to evaluate metabolic flux of single oocytes or embryos at different stages of development in ≤ 120 µL of respiration buffer. The ability of the sensor to detect a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis was demonstrated in embryos by an ablation of oxygen consumption and an increase in lactate production following addition of oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. An increased reliance upon glycolysis relative to OXPHOS was demonstrated in embryos as they developed from morula to hatched blastocysts by a progressive increase in the lactate/oxygen flux ratio, consistent with isolated metabolic assessments reported previously. These studies highlight the utility of a metabolic multi-sensor for integrative real-time monitoring of aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism in bovine embryos, with potential applications in the study of metabolic processes in oocyte and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra Obeidat
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Giovana Catandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elaine Carnevale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - August DeMann
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Stuart Field
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tom Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Spacek SG, Carnevale EM. Impact of Equine and Bovine Oocyte Maturation in Follicular Fluid From Young and Old Mares on Embryo Production in Vitro. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 68:94-100. [PMID: 31256896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Equine follicular fluid (FF) provides autocrine and paracrine factors from theca, granulosa, and cumulus cells, both reflecting and impacting oocyte and follicle maturation. We hypothesized that maturation of oocytes in FF from old versus young mares has a deleterious effect on oocyte maturation and their subsequent developmental potential. Follicular fluid was collected from the large, dominant follicle from young mares (4-13 years) or old mares (21-26 years) and classified as: (1) Noninduced follicular fluid (NFF), FF from noninduced follicle 33 ± 3 mm, or (2) Induced follicular fluid (IFF), FF collected ∼24 hours after administration of ovulation-inducing drugs when a follicle 33 ± 3 mm was observed. In experiment 1, immature equine oocytes were collected, matured in vitro for 30 ± 2 hours in 100% IFF, collected from young or old mares, with the addition of follicle stimulating hormone (5 mU/mL), then fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. In experiment 2, immature bovine oocytes were collected, matured in 100% IFF or NFF, collected from young mares or old mares, then fertilized via in vitro fertilization. In experiment 1, more blastocysts tended (P = .08) to be produced from equine oocytes that were matured in old versus young mare FF. In experiment 2, when IFF and NFF groups were combined, cleavage rates were higher (P = .001) when bovine oocytes were matured in FF from young than old mares. In contrast to our hypothesis, we observed no conclusive evidence that FF from old mares has a deleterious impact on oocytes and their early developmental potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila G Spacek
- Equine Reproduction Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Elaine M Carnevale
- Equine Reproduction Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
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Verma M, Pandey S, Bhat IA, Mukesh B, Anand J, Chandra V, Sharma GT. Impact of l-carnitine on lipid content and post thaw survivability of buffalo embryos produced in vitro. Cryobiology 2018; 82:99-105. [PMID: 29626464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to see the impact of L-Carnitine (LC) on lipid biosynthesis and metabolism of buffalo embryos, and post thaw blastocyst survivability. In vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos were derived from slaughterhouse derived COCs and cultured in different doses of LC i.e. 0, 1 mM, 1.5 mM, 2 mM starting at 48 h post IVF. Blastocyst rate was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in 1.5 mM group than control and 1.0 mM group. Lipid content was measured indirectly by fluorescent intensity of lipid droplets after Nile red staining, and it was lower (p < 0.05) in treated than control groups. CPT1B, DGAT2 and DGAT1 mRNA expression was up regulated (p < 0.05) while AMPKg1 expression was down regulated in 1.5 mM and 2 mM groups compared to other groups (p < 0.05). mRNA expression of GLUT1, OCT4 and IFN-tau was higher (P < 0.05) in 1.5 mM group than the control group. Expression of BAX was down regulated at 1.5 mM LC. Blastocyts were vitrified by a modified OPS method and post thaw survivability of blastocysts was higher (P < 0.05) in 1.5 mM LC than other groups. In post thaw blastocysts, mRNA expression of GLUT1, OCT4 and IFN-tau was higher (P < 0.05) in 1.5 mM than other groups. Thus, it can be concluded that supplementation of l-carnitine (1.5 mM) in embryo culture media improved the quality of buffalo embryo production and post thaw blastocysts survivability by reducing fatty acid synthesis, enhancing fatty acid metabolism, and reducing lipid droplet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Verma
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, UP, India
| | - Sriti Pandey
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, UP, India
| | - Irfan A Bhat
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, UP, India
| | - B Mukesh
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, UP, India
| | - J Anand
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, UP, India
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, UP, India.
| | - G Taru Sharma
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, UP, India
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Chowdhury M, Mesalam A, Khan I, Joo MD, Lee KL, Xu L, Afrin F, Kong IK. Improved developmental competence in embryos treated with lycopene during in vitro culture system. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:46-61. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.M.R. Chowdhury
- Department of Animal Science; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Patuakhali Science and Technology University; Patuakhali Bangladesh
| | - Ayman Mesalam
- Department of Animal Science; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Theriogenology; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Animal Science; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Bacha khan University; Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Myeong-Don Joo
- Department of Animal Science; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Lim Lee
- Department of Animal Science; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
| | - Lianguang Xu
- Department of Animal Science; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
| | - Fahmida Afrin
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal Science; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Gyeongnam Province Republic of Korea
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Vilela CG, Marquez JM, Graham JK, Barfield JP. Cryopreservation of bison epididymal sperm: A strategy for improving post-thaw quality when collecting sperm in field conditions. Theriogenology 2017; 89:155-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Baker CM, Goetzmann LN, Cantlon JD, Jeckel KM, Winger QA, Anthony RV. Development of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-deficient pregnancies. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R837-46. [PMID: 26887431 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00311.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone (CSH), a placenta-specific secretory product found at high concentrations in maternal and fetal circulation throughout gestation, is significantly reduced in human and sheep IUGR pregnancies. The objective of this study was to knock down ovine CSH (oCSH) expression in vivo using lentiviral-mediated short-hairpin RNA to test the hypothesis that oCSH deficiency would result in IUGR of near-term fetal lambs. Three different lentiviral oCSH-targeting constructs were used and compared with pregnancies (n = 8) generated with a scrambled control (SC) lentiviral construct. Pregnancies were harvested at 135 days of gestation. The most effective targeting sequence, "target 6" (tg6; n = 8), yielded pregnancies with significant reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in oCSH mRNA (50%) and protein (38%) concentrations, as well as significant reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in placental (52%) and fetal (32%) weights compared with the SC pregnancies. Fetal liver weights were reduced 41% (P ≤ 0.05), yet fetal liver insulin-like growth factor-I (oIGF1) and -II mRNA concentrations were reduced (P ≤ 0.05) 82 and 71%, respectively, and umbilical artery oIGF1 concentrations were reduced 62% (P ≤ 0.05) in tg6 pregnancies. Additionally, fetal liver oIGF-binding protein (oIGFBP) 2 and oIGFBP3 mRNA concentrations were reduced (P ≤ 0.05), whereas fetal liver oIGFBP1 mRNA concentration was not impacted nor was maternal liver oIGF and oIGFBP mRNA concentrations or uterine artery oIGF1 concentrations (P ≥ 0.10). Based on our results, it appears that oCSH deficiency does result in IUGR, by impacting placental development as well as fetal liver development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M Baker
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lindsey N Goetzmann
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jeremy D Cantlon
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kimberly M Jeckel
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Quinton A Winger
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Russell V Anthony
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Green MP, Harvey AJ, Spate LD, Kimura K, Thompson JG, Roberts RM. The effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol and d
-glucose concentration on the development, sex ratio, and interferon-tau (IFNT) production of bovine blastocysts. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 83:50-60. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Green
- Division of Animal Sciences; University of Missouri, Columbia; Missouri
| | - Alexandra J. Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville; Melbourne Australia
| | - Lee D. Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences; University of Missouri, Columbia; Missouri
| | - Koji Kimura
- Division of Animal Sciences; University of Missouri, Columbia; Missouri
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science; 768 Senbonmatsu Nishinasuno Tochigi Japan
| | - Jeremy G. Thompson
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide and ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics; Adelaide Australia
| | - R. Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences; University of Missouri, Columbia; Missouri
- 240b Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia; Missouri
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Leisinger CA, Coffman EA, Coutinho da Silva MA, Forshey BS, Pinto CRF. Factors affecting in vitro maturation of alpaca (Lama paco) oocytes. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 150:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Validation of a heterologous fertilization assay and comparison of fertilization rates of equine oocytes using in vitro fertilization, perivitelline, and intracytoplasmic sperm injections. Theriogenology 2014; 82:274-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Differential expression of selected candidate genes in bovine embryos produced in vitro and cultured with chemicals modulating lipid metabolism. Theriogenology 2014; 82:238-50. [PMID: 24786394 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid accumulated in embryos produced in vitro has been linked to reductions in both quality and postcryopreservation viability. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of lipid-reducing chemicals on embryo development, quality, and postcryopreservation viability, in addition to expression profiles of selected lipid metabolism-regulating genes. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured and fertilized in vitro; eight-cell stage embryos were cultured in IVC medium supplemented with phenazine ethosulfate (PES), L-carnitine (LC), PES + LC, or no supplementation (control). Culturing embryos in medium with LC increased (P < 0.05) blastocyst rate (38.8%) compared with the other groups (control = 28.1%, PES = 27.1%, PES + LC = 26.3%). Embryos cultured with supplements had greater total cell number and fewer apoptotic cells than the control. Cytoplasmic lipid content was reduced, whereas mitochondria density was increased in embryos treated with culture supplements; this was linked to altered expression profiles of selected genes regulating lipid metabolism. For example, transcript abundance of transmembrane lipid gene (SGPP1) was greater in LC- and PES-treated embryos, and they had increased postcryopreservation hatching ability (indicative of embryo cryotolerance). In conclusion, the two lipid metabolism regulators added to the culture media had improved embryo quality and cryotolerance, but embryo development rate and downstream lipid metabolism-regulating genes were more influenced with LC supplementation.
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Rasmussen S, Block J, Seidel G, Brink Z, McSweeney K, Farin P, Bonilla L, Hansen P. Pregnancy rates of lactating cows after transfer of in vitro produced embryos using X-sorted sperm. Theriogenology 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Forskolin effect on the cryosurvival of in vitro-produced bovine embryos in the presence or absence of fetal calf serum. ZYGOTE 2012; 22:146-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199412000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe objective of this study was to assess the viability and cryotolerance of zebu embryos produced in vitro with or without the addition of fetal calf serum (FCS) and forskolin (F). Embryos produced in vivo were used as a control. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in modified synthetic oviductal fluid supplemented with amino acids (SOFaa), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and with (2.5%) or without (0%) FCS. On day 6 of growth, the embryos from each group were divided into treatments with or without 10 μM F to induce embryonic lipolysis, comprising a total of four experimental groups: 2.5% FCS, 0% FCS, 2.5% + F and 0% + F. For vitrification, embryos were exposed to vitrification solution 1 (5 M EG (ethylene glycol)) for 3 min and then transferred to vitrification solution 2 (7 M EG, 0.5 M galactose solution and 18% (w/v) Ficoll 70) before being introduced to liquid nitrogen. The presence of FCS in the culture medium resulted in the production of embryos with a similar rate of damaged cells compared with in vivo-produced embryos. After vitrification, the 2.5% FCS group had a significantly higher rate of damaged cells when compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). The results of this experiment indicated that the omission of FCS and the addition of forskolin do not have deleterious effect on embryo production rates. In addition, embryos produced in the presence of FCS had greater sensitivity to cryopreservation, but this effect was reversed when forskolin was added to the medium, which improved embryo survival without affecting embryo development and quality after vitrification.
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Abstract
The objective of the present study was to correlate some parameters (cleavage, blastocyst production, quality degree score, total cell number, fresh apoptosis and lipid content) with embryo survival after cryopreservation. A total of 1727 in vitro-produced bovine blastocysts were used to establish the parameters (mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)) for cleavage (85.6 ± 0.8), blastocyst production (39.9 ± 1.4), quality degree score (1.6 ± 0.1), total cell number (140.1 ± 2.9), fresh apoptosis (20.8 ± 1.1) and lipid content (21.3 ± 0.8 droplets). On the same way 1316 blastocysts were vitrified for the determination of post-cryopreservation embryo survival (49.4 ± 1.9). Fresh apoptosis rate and total lipid droplets value were correlated (P < 0.05) with embryo survival after cryopreservation (r = 0.91 and r = 0.59; respectively). However, cleavage, blastocyst production, quality degree score and total cell number were not correlated (P > 0.05) with embryo cryotolerance (r = 0.23, r = 0.38, r = 0.22 and r = 0.28; respectively). Therefore, the increased lipid content was moderately correlated with apoptosis in vitrified blastocysts. On the other hand, increased apoptosis in fresh blastocysts was strongly correlated with apoptosis in vitrified blastocysts, which indicated that the apoptosis rate in fresh embryos was a better parameter than the lipid content to predict post-vitrification embryo survival.
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Sudano MJ, Paschoal DM, da Silva Rascado T, Magalhães LCO, Crocomo LF, de Lima-Neto JF, da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga F. Lipid content and apoptosis of in vitro-produced bovine embryos as determinants of susceptibility to vitrification. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1211-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barceló-Fimbres M, Seidel GE. Cross-validation of techniques for measuring lipid content of bovine oocytes and blastocysts. Theriogenology 2010; 75:434-44. [PMID: 21111465 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The main objective was to test and validate a fluorescence approach to quantify lipid content of individual bovine oocytes and blastocysts. For Experiment 1, denuded oocytes were evaluated, as well as in vitro-produced blastocysts in a factorial design: cows versus feedlot heifers; three additives during Days 2.5-7.5 of culture (Control; 10% FCS; 0.3 μM phenazine ethosulfate (PES), an electron acceptor that oxidizes NADPH); and two blastocyst stages (early versus expanded). All blastocysts were graded subjectively for darkness (1 = clear … 4 = dark). In Experiment 2, denuded oocytes were used to measure lipid content in a factorial design of: cows versus heifers and four subjective darkness grades (1 = clear … 4 = dark). To quantify lipids, oocytes and 7.5 d blastocysts were fixed and then stained with 1 μg/mL Nile Red dye in mPBS overnight. A digital photograph of the equatorial part of the oocyte and embryo was taken at 200×, and fluorescence intensity (Arbitrary Fluorescence Units, AFU) was measured with Image Pro software. Reverse images of the same photographs were used to count numbers of cytoplasmic lipid droplets of various sizes (LC). The linear regression equation of LC with AFU in oocytes had an r(2) = 0.84, and for blastocysts r(2) = 0.91. The LC and AFU also had similar coefficients of variation from the ANOVA for blastocysts (38 vs 44%, respectively). Treatment differences were of similar magnitude with both procedures: lipid content in oocytes and blastocysts from heifers and cows was similar (P > 0.1); PES reduced lipid accumulation, and FCS increased it relative to the Control for AFU (18.6 vs 46.6 vs 36.9 units, respectively), and LC (1763 vs 4081 vs 3310, respectively; all, P < 0.01). Early blastocysts resulted in more lipid accumulation per unit area than expanded ones based on AFU (41.5 vs 26.6) and LC (3519 vs 2583; both P <0.01). There was a strong relationship (P < 0.01) between subjective oocyte and blastocyst darkness and lipid content. The less labor intensive fluorescence staining was a reliable technique for quantifying lipid droplets in oocytes and blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barceló-Fimbres
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1683, USA
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Barceló-Fimbres M, Campos-Chillón LF, Seidel GE. In vitro fertilization using non-sexed and sexed bovine sperm: sperm concentration, sorter pressure, and bull effects. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 46:495-502. [PMID: 20946538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of these experiments was to study bovine in vitro fertilization (IVF) conditions for blastocyst production using non-sexed sperm (Experiment 1) and sexed sperm (Experiment 2). For Experiment 1, in vitro-matured oocytes (N=707) were allocated to a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial design: time of co-incubation of gametes for fertilization (4 and 18 h), sperm dose (1, 0.33, and 0.11 × 10(6) frozen-thawed sperm/ml, and sperm source (four bulls). Pronuclear status was evaluated for a subset. Experiment 2 (N=2155 oocytes) was a 2 × 3 × 2 × 6 factorial design: sex of sperm (X and Y), sperm dose (1, 0.33, and 0.11 × 10(6) frozen-thawed sperm/ml), and sperm-sorting pressures (40 and 50 psi), replicated with sperm of six bulls. Presumptive zygotes were cultured 60 h in chemically defined medium-1 (CDM-1), and for 114 h in CDM-2. For Experiment 1, pronuclear formation, cleavage and blastocysts rates were greater for 1, and 0.33 × 10(6) than 0.11 × 10(6) sperm/ml (72 and 62 vs 42%; 89 and 81 vs 58%; and 21 and 17 vs 9%, respectively; all p<0.01); polyspermy was greater for 1, than 0.33 and 0.11 × 10(6) sperm concentrations (24 vs 2 and 0%; p<0.01). There were greater main effects (p<0.01) of pronuclear formation (69 vs 48%), polyspermy (13 vs 4%), and cleavage (63 vs 54%), at 18 than at 4 h of co-incubation of gametes (all p<0.01). For Experiment 2, cleavage and blastocyst rates were greater for 1 × 10(6) sperm/ml vs 0.33 and 0.11 (69%, 47%, and 30% cleavage and 30%, 14%, and 8% blastocysts) and 40 vs 50 psi (54% and 44% cleavage and 18% and 15% blastocysts) (p<0.01). A marked bull by fertilization sperm dose interaction was found for cleavage (p<0.05). The main conclusion was that the optimal sperm concentration for cleavage and producing blastocysts via IVF with sexed sperm was considerably higher and more variable among bulls than for unsexed sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barceló-Fimbres
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1683, USA
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Purcell SH, Cantlon JD, Wright CD, Henkes LE, Seidel GE, Anthony RV. The involvement of proline-rich 15 in early conceptus development in sheep. Biol Reprod 2009; 81:1112-21. [PMID: 19605793 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.076190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruminant conceptus undergoes a period of elongation that is required for maternal recognition of pregnancy, prior to attaching to the endometrium. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the role of proline-rich 15 (PRR15) in the sheep conceptus by examining mRNA expression, protein localization, and the effect of PRR15 mRNA degradation. Conceptuses were collected on Days 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, and 30 after mating. Quantitative RT-PCR showed expression of PRR15 mRNA corresponded with the process of trophoblast elongation, with peak expression occurring on Days 15 and 16. A recombinant ovine PRR15 was generated and used to create polyclonal antibodies against PRR15. Immunohistochemistry of a Day 15 conceptus indicated that PRR15 was localized predominantly in the nucleus of the trophectoderm and extraembryonic primitive endoderm. To test whether PRR15 was required during early conceptus development, RNA interference was employed. Blastocysts collected on Day 8 after mating were infected with a lentivirus expressing a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) that targeted PRR15 mRNA for degradation, an shRNA containing a three-nucleotide mismatch to PRR15 mRNA, or a lentivirus expressing no shRNA. After infection, blastocysts were transferred into recipient ewes and collected back on Day 15 of gestation. Although the majority of the control and mismatched shRNA-treated conceptuses elongated and survived to Day 15, none of the embryos treated with the lentivirus expressing shRNA against PRR15 mRNA elongated, and most died. In conclusion, expression of PRR15 mRNA occurred during a narrow window of conceptus development, and degradation of PRR15 mRNA led to conceptus demise or abnormal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Purcell
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Barfield JP, McCue PM, Squires EL, Seidel GE. Effect of dehydration prior to cryopreservation of large equine embryos. Cryobiology 2009; 59:36-41. [PMID: 19375416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of equine embryos>300microm in diameter results in low survival rates using protocols that work well for smaller equine embryos. These experiments tested the potential benefit of incorporating a dehydration step prior to standard cryopreservation procedures. Forty-six, day 7-8, grade 1, equine embryos 300-1350microm in diameter were subjected to one of the following treatments: (A) 2 min in 0.6M galactose, 10min in 1.5M glycerol, slow freeze (n=21); (B) 10min in 1.5M glycerol, slow freeze (n=15); (C) 2min in 0.6M galactose, 10min in 1.5M glycerol, followed by exposure to thaw solutions, then culture medium (n=5); (D) transferred directly to culture medium (n=5). Frozen embryos were thawed and subjected to a three-step cryoprotectant removal. Five embryos from each treatment were evaluated morphologically after 24 and 48h culture (1=excellent, 5=degenerate/dead). All treatments had at least 4/5 embryos with a quality score >or=3 at these time points except treatment B (2/5 at 24h, 1/5 at 48h). Subsequent embryos from treatment A (n=16) or B (n=10) were matched in sets of two for size and treatment, thawed, and immediately transferred in pairs to 13 recipients. Only two recipient mares were pregnant; one received two 400microm embryos from treatment A, and the other one 400 and one 415microm embryo from treatment B. There was no advantage of incorporating a 2min dehydration step into the cryopreservation protocol for large equine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Barfield
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1683, USA.
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Campos-Chillòn L, Suh T, Barcelo-Fimbres M, Seidel G, Carnevale E. Vitrification of early-stage bovine and equine embryos. Theriogenology 2009; 71:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Barceló-Fimbres M, Brink Z, Seidel G. Effects of phenazine ethosulfate during culture of bovine embryos on pregnancy rate, prenatal and postnatal development. Theriogenology 2009; 71:355-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Horvath G, Seidel GE. Use of Fetuin Before and During Vitrification of Bovine Oocytes. Reprod Domest Anim 2007; 43:333-338. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barceló-Fimbres M, Seidel GE. Effects of either glucose or fructose and metabolic regulators on bovine embryo development and lipid accumulation in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 74:1406-18. [PMID: 17342742 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine if replacing glucose with fructose would decrease cytoplasmic lipid accumulation during culture of embryos with or without regulators of metabolism. In vitro-produced bovine zygotes were cultured 60 hr in chemically defined medium-1 (CDM-1) plus 0.5% BSA and 0.5 mM fructose or glucose in Experiment 1, and glucose in Experiment 2. In both experiments, 8-cell embryos were next cultured 135 hr in CDM-2 plus 2 mM fructose or glucose in factorial combination with five treatments: (Experiment 1: control, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 0.3 microM phenazine ethosulfate (PES), 30 microM dinitrophenol (DNP), and PES + DNP), and (Experiment 2: control, PES, PES + DNP, and 1 and 3 microg/ml cerulenin (C1 and C3)). Day 7.5 blastocysts were stained with Sudan Black B to quantify cytoplasmic lipid droplets as small (SD, <2 microm), medium (MD, 2-6 microm), or large (LD, >6 microm). Blastocyst rates per oocyte were 22% (Experiment 1) and 15% (Experiment 2) higher (P < 0.05) for fructose than glucose. For Experiment 1, numbers of MD were lower for PES, DNP, and PES + DNP than control and FCS (P < 0.05). LD were lower for PES and DNP than control, and higher for FCS than all other treatments (P < 0.05). For Experiment 2, MD were lower (P < 0.05) for PES, and PES + DNP than C1, C3, and control. For LD, PES was lower (P < 0.05) than control, C1, and C3, but not different from PES + DNP. The only effect of hexose on lipids was that fructose resulted in fewer MD (P < 0.01) in Experiment 2. In conclusion, fructose produced more blastocysts than glucose, and PES reduced lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barceló-Fimbres
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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34
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Checura CM, Seidel GE. Effect of macromolecules in solutions for vitrification of mature bovine oocytes. Theriogenology 2007; 67:919-30. [PMID: 17175017 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate vitrification procedures for in vitro matured bovine oocytes for efficient blastocyst production after warming, IVF and culture. A second goal was to replace serum as the macromolecular component of the vitrification solution, without compromising efficacy. The first experiment compared two containers, open pulled straws (OPS) versus cryoloops, and two vitrification protocols: short equilibration (H-TCM-199+10% EG+10% DMSO+20% FCS for 30s, followed by H-TCM-199+20% EG+20% DMSO+20% FCS+0.48M galactose for 20s) versus long equilibration (H-TCM-199+3% EG+20% FCS for 10min, followed by H-TCM-199+31% EG+20% FCS+1M galactose for 20s). Subsequent experiments used only cryoloops and the short equilibration protocol to evaluate the effect of replacing FCS with defined macromolecules (BSA, Ficoll, PVP, and PVA) in vitrification solutions. Cryoloops were superior to OPS for vitrification of oocytes as determined by blastocyst production (P<0.05). The short and long vitrification protocols gave similar results. The presence of macromolecules in vitrification solutions for bovine oocytes was necessary for acceptable post-warming developmental capacity; 20% FCS, 1% and 2% BSA, 6% and 18% Ficoll, 6% and 20% PVP, 1% PVA, and the combinations of 18% Ficoll+1% BSA, and 6% PVP+1% BSA provided similar protection during vitrification of oocytes; development ranged from 14.8% to 23.0% blastocysts/oocyte, which was not different (P>0.05) from non-vitrified controls (26.9-34.0% blastocysts/oocyte). Too much (6%) and too little (0.3%) BSA, and 0.3% PVA for vitrification resulted in lower blastocyst production (P<0.05) relative to unvitrified oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Checura
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory (ARBL) Building, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1683, USA
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Barceló-Fimbres M, Seidel GE. Effects of fetal calf serum, phenazine ethosulfate and either glucose or fructose during in vitro culture of bovine embryos on embryonic development after cryopreservation. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 74:1395-405. [PMID: 17342731 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated effects of hexoses, fetal calf serum (FCS), and phenazine ethosulfate (PES) during the culture of bovine embryos on blastocyst development and survival after cryopreservation by slow freezing or vitrification. The basal, control medium was chemically defined (CDM) plus 0.5% fatty acid-free BSA. In vitro-produced bovine zygotes were cultured in CDM-1 with 0.5 mM glucose; after 60 hr, 8-cell embryos were cultured 4.5 days in CDM-2. The 8-cell embryos were randomly allocated to a 2 x 3 x 2 x 3 factorial experimental design with two energy substrates (2 mM glucose or fructose); three additives (0.3 microM PES, 10% FCS, and control); two cryopreservation methods using no animal products (conventional slow freezing or vitrification); and semen from three bulls with two replicates for each bull. A total of 1,107 blastocysts were produced. Fructose resulted in 13% more blastocysts per oocyte than glucose (37.2% vs. 32.9%), and per 8-cell embryo (51.3% vs. 45.3%; P < 0.01). No differences were found for additives (P > 0.1) control, FCS, or PES for blastocysts per oocyte or per 8-cell embryo. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between additives and hexoses for blastocyst production; although trends were similar, the benefit of fructose compared to glucose was greater for controls than for FCS or PES. Culture of embryos with PES, which reduces cytoplasmic lipid content, improved cryotolerance of bovine embryos; post-cryopreservation survival of blastocysts averaged over vitrification and slow freezing (between which there was no difference) was 91.9%, 84.9%, and 60.2% of unfrozen controls (P < 0.01) for PES, control, and FCS groups, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barceló-Fimbres
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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De La Torre-Sanchez JF, Gardner DK, Preis K, Gibbons J, Seidel GE. Metabolic regulation of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. II. Effects of phenazine ethosulfate, sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol during post-compaction development on glucose metabolism and lipid accumulation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006; 18:597-607. [PMID: 16836966 DOI: 10.1071/rd05064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to compare effects of three metabolic regulators on development of post-compaction bovine embryos. In-vitro-produced 8- to 16-cell embryos were allocated to treatments for 72 h in G2.2 medium as follows: 0.3 microm phenazine ethosulfate (PES); 27 microm sodium azide (NaN3); 30 microm 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP); and control, no regulator. Treatments responded similarly for blastocyst rates and embryo quality responses (P > 0.1). The PES treatment resulted in higher glucose metabolism than the NaN3 treatment (18.5 v. 14.5 pmol per embryo per h, P < 0.05), and both did not differ from DNP or the control. The PES treatment tended to result in more flux of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) than the control (50.5 v. 21.5%, P < 0.11). The NaN3 treatment caused more glucose uptake than the PES treatment (38.9 v. 13.1 pmol per embryo per h, P < 0.01), but neither differed from the control or DNP treatment (P > 0.1). Glycolysis for the PES treatment was 187%, which was higher than any of the other groups (88-94%; P < 0.01). There were fewer medium + large lipid granules in the cytoplasm of PES-treated embryos than any other group, including the in vitro control (P < 0.01). However, in vivo control embryos had still fewer large and medium-sized lipid granules (P < 0.01) than the PES treatment. Developmental competence to Day 14 after embryo transfer was similar among treatments. The PES treatment increased glucose metabolism, tended to increase the PPP flux of glucose and clearly reduced accumulation of lipids in embryos produced in the chemically defined media used. Use of PES in culture media may be a promising approach to improving in vitro production of embryos.
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