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Deguine J, Xavier RJ. B cell tolerance and autoimmunity: Lessons from repertoires. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231314. [PMID: 39093312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune cell function is regulated by a highly diverse receptor recombined from variable germline-encoded segments that can recognize an almost unlimited array of epitopes. While this diversity enables the recognition of any pathogen, it also poses a risk of self-recognition, leading to autoimmunity. Many layers of regulation are present during both the generation and activation of B cells to prevent this phenomenon, although they are evidently imperfect. In recent years, our ability to analyze immune repertoires at scale has drastically increased, both through advances in sequencing and single-cell analyses. Here, we review the current knowledge on B cell repertoire analyses, focusing on their implication for autoimmunity. These studies demonstrate that a failure of tolerance occurs at multiple independent checkpoints in different autoimmune contexts, particularly during B cell maturation, plasmablast differentiation, and within germinal centers. These failures are marked by distinct repertoire features that may be used to identify disease- or patient-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Deguine
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Immunology Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Moghadam RK, Daraei A, Haddadi M, Mardi A, Karamali N, Rezaiemanesh A. Casting Light on the Janus-Faced HMG-CoA Reductase Degradation Protein 1: A Comprehensive Review of Its Dualistic Impact on Apoptosis in Various Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6842-6863. [PMID: 38356096 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is well recognized that apoptosis, as a highly regulated cellular process, plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as cell differentiation. Dysregulation of apoptosis is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous disorders, making it essential to comprehend its underlying mechanisms. One key factor that has garnered significant attention in the regulation of apoptotic pathways is HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1, also known as HRD1. HRD1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Its primary role involves maintaining the quality control of ER proteins by facilitating the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. During ER stress, HRD1 aids in the elimination of misfolded proteins that accumulate within the ER. Therefore, HRD1 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptotic pathways and maintenance of ER protein quality control. By targeting specific protein substrates and affecting apoptosis-related pathways, HRD1 could be an exclusive therapeutic target in different disorders. Dysregulation of HRD1-mediated processes contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of various diseases. The purpose of this review is to assess the effect of HRD1 on the pathways related to apoptosis in various diseases from a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Khaleghi Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, Shahid Shiroudi Boulevard, PO-Box: 6714869914, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arshia Daraei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, Shahid Shiroudi Boulevard, PO-Box: 6714869914, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maryam Haddadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, Shahid Shiroudi Boulevard, PO-Box: 6714869914, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negin Karamali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, Shahid Shiroudi Boulevard, PO-Box: 6714869914, Kermanshah, Iran.
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3
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Corneth OBJ, Neys SFH, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213391. [PMID: 36359789 PMCID: PMC9654300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant B cell signaling plays a critical in role in various systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. This is supported by genetic evidence by many functional studies in B cells from patients or specific animal models and by the observed efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we first discuss key signal transduction pathways downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) that ensure that autoreactive B cells are removed from the repertoire or functionally silenced. We provide an overview of aberrant BCR signaling that is associated with inappropriate B cell repertoire selection and activation or survival of peripheral B cell populations and plasma cells, finally leading to autoantibody formation. Next to BCR signaling, abnormalities in other signal transduction pathways have been implicated in autoimmune disease. These include reduced activity of several phosphates that are downstream of co-inhibitory receptors on B cells and increased levels of BAFF and APRIL, which support survival of B cells and plasma cells. Importantly, pathogenic synergy of the BCR and Toll-like receptors (TLR), which can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, has been shown to enhance autoimmunity. Finally, we will briefly discuss therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease based on interfering with signal transduction in B cells.
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4
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Ozawa T, Fujii K, Sudo T, Doi Y, Nakai R, Shingai Y, Ueda T, Baba Y, Hosen N, Yokota T. Special AT-Rich Sequence-Binding Protein 1 Supports Survival and Maturation of Naive B Cells Stimulated by B Cell Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1937-1946. [PMID: 35379742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms underpin the elaborate activities of essential transcription factors in lymphocyte development. Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1) is a chromatin remodeler that orchestrates the spatial and temporal actions of transcription factors. Previous studies have revealed the significance of SATB1 in T cell lineage. However, whether and how SATB1 controls B cell lineage development is yet to be clarified. In this study, we show that SATB1 is an important factor during splenic B cell maturation. By analyzing SATB1/Tomato reporter mice, we determined the dynamic fluctuation of SATB1 expression in the B cell lineage. Although SATB1 expression decreased to minimal levels during B cell differentiation in the bone marrow, it resurged markedly in naive B cells in the spleen. The expression was dramatically downregulated upon Ag-induced activation. Splenic naive B cells were subdivided into two categories, namely SATB1high and SATB1-/low, according to their SATB1 expression levels. SATB1high naive B cells were less susceptible to death and greater proliferative than were SATB1-/low cells during incubation with an anti-IgM Ab. Additionally, SATB1high cells tended to induce the expression of MHC class II, CD86, and CD83. Accordingly, naive B cells from B lineage-specific SATB1 conditional knockout mice were more susceptible to apoptosis than that in the control group upon anti-IgM Ab stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, conditional knockout mice were less capable of producing Ag-specific B cells after immunization. Collectively, our findings suggest that SATB1 expression increases in naive B cells and plays an important role in their survival and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ozawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Sudo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Doi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Nakai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shingai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ueda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yokota
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan;
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5
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Anti-rheumatic drug-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation and preventive strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106181. [PMID: 35301112 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, an estimated 3 million people worldwide have been infected with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). Although anti-HBV therapies have improved the long-term survival profile of chronic carriers, viral reactivation still poses a significant challenge for preventing HBV-related hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and death. Immuno-modulating drugs, which are widely applied in managing rheumatic conditions, are commonly associated with HBV reactivation (HBVr) as a result of drug-induced immune suppression. However, there are few reports on the risk of HBVr and the medication management plan for HBV carriers, especially rheumatic patients. In this review, we summarize immuno-modulating drug-induced HBVr during rheumatoid therapy and its preventive strategies for HBVr-induced liver diseases, especially cirrhosis and HCC. These findings will assist with developing treatments for rheumatic patients, and prevent HBV-related cirrhosis and HCC.
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6
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Betzler AC, Kieser S, Fiedler K, Laban S, Theodoraki MN, Schuler PJ, Wirth T, Tedford K, Fischer KD, Hoffmann TK, Brunner C. Differential Requirement of Vav Proteins for Btk-dependent and –Independent Signaling During B Cell Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:654181. [PMID: 35281114 PMCID: PMC8904969 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.654181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Btk and Vav proteins are all components of the signalosome that builds upon B cell receptor (BCR) activation. However, the role of Vav proteins within the signalosome is quite complex and not yet fully understood. Until now, studies of these have focused predominantly on a deficiency of Vav proteins alone or in combination with other Vav protein family members. Since a physical association of Btk with Vav was shown previously, we asked whether these molecules lie in the same or independent signaling pathways. By analyzing Vav1 and Vav3 single knock-out mice and generating double-knock-out animals deficient for either Vav1 or Vav3 and Btk, we observed, in line with previous publications, no severe B cell developmental defects when either Vav1 or Vav3 alone are not expressed. However, a simultaneous deficiency of Btk together with either Vav1 or Vav3 leads to a severe reduction of splenic B cells, which exhibit an immature phenotype. B cell developmental defects of Btk/Vav1-double deficient mice in the periphery were more severe than those observed in Btk-single-deficient animals. Additionally, morphological changes in splenic microarchitecture were observed in double- but also in single-knock-out mutants. These observations were accompanied by reduced BCR-induced Ca2+ mobilization, proliferation, germinal center formation and immunoglobulin secretion. Although deletion of Btk alone impaired Ca2+ mobilization upon BCR activation, the defect was even more severe when Vav1 or Vav3 were also mutated, indicating that Btk and the Vav proteins act in separate pathways that converge on Ca2+ signaling. In vitro ASC differentiation suggests that both B and T cells contribute to the observed phenotype of a Btk/Vav-double deficiency. Our results show that Vav proteins and Btk are both components of the BCR-activated signalosome but control separate signaling pathways important for B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kieser
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Fiedler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Laban
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick J. Schuler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerry Tedford
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas K. Hoffmann
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Cornelia Brunner,
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7
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Chen JW, Schickel JN, Tsakiris N, Sng J, Arbogast F, Bouis D, Parisi D, Gera R, Boeckers JM, Delmotte FR, Veselits M, Schuetz C, Jacobsen EM, Posovszky C, Schulz AS, Schwarz K, Clark MR, Menard L, Meffre E. Positive and negative selection shape the human naïve B cell repertoire. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:150985. [PMID: 34813502 PMCID: PMC8759783 DOI: 10.1172/jci150985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although negative selection of developing B cells in the periphery is well described, yet poorly understood, evidence of naive B cell positive selection remains elusive. Using 2 humanized mouse models, we demonstrate that there was strong skewing of the expressed immunoglobulin repertoire upon transit into the peripheral naive B cell pool. This positive selection of expanded naive B cells in humanized mice resembled that observed in healthy human donors and was independent of autologous thymic tissue. In contrast, negative selection of autoreactive B cells required thymus-derived Tregs and MHC class II–restricted self-antigen presentation by B cells. Indeed, both defective MHC class II expression on B cells of patients with rare bare lymphocyte syndrome and prevention of self-antigen presentation via HLA-DM inhibition in humanized mice resulted in the production of autoreactive naive B cells. These latter observations suggest that Tregs repressed autoreactive naive B cells continuously produced by the bone marrow. Thus, a model emerged, in which both positive and negative selection shaped the human naive B cell repertoire and that each process was mediated by fundamentally different molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | | | - Nikolaos Tsakiris
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Joel Sng
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Florent Arbogast
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Delphine Bouis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Ruchi Gera
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Joshua M Boeckers
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Fabien R Delmotte
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Margaret Veselits
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Catharina Schuetz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carsten Posovszky
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ansgar S Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus R Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Laurence Menard
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
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Abstract
The age-associated B cell subset has been the focus of increasing interest over the last decade. These cells have a unique cell surface phenotype and transcriptional signature, and they rely on TLR7 or TLR9 signals in the context of Th1 cytokines for their formation and activation. Most are antigen-experienced memory B cells that arise during responses to microbial infections and are key to pathogen clearance and control. Their increasing prevalence with age contributes to several well-established features of immunosenescence, including reduced B cell genesis and damped immune responses. In addition, they are elevated in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, and in these settings they are enriched for characteristic autoantibody specificities. Together, these features identify age-associated B cells as a subset with pivotal roles in immunological health, disease, and aging. Accordingly, a detailed understanding of their origins, functions, and physiology should make them tractable translational targets in each of these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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9
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Tan C, Noviski M, Huizar J, Zikherman J. Self-reactivity on a spectrum: A sliding scale of peripheral B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:37-60. [PMID: 31631352 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms of central tolerance, including receptor editing and deletion, prevent highly self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) from populating the periphery. Despite this, modest self-reactivity persists in (and may even be actively selected into) the mature B cell repertoire. In this review, we discuss new insights into mechanisms of peripheral B cell tolerance that restrain mature B cells from mounting inappropriate responses to endogenous antigens, and place recent work into historical context. In particular, we discuss new findings that have arisen from application of a novel in vivo reporter of BCR signaling, Nur77-eGFP, expression of which scales with the degree of self-reactivity in both monoclonal and polyclonal B cell repertoires. We discuss new and historical evidence that self-reactivity is not just tolerated, but actively selected into the peripheral repertoire. We review recent progress in understanding how dual expression of the IgM and IgD BCR isotypes on mature naive follicular B cells tunes responsiveness to endogenous antigen recognition, and discuss how this may be integrated with other features of clonal anergy. Finally, we discuss how expression of Nur77 itself couples chronic antigen stimulation with B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Huizar
- School of Medicine, HHMI Medical Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Roe K, Shu GL, Draves KE, Giordano D, Pepper M, Clark EA. Targeting Antigens to CD180 but Not CD40 Programs Immature and Mature B Cell Subsets to Become Efficient APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1715-1729. [PMID: 31484732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting Ags to the CD180 receptor activates both B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to become potent APCs. After inoculating mice with Ag conjugated to an anti-CD180 Ab, B cell receptors were rapidly internalized. Remarkably, all B cell subsets, including even transitional 1 B cells, were programed to process, present Ag, and stimulate Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. Within 24-48 hours, Ag-specific B cells were detectable at T-B borders in the spleen; there, they proliferated in a T cell-dependent manner and induced the maturation of T follicular helper (TFH) cells. Remarkably, immature B cells were sufficient for the maturation of TFH cells after CD180 targeting: TFH cells were induced in BAFFR-/- mice (with only transitional 1 B cells) and not in μMT mice (lacking all B cells) following CD180 targeting. Unlike CD180 targeting, CD40 targeting only induced DCs but not B cells to become APCs and thus failed to efficiently induce TFH cell maturation, resulting in slower and lower-affinity IgG Ab responses. CD180 targeting induces a unique program in Ag-specific B cells and to our knowledge, is a novel strategy to induce Ag presentation in both DCs and B cells, especially immature B cells and thus has the potential to produce a broad range of Ab specificities. This study highlights the ability of immature B cells to present Ag to and induce the maturation of cognate TFH cells, providing insights toward vaccination of mature B cell-deficient individuals and implications in treating autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Roe
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Geraldine L Shu
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kevin E Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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11
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Johnson JL, Scholz JL, Marshak-Rothstein A, Cancro MP. Molecular pattern recognition in peripheral B cell tolerance: lessons from age-associated B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:33-38. [PMID: 31446338 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although central tolerance mechanisms purge self-reactive B cells during development based on BCR signal strength, mechanisms that block the differentiation of autoreactive effector and memory B cells from mature pools remain poorly understood. Prior observations implicate nucleic acid sensing TLRs in autoimmunity, and more recent findings show that TLR9 is also involved in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Studies of the immunological changes that occur during aging revealed a subset of B cells denoted Age-associated B cells which expands in settings of aging and in autoimmunity. Further studies demonstrated that TLR9 signals poise activated B cells to adopt an Age-associated B cell phenotype, but BCR-delivered TLR9 signals cause programmed cell death that, if circumvented by costimulation, allows continued differentiation to the ABC fate. Together, these observations suggest molecular pattern recognition, rather than BCR epitope specificity per se, is a fundamental mediator of tolerogenic outcomes in the peripheral B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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12
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Biologics in the Treatment of Lupus Erythematosus: A Critical Literature Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8142368. [PMID: 31396534 PMCID: PMC6668536 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8142368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting multiple organ systems that runs an unpredictable course and may present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Advances in treatment over the last decades, such as use of corticosteroids and conventional immunosuppressive drugs, have improved life expectancy of SLE sufferers. Unfortunately, in many cases effective management of SLE is still related to severe drug-induced toxicity and contributes to organ function deterioration and infective complications, particularly among patients with refractory disease and/or lupus nephritis. Consequently, there is an unmet need for drugs with a better efficacy and safety profile. A range of different biologic agents have been proposed and subjected to clinical trials, particularly dedicated to this subset of patients whose disease is inadequately controlled by conventional treatment regimes. Unfortunately, most of these trials have given unsatisfactory results, with belimumab being the only targeted therapy approved for the treatment of SLE so far. Despite these pitfalls, several novel biologic agents targeting B cells, T cells, or cytokines are constantly being evaluated in clinical trials. It seems that they may enhance the therapeutic efficacy when combined with standard therapies. These efforts raise the hope that novel drugs for patients with refractory SLE may be available in the near future. This article reviews the current biological therapies being tested in the treatment of SLE.
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13
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Noviski M, Tan C, Huizar J, Vykunta V, Mueller JL, Zikherman J. Optimal Development of Mature B Cells Requires Recognition of Endogenous Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:418-428. [PMID: 31167773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that highly autoreactive BCRs are actively removed from the developing B cell repertoire by Ag-dependent receptor editing and deletion. However, there is persistent debate about whether mild autoreactivity is simply tolerated or positively selected into the mature B cell repertoire as well as at what stage, to what extent, under what conditions, and into which compartments this occurs. In this study, we describe two minor, trackable populations of B cells in B1-8i Ig transgenic mice that express the VH186.2 H chain and recognize a common foreign Ag (the hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl) but differ in L chain expression. We use the Nur77-eGFP reporter of BCR signaling to define their reactivity toward endogenous Ags. The less autoreactive of these two populations is strongly counterselected during the development of mature B1a, follicular, and marginal zone B cells. By genetically manipulating the strength of BCR signal transduction via the titration of surface CD45 expression, we demonstrate that this B cell population is not negatively selected but instead displays characteristics of impaired positive selection. We demonstrate that mild self-reactivity improves the developmental fitness of B cell clones in the context of a diverse population of B cells, and positive selection by endogenous Ags shapes the mature B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - John Huizar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Vivasvan Vykunta
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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14
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Anzilotti C, Swan DJ, Boisson B, Deobagkar-Lele M, Oliveira C, Chabosseau P, Engelhardt KR, Xu X, Chen R, Alvarez L, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Bull KR, Cawthorne E, Cribbs AP, Crockford TL, Dang TS, Fearn A, Fenech EJ, de Jong SJ, Lagerholm BC, Ma CS, Sims D, van den Berg B, Xu Y, Cant AJ, Kleiner G, Leahy TR, de la Morena MT, Puck JM, Shapiro RS, van der Burg M, Chapman JR, Christianson JC, Davies B, McGrath JA, Przyborski S, Santibanez Koref M, Tangye SG, Werner A, Rutter GA, Padilla-Parra S, Casanova JL, Cornall RJ, Conley ME, Hambleton S. An essential role for the Zn 2+ transporter ZIP7 in B cell development. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:350-361. [PMID: 30718914 PMCID: PMC6561116 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the known importance of zinc for human immunity, molecular insights into its roles have remained limited. Here we report a novel autosomal recessive disease characterized by absent B cells, agammaglobulinemia and early onset infections in five unrelated families. The immunodeficiency results from hypomorphic mutations of SLC39A7, which encodes the endoplasmic reticulum-to-cytoplasm zinc transporter ZIP7. Using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis we have precisely modeled ZIP7 deficiency in mice. Homozygosity for a null allele caused embryonic death, but hypomorphic alleles reproduced the block in B cell development seen in patients. B cells from mutant mice exhibited a diminished concentration of cytoplasmic free zinc, increased phosphatase activity and decreased phosphorylation of signaling molecules downstream of the pre-B cell and B cell receptors. Our findings highlight a specific role for cytosolic Zn2+ in modulating B cell receptor signal strength and positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Swan
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163 Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catarina Oliveira
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Karin R Engelhardt
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Xijin Xu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rui Chen
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Katherine R Bull
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Cawthorne
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam P Cribbs
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tarana Singh Dang
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy Fearn
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Fenech
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah J de Jong
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Christoffer Lagerholm
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Sims
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bert van den Berg
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew J Cant
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gary Kleiner
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - T Ronan Leahy
- Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Teresa de la Morena
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Ross Chapman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Werner
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Dynamic Structural Virology Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163 Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mary Ellen Conley
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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15
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Myles A, Sanz I, Cancro MP. T-bet + B cells: A common denominator in protective and autoreactive antibody responses? Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 57:40-45. [PMID: 30784957 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T-bet+ B cells have emerged as a key component of the humoral immune response in both infections and autoimmune disorders, with many of their phenotypic and functional attributes conserved between mice and humans. They are protective (infections) and pathogenic (autoimmunity), although the associated commonalities and differences remain unclear. Heterogeneity within this pool, in terms of origin, fate and function may underlie these divergent roles. Their significance is context-dependent- they may constitute a persistent effector memory cell pool, or products of recent primary responses. In both cases however, T-bet+ cells likely represent antigen-experienced progenitors of antibody-secreting cells with multipotent properties. Given their key contributions to both immunity and disease, T-bet+ B cells are an attractive target for vaccination and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Myles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Hobeika E, Dautzenberg M, Levit-Zerdoun E, Pelanda R, Reth M. Conditional Selection of B Cells in Mice With an Inducible B Cell Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1806. [PMID: 30127788 PMCID: PMC6087743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing B cells undergo defined maturation steps in the bone marrow and in the spleen. The timing and the factors that control these differentiation steps are not fully understood. By targeting the B cell-restricted mb-1 locus to generate an mb-1 allele that expresses a tamoxifen inducible Cre and another allele in which mb-1 expression can be controlled by Cre, we have established a mouse model with an inducible B cell compartment. With these mice, we studied in detail the kinetics of B cell development and the consequence of BCR activation at a defined B cell maturation stage. Contrary to expectations, transitional 1-B cells exposed to anti-IgM reagents in vivo did not die but instead developed into transitional 2 (T2)-B cells with upregulated Bcl-2 expression. We show, however, that these T2-B cells had an increased dependency on the B cell survival factor B cell activating factor when compared to non-stimulated B cells. Overall, our findings indicate that the inducible mb-1 mouse strain represents a useful model, which allows studying the signals that control the selection of B cells in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hobeika
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Dautzenberg
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ella Levit-Zerdoun
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael Reth
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Toledano A, Elhanati Y, Benichou JIC, Walczak AM, Mora T, Louzoun Y. Evidence for Shaping of Light Chain Repertoire by Structural Selection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1307. [PMID: 29988361 PMCID: PMC6023962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The naïve immunoglobulin (IG) repertoire in the blood differs from the direct output of the rearrangement process. These differences stem from selection that affects the germline gene usage and the junctional nucleotides. A major complication obscuring the details of the selection mechanism in the heavy chain is the failure to properly identify the D germline and determine the nucleotide addition and deletion in the junction region. The selection affecting junctional diversity can, however, be studied in the light chain that has no D gene. We use probabilistic and deterministic models to infer and disentangle generation and selection of the light chain, using large samples of light chains sequenced from healthy donors and transgenic mice. We have previously used similar models for the beta chain of T-cell receptors and the heavy chain of IGs. Selection is observed mainly in the CDR3. The CDR3 length and mass distributions are narrower after selection than before, indicating stabilizing selection for mid-range values. Within the CDR3, proline and cysteine undergo negative selection, while glycine undergoes positive selection. The results presented here suggest structural selection maintaining the size of the CDR3 within a limited range, and preventing turns in the CDR3 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adar Toledano
- Department of Mathematics, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yuval Elhanati
- Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Jennifer I C Benichou
- Department of Mathematics, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, UMR8549, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique statistique, UMR8550, CNRS, UPMC and Ecole normale supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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18
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Yang Y, Kong S, Zhang Y, Melo-Cardenas J, Gao B, Zhang Y, Zhang DD, Zhang B, Song J, Thorp E, Zhang K, Zhang J, Fang D. The endoplasmic reticulum-resident E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 controls a critical checkpoint in B cell development in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12934-12944. [PMID: 29907570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity involves multiple checkpoints that occur in B cell development, maturation, and activation. The pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR) is expressed following the productive recombination of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene, and sSignalsing through the pre-BCR are required for the differentiation of pre-B cells into immature B cells. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the pre-BCR expression and signaling strength remain undefined. Herein, we probed the role of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated, stress-activated E3 ubiquitin ligase HMG-CoA reductase degradation 1 (Hrd1) in B cell differentiation. Using mice with a specific Hrd1 deletion in pro-B cells and subsequent B cell developmental stages, we showed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 governs a critical checkpoint during B cell development. We observed that Hrd1 is required for degradation of the pre-BCR complex during the early stage of B cell development. As a consequence, loss of Hrd1 in the B cell lineage resulted in increased pre-BCR expression levels and a developmental defect in the transition from large to small pre-B cells. This defect, in turn, resulted in reduced fewer mature B cells in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs. Our results revealed a novel critical role of Hrd1 in controlling a critical checkpoint in B cell-mediated immunity and suggest that Hrd1 may functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the pre-BCR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sinyi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Yana Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Johanna Melo-Cardenas
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Beixue Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 16801
| | - Edward Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
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19
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Chen Y, Chaudhary N, Yang N, Granato A, Turner JA, Howard SL, Devereaux C, Zuo T, Shrestha A, Goel RR, Neuberg D, Wesemann DR. Microbial symbionts regulate the primary Ig repertoire. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1397-1415. [PMID: 29588346 PMCID: PMC5940265 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships help shape immune fitness. Chen et al. demonstrate that microbial symbionts influence host immunity by enriching frequencies of antibacterial specificities within the naive B cell receptor repertoire and that this may have consequences for mucosal and systemic immunity. The ability of immunoglobulin (Ig) to recognize pathogens is critical for optimal immune fitness. Early events that shape preimmune Ig repertoires, expressed on IgM+ IgD+ B cells as B cell receptors (BCRs), are poorly defined. Here, we studied germ-free mice and conventionalized littermates to explore the hypothesis that symbiotic microbes help shape the preimmune Ig repertoire. Ig-binding assays showed that exposure to conventional microbial symbionts enriched frequencies of antibacterial IgM+ IgD+ B cells in intestine and spleen. This enrichment affected follicular B cells, involving a diverse set of Ig-variable region gene segments, and was T cell–independent. Functionally, enrichment of microbe reactivity primed basal levels of small intestinal T cell–independent, symbiont-reactive IgA and enhanced systemic IgG responses to bacterial immunization. These results demonstrate that microbial symbionts influence host immunity by enriching frequencies of antibacterial specificities within preimmune B cell repertoires and that this may have consequences for mucosal and systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jacob A Turner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shannon L Howard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Devereaux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Akritee Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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20
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Pal Singh S, Dammeijer F, Hendriks RW. Role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in B cells and malignancies. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:57. [PMID: 29455639 PMCID: PMC5817726 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor kinase that plays a crucial role in oncogenic signaling that is critical for proliferation and survival of leukemic cells in many B cell malignancies. BTK was initially shown to be defective in the primary immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and is essential both for B cell development and function of mature B cells. Shortly after its discovery, BTK was placed in the signal transduction pathway downstream of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). More recently, small-molecule inhibitors of this kinase have shown excellent anti-tumor activity, first in animal models and subsequently in clinical studies. In particular, the orally administered irreversible BTK inhibitor ibrutinib is associated with high response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL), including patients with high-risk genetic lesions. Because ibrutinib is generally well tolerated and shows durable single-agent efficacy, it was rapidly approved for first-line treatment of patients with CLL in 2016. To date, evidence is accumulating for efficacy of ibrutinib in various other B cell malignancies. BTK inhibition has molecular effects beyond its classic role in BCR signaling. These involve B cell-intrinsic signaling pathways central to cellular survival, proliferation or retention in supportive lymphoid niches. Moreover, BTK functions in several myeloid cell populations representing important components of the tumor microenvironment. As a result, there is currently a considerable interest in BTK inhibition as an anti-cancer therapy, not only in B cell malignancies but also in solid tumors. Efficacy of BTK inhibition as a single agent therapy is strong, but resistance may develop, fueling the development of combination therapies that improve clinical responses. In this review, we discuss the role of BTK in B cell differentiation and B cell malignancies and highlight the importance of BTK inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Pal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Post graduate school Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Dammeijer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Post graduate school Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Myers DR, Zikherman J, Roose JP. Tonic Signals: Why Do Lymphocytes Bother? Trends Immunol 2017; 38:844-857. [PMID: 28754596 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s it has been known that B and T lymphocytes exhibit low-level, constitutive signaling in the basal state (tonic signaling). These lymphocytes display a range of affinity for self, which in turn generates a range of tonic signaling. Surprisingly, what signaling pathways are active in the basal state and the functional relevance of the observed tonic signaling heterogeneity remain open questions today. Here we summarize what is known about the mechanistic and functional details of tonic signaling. We highlight recent advances that have increased our understanding of how the amount of tonic signal impacts immune function, describing novel tools that have moved the field forward and toward a molecular understanding of tonic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darienne R Myers
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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22
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Rawlings DJ, Metzler G, Wray-Dutra M, Jackson SW. Altered B cell signalling in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:421-436. [PMID: 28393923 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has provided new insights into how altered B cell-intrinsic signals - through the B cell receptor (BCR) and key co-receptors - function together to promote the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. These combined signals affect B cells at two distinct stages: first, in the selection of the naive repertoire; and second, during extrafollicular or germinal centre activation responses. Thus, dysregulated signalling can lead to both an altered naive BCR repertoire and the generation of autoantibody-producing B cells. Strikingly, high-affinity autoantibodies predate and predict disease in several autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. This Review summarizes how, rather than being a downstream consequence of autoreactive T cell activation, dysregulated B cell signalling can function as a primary driver of many human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Genita Metzler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Michelle Wray-Dutra
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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The Microbiome, Timing, and Barrier Function in the Context of Allergic Disease. Immunity 2016; 44:728-38. [PMID: 27096316 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic disease affects millions. Despite many advances in our understanding of the immune system in the past century, the physiologic underpinning for the existence of allergy remains largely mysterious. Food allergies, in particular, have increased dramatically in recent years, adding a new sense of urgency to unraveling this mystery. The concurrence of significant lifestyle changes in Western societies with increasing disease prevalence implies a causal link. Demographic variables that influence the composition and function of the commensal microbiota early in life seem to be most important. Identifying the evolutionary and physiologic foundations of allergic disease and defining what about our modern environment is responsible for its increased incidence will provide insights critical to the development of new approaches to prevention and treatment.
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24
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Endoplasmic reticulum-resident E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 controls B-cell immunity through degradation of the death receptor CD95/Fas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10394-9. [PMID: 27573825 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606742113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity involves multiple checkpoints during B-cell development, maturation, and activation. The cell death receptor CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis plays a critical role in eliminating the unwanted activation of B cells by self-reactive antigens and in maintaining B-cell homeostasis through activation-induced B-cell death (AICD). The molecular mechanisms controlling AICD remain largely undefined. Herein, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 protected B cells from activation-induced cell death by degrading the death receptor Fas. Hrd1-null B cells exhibited high Fas expression during activation and rapidly underwent Fas-mediated apoptosis, which could be largely inhibited by FasL neutralization. Fas mutation in Hrd1 KO mice abrogated the increase in B-cell AICD. We identified Hrd1 as the first E3 ubiquitin ligase of the death receptor Fas and Hrd1-mediated Fas destruction as a molecular mechanism in regulating B-cell immunity.
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25
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Hershberg U, Luning Prak ET. The analysis of clonal expansions in normal and autoimmune B cell repertoires. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0239. [PMID: 26194753 PMCID: PMC4528416 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clones are the fundamental building blocks of immune repertoires. The number of different clones relates to the diversity of the repertoire, whereas their size and sequence diversity are linked to selective pressures. Selective pressures act both between clones and within different sequence variants of a clone. Understanding how clonal selection shapes the immune repertoire is one of the most basic questions in all of immunology. But how are individual clones defined? Here we discuss different approaches for defining clones, starting with how antibodies are diversified during different stages of B cell development. Next, we discuss how clones are defined using different experimental methods. We focus on high-throughput sequencing datasets, and the computational challenges and opportunities that these data have for mining the antibody repertoire landscape. We discuss methods that visualize sequence variants within the same clone and allow us to consider collections of shared mutations to determine which sequences share a common ancestry. Finally, we comment on features of frequently encountered expanded B cell clones that may be of particular interest in the setting of autoimmunity and other chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone 7-711, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Bossone 7-711, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 405B Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Naradikian MS, Hao Y, Cancro MP. Age-associated B cells: key mediators of both protective and autoreactive humoral responses. Immunol Rev 2015; 269:118-29. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Naradikian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Microbiology; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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27
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Kolhatkar NS, Brahmandam A, Thouvenel CD, Becker-Herman S, Jacobs HM, Schwartz MA, Allenspach EJ, Khim S, Panigrahi AK, Luning Prak ET, Thrasher AJ, Notarangelo LD, Candotti F, Torgerson TR, Sanz I, Rawlings DJ. Altered BCR and TLR signals promote enhanced positive selection of autoreactive transitional B cells in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1663-77. [PMID: 26371186 PMCID: PMC4577851 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder frequently associated with systemic autoimmunity, including autoantibody-mediated cytopenias. WAS protein (WASp)-deficient B cells have increased B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, suggesting that these pathways might impact establishment of the mature, naive BCR repertoire. To directly investigate this possibility, we evaluated naive B cell specificity and composition in WASp-deficient mice and WAS subjects (n = 12). High-throughput sequencing and single-cell cloning analysis of the BCR repertoire revealed altered heavy chain usage and enrichment for low-affinity self-reactive specificities in murine marginal zone and human naive B cells. Although negative selection mechanisms including deletion, anergy, and receptor editing were relatively unperturbed, WASp-deficient transitional B cells showed enhanced proliferation in vivo mediated by antigen- and Myd88-dependent signals. Finally, using both BCR sequencing and cell surface analysis with a monoclonal antibody recognizing an intrinsically autoreactive heavy chain, we show enrichment in self-reactive cells specifically at the transitional to naive mature B cell stage in WAS subjects. Our combined data support a model wherein modest alterations in B cell-intrinsic, BCR, and TLR signals in WAS, and likely other autoimmune disorders, are sufficient to alter B cell tolerance via positive selection of self-reactive transitional B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Archana Brahmandam
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Shirly Becker-Herman
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Marc A Schwartz
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Eric J Allenspach
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Socheath Khim
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Anil K Panigrahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Section of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Centre for Immunodeficiency, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, England, UK
| | | | - Fabio Candotti
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
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28
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Xing Y, Ji Q, Lin Y, Fu M, Gao J, Zhang P, Hu X, Feng L, Liu Y, Han H, Li W. Positive selection of natural poly-reactive B cells in the periphery occurs independent of heavy chain allelic inclusion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125747. [PMID: 25993514 PMCID: PMC4437983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural autoreactive B cells are important mediators of autoimmune diseases. Receptor editing is known to play an important role in both central and peripheral B cell tolerance. However, the role of allelic inclusion in the development of natural autoreactive B cells is not clear. Previously, we generated μ chain (TgVH3B4I) and μ/κ chains (TgVH/L3B4) transgenic mice using transgene derived from the 3B4 hybridoma, which produce poly-reactive natural autoantibodies. In this study, we demonstrate that a considerable population of B cells edited their B cells receptors (BCRs) via light chain or heavy chain allelic inclusion during their development in TgVH3B4I mice. Additionally, allelic inclusion occurred more frequently in the periphery and promoted the differentiation of B cells into marginal zone or B-1a cells in TgVH3B4I mice. B cells from TgVH/L3B4 mice expressing the intact transgenic 3B4 BCR without receptor editing secreted poly-reactive 3B4 antibody. Interestingly, however, B cell that underwent allelic inclusion in TgVH3B4I mice also produced poly-reactive autoantibodies in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that receptor editing plays a minor role in the positive selection of B cells expressing natural poly-reactive BCRs, which can be positively selected through heavy chain allelic inclusion to retain their poly-reactivity in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiuhe Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jixin Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingbin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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29
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Whang JA, Chang BY. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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Holl TM, Yang G, Kuraoka M, Verkoczy L, Alam SM, Moody MA, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Enhanced antibody responses to an HIV-1 membrane-proximal external region antigen in mice reconstituted with cultured lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3269-79. [PMID: 24591365 PMCID: PMC4003504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that the protective HIV-1 Ab, 2F5, avidly reacts with a conserved mammalian self-Ag, kynureninase, and that the development of B cells specific for the 2F5 epitope is constrained by immunological tolerance. These observations suggest that the capacity to mount Ab responses to the 2F5 epitope is mitigated by tolerance, but such capacity may be latent in the pretolerance and/or anergic B cell pools. In this study, we use B cell tetramer reagents to track the frequencies of B cells that recognize the HIV-1 2F5 epitope (SP62): in C57BL/6 mice, SP62-binding transitional B cells are readily identified in bone marrow but are lost during subsequent development. Unsurprisingly then, immunization with SP62 immunogen does not elicit significant humoral responses in normal C57BL/6 mice. Reconstitution of Rag1(null) mice with normal congenic B cells that have matured in vitro restores the capacity to mount significant serum Ab and germinal center responses to this HIV-1 epitope. These B cell cultures are permissive for the development of autoreactive B cells and support the development of SP62-specific B cell compartments normally lost in 2F5 Ab knockin mice. The recovery of humoral responses to the 2F5/SP62 epitope of HIV-1 by reconstitution with B cells containing forbidden, autoreactive clones provides direct evidence that normal C57BL/6 mice latently possess the capacity to generate humoral responses to a conserved, neutralizing HIV-1 epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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31
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Chatterjee P, Agyemang AF, Alimzhanov MB, Degn S, Tsiftsoglou SA, Alicot E, Jones SA, Ma M, Carroll MC. Complement C4 maintains peripheral B-cell tolerance in a myeloid cell dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2441-2450. [PMID: 23749435 PMCID: PMC4086186 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The factors that allow self-reactive B cells to escape negative selection and become activated remain poorly defined. Using a BCR knock-in mouse strain, we identify a pathway by which B-cell selection to nucleolar self-antigens is complement dependent. Deficiency in complement component C4 led to a breakdown in the elimination of autoreactive B-cell clones at the transitional stage, characterized by a relative increase in their response to a range of stimuli, entrance into follicles, and a greater propensity to form self-reactive GCs. Using mixed BM chimeras, we found that the myeloid compartment was sufficient to restore negative selection in the autoreactive mice. A model is proposed in which in the absence of complement C4, inappropriate clearance of apoptotic debris promotes chronic activation of myeloid cells, allowing the maturation and activation of self-reactive B-cell clones leading to increased spontaneous formation of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Chatterjee
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amma F. Agyemang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marat B. Alimzhanov
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soren Degn
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefanos A. Tsiftsoglou
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Alicot
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Jones
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minghe Ma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C. Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Andrews SF, Zhang Q, Lim S, Li L, Lee JH, Zheng NY, Huang M, Taylor WM, Farris AD, Ni D, Meng W, Luning Prak ET, Wilson PC. Global analysis of B cell selection using an immunoglobulin light chain-mediated model of autoreactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 210:125-42. [PMID: 23267014 PMCID: PMC3549719 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the immunoglobulin light chain affects peripheral B cell tolerance and autoreactivity. The important subtleties of B cell tolerance are best understood in a diverse immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire context encoding a full spectrum of autoreactivity. To achieve this, we used mice expressing Igκ transgenes that confer varying degrees of autoreactivity within a diverse heavy chain (HC) repertoire. These transgenes, coupled with a biomarker to identify receptor-edited cells and combined with expression cloning of B cell receptors, allowed us to analyze tolerance throughout B cell development. We found that both the nature of the autoantigen and the Ig HC versus light chain (LC) contribution to autoreactivity dictate the developmental stage and mechanism of tolerance. Furthermore, although selection begins in the bone marrow, over one third of primary tolerance occurs in the periphery at the late transitional developmental stage. Notably, we demonstrate that the LC has profound effects on tolerance and can lead to exacerbated autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Andrews
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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33
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Iijima K, Yamada H, Miharu M, Imadome KI, Miyagawa Y, Akimoto S, Kobayashi K, Okita H, Nakazawa A, Fujiwara S, Fujimoto J, Kiyokawa N. ZNF385B is characteristically expressed in germinal center B cells and involved in B-cell apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3405-15. [PMID: 22945289 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified zinc finger (ZF) protein ZNF385B as a molecule specifically expressed in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) among hematologic malignancies. Here, we investigated ZNF385B expression in healthy B cells in a variety of hematological tissues by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. ZNF385B expression was found to be limited to a subset of GC B cells, the healthy counterpart to BL B cells. To elucidate the function of ZNF385B in healthy B cells, we established a tetracycline-controlled protein-inducible system in B-cell lines and observed that ectopic expression of the longest transcript variant of ZNF385B, possessing four ZF domains, induced upregulation of PERP and FAS/CD95, a downstream target of p53, and activation of caspase, resulting in apoptosis induction. However, a ZNF385B deletion mutant with three ZF domains corresponding to shorter isoforms, did not induce upregulation; rather it inhibited apoptosis induced by CD20 cross-linking and BCR stimulation. The direct binding of ZNF385B with p53 has suggested the involvement of ZNF385B in B-cell apoptosis via modulation of p53 transactivation; our data indicate that ZNF385B characteristically expressed in GC B cells has both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic activities depending on the type of isoform and should be a novel player in GC B-cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Iijima
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Dosenovic P, Soldemo M, Scholz JL, O’Dell S, Grasset EK, Pelletier N, Karlsson MCI, Mascola JR, Wyatt RT, Cancro MP, Karlsson Hedestam GB. BLyS-mediated modulation of naive B cell subsets impacts HIV Env-induced antibody responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:6018-26. [PMID: 22561155 PMCID: PMC3370119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing Abs provide the protective effect of the majority of existing human vaccines. For a prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1, broadly neutralizing Abs targeting conserved epitopes of the viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) are likely required, because the pool of circulating HIV-1 variants is extremely diverse. The failure to efficiently induce broadly neutralizing Abs by vaccination may be due to the use of suboptimal immunogens or immunization regimens, or it may indicate that B cells specific for broadly neutralizing Env determinants are selected against during peripheral checkpoints, either before or after Ag encounter. To investigate whether perturbation of B cell subsets prior to immunization with recombinant Env protein affects the vaccine-induced Ab response in mice, we used B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), a cytokine that regulates survival and selection of peripheral B cells. We show that the transient BLyS treatment used in this study substantially affected naive B cell populations; in particular, it resulted in more B cells surviving counter-selection at the transitional stages. We also observed more mature naive B cells, especially marginal zone B cells, in BLyS-treated mice. Intriguingly, provision of excess BLyS prior to immunization led to a consistent improvement in the frequency and potency of HIV-1 Env vaccine-induced neutralizing Ab responses, without increasing the number of Env-specific Ab-secreting cells or the Ab-binding titers measured after boosting. The results presented in this article suggest that an increased understanding of BLyS-regulated processes may help the design of vaccine regimens aimed at eliciting improved neutralizing Ab responses against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Dosenovic
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Soldemo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean L. Scholz
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sijy O’Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Nadège Pelletier
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard T. Wyatt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael P. Cancro
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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35
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Agliari E, Asti L, Barra A, Ferrucci L. Organization and evolution of synthetic idiotypic networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:051909. [PMID: 23004790 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.051909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a class of weighted graphs whose properties are meant to mimic the topological features of idiotypic networks, namely, the interaction networks involving the B core of the immune system. Each node is endowed with a bit string representing the idiotypic specificity of the corresponding B cell, and the proper distance between any couple of bit strings provides the coupling strength between the two nodes. We show that a biased distribution of the entries in bit strings can yield fringes in the (weighted) degree distribution, small-world features, and scaling laws, in agreement with experimental findings. We also investigate the role of aging, thought of as a progressive increase in the degree of bias in bit strings, and we show that it can possibly induce mild percolation phenomena, which are investigated too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Agliari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italia
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Huang W, Moisini I, Bethunaickan R, Sahu R, Akerman M, Eilat D, Lesser M, Davidson A. BAFF/APRIL inhibition decreases selection of naive but not antigen-induced autoreactive B cells in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6571-80. [PMID: 22102726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BAFF inhibition is a new B cell-directed therapeutic strategy for autoimmune disease. Our purpose was to analyze the effect of BAFF/APRIL availability on the naive and Ag-activated B cell repertoires in systemic lupus erythematosus, using the autoreactive germline D42 H chain (glD42H) site-directed transgenic NZB/W mouse. In this article, we show that the naive Vκ repertoire in both young and diseased glD42H NZB/W mice is dominated by five L chains that confer no or low-affinity polyreactivity. In contrast, glD42H B cells expressing L chains that confer high-affinity autoreactivity are mostly deleted before the mature B cell stage, but are positively selected and expanded in the germinal centers (GCs) as the mice age. Of these, the most abundant is VκRF (Vκ16-104*01), which is expressed by almost all IgG anti-DNA hybridomas derived from the glD42H mouse. Competition with nonautoreactive B cells or BAFF/APRIL inhibition significantly inhibited selection of glD42H B cells at the late transitional stage, with only subtle effects on the glD42H-associated L chain repertoire. However, glD42H/VκRF-encoded B cells were still vastly overrepresented in the GC, and serum IgG anti-DNA Abs arose with only a slight delay. Thus, although BAFF/APRIL inhibition increases the stringency of negative selection of the naive autoreactive B cell repertoire in NZB/W mice, it does not correct the major breach in B cell tolerance that occurs at the GC checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Huang
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Meng W, Yunk L, Wang LS, Maganty A, Xue E, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA, Weigert MG, Mancini SJC, Prak ETL. Selection of individual VH genes occurs at the pro-B to pre-B cell transition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1835-44. [PMID: 21746964 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B cells are subjected to selection at multiple checkpoints during their development. The selection of Ab H chains is difficult to study because of the large diversity of the CDR3. To study the selection of individual Ab H chain V region genes (V(H)), we performed CDR3 spectratyping of ∼ 75-300 rearrangements per individual V(H) in C57BL6/J mice. We measured the fraction of rearrangements that were in-frame in B cell DNA. We demonstrate that individual V(H)s have different fractions of in-frame rearrangements (IF fractions) ranging from 10 to 90% and that these IF fractions are reproducible in different mice. For most V(H)s, the IF fraction in pro-B cells approximated 33% and then shifted to the nearly final (mature) B cell value by the cycling pre-B cell stage. The frequency of high in-frame (IF) V(H) usage increased in cycling pre-B cells compared with that in pro-B cells, whereas this did not occur for low IF V(H)s. The IF fraction did not shift as much in BCR-expressing B cells and was minimally affected by L chain usage for most V(H). High IF clan II/III V(H)s share more positively charged CDR2 sequences, whereas high IF clan I J558 CDR2 sequences are diverse. These data indicate that individual V(H)s are subjected to differential selection, that V(H) IF fraction is mainly established through pre-BCR-mediated selection, that it may operate differently in clan I versus II/III V(H)s, and that it has a lasting influence on the Ab repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Alternative mechanisms of receptor editing in autoreactive B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7125-30. [PMID: 21471456 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019389108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies expressed in systemic lupus erythematosis bind DNA mainly through electrostatic interactions between the positively charged Arg residues of the antibody complementarity determining region (CDR) and the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. The importance of Arg in CDR3 for DNA binding has been shown in mice with transgenes coding for anti-DNA V(H) regions; there is also a close correlation between arginines in CDR3 of antibodies and DNA binding. Codons for Arg can readily be formed by V(D)J rearrangement; thereby, antibodies that bind DNA are part of the preimmune repertoire. Anti-DNAs in healthy mice are regulated by receptor editing, a mechanism that replaces κ light (L) chains compatible with DNA binding with κ L chains that harbor aspartic residues. This negatively charged amino acid is thought to neutralize Arg sites in the V(H). Editing by replacement is allowed at the κ locus, because the rearranged VJ is nested between unrearranged Vs and Js. However, neither λ nor heavy (H) chain loci are organized so as to allow such second rearrangements. In this study, we analyze regulation of anti-DNA H chains in mice that lack the κ locus, κ-/κ- mice. These mice show that the endogenous preimmune repertoire does indeed include a high frequency of antibodies with Arg in their CDR3s (putative anti-DNAs) and they are associated mainly with the editor L chain λx. The editing mechanisms in the case of λ-expressing B cells include L chain allelic inclusion and V(H) replacement.
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40
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Engel P, Gómez-Puerta JA, Ramos-Casals M, Lozano F, Bosch X. Therapeutic targeting of B cells for rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:127-56. [PMID: 21245206 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are characterized by their ability to secrete autoantibodies directed against self-peptides. During the last decade, it has become increasingly apparent that B lymphocytes not only produce autoantibodies but also exert important regulatory roles independent of their function as antibody-producing cells. This is especially relevant in the context of autoimmunity, because autoreactive B cells have been shown to possess the ability to activate pathogenic T cells, to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and to promote the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in target organs. The production of monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-surface molecules has facilitated the characterization of several distinct B lymphocyte subsets. These cell-surface molecules have not only served as useful cell differentiation markers but have also helped to unravel the important biological functions of these cells. Some of these molecules, all of which are expressed on the cell surface, have proven to be effective therapeutic targets. In both animal models and in clinical assays, the efficient elimination of B lymphocytes has been shown to be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. The treatment of most rheumatic autoimmune diseases relies mainly on the use of cytotoxic immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. Although this has resulted in improved disease survival, patients may nonetheless suffer severe adverse events and, in some cases, their relapse rate remains high. The increasing need for safer and more effective drugs along with burgeoning new insights into the pathogenesis of these disorders has fueled interest in biological agents; clinical trials involving the B-cell depletion agent rituximab have been especially promising. This article reviews the current knowledge of B-cell biology and pathogenesis as well as the modern therapeutic approaches for rheumatic autoimmune diseases focusing in particular on the targeting of B-cell-specific surface molecules and on the blocking of B-cell activation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Mihalcik SA, Huddleston PM, Wu X, Jelinek DF. The structure of the TNFRSF13C promoter enables differential expression of BAFF-R during B cell ontogeny and terminal differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1045-54. [PMID: 20554963 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The B cell-activating factor of the TNF family receptor (BAFF-R), encoded by the TNFRSF13C gene, is critically important for transitional B cell survival to maturity. Thus, ligation of BAFF-R by BAFF delivers a potent survival signal. Reports implicating the BAFF/BAFF-R signaling axis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune human diseases and B lineage malignancies have largely prompted studies focusing on BAFF expression; however, there is an equally critical need to better understand BAFF-R expression. Initial BAFF-R expression, although characterized in murine B cells, has not yet been reported in human B lymphopoiesis. In this study, we first demonstrate that BAFF-R expression is absent from early precursors and is acquired by bone marrow B cells newly expressing the BCR. We next focused on identifying the specific genomic region that controls BAFF-R expression in mature B cells (i.e., the TNFRSF13C promoter). To accomplish this, we used in silico tools examining interspecies genomic conservation in conjunction with reporter constructs transfected into malignant B and plasma cell lines. DNase protection assays using nuclear extracts from BAFF-R-expressing cells suggested potential regulatory sites, which allowed the generation of EMSA probes that bound NFs specific to BAFF-R-expressing cells. With a more stringent analysis of interspecies homology, these assays identified a site at which a single nucleotide substitution could distinctly impact promoter activity. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed the in vivo binding of the specific transcription factor c-Rel to the most proximal genomic region, and c-Rel small interfering RNA transfections in BAFF-R-expressing lines demonstrated a coincident knockdown of both c-Rel and BAFF-R mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Mihalcik
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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42
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CD4 T-cell help programs a change in CD8 T-cell function enabling effective long-term control of murine gammaherpesvirus 68: role of PD-1-PD-L1 interactions. J Virol 2010; 84:8241-9. [PMID: 20534854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00784-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that agonistic antibodies to CD40 could substitute for CD4 T-cell help and prevent reactivation of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) in the lungs of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(-/-) (CII(-/-)) mice, which are CD4 T cell deficient. Although CD8 T cells were required for this effect, no change in their activity was detected in vitro. A key question was whether anti-CD40 treatment (or CD4 T-cell help) changed the function of CD8 T cells or another cell type in vivo. To address this question, in the present study, we showed that adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells from virus-infected wild-type mice or anti-CD40-treated CII(-/-) mice caused a significant reduction in lung viral titers, in contrast to those from control CII(-/-) mice. Anti-CD40 treatment also greatly prolonged survival of infected CII(-/-) mice. This confirms that costimulatory signals cause a change in CD8 T cells enabling them to maintain effective long-term control of MHV-68. We investigated the nature of this change and found that expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 was significantly increased on CD8 T cells in the lungs of MHV-68-infected CII(-/-), CD40(-/-), or CD80/86(-/-) mice, compared with that in wild-type or CD28/CTLA4(-/-) mice, correlating with the level of viral reactivation. Furthermore, blocking PD-1-PD-L1 interactions significantly reduced viral reactivation in CD4 T-cell-deficient mice. In contrast, the absence of another inhibitory receptor, NKG2A, had no effect. These data suggest that CD4 T-cell help programs a change in CD8 T-cell function mediated by altered PD-1 expression, which enables effective long-term control of MHV-68.
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Racine R, Jones DD, Chatterjee M, McLaughlin M, Macnamara KC, Winslow GM. Impaired germinal center responses and suppression of local IgG production during intracellular bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5085-93. [PMID: 20351185 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs that facilitate the development of high-affinity, isotype-switched Abs, and immunological memory; consequently, many infections require GC-derived IgG for pathogen clearance. Although Ehrlichia muris infection elicits a robust expansion of splenic, IgM-secreting plasmablasts, we detected only very low frequencies of isotype-switched IgG-secreting cells in mouse spleens, until at least 3 wk postinfection. Instead, Ag-specific IgG was produced in lymph nodes, where it required CD4 T cell help. Consistent with these findings, organized GCs and phenotypically defined splenic GC B cells were found in lymph nodes, but not spleens. Ehrlichial infection also inhibited spleen IgG responses against a coadministered T cell-dependent Ag, hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP)-conjugated chicken gamma globulin in alum. NP-specific B cells failed to undergo expansion and differentiation into GC B cells in the spleen, Ab titers were reduced, and splenic IgG production was inhibited nearly 10-fold when the Ag was administered during infection. Our data provide a mechanism whereby an intracellular bacterial infection can compromise local immunity to coinfecting pathogens or antigenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Racine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Cruickshank MN, Ulgiati D. The role of notch signaling in the development of a normal B‐cell repertoire. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 88:117-24. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Cruickshank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Daniela Ulgiati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
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Khan WN. B cell receptor and BAFF receptor signaling regulation of B cell homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3561-7. [PMID: 19726767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte homeostasis depends on tonic and induced BCR signaling and receptors sensitive to trophic factors, such as B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R or BR3) during development and maintenance. This review will discuss growing evidence suggesting that the signaling mechanisms that maintain B cell survival and metabolic fitness during selection at transitional stages and survival after maturation rely on cross-talk between BCR and BR3 signaling. Recent findings have also begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk. In this review I also propose a model for regulating the amplitude of BCR signaling by a signal amplification loop downstream of the BCR involving Btk and NF-kappaB that may facilitate BCR-dependent B cell survival as well as its functional coupling to BR3 for the growth and survival of B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasif N Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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46
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Castro I, Wright JA, Damdinsuren B, Hoek KL, Carlesso G, Shinners NP, Gerstein RM, Woodland RT, Sen R, Khan WN. B cell receptor-mediated sustained c-Rel activation facilitates late transitional B cell survival through control of B cell activating factor receptor and NF-kappaB2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7729-37. [PMID: 19494297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from the BCR and B cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R or BR3) differentially regulates apoptosis within early transitional (T1) and late transitional (T2; CD21(int)-T2) B cells during selection processes to generate mature B lymphocytes. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the differential sensitivity of transitional B cells to apoptosis remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that BCR signaling induced more long-term c-Rel activation in T2 and mature than in T1 B cells leading to increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes as well as prosurvival BAFF-R and its downstream substrate p100 (NF-kappaB2). Sustained c-Rel activation required de novo c-Rel gene transcription and translation via Btk-dependent mechanisms. Like T1 cells, mature B cells from Btk- and c-Rel-deficient mice also failed to activate these genes. These findings suggest that the gain of survival potential within transitional B cells is dependent on the ability to produce a long-term c-Rel response, which plays a critical role in T2 B cell survival and differentiation in vivo by inducing anti-apoptotic genes, BAFF-R and NF-kappaB2, an essential component for BAFF-R survival signaling. Thus, acquisition of resistance to apoptosis during transitional B cell maturation is achieved by integration of BCR and BAFF-R signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Cancro MP, D'Cruz DP, Khamashta MA. The role of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1066-73. [PMID: 19411764 PMCID: PMC2673851 DOI: 10.1172/jci38010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SLE, a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disorder with a broad range of symptoms, involves defective B cell selection and elimination of self-reactive B cells. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), a soluble ligand of the TNF cytokine family, is a prominent factor in B cell differentiation, homeostasis, and selection. BLyS levels affect survival signals and selective apoptosis of autoantibody-producing B cells. High levels of BLyS may relax B cell selection and contribute to autoantibody production, exacerbating the SLE disease state. This review discusses the mechanism of BLyS action on B cells, its role in SLE, and specific targeting of BLyS in the treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104-6082, USA.
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48
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Cain D, Kondo M, Chen H, Kelsoe G. Effects of acute and chronic inflammation on B-cell development and differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:266-77. [PMID: 19148216 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, our understanding of hematopoiesis and the development of the immune system has fundamentally changed, leading to significant discoveries with important clinical relevance. Hematopoiesis, once described in terms of irreversible and discrete developmental branch points, is now understood to exist as a collection of alternative developmental pathways capable of generating functionally identical progeny. Developmental commitment to a particular blood-cell lineage is gradually acquired and reflects both cell intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Chief among the extrinsic factors are the environmental cues of hematopoietic microenvironments that comprise specific "developmental niches" that support hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Most of this new understanding comes from the study of normal, steady-state hematopoiesis, but there is ample reason to expect that special developmental and/or differentiative mechanisms operate in response to inflammation. For example, both stem and progenitor cells are now known to express Toll-like receptors that can influence hematopoietic cell fates in response to microbial products. Likewise, proinflammatory cytokines mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to peripheral tissues. In this Perspective, we review inflammation's effects on central and extramedullary B lymphopoiesis and discuss the potential consequences of peripheral B-cell development in the context of systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Cain
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Saito Y, Miyagawa Y, Onda K, Nakajima H, Sato B, Horiuchi Y, Okita H, Katagiri YU, Saito M, Shimizu T, Fujimoto J, Kiyokawa N. B-cell-activating factor inhibits CD20-mediated and B-cell receptor-mediated apoptosis in human B cells. Immunology 2008; 125:570-90. [PMID: 18540961 PMCID: PMC2612553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a survival and maturation factor for B cells belonging to the tumour necrosis factor superfamily. Among three identified functional receptors, the BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) is thought to be responsible for the effect of BAFF on B cells though details of how remain unclear. We determined that a hairy-cell leukaemia line, MLMA, expressed a relatively high level of BAFF-R and was susceptible to apoptosis mediated by either CD20 or B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). Using MLMA cells as an in vitro model of mature B cells, we found that treatment with BAFF could inhibit apoptosis mediated by both CD20 and BCR. We also observed, using immunoblot analysis and microarray analysis, that BAFF treatment induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB2 following elevation of the expression level of Bcl-2, which may be involved in the molecular mechanism of BAFF-mediated inhibition of apoptosis. Interestingly, BAFF treatment was also found to induce the expression of a series of genes, such as that for CD40, related to cell survival, suggesting the involvement of a multiple mechanism in the BAFF-mediated anti-apoptotic effect. MLMA cells should provide a model for investigating the molecular basis of the effect of BAFF on B cells in vitro and will help to elucidate how B cells survive in the immune system in which BAFF-mediated signalling is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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The BLyS family: toward a molecular understanding of B cell homeostasis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 53:1-16. [PMID: 19034695 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-008-9036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The B Lymphocyte Stimulator (BLyS) family of ligands and receptors regulates humoral immunity by controlling B lymphocyte survival and differentiation. Herein, we review the ligands and receptors of this family, their biological functions, and the biochemical processes through which they operate. Pre-immune B lymphocytes rely on BLyS signaling for their survival, whereas antigen experienced B lymphocytes generally interact more avidly with a homologous cytokine, A Proliferation Inducing Ligand (APRIL). The molecular basis for signaling via the three BLyS family receptors reveals complex interplay with other B lymphocyte signaling systems, affording the integration of selective and homeostatic processes. As our understanding of this system advances, molecular targets for manipulating humoral immunity in both health and disease should be revealed.
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