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Dornas W, Silva M. Modulation of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1 for protection against cardiovascular diseases. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024:S0939-4753(24)00154-6. [PMID: 39277536 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
AIM The enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) bound to high-density lipoprotein has received special attention for its protective role against stress-mediated damage and use as a potential regulatory target in atherosclerosis and related vascular diseases. DATA SYNTHESIS We present an overview of the literature on PON1 activity and mRNA levels by investigating its modulation for clinical translations. Specifically, the expression of PON1 and its regulated activity can be modified in different ways with natural substances, drugs, and lifestyle factors thar affect the development of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS The endothelial contribution of PON1 to overcome differences considering an individual's disease development risk is supported by polymorphism interaction data and the susceptibility to modify PON1 responses in chronic events composed by biological and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Dornas
- Course Superior of Technology in Radiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maisa Silva
- Department of Basic Life Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
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2
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Kulle A, Thanabalasuriar A, Cohen TS, Szydlowska M. Resident macrophages of the lung and liver: The guardians of our tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029085. [PMID: 36532044 PMCID: PMC9750759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident macrophages play a unique role in the maintenance of tissue function. As phagocytes, they are an essential first line defenders against pathogens and much of the initial characterization of these cells was focused on their interaction with viral and bacterial pathogens. However, these cells are increasingly recognized as contributing to more than just host defense. Through cytokine production, receptor engagement and gap junction communication resident macrophages tune tissue inflammatory tone, influence adaptive immune cell phenotype and regulate tissue structure and function. This review highlights resident macrophages in the liver and lung as they hold unique roles in the maintenance of the interface between the circulatory system and the external environment. As such, we detail the developmental origin of these cells, their contribution to host defense and the array of tools these cells use to regulate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Kulle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Taylor S. Cohen
- Late Stage Development, Vaccines and Immune Therapies (V&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Marta Szydlowska
- Bacteriology and Vaccine Discovery, Research and Early Development, Vaccines and Immune Therapies (V&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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3
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Zhang H, Chen T, Ren J, Xia Y, Onuma A, Wang Y, He J, Wu J, Wang H, Hamad A, Shen C, Zhang J, Asara JM, Behbehani GK, Wen H, Deng M, Tsung A, Huang H. Pre-operative exercise therapy triggers anti-inflammatory trained immunity of Kupffer cells through metabolic reprogramming. Nat Metab 2021; 3:843-858. [PMID: 34127858 PMCID: PMC8462058 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pre-operative exercise therapy improves outcomes for many patients who undergo surgery. Despite the well-known effects on tolerance to systemic perturbation, the mechanisms by which pre-operative exercise protects the organ that is operated on from inflammatory injury are unclear. Here, we show that four-week aerobic pre-operative exercise significantly attenuates liver injury and inflammation from ischaemia and reperfusion in mice. Remarkably, these beneficial effects last for seven more days after completing pre-operative exercising. We find that exercise specifically drives Kupffer cells toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype with trained immunity via metabolic reprogramming. Mechanistically, exercise-induced HMGB1 release enhances itaconate metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that impacts Kupffer cells in an NRF2-dependent manner. Therefore, these metabolites and cellular/molecular targets can be investigated as potential exercise-mimicking pharmaceutical candidates to protect against liver injury during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tianmeng Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yujia Xia
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amblessed Onuma
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jiayi He
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Junru Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmad Hamad
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - John M Asara
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory K Behbehani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Meihong Deng
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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4
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Bai L, Shi G, Ma Y, Zhang L, Guan F, Zhang X, Xu Y, Chen H, Zhang L. Paraoxonase 1 knockout rats have impaired T cell development at the CD4/CD8 double-negative to double-positive transition stage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14457. [PMID: 30262871 PMCID: PMC6160460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme that performs multiple physiological activities. Previous studies suggest that PON1 plays an anti-inflammatory role in the cardiovascular system, although its roles in hematopoiesis and adaptive immunity have not been clarified. To investigate the impact of PON1 on the immune system, we generated PON1-knockout (PON1−/−) rats using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The thymus was smaller in PON1−/− rats than that in wild-type (PON1+/+) rats. Furthermore, analysis of thymocyte development revealed diminished total T cell numbers and a decrease in CD4+, CD8+ and double-positive T cells in peripheral blood and thymus from PON1−/− rats. This may be due to a block in the transition of T cells from the double-negative to the double-positive stage. We also showed that the activation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation contributed to the increased apoptosis and defective T cell development in PON−/− rats. Therefore, our results indicate that PON1 functions as a novel regulator of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guiying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Houzao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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5
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Kong L, Zhou Y, Bu H, Lv T, Shi Y, Yang J. Deletion of interleukin-6 in monocytes/macrophages suppresses the initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:131. [PMID: 27589954 PMCID: PMC5009700 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with inflammation, and roughly 30 % of the global population shows serological evidence of current or past infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. Resident hepatic macrophages, known as Kupffer cells (KCs), are considered as the specific tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) of HCC, and can produce various cytokines-most importantly interleukin (IL)-6-to promote tumorigenesis of HCC. However, the roles of KCs and IL-6 in carcinogenesis in the liver are still unclear. METHODS We analyzed leukocyte-related peripheral blood data of 192 patients and constructed a mouse model in which the bone marrow was cleared out by irradiation and reconstructed using bone marrow donated from IL-6-deficient mice to further elucidate the hepatic pathological changes in response to toxic challenge and oncogenic gene mutation. RESULTS Peripheral monocyte counts and serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with HCC than in those without HCC. In addition, there was a significant difference in the levels of IL-6 among individuals with different histopathological grades. In mice with selective IL-6 ablation in monocytes/KCs, we observed decreased toxic liver injury, inflammatory infiltration, and systemic inflammation. In Mdr2-deficient mice, which spontaneously developed HCC, the loss of IL-6 in monocytes/KCs resulted in inhibition of IL-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling, decreased serum IL-6 levels, and delayed tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that increased TAM-derived IL-6 had an amplifying effect on the inflammation response, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Kong
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yongjie Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yujun Shi
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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6
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Sreeramkumar V, Hidalgo A. Bone Marrow Transplantation in Mice to Study the Role of Hematopoietic Cells in Atherosclerosis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1339:323-32. [PMID: 26445799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2929-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation is a common approach to reconstitute the immune system of mice that have been subjected to marrow-ablative doses of radiation. This method can be used in the field of atherosclerosis to assess the contribution of hematopoietic cells of a desired genotype to disease pathogenesis. The engraftment of atherosclerosis-prone mice with donor cells that contain genetic alterations in cells of the innate or adaptive immune system has been invaluable to define the role of multiple gene products in atherosclerosis. Here, we describe the different steps involved in the bone marrow transplantation protocol along with specific guidelines regarding the theoretical and technical details of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinatha Sreeramkumar
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Institute Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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7
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Rahman SM, Baquero KC, Choudhury M, Janssen RC, de la Houssaye BA, Sun M, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Wang S, Moustaid-Moussa N, Miyazaki M, Friedman JE. C/EBPβ in bone marrow is essential for diet induced inflammation, cholesterol balance, and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 250:172-9. [PMID: 27072340 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is both a chronic inflammatory disease and a lipid metabolism disorder. C/EBPβ is well documented for its role in the development of hematopoietic cells and integration of lipid metabolism. However, C/EBPβ's role in atherosclerotic progression has not been examined. We assessed the impact of hematopoietic CEBPβ deletion in ApoE(-/-) mice on hyperlipidemia, inflammatory responses and lesion formation in the aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoE(-/-) mice were reconstituted with bone marrow cells derived from either WT or C/EBPβ(-/-) mice and placed on low fat or high fat/high cholesterol diet for 11 weeks. Hematopoietic C/EBPβ deletion in ApoE(-/-) mice reduced blood and hepatic lipids and gene expression of hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 and fatty acid synthase while expression of ATP binding cassette transporter G1, cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase, and liver X receptor alpha genes were significantly increased. ApoE(-/-) mice reconstituted with C/EBPβ(-/-) bone marrow cells also significantly reduced blood cytokine levels and reduced lesion area in aortic sinuses compared with ApoE(-/-) mice reconstituted with WT bone marrow cells. Silencing of C/EBPβ in RAW264.7 macrophage cells prevented oxLDL-mediated foam cell formation and inflammatory cytokine secretion in conditioned medium. CONCLUSION C/EBPβ in hematopoietic cells is crucial to regulate diet-induced inflammation, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh M Rahman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Karalee C Baquero
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Rachel C Janssen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Ming Sun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Renal and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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8
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Chen YX, Zeng ZC, Sun J, Zhang ZY, Zeng HY, Hu WX. Radioprotective effect of kupffer cell depletion on hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. Radiat Res 2015; 183:563-70. [PMID: 25897555 DOI: 10.1667/rr13869.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver injury remains a clinical problem and data suggest that sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) are an important target. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the inhibition of Kupffer cells before exposure would protect SECs from radiation-induced injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenously injected 24 h before irradiation with Kupffer cell inhibitor gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) (10 mg/kg body weight). Three groups of animals were treated: 1. control group (saline and sham irradiation); 2. GdCl3 + 30 Gy radiation group and 3. 30 Gy radiation only group. Specimens were collected at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after completion of each treatment. Liver tissue was assessed for inflammatory cytokine expression and radiation-induced SEC injury based on serum hyaluronic acid (HA) level, apoptosis and ultrastructural and histological analyses. The results showed that radiation exposure caused apoptosis of SECs, but not hepatocytes. Inflammatory cytokine expression, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, was significantly attenuated in the GdCl3 + 30 Gy radiation group, compared with the 30 Gy radiation-only group (P < 0.05). The GdCl3 + radiation-treated rats exhibited significantly lower levels of HA and SEC apoptosis than the radiation-treated only rats at early time points, and radiation-induced liver injury was also attenuated. In conclusion, we hypothesize that selective Kupffer cell inhibition by gadolinium chloride was shown to reduce apoptosis in SECs caused by irradiation of the live and protected the liver against radiation-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xing Chen
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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9
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in most developed nations and the social and economic burden of this disease is quite high. Atherosclerosis is a major underlying basis for most cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction and stroke. Genetically modified mouse models, particularly mice deficient in apoprotein E or the LDL receptor, have been widely used in preclinical atherosclerosis studies to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying this pathology. This chapter reviews several mouse models of atherosclerosis progression and regression as well as the role of immune cells in disease progression and the genetics of murine atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Box MC 1089, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Box MC 1089, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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10
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Olteanu S, Kandel-Kfir M, Shaish A, Almog T, Shemesh S, Barshack I, Apte RN, Harats D, Kamari Y. Lack of interleukin-1α in Kupffer cells attenuates liver inflammation and expression of inflammatory cytokines in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:433-9. [PMID: 24582082 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.01.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Kupffer cell interleukin (IL)-1 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development remains unclear. AIMS To evaluate the role of Kupffer cell IL-1α, IL-1β or IL-1 receptor type-1 (IL-1R1) in steatohepatitis. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were irradiated and transplanted with bone marrow-derived cells from WT, IL-1α-/-, IL-1β-/- or IL-1R1-/- mice combined with Kupffer cell ablation with Gadolinium Chloride, and fed atherogenic diet. Plasma and liver triglycerides and cholesterol, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver histology and expression levels of inflammatory genes were assessed. RESULTS The ablation and replacement of Kupffer cells with bone marrow-derived cells was confirmed. The atherogenic diet elevated plasma and liver cholesterol, reduced plasma and liver triglycerides and increased serum ALT levels in all groups. Steatosis and steatohepatitis were induced, but without liver fibrosis. A reduction in the severity of portal inflammation was observed only in mice with Kupffer cell deficiency of IL-1α. Accordingly, liver mRNA levels of inflammatory genes encoding for IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, SAA1 and IL-6 were significantly lower in mice with Kupffer cell deficiency of IL-1α compared to WT mice. CONCLUSION Selective deficiency of IL-1α in Kupffer cells reduces liver inflammation and expression of inflammatory cytokines, which may implicate Kupffer cell-derived IL-1α in steatohepatitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Olteanu
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Kandel-Kfir
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tal Almog
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shay Shemesh
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Pathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kamari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Both cells of the vessel wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is heavily influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of small and large animal models have been used to study the atherogenic process. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis or lipoprotein profile. Useful large animal models include pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. Due in large part to the relative ease of genetic manipulation and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis, murine models are currently the most extensively used. Although not all aspects of murine atherosclerosis are identical to humans, studies using murine models have suggested potential biological processes and interactions that underlie this process. As it becomes clear that different factors may influence different stages of lesion development, the use of mouse models with the ability to turn on or delete proteins or cells in tissue specific and temporal manner will be very valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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12
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Badeanlou L, Furlan-Freguia C, Yang G, Ruf W, Samad F. Tissue factor-protease-activated receptor 2 signaling promotes diet-induced obesity and adipose inflammation. Nat Med 2011; 17:1490-7. [PMID: 22019885 PMCID: PMC3210891 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), the initiator of the coagulation cascade, mediates coagulation factor VIIa-dependent activation of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2). Here we delineate an unexpected role for coagulation signaling in obesity and its complications. Mice lacking PAR2 (F2rl1) or the cytoplasmic domain of TF (F3) are protected from high fat diet (HFD) induced weight gain and insulin resistance. In hematopoietic cells, genetic deletion of TF-PAR2 signaling reduces adipose tissue macrophage inflammation and specific pharmacological inhibition of macrophage TF signaling rapidly ameliorates insulin resistance. In contrast, non-hematopoietic cell TF-VIIa-PAR2 signaling specifically promotes obesity. Mechanistically, adipocyte TF cytoplasmic domain dependent VIIa signaling suppresses Akt phosphorylation with concordant adverse transcriptional changes of key regulators of obesity and metabolism. Pharmacological blockade of adipocyte TF in vivo reverses these effects of TF-VIIa signaling and rapidly improves energy expenditure. Thus, TF signaling is a potential therapeutic target to improve impaired metabolism and insulin resistance in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leylla Badeanlou
- Department of Cell Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
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13
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Du SS, Qiang M, Zeng ZC, Ke AW, Ji Y, Zhang ZY, Zeng HY, Liu Z. Inactivation of kupffer cells by gadolinium chloride protects murine liver from radiation-induced apoptosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 76:1225-34. [PMID: 20206021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the inhibition of Kupffer cells before radiotherapy (RT) would protect hepatocytes from radiation-induced apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single 30-Gy fraction was administered to the upper abdomen of Sprague-Dawley rats. The Kupffer cell inhibitor gadolinium chloride (GdCl3; 10 mg/kg body weight) was intravenously injected 24 h before RT. The rats were divided into four groups: group 1, sham RT plus saline (control group); group 2, sham RT plus GdCl3; group 3, RT plus saline; and group 4, RT plus GdCl3. Liver tissue was collected for measurement of apoptotic cytokine expression and evaluation of radiation-induced liver toxicity by analysis of liver enzyme activities, hepatocyte micronucleus formation, apoptosis, and histologic staining. RESULTS The expression of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was significantly attenuated in group 4 compared with group 3 at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h after injection (p <0.05). At early points after RT, the rats in group 4 exhibited significantly lower levels of liver enzyme activity, apoptotic response, and hepatocyte micronucleus formation compared with those in group 3. CONCLUSION Selective inactivation of Kupffer cells with GdCl3 reduced radiation-induced cytokine production and protected the liver against acute radiation-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Suo Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Xu T, Maloy S, McGuire KL. Macrophages influence Salmonella host-specificity in vivo. Microb Pathog 2009; 47:212-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Masson P, Rochu D. Catalytic bioscavengers against toxic esters, an alternative approach for prophylaxis and treatments of poisonings. Acta Naturae 2009; 1:68-79. [PMID: 22649587 PMCID: PMC3347506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioscavengers are biopharmaceuticals that specifically react with toxicants. Thus, enzymes reacting with poisonous esters can be used as bioscavengers for neutralization of toxic molecules before they reach physiological targets. Parenteral administration of bioscavengers is, therefore, intended for prophylaxis or pre-treatments, emergency and post-exposure treatments of intoxications. These enzymes can also be used for application on skin, mucosa and wounds as active components of topical skin protectants and decontamination solutions. Human butyrylcholinesterase is the first stoichiometric bioscavenger for safe and efficient prophylaxis of organophosphate poisoning. However, huge amounts of a costly enzyme are needed for protection. Thus, the bioscavenger approach will be greatly improved by the use of catalytic bioscavengers. Catalytic bioscavengers are enzymes capable of degrading toxic esters with a turnover. Suitable catalytic bioscavengers are engineered mutants of human enzymes. Efficient mutants of human butyrylcholinesterase have been made that hydrolyze cocaine at a high rate. Mutants of human cholinesterases capable of hydrolyzing OPs have been made, but so far their activity is too low to be of medical interest. Human paraoxonase a promiscuous plasma enzyme is certainly the most promising phosphotriesterase. However, its biotechnology is still in its infancy. Other enzymes and proteins from blood and organs, and secondary biological targets of OPs and carbamates are potential bioscavengers, in particular serum albumin that reacts with OPs and self-reactivates. Lastly, non-human enzymes, phosphotriesterases and oxidases from various bacterial and eukaryotic sources could be used for external use against OP poisoning and for internal use after modifications for immunological compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Toxicology department, La Tronche, France
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16
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Attie AD, Witztum JL, Edwards PA, Lusis JA. In memoriam: Roger A. Davis (1945-2008). J Lipid Res 2009; 49:2279-80. [PMID: 19123270 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e800017-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
Cytotoxic exposure of bone marrow and other non-hematopoietic organs containing self-renewing stem cell populations is associated with damage to the supportive microenvironment. Recent evidence indicates that radical oxygen species resulting from the initial oxidative stress persist for months after ionizing irradiation exposure of tissues including oral cavity, esophagus, lung and bone marrow. Antioxidant gene therapy using manganese superoxide dismutase plasmid liposomes has provided organ-specific radiation protection associated with delay or prevention of acute and late toxicity. Recent evidence has suggested that manganese superoxide dismutase transgene expression in cells of the organ microenvironment contributes significantly to the mechanism of protection. Incorporating this knowledge into designs of novel approaches for stem cell protection is addressed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2532, USA.
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18
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Hadjigeorgiou GM, Malizos K, Dardiotis E, Aggelakis K, Dardioti M, Zibis A, Dimitroulias A, Scarmeas N, Tsezou A, Karantanas A. Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head with and without cerebral white matter lesions. J Orthop Res 2007; 25:1087-93. [PMID: 17469180 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral white matter lesions (WML) are present in more than 50% of patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene product is a detoxifying and pesticide metabolizing enzyme. Genetic variants of the PON1 gene have been found to influence the occurrence and progression of WML. We examined whether two PON1 polymorphisms (M55L and R192Q) are associated with ONFH and influence the occurrence of WML. We studied 104 patients with ONFH and 113 healthy age- and sex-matched subjects. We used logistic regression models to examine associations and survival analyses (Cox proportional hazards models) to examine possible influence of alleles on age at onset of ONFH. We found no association of PON1 M55L alleles and genotypes with ONFH. The distribution of PON1 Q192R alleles (p = 0.001) and genotypes (QQ vs. QR/RR) (p = 0.004) were statistically different between controls and patients. Patients with QQ genotype had six times higher risk for WML at brain MRI (adjusted OR 5.95; 95% CI 1.30-27.03; p = 0.02). In Cox models, there was a significant association of allele Q with risk for ONFH indicating a possible dose effect (HR = 1.43; 95%CI = 1.04-1.97; p for trend = 0.03). We conclude that individuals with PON1 192QQ genotype may have increased risk for ONFH and WMLeOn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41222, Greece.
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19
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Rochu D, Chabrière E, Masson P. Human paraoxonase: A promising approach for pre-treatment and therapy of organophosphorus poisoning. Toxicology 2007; 233:47-59. [PMID: 17007987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The limited efficiency of medical countermeasures against poisoning by nerve agent justifies efforts to find new prophylactic means and new antidotes. The concept of bioscavengers has emerged as an alternative approach to pharmacological pre- and post-exposure treatments. Catalytic scavengers are enzymes displaying a turnover with OPs as substrates, allowing rapid and efficient protection using administration of small doses. Several reasons have endorsed human paraoxonase (PON1) to be a pertinent candidate as catalytic bioscavenger. The physiological function of PON1 has not yet been unambiguously identified. Considered as a promiscuous enzyme, PON1 appears to be primarily a lactonase and also displays an anti-atherogenic activity closely linked to its localization on HDL particles. A HDL-associated phosphate transporter termed human phosphate binding protein (HPBP) was found to be a partner of natural human PON. In the absence of its natural environment (or mimicry by detergents), human PON1 is unstable and tends to aggregate. Converging data indicate that both the activity and the stability of PON1 are dramatically dependent on the HDL component molecular environment, including HPBP. Therefore, biochemical and physiological characterization of PON1-HPBP complexes, the environment allowing retaining functional enzyme state(s), and the thermal and storage stability of PON1 are mandatory. Synergistic efforts on characterization of recombinant hybrid PON1 expressed in E. coli and natural human PON1 provide information for the future rational design of stable mutants of PON1-based catalytic scavengers to be used as safe and effective countermeasures to OP intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rochu
- Département de Toxicologie, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 87, 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France
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20
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Chambers KT, Weber SM, Corbett JA. PGJ2-stimulated beta-cell apoptosis is associated with prolonged UPR activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1052-61. [PMID: 17148750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00274.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) ligands have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties that include the inhibition of transcription factor activation and the expression of inflammatory genes. Using pancreatic beta-cells, we have shown that PPARgamma ligands such as 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (PGJ(2)) attenuate interferon-gamma-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 activation and interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation by a pathway that correlates with endoplasmic reticulum stress and the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is a conserved cellular response activated by a number of cell stressors and is believed to alleviate the stress and promote cell survival. However, prolonged activation of the UPR results in cellular death by apoptosis. In this report, we have examined the effects of PGJ(2) on UPR activation and the consequences of this activation on cell survival. Consistent with induction of a cell death pathway, treatment of rat islets and RINm5F cells for 24 h with PGJ(2) results in caspase-3 activation and caspase-dependent beta-cell death. The actions of these ligands do not appear to be selective for beta-cells, because PGJ(2) stimulates macrophage apoptosis in a similar fashion. Associated with cell death is the enhanced phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha), and in cells expressing a mutant of eIF2alpha that cannot be phosphorylated, the stimulatory actions of PGJ(2) on caspase-3 activation are augmented. These findings suggest that, whereas PGJ(2)-induced UPR activation is associated with an inhibition of cytokine signaling, prolonged UPR activation results in cell death, and that eIF2alpha phosphorylation may function in a protective manner to attenuate cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari T Chambers
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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21
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Miyoshi M, Nakano Y, Sakaguchi T, Ogi H, Oda N, Suenari K, Kiyotani K, Ozono R, Oshima T, Yoshida T, Chayama K. Gene Delivery of Paraoxonase-1 Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia after Arterial Balloon-Injury in Rabbits Fed a High-Fat Diet. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:85-91. [PMID: 17460375 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized phospholipids, thereby preventing the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). A high-fat diet reduces PON-1 activity, enhancing LDL oxidation. Thus, PON-1 is a candidate for anti-atherogenic gene therapy. In the present study, we investigated the effect of local PON-1 overexpression on the development of atherosclerotic lesions using the Sendai virus-mediated transgenic technique. One-month-old rabbits (n=11) were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then subjected to balloon injury of the common iliac artery and simultaneous infection with a Sendai virus vector containing the PON-1 gene (n=7) or enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene as a control (n=4). The arteries were examined 7-10 days after the operation. Local overexpression of PON-1 almost completely eliminated the immunohistochemical signals of the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), thereby inhibiting macrophage accumulation, intimal thickening (by 63% compared with control), or atherosclerotic plaque formation in the vascular lumen (by 87.5%). Decreased levels of oxidative stress in the PON-1-treated arteries were confirmed by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) staining. Local overexpression of PON-1 in the arteries attenuated oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting the atherosclerotic process. Delivery of the PON-1 gene may be a possible therapeutic strategy for preventing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Miyoshi
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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22
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Kriska T, Marathe GK, Schmidt JC, McIntyre TM, Girotti AW. Phospholipase Action of Platelet-activating Factor Acetylhydrolase, but Not Paraoxonase-1, on Long Fatty Acyl Chain Phospholipid Hydroperoxides. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:100-8. [PMID: 17090529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608135200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid hydroperoxide (PLOOH) degrading activity of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-derived paraoxonase-1 (PON1) was investigated, using peroxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (PCOOH) as substrate and high performance thin layer chromatography for quantitative peroxide analysis. Incubation of PCOOH with PON1 resulted in decay of the latter and reciprocal buildup of oleic acid hydroperoxide (OAOOH) at rates unaffected by GSH or other reductants. A serine esterase inhibitor blocked this activity and a recombinant PON1 was devoid of it, raising the possibility that the activity represents platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), an esterase that co-purifies with PON1 from HDL. This was verified by showing that a recombinant PAF-AH recapitulates the ability of natural PON1 to hydrolyze PCOOH and release OAOOH while having essentially no effect on parental PC. Furthermore, recombinant PAF-AH and natural PON1 were shown to have similar K(m) values for PCOOH hydrolysis. Finally, we found that recombinant PAF-AH, but not PON1, catalyzes PLOOH hydrolysis in peroxidized low density lipoprotein. We conclude from this study that PON1 is neither a PLOOH peroxidase nor hydrolase and that the phospholipase A(2)-like activity previously attributed to PON1 in natural enzyme preparations was actually due to novel PLOOH hydrolytic activity of contaminating PAF-AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kriska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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23
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James RW. A long and winding road: defining the biological role and clinical importance of paraoxonases. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44:1052-9. [PMID: 16958594 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2006.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an enzyme belonging to a three-member gene family, each of which is highly conserved in mammalian evolution. Whilst there is consensus that the paraoxonase family members have a general protective influence, their precise biological role has remained elusive. A toxicological role, protecting from environmental poisoning by organophosphate derivatives, drove much of the earlier work on the enzymes. More recently, clinical interest has focused on a protective role in vascular disease via a hypothesised impact on lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Recent confirmation that the primary activity of the paraoxonases is that of a lactonase considerably expands the potential sources of biological substrates for the enzyme. Studies on such substrates may shed further light on different mechanisms by which paraoxonases beneficially influence atherosclerosis, as well as defining possible roles in limiting bacterial infection and in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W James
- Clinical Diabetes Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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24
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Patino WD, Kang JG, Matoba S, Mian OY, Gochuico BR, Hwang PM. Atherosclerotic plaque macrophage transcriptional regulators are expressed in blood and modulated by tristetraprolin. Circ Res 2006; 98:1282-9. [PMID: 16614304 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000222284.48288.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating monocytes and plaque macrophages mediate inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We purified these cells from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for advanced atherosclerosis and examined their in vivo transcriptomes using the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technique. We observed striking differences in transcriptional regulators as monocytes transformed into plaque macrophages in contrast to monocytes and lung macrophages from normal subjects. Consistent with its role in moderating inflammation, tristetraprolin (TTP, ZFP36) was among the most highly expressed macrophage transcriptional regulators. Interestingly, the mRNAs of a subset of the macrophage transcriptional regulators specifically interacted with TTP, revealing a network of genes that may be important in controlling macrophage inflammatory activity. Giving functional significance to this interaction, the knockdown of TTP increased both cognate macrophage gene mRNAs and inflammatory tumor necrosis factor protein release. In contrast, transient overexpression of TTP resulted in decreased levels of the same genes supporting its role in regulating macrophage gene expression. Together, our results indicate that the in vivo gene expression analyses of cells involved in pathogenesis can provide biological insights for functional studies with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willmar D Patino
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Li W, Sama AE, Wang H. Role of HMGB1 in cardiovascular diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2006; 6:130-5. [PMID: 16487750 PMCID: PMC1782046 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A nuclear protein, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), is released passively by necrotic cells, and actively by macrophages/monocytes in response to exogenous and endogenous inflammatory stimuli. After binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), HMGB1 activates vascular endothelial cells and macrophages/monocytes to express proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Pharmacological suppression of its activities or release is protective against lethal endotoxemia and sepsis, establishing HMGB1 as a critical mediator of lethal systemic inflammation. In light of the pathogenic role of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases, we propose that HMGB1, a proinflammatory cytokine derived from both injured endothelium and activated macrophages/monocytes, could contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, New York University School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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26
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Gutierrez A, Ratliff EP, Andres AM, Huang X, McKeehan WL, Davis RA. Bile acids decrease hepatic paraoxonase 1 expression and plasma high-density lipoprotein levels via FXR-mediated signaling of FGFR4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 26:301-6. [PMID: 16284190 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000195793.73118.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to determine how dietary bile acids repress hepatic expression of paraoxonase 1 (PON1). METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice and C3H/HeJ mice, having different susceptibilities to atherosclerosis, were fed a chow diet and an atherogenic diet containing taurocholate. Compared with the more atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6 mice, C3H/HeJ mice display resistance to dietary bile acid repression of hepatic PON1 mRNA and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whereas knockout of toll receptor 4 did not affect response to taurocholate, deletion of either FXR or FGFR4 blocked taurocholate repression of PON1 and CYP7A1. FGF19, an activator of FGFR4 expressed in human ileum, decreased expression of both PON1 and CYP7A1 expression by human hepatoma cells. In all of the mice studied, dietary taurocholate increased ileal expression of FGF15, a FXR-inducible murine homologue of human FGF19. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic PON1 and CYP7A1 mRNA expression is repressed by bile acids via FXR-mediated induction of FGF15. Thus, the inability of C3H/HeJ mice to display taurocholate repression of PON1 and CYP7A1 mRNAs was not because of a lack of induction of FGF15 but rather signaling events distal to FGF15-FGFR4 association.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aryldialkylphosphatase/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Bile Acids and Salts/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Diet, Atherogenic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, HDL/blood
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/physiology
- Liver Neoplasms
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gutierrez
- Department of Biology and Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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