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Soboleva ES, Kirilenko KM, Fedorova VS, Kokhanenko AA, Artemov GN, Sharakhov IV. Two Nested Inversions in the X Chromosome Differentiate the Dominant Malaria Vectors in Europe, Anopheles atroparvus and Anopheles messeae. INSECTS 2024; 15:312. [PMID: 38786868 PMCID: PMC11122324 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The Maculipennis subgroup of malaria mosquitoes includes both dominant malaria vectors and non-vectors in Eurasia. Understanding the genetic factors, particularly chromosomal inversions, that differentiate Anopheles species can provide valuable insights for vector control strategies. Although autosomal inversions between the species in this subgroup have been characterized based on the chromosomal banding patterns, the number and positions of rearrangements in the X chromosome remain unclear due to the divergent banding patterns. Here, we identified two large X chromosomal inversions, approximately 13 Mb and 10 Mb in size, using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The inversion breakpoint regions were mapped by hybridizing 53 gene markers with polytene chromosomes of An. messeae. The DNA probes were designed based on gene sequences from the annotated An. atroparvus genome. The two nested inversions resulted in five syntenic blocks. Only two small syntenic blocks, which encompass 181 annotated genes in the An. atroparvus genome, changed their position and orientation in the X chromosome. The analysis of the An. atroparvus genome revealed an enrichment of gene ontology terms associated with immune system and mating behavior in the rearranged syntenic blocks. Additionally, the enrichment of DNA transposons was found in sequences homologous to three of the four breakpoint regions. This study demonstrates the successful application of the physical genome mapping approach to identify rearrangements that differentiate species in insects with polytene chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia S. Soboleva
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Kirill M. Kirilenko
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Valentina S. Fedorova
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Alina A. Kokhanenko
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Gleb N. Artemov
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Igor V. Sharakhov
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Department of Entomology, the Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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2
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Ghosh C, Soumya M, Kumar N, Kumar R C, Joshi SG, Kumar S, Subramani S, Swain S. Aeroplane wing, a new recessive autosomal phenotypic marker in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23693. [PMID: 38187285 PMCID: PMC10770597 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel and distinct mutant with a phenotype, aeroplane wing (ae) is reported for the first time in the urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. The main aim of this study was to establish the mode of inheritance of the ae gene performing genetic crossings between the mutants and wild types. These mutants show extended open wings that are visible to naked eyes in both the sexes. Mutants were first noticed in a nutritionally stressed isofemale colony. Strategic genetic crosses revealed that the ae gene is a recessive, autosomal, and monogenic trait having full penetrance with uniform expression in its adult stage. Egg morphometric analysis confirmed that these mutants were intermediate variant. No significant differences were observed in the wing venation and size of ae mutants compared to their control parental lines. Further cytogenetic analysis on the ovarian polytene chromosome of ae mutant showed an inversion (3Li) on the 3L arm like its parental line. This ae mutant would be a prominent marker and could be useful to study the functions of related specific genes within its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Ghosh
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem – GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - M. Soumya
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem – GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem – GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Chethan Kumar R
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem – GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Soumya Gopal Joshi
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem – GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Sampath Kumar
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem – GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | - Sunita Swain
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem – GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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3
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Brusentsov II, Gordeev MI, Yurchenko AA, Karagodin DA, Moskaev AV, Hodge JM, Burlak VA, Artemov GN, Sibataev AK, Becker N, Sharakhov IV, Baricheva EM, Sharakhova MV. Patterns of genetic differentiation imply distinct phylogeographic history of the mosquito species Anopheles messeae and Anopheles daciae in Eurasia. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5609-5625. [PMID: 37702976 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of phylogeography is important for control of mosquito species involved in the transmission of human infectious diseases. Anopheles messeae is a geographically widespread and genetically diverse dominant vector of malaria in Eurasia. A closely related species, An. daciae, was originally distinguished from An. messeae based on five nucleotide substitutions in its ribosomal DNA (rDNA). However, the patterns of phylogeographic history of these species in Eurasia remain poorly understood. Here, using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of rDNA and karyotyping for the species identification we determined the composition of five Anopheles species in 28 locations in Eurasia. Based on the frequencies of 11 polymorphic chromosomal inversions used as genetic markers, a large-scale population genetics analysis was performed of 1932 mosquitoes identified as An. messeae, An. daciae and their hybrids. The largest genetic differences between the species were detected in the X sex chromosome suggesting a potential involvement of this chromosome in speciation. The frequencies of autosomal inversions in the same locations differed by 13%-45% between the species demonstrating a restricted gene flow between the species. Overall, An. messeae was identified as a diverse species with a more complex population structure than An. daciae. The clinal gradients in frequencies of chromosomal inversions were determined in both species implicating their possible involvement in climate adaptations. The frequencies of hybrids were low ~1% in northern Europe but high up to 50% in south-eastern populations. Thus, our study revealed critical differences in patterns of phylogeographic history between An. messeae and An. daciae in Eurasia. This knowledge will help to predict the potential of the malaria transmission in the northern territories of the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya I Brusentsov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey A Yurchenko
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dimitriy A Karagodin
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - James M Hodge
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Vladimir A Burlak
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics, and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Gleb N Artemov
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics, and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anuarbek K Sibataev
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Norbert Becker
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Mosquito Control Association, Speyer, Germany
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics, and Environmental Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elina M Baricheva
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria V Sharakhova
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Pescod P, Bevivino G, Anthousi A, Shelton R, Shepherd J, Lombardo F, Nolan T. Measuring the Impact of Genetic Heterogeneity and Chromosomal Inversions on the Efficacy of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Drives in Different Strains of Anopheles gambiae. CRISPR J 2023; 6:419-429. [PMID: 37702604 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2023.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is becoming increasingly resistant to insecticides, spurring the development of genetic control strategies. CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives can modify a population by creating double-stranded breaks at highly specific targets, triggering copying of the gene drive into the cut site ("homing"), ensuring its inheritance. The DNA repair mechanism responsible requires homology between the donor and recipient chromosomes, presenting challenges for the invasion of laboratory-developed gene drives into wild populations of target species An. gambiae species complex, which show high levels of genome variation. Two gene drives (vas2-5958 and zpg-7280) were introduced into three An. gambiae strains collected across Africa with 5.3-6.6% variation around the target sites, and the effect of this variation on homing was measured. Gene drive homing across different karyotypes of the 2La chromosomal inversion was also assessed. No decrease in gene drive homing was seen despite target site heterology, demonstrating the applicability of gene drives to wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Pescod
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Giulia Bevivino
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "la Sapienza," Rome, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Anthousi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Insects and Vector Borne Diseases, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ruth Shelton
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Josephine Shepherd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "la Sapienza," Rome, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Tony Nolan
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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5
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Srinivasan S, Ghosh C, Das S, Thakare A, Singh S, Ganesh A, Mahawar H, Jaisimha A, Krishna M, Chattopadhyay A, Borah R, Singh V, M S, Kumar N, Kumar S, Swain S, Subramani S. Identification of a TNF-TNFR-like system in malaria vectors (Anopheles stephensi) likely to influence Plasmodium resistance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19079. [PMID: 36351999 PMCID: PMC9646898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of Plasmodium-resistance genes in malaria vectors remains an elusive goal despite the recent availability of high-quality genomes of several mosquito vectors. Anopheles stephensi, with its three distinctly-identifiable forms at the egg stage, correlating with varying vector competence, offers an ideal species to discover functional mosquito genes implicated in Plasmodium resistance. Recently, the genomes of several strains of An. stephensi of the type-form, known to display high vectorial capacity, were reported. Here, we report a chromosomal-level assembly of an intermediate-form of An. stephensi strain (IndInt), shown to have reduced vectorial capacity relative to a strain of type-form (IndCh). The contig level assembly with a L50 of 4 was scaffolded into chromosomes by using the genome of IndCh as the reference. The final assembly shows a heterozygous paracentric inversion, 3Li, involving 8 Mbp, which is syntenic to the extensively-studied 2La inversion implicated in Plasmodium resistance in An. gambiae involving 21 Mbp. Deep annotation of genes within the 3Li region in the IndInt assembly using the state-of-the-art protein-fold prediction and other annotation tools reveals the presence of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) like gene, which is the homolog of the Eiger gene in Drosophila. Subsequent chromosome-wide searches revealed homologs of Wengen (Wgn) and Grindelwald (Grnd) genes, which are known to be the receptors for Eiger in Drosophila. We have identified all the genes in IndInt required for Eiger-mediated signaling by analogy to the TNF-alpha system, suggesting the presence of a functionally-active Eiger signaling pathway in IndInt. Comparative genomics of the three type-forms with that of IndInt, reveals structurally disruptive mutations in Eiger gene in all three strains of the type-form, suggesting compromised innate immunity in the type-form as the likely cause of high vectorial capacity in these strains. This is the first report of the presence of a homolog of Eiger in malaria vectors, known to be involved in cell death in Drosophila, within an inversion region in IndInt syntenic to an inversion associated with Plasmodium resistance in An. gambiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Srinivasan
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Chaitali Ghosh
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), Center at inStem, Bellary Road, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, 560065 India
| | - Shrestha Das
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Aditi Thakare
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Siddharth Singh
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Apoorva Ganesh
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Harsh Mahawar
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Aadhya Jaisimha
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Mohanapriya Krishna
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Aritra Chattopadhyay
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Rishima Borah
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Vikrant Singh
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru, 560100 India
| | - Soumya M
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), Center at inStem, Bellary Road, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, 560065 India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), Center at inStem, Bellary Road, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, 560065 India
| | - Sampath Kumar
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), Center at inStem, Bellary Road, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, 560065 India
| | - Sunita Swain
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), Center at inStem, Bellary Road, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, 560065 India
| | - Suresh Subramani
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242TIGS, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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Sangbakembi-Ngounou C, Ngoagouni C, Akone-Ella O, Kengne P, Costantini C, Nakouné E, Ayala D. Temporal and biting dynamics of the chromosomal inversion 2La in the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in Bangui, Central African Republic. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.986925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal rearrangement 2La has been directly involved in the ecological and deadly epidemiological success of the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in sub-Saharan Africa. However, little is known about the biological and ecological factors that drive the local and temporal dynamics of this inversion in both species. Here, we performed a year-round longitudinal survey in Bangui, Central African Republic. We monthly sampled A. gambiae and A. coluzzii mosquitoes indoor and outdoor using human landing catches (HLC) for 48 h non-stop. We molecularly karyotyped all specimens to study the 2La inversion frequency variations, and monitored the mosquito spatial and temporal biting behavior throughout the year. In total, we successfully karyotyped 5121 A. gambiae and 986 A. coluzzii specimens. The 2La inversion frequency was higher in A. coluzzii than in A. gambiae across the year. In A. gambiae and A. coluzzii, the inversion frequency or karyotypes did not influence the biting behavior, either location or time. Moreover, the inversion frequency variation in both species was also independent of local climatic changes. Overall, our results revealed that in Bangui, the 2La inversion segregates at different frequency in each species, but this is not influenced by their trophic behavior. Studying the impact of urban settings and the population genetic structure of these two A. gambiae complex members could bring insights into the intrinsic relationship between 2La inversion and local conditions. More studies are needed to understand the polymorphic equilibrium of this inversion in Bangui.
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The genome trilogy of Anopheles stephensi, an urban malaria vector, reveals structure of a locus associated with adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3610. [PMID: 35246568 PMCID: PMC8897464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi is the most menacing malaria vector to watch for in newly urbanising parts of the world. Its fitness is reported to be a direct consequence of the vector adapting to laying eggs in over-head water tanks with street-side water puddles polluted by oil and sewage. Large frequent inversions in the genome of malaria vectors are implicated in adaptation. We report the genome assembly of a strain of An. stephensi of the type-form, collected from a construction site from Chennai (IndCh) in 2016. The genome reported here with a L50 of 4, completes the trilogy of high-resolution genomes of strains with respect to a 16.5 Mbp 2Rb genotype in An. stephensi known to be associated with adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Unlike the reported genomes of two other strains, STE2 (2R+b/2Rb) and UCI (2Rb/2Rb), IndCh is found to be homozygous for the standard form (2R+b/2R+b). Comparative genome analysis revealed base-level details of the breakpoints and allowed extraction of 22,650 segregating SNPs for typing this inversion in populations. Whole genome sequencing of 82 individual mosquitoes from diverse geographical locations reveal that one third of both wild and laboratory populations maintain the heterozygous genotype of 2Rb. The large number of SNPs can be tailored to 1740 exonic SNPs enabling genotyping directly from transcriptome sequencing. The genome trilogy approach accelerated the study of fine structure and typing of an important inversion in An. stephensi, putting the genome resources for this understudied species on par with the extensively studied malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. We argue that the IndCh genome is relevant for field translation work compared to those reported earlier by showing that individuals from diverse geographical locations cluster with IndCh, pointing to significant convergence resulting from travel and commerce between cities, perhaps, contributing to the survival of the fittest strain.
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8
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MacPherson A, Wang S, Yamaguchi R, Rieseberg L, Otto S. Parental Population Range Expansion Before Secondary Contact Promotes Heterosis. Am Nat 2022; 200:E1-E15. [DOI: 10.1086/719656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Vargas-Chavez C, Longo Pendy NM, Nsango SE, Aguilera L, Ayala D, González J. Transposable element variants and their potential adaptive impact in urban populations of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Genome Res 2021; 32:189-202. [PMID: 34965939 PMCID: PMC8744685 DOI: 10.1101/gr.275761.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles coluzzii is one of the primary vectors of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Recently, it has spread into the main cities of Central Africa threatening vector control programs. The adaptation of An. coluzzii to urban environments partly results from an increased tolerance to organic pollution and insecticides. Some of the molecular mechanisms for ecological adaptation are known, but the role of transposable elements (TEs) in the adaptive processes of this species has not been studied yet. As a first step toward assessing the role of TEs in rapid urban adaptation, we sequenced using long reads six An. coluzzii genomes from natural breeding sites in two major Central Africa cities. We de novo annotated TEs in these genomes and in an additional high-quality An. coluzzii genome, and we identified 64 new TE families. TEs were nonrandomly distributed throughout the genome with significant differences in the number of insertions of several superfamilies across the studied genomes. We identified seven putatively active families with insertions near genes with functions related to vectorial capacity, and several TEs that may provide promoter and transcription factor binding sites to insecticide resistance and immune-related genes. Overall, the analysis of multiple high-quality genomes allowed us to generate the most comprehensive TE annotation in this species to date and identify several TE insertions that could potentially impact both genome architecture and the regulation of functionally relevant genes. These results provide a basis for future studies of the impact of TEs on the biology of An. coluzzii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vargas-Chavez
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil Michel Longo Pendy
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,École Doctorale Régional (EDR) en Infectiologie Tropicale d'Afrique Centrale, BP 876, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sandrine E Nsango
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, BP 2701, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Laura Aguilera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Ayala
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 64501 Montpellier, France
| | - Josefa González
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Errbii M, Keilwagen J, Hoff KJ, Steffen R, Altmüller J, Oettler J, Schrader L. Transposable elements and introgression introduce genetic variation in the invasive ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6211-6228. [PMID: 34324751 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduced populations of invasive organisms have to cope with novel environmental challenges, while having reduced genetic variation caused by founder effects. The mechanisms associated with this "genetic paradox of invasive species" has received considerable attention, yet few studies have examined the genomic architecture of invasive species. Populations of the heart node ant Cardiocondyla obscurior belong to two distinct lineages, a New World lineage so far only found in Latin America and a more globally distributed Old World lineage. In the present study, we use population genomic approaches to compare populations of the two lineages with apparent divergent invasive potential. We find that the strong genetic differentiation of the two lineages began at least 40,000 generations ago and that activity of transposable elements (TEs) has contributed significantly to the divergence of both lineages, possibly linked to the very unusual genomic distribution of TEs in this species. Furthermore, we show that introgression from the Old World lineage is a dominant source of genetic diversity in the New World lineage, despite the lineages' strong genetic differentiation. Our study uncovers mechanisms underlying novel genetic variation in introduced populations of C. obscurior that could contribute to the species' adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Errbii
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Keilwagen
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Katharina J Hoff
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raphael Steffen
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Genomics, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Oettler
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie/Evolutionsbiologie, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Schrader
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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11
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McBroome J, Liang D, Corbett-Detig R. Fine-Scale Position Effects Shape the Distribution of Inversion Breakpoints in Drosophila melanogaster. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1378-1391. [PMID: 32437518 PMCID: PMC7487137 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions are among the primary drivers of genome structure evolution in a wide range of natural populations. Although there is an impressive array of theory and empirical analyses that have identified conditions under which inversions can be positively selected, comparatively little data are available on the fitness impacts of these genome structural rearrangements themselves. Because inversion breakpoints can disrupt functional elements and alter chromatin domains, the precise positioning of an inversion’s breakpoints can strongly affect its fitness. Here, we compared the fine-scale distribution of low-frequency inversion breakpoints with those of high-frequency inversions and inversions that have gone to fixation between Drosophila species. We identified a number of differences among frequency classes that may influence inversion fitness. In particular, breakpoints that are proximal to insulator elements, generate large tandem duplications, and minimize impacts on gene coding spans which are more prevalent in high-frequency and fixed inversions than in rare inversions. The data suggest that natural selection acts to preserve both genes and larger cis-regulatory networks in the occurrence and spread of rearrangements. These factors may act to limit the availability of high-fitness arrangements when suppressed recombination is favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob McBroome
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz
| | - David Liang
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz
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12
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Adeogun A, Popoola K, Brooke B, Olakiigbe A, Awolola S. Polymorphic inversion 2La frequencies associated with ecotypes in populations of Anopheles coluzzii from Southwest Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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2La Paracentric Chromosomal Inversion and Overexpressed Metabolic Genes Enhance Thermotolerance and Pyrethroid Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060518. [PMID: 34200806 PMCID: PMC8230517 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes in global temperature are impacting the spread/intensity of vector-borne diseases, including malaria, and accelerating evolutionary/adaptive changes in vector species. These changes, including chromosomal inversions and overexpression and/or changes in allele frequencies of thermotolerance-associated genes, may facilitate insecticide resistance through pleiotropy. This study investigated the impact of thermotolerance on pyrethroid resistance in four populations of the malaria vector An. gambiae s.l., from the savanna/sub-Sahel of northern Nigeria. Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were the only malaria vectors found, sympatric in all the sites, with the former species predominant. High thermotolerance was observed, with no mortality at 38 °C, and LT50 of ~44 °C. Significantly high permethrin resistance was observed (mortality < 50%) in 44 °C heat-hardened (exposure to an intermediately high temperature provides protection to a more severe temperature or insecticide) larvae from two sites, BUK and Pantami, compared with the control, and heat-hardened adult females from Auyo (mortality = 3.00% ± 1.20, χ2 = 5.83, p < 0.01) compared with the control (12.00% ± 4.65). The 2La chromosomal inversion was detected at ~50% in subset of larvae and 58% in subset of adult females genotyped. A significant association was observed (OR = 7.2, p < 0.03) between permethrin resistance and the 2La/+a rearrangement compared with 2L+a/+a, in BUK larvae. For all sites, permethrin resistance correlated with 2La/a homozygosity in adult females (R = 5.02, p = 0.01). qRT-PCR identified six genes commonly induced/overexpressed, including the heat shock protein 70 (AGAP004581) which was 2468× and 5× overexpressed in heat-hardened and permethrin-resistant females, respectively; trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (AGAP008227); and the ionotropic glutamate receptor genes, IR25a (AGAP010272) and IR21a (AGAP008511). This study highlights challenges associated with insecticide-based malaria vector control, and the epidemiological significance of taking climate variables into account for the design/choice of control measures.
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14
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Villoutreix R, Ayala D, Joron M, Gompert Z, Feder JL, Nosil P. Inversion breakpoints and the evolution of supergenes. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2738-2755. [PMID: 33786937 PMCID: PMC7614923 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of discrete morphs that differ in multiple traits is common within natural populations of many taxa. Such morphs are often associated with chromosomal inversions, presumably because the recombination suppressing effects of inversions help maintain alternate adaptive combinations of alleles across the multiple loci affecting these traits. However, inversions can also harbour selected mutations at their breakpoints, leading to their rise in frequency in addition to (or independent from) their role in recombination suppression. In this review, we first describe the different ways that breakpoints can create mutations. We then critically examine the evidence for the breakpoint-mutation and recombination suppression hypotheses for explaining the existence of discrete morphs associated with chromosomal inversions. We find that the evidence that inversions are favoured due to recombination suppression is often indirect. The evidence that breakpoints harbour mutations that are adaptive is also largely indirect, with the characterization of inversion breakpoints at the sequence level being incomplete in most systems. Direct tests of the role of suppressed recombination and breakpoint mutations in inversion evolution are thus needed. Finally, we emphasize how the two hypotheses of recombination suppression and breakpoint mutation can act in conjunction, with implications for understanding the emergence of supergenes and their evolutionary dynamics. We conclude by discussing how breakpoint characterization could improve our understanding of complex, discrete phenotypic forms in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Villoutreix
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier
3, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Diego Ayala
- UMR MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34934 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Joron
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier
3, Montpellier 34293, France
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame,
Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier
3, Montpellier 34293, France
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15
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Zamyatin A, Avdeyev P, Liang J, Sharma A, Chen C, Lukyanchikova V, Alexeev N, Tu Z, Alekseyev MA, Sharakhov IV. Chromosome-level genome assemblies of the malaria vectors Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab017. [PMID: 33718948 PMCID: PMC7957348 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis belong to the Anopheles gambiae complex and are among the major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. However, chromosome-level reference genome assemblies are still lacking for these medically important mosquito species. FINDINGS In this study, we produced de novo chromosome-level genome assemblies for A. coluzzii and A. arabiensis using the long-read Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and the Hi-C scaffolding approach. We obtained 273.4 and 256.8 Mb of the total assemblies for A. coluzzii and A. arabiensis, respectively. Each assembly consists of 3 chromosome-scale scaffolds (X, 2, 3), complete mitochondrion, and unordered contigs identified as autosomal pericentromeric DNA, X pericentromeric DNA, and Y sequences. Comparison of these assemblies with the existing assemblies for these species demonstrated that we obtained improved reference-quality genomes. The new assemblies allowed us to identify genomic coordinates for the breakpoint regions of fixed and polymorphic chromosomal inversions in A. coluzzii and A. arabiensis. CONCLUSION The new chromosome-level assemblies will facilitate functional and population genomic studies in A. coluzzii and A. arabiensis. The presented assembly pipeline will accelerate progress toward creating high-quality genome references for other disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Zamyatin
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt 49-A, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Pavel Avdeyev
- Department of Mathematics, The George Washington University, 801 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jiangtao Liang
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Atashi Sharma
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chujia Chen
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Varvara Lukyanchikova
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita Alexeev
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt 49-A, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Max A Alekseyev
- Department of Mathematics, The George Washington University, 801 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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16
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Angert AL, Bontrager MG, Ågren J. What Do We Really Know About Adaptation at Range Edges? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent theory and empirical evidence have provided new insights regarding how evolutionary forces interact to shape adaptation at stable and transient range margins. Predictions regarding trait divergence at leading edges are frequently supported. However, declines in fitness at and beyond edges show that trait divergence has sometimes been insufficient to maintain high fitness, so identifying constraints to adaptation at range edges remains a key challenge. Indirect evidence suggests that range expansion may be limited by adaptive genetic variation, but direct estimates of genetic constraints at and beyond range edges are still scarce. Sequence data suggest increased genetic load in edge populations in several systems, but its causes and fitness consequences are usually poorly understood. The balance between maladaptive and positive effects of gene flow on fitness at range edges deserves further study. It is becoming increasingly clear that characterizations about degree of adaptation based solely on geographical peripherality are unsupported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Angert
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Megan G. Bontrager
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Nowling RJ, Manke KR, Emrich SJ. Detecting inversions with PCA in the presence of population structure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240429. [PMID: 33119626 PMCID: PMC7595445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions can lead to reproductive isolation and adaptation in insects such as Drosophila melanogaster and the non-model malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Inversions can be detected and characterized using principal component analysis (PCA) of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To aid in developing such methods, we formed a new benchmark derived from three publicly-available insect data. We then used this benchmark to perform an extended validation of our software for inversion analysis (Asaph). Through that process, we identified and characterized several problematic test cases liable to misinterpretation that can help guide PCA-based inversion detection. Lastly, we re-analyzed the 2R chromosome arm of 150 An. gambiae and coluzzii samples and observed two inversions (2Rc and 2Rd) that were previously known but not annotated in these particular individuals. The resulting benchmark data set and methods will be useful for future inversion detection based solely on SNP data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Nowling
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Krystal R. Manke
- Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Scott J. Emrich
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, TN
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18
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Courtier‐Orgogozo V, Danchin A, Gouyon P, Boëte C. Evaluating the probability of CRISPR-based gene drive contaminating another species. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1888-1905. [PMID: 32908593 PMCID: PMC7463340 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The probability D that a given clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based gene drive element contaminates another, nontarget species can be estimated by the following Drive Risk Assessment Quantitative Estimate (DRAQUE) Equation: D = h y b + t r a n s f × e x p r e s s × c u t × f l a n k × i m m u n e × n o n e x t i n c t with hyb = probability of hybridization between the target species and a nontarget species; transf = probability of horizontal transfer of a piece of DNA containing the gene drive cassette from the target species to a nontarget species (with no hybridization); express = probability that the Cas9 and guide RNA genes are expressed; cut = probability that the CRISPR-guide RNA recognizes and cuts at a DNA site in the new host; flank = probability that the gene drive cassette inserts at the cut site; immune = probability that the immune system does not reject Cas9-expressing cells; nonextinct = probability of invasion of the drive within the population. We discuss and estimate each of the seven parameters of the equation, with particular emphasis on possible transfers within insects, and between rodents and humans. We conclude from current data that the probability of a gene drive cassette to contaminate another species is not insignificant. We propose strategies to reduce this risk and call for more work on estimating all the parameters of the formula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 – CNRS UMR8104 – Université Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - Pierre‐Henri Gouyon
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, BiodiversitéMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéEPHEUAParisFrance
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19
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Compton A, Sharakhov IV, Tu Z. Recent advances and future perspectives in vector-omics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 40:94-103. [PMID: 32650287 PMCID: PMC8041138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed recent progress and the remaining challenges in vector-omics. We have highlighted several technologies and applications that facilitate novel biological insights beyond achieving a reference-quality genome assembly. Among other topics, we have discussed the applications of chromatin conformation capture, chromatin accessibility assays, optical mapping, full-length RNA sequencing, single cell RNA analysis, proteomics, and population genomics. We anticipate that we will witness a great expansion in vector-omics research not only in its application in a broad range of species, but also its ability to uncover novel genetic elements and tackle previously inaccessible regions of the genome. It is our hope that the continued innovation in device portability, cost reduction, and informatics support will in the foreseeable future bring vector-omics to every vector laboratory and field station in the world, which will have an unparalleled impact on basic research and the control of vector-borne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Compton
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; The Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; The Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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20
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da Silva VH, Laine VN, Bosse M, Spurgin LG, Derks MFL, van Oers K, Dibbits B, Slate J, Crooijmans RPMA, Visser ME, Groenen MAM. The Genomic Complexity of a Large Inversion in Great Tits. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:1870-1881. [PMID: 31114855 PMCID: PMC6609730 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome inversions have clear effects on genome evolution and have been associated with speciation, adaptation, and the evolution of the sex chromosomes. In birds, these inversions may play an important role in hybridization of species and disassortative mating. We identified a large (≈64 Mb) inversion polymorphism in the great tit (Parus major) that encompasses almost 1,000 genes and more than 90% of Chromosome 1A. The inversion occurs at a low frequency in a set of over 2,300 genotyped great tits in the Netherlands with only 5% of the birds being heterozygous for the inversion. In an additional analysis of 29 resequenced birds from across Europe, we found two heterozygotes. The likely inversion breakpoints show considerable genomic complexity, including multiple copy number variable segments. We identified different haplotypes for the inversion, which differ in the degree of recombination in the center of the chromosome. Overall, this remarkable genetic variant is widespread among distinct great tit populations and future studies of the inversion haplotype, including how it affects the fitness of carriers, may help to understand the mechanisms that maintain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius H da Silva
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronika N Laine
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University
| | - Mirte Bosse
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn F L Derks
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees van Oers
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Dibbits
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon Slate
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marcel E Visser
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Montanez-Gonzalez R, Pichler V, Calzetta M, Love RR, Vallera A, Schaecher L, Caputo B, Pombi M, Petrarca V, Della Torre A, Besansky NJ. Highly specific PCR-RFLP assays for karyotyping the widespread 2Rb inversion in malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:16. [PMID: 31924251 PMCID: PMC6954590 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosomal inversion polymorphisms play a role in adaptation to heterogeneous environments. Inversion polymorphisms are implicated in the very high ecological flexibility of the three main malaria vector species of the Afrotropical Anopheles gambiae complex, facilitating the exploitation of anthropogenic environmental modifications and promoting a strong association with humans. In addition to extending the species’ spatial and temporal distribution, inversions are associated with epidemiologically relevant mosquito behavior and physiology, underscoring their medical importance. We here present novel PCR-RFLP based assays strongly predictive of genotype for the cosmopolitan 2Rb inversion in An. coluzzii and An. gambiae, a development which overcomes the numerous constraints inherent to traditional cytological karyotyping. Methods We designed PCR-RFLP genotyping assays based on tag SNPs previously computationally identified as strongly predictive (> 95%) of 2Rb genotype. We targeted those tags whose alternative allelic states destroyed or created the recognition site of a commercially available restriction enzyme, and designed assays with distinctive cleavage profiles for each inversion genotype. The assays were validated on 251 An. coluzzii and 451 An. gambiae cytologically karyotyped specimens from nine countries across Africa and one An. coluzzii laboratory colony. Results For three tag SNPs, PCR-RFLP assays (denoted DraIII, MspAI, and TatI) reliably produced robust amplicons and clearly distinguishable electrophoretic profiles for all three inversion genotypes. Results obtained with the DraIII assay are ≥ 95% concordant with cytogenetic assignments in both species, while MspAI and TatI assays produce patterns highly concordant with cytogenetic assignments only in An. coluzzii or An. gambiae, respectively. Joint application of species-appropriate pairs of assays increased the concordance levels to > 99% in An. coluzzii and 98% in An. gambiae. Potential sources of discordance (e.g. imperfect association between tag and inversion, allelic dropout, additional polymorphisms in the restriction target site, incomplete or failed restriction digestion) are discussed. Conclusions The availability of highly specific, cost effective and accessible molecular assays for genotyping 2Rb in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii allows karyotyping of both sexes and all developmental stages. These novel tools will accelerate deeper investigations into the role of this ecologically and epidemiologically important chromosomal inversion in vector biology.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Montanez-Gonzalez
- Eck Institute for Global Health, & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Calzetta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachel R Love
- Eck Institute for Global Health, & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Alexandra Vallera
- Eck Institute for Global Health, & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Lydia Schaecher
- Eck Institute for Global Health, & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrarca
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health, & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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22
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Corbett-Detig RB, Said I, Calzetta M, Genetti M, McBroome J, Maurer NW, Petrarca V, Della Torre A, Besansky NJ. Fine-Mapping Complex Inversion Breakpoints and Investigating Somatic Pairing in the Anopheles gambiae Species Complex Using Proximity-Ligation Sequencing. Genetics 2019; 213:1495-1511. [PMID: 31666292 PMCID: PMC6893396 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions are fundamental drivers of genome evolution. In the main Afrotropical malaria vector species, belonging to the Anopheles gambiae species complex, inversions play an important role in local adaptation and have a rich history of cytological study. Despite the importance and ubiquity of some chromosomal inversions across the species complex, inversion breakpoints are often challenging to map molecularly due to the presence of large repetitive regions. Here, we develop an approach that uses Hi-C sequencing data to molecularly fine-map the breakpoints of inversions. We demonstrate that this approach is robust and likely to be widely applicable for both identification and fine-mapping inversion breakpoints in species whose inversions have heretofore been challenging to characterize. We apply our method to interrogate the previously unknown inversion breakpoints of 2Rbc and 2Rd in An. coluzzii We found that inversion breakpoints occur in large repetitive regions, and, strikingly, among three inversions analyzed, two breakpoints appear to be reused in two separate inversions. These breakpoint-adjacent regions are strongly enriched for the presence of a 30 bp satellite repeat sequence. Because low frequency inversion breakpoints are not correlated with genomic regions containing this satellite, we suggest that interrupting this particular repeat may result in arrangements with higher relative fitness. Additionally, we use heterozygous individuals to quantitatively investigate the impacts of somatic pairing in the regions immediately surrounding inversion breakpoints. Finally, we discuss important considerations for possible applications of this approach for inversion breakpoint identification in a range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell B Corbett-Detig
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Iskander Said
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Maria Calzetta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive and Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Max Genetti
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Jakob McBroome
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Nicholas W Maurer
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Vincenzo Petrarca
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive and Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive and Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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23
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Orengo DJ, Puerma E, Cereijo U, Aguadé M. The molecular genealogy of sequential overlapping inversions implies both homologous chromosomes of a heterokaryotype in an inversion origin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17009. [PMID: 31740730 PMCID: PMC6861252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytological and molecular studies have revealed that inversion chromosomal polymorphism is widespread across taxa and that inversions are among the most common structural changes fixed between species. Two major mechanisms have been proposed for the origin of inversions considering that breaks occur at either repetitive or non-homologous sequences. While inversions originating through the first mechanism might have a multiple origin, those originating through the latter mechanism would have a unique origin. Variation at regions flanking inversion breakpoints can be informative on the origin and history of inversions given the reduced recombination in heterokaryotypes. Here, we have analyzed nucleotide variation at a fragment flanking the most centromere-proximal shared breakpoint of several sequential overlapping inversions of the E chromosome of Drosophila subobscura —inversions E1, E2, E9 and E3. The molecular genealogy inferred from variation at this shared fragment does not exhibit the branching pattern expected according to the sequential origin of inversions. The detected discordance between the molecular and cytological genealogies has led us to consider a novel possibility for the origin of an inversion, and more specifically that one of these inversions originated on a heterokaryotype for chromosomal arrangements. Based on this premise, we propose three new models for inversions origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas J Orengo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, i Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Puerma
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, i Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Unai Cereijo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, i Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Aguadé
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, i Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Zhu S, Emrich SJ, Chen DZ. Predicting Local Inversions Using Rectangle Clustering and Representative Rectangle Prediction. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2019; 18:316-323. [PMID: 31180865 PMCID: PMC6606370 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2019.2915060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a specific type of structural variation, inversions are enjoying particular traction as a result of their established role in evolution. Using third-generation sequencing technology to predict inversions is growing in interest, but many such methods focus on improving sensitivity, giving rise to either too many false positives or very long running times. In this paper, we propose a new framework for inversion detection based on a combination of two novel theoretical models: rectangle clustering and representative rectangle prediction. This combination can automatically filter out false positive inversion predictions while retaining correct ones, leading to a method that has both high sensitivity and high positive prediction values (PPV). Further, this new framework can run very fast on available data. Our software can be freely obtained at https://github.com/UTbioinf/RigInv.
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25
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Thawornwattana Y, Dalquen D, Yang Z. Coalescent Analysis of Phylogenomic Data Confidently Resolves the Species Relationships in the Anopheles gambiae Species Complex. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:2512-2527. [PMID: 30102363 PMCID: PMC6188554 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep coalescence and introgression make it challenging to infer phylogenetic relationships among closely related species that arose through radiative speciation events. Despite numerous phylogenetic analyses and the availability of whole genomes, the phylogeny in the Anopheles gambiae species complex has not been confidently resolved. Here we extract over 80, 000 coding and noncoding short segments (called loci) from the genomes of six members of the species complex and use a Bayesian method under the multispecies coalescent model to infer the species tree, which takes into account genealogical heterogeneity across the genome and uncertainty in the gene trees. We obtained a robust estimate of the species tree from the distal region of the X chromosome: (A. merus, ((A. melas, (A. arabiensis, A. quadriannulatus)), (A. gambiae, A. coluzzii))), with A. merus to be the earliest branching species. This species tree agrees with the chromosome inversion phylogeny and provides a parsimonious interpretation of inversion and introgression events. Simulation informed by the real data suggest that the coalescent approach is reliable while the sliding-window analysis used in a previous phylogenomic study generates artifactual species trees. Likelihood ratio test of gene flow revealed strong evidence of autosomal introgression from A. arabiensis into A. gambiae (at the average rate of ∼0.2 migrants per generation), but not in the opposite direction, and introgression of the 3 L chromosomal region from A. merus into A. quadriannulatus. Our results highlight the importance of accommodating incomplete lineage sorting and introgression in phylogenomic analyses of species that arose through recent radiative speciation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuttapong Thawornwattana
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daniel Dalquen
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ziheng Yang
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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26
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Christmas MJ, Wallberg A, Bunikis I, Olsson A, Wallerman O, Webster MT. Chromosomal inversions associated with environmental adaptation in honeybees. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:1358-1374. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Christmas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Andreas Wallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anna Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ola Wallerman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Matthew T. Webster
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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27
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Kapun M, Flatt T. The adaptive significance of chromosomal inversion polymorphisms inDrosophila melanogaster. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:1263-1282. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kapun
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland
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28
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Pfennig KS, Kelly AL, Pierce AA. Hybridization as a facilitator of species range expansion. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 283:rspb.2016.1329. [PMID: 27683368 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining the evolution of species geographical ranges is fundamental to understanding how biodiversity is distributed and maintained. The solution to this classic problem in ecology and evolution remains elusive: we still do not fully know how species geographical ranges evolve and what factors fuel range expansions. Resolving this problem is now more crucial than ever with increasing biodiversity loss, global change and movement of species by humans. Here, we describe and evaluate the hypothesis that hybridization between species can contribute to species range expansion. We discuss how such a process can occur and the empirical data that are needed to test this hypothesis. We also examine how species can expand into new environments via hybridization with a resident species, and yet remain distinct species. Generally, hybridization may play an underappreciated role in influencing the evolution of species ranges. Whether-and to what extent-hybridization has such an effect requires further study across more diverse taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin S Pfennig
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Audrey L Kelly
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Amanda A Pierce
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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29
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Rueppell O, Kuster R, Miller K, Fouks B, Rubio Correa S, Collazo J, Phaincharoen M, Tingek S, Koeniger N. A New Metazoan Recombination Rate Record and Consistently High Recombination Rates in the Honey Bee Genus Apis Accompanied by Frequent Inversions but Not Translocations. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 8:3653-3660. [PMID: 28173114 PMCID: PMC5521732 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) far exceed the commonly observed 1–2 meiotic recombination events per chromosome and exhibit the highest Metazoan recombination rate (20 cM/Mb) described thus far. However, the reasons for this exceptional rate of recombination are not sufficiently understood. In a comparative study, we report on the newly constructed genomic linkage maps of Apis florea and Apis dorsata that represent the two honey bee lineages without recombination rate estimates so far. Each linkage map was generated de novo, based on SNP genotypes of haploid male offspring of a single female. The A. florea map spans 4,782 cM with 1,279 markers in 16 linkage groups. The A. dorsata map is 5,762 cM long and contains 1,189 markers in 16 linkage groups. Respectively, these map sizes result in average recombination rate estimates of 20.8 and 25.1 cM/Mb. Synteny analyses indicate that frequent intra-chromosomal rearrangements but no translocations among chromosomes accompany the high rates of recombination during the independent evolution of the three major honey bee lineages. Our results imply a common cause for the evolution of very high recombination rates in Apis. Our findings also suggest that frequent homologous recombination during meiosis might increase ectopic recombination and rearrangements within but not between chromosomes. It remains to be investigated whether the resulting inversions may have been important in the evolutionary differentiation between honey bee species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Kuster
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Katelyn Miller
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Bertrand Fouks
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Sara Rubio Correa
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Juan Collazo
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Mananya Phaincharoen
- Ratchaburi Campus, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Salim Tingek
- Agricultural Research Station, Tenom, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nikolaus Koeniger
- Molecular Ecology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle an der Saale, Germany
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30
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Pombi M, Kengne P, Gimonneau G, Tene-Fossog B, Ayala D, Kamdem C, Santolamazza F, Guelbeogo WM, Sagnon N, Petrarca V, Fontenille D, Besansky NJ, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Dabiré RK, Della Torre A, Simard F, Costantini C. Dissecting functional components of reproductive isolation among closely related sympatric species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Evol Appl 2017; 10:1102-1120. [PMID: 29151864 PMCID: PMC5680640 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining how and why reproductive isolation evolves and determining which forms of reproductive isolation have the largest impact on the process of population divergence are major goals in the study of speciation. By studying recent adaptive radiations in incompletely isolated taxa, it is possible to identify barriers involved at early divergence before other confounding barriers emerge after speciation is complete. Sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex offer opportunities to provide insights into speciation mechanisms. Here, we studied patterns of reproductive isolation among three taxa, Anopheles coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis, to compare its strength at different spatial scales, to dissect the relative contribution of pre‐ versus postmating isolation, and to infer the involvement of ecological divergence on hybridization. Because F1 hybrids are viable, fertile and not uncommon, understanding the dynamics of hybridization in this trio of major malaria vectors has important implications for how adaptations arise and spread across the group, and in planning studies of the safety and efficacy of gene drive as a means of malaria control. We first performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published surveys reporting on hybrid prevalence, showing strong reproductive isolation at a continental scale despite geographically restricted exceptions. Second, we exploited our own extensive field data sets collected at a regional scale in two contrasting environmental settings, to assess: (i) levels of premating isolation; (ii) spatio/temporal and frequency‐dependent dynamics of hybridization, (iii) relationship between reproductive isolation and ecological divergence and (iv) hybrid viability penalty. Results are in accordance with ecological speciation theory predicting a positive association between the strength of reproductive isolation and degree of ecological divergence, and indicate that postmating isolation does contribute to reproductive isolation among these species. Specifically, only postmating isolation was positively associated with ecological divergence, whereas premating isolation was correlated with phylogenetic distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie InfettiveUniversità di Roma "Sapienza"RomeItaly.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | - Pierre Kengne
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) UMR MIVEGEC (University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290 IRD 224) Centre IRD de Montpellier Montpellier France.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endemies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé Cameroon
| | | | - Billy Tene-Fossog
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) UMR MIVEGEC (University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290 IRD 224) Centre IRD de Montpellier Montpellier France.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endemies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Diego Ayala
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) UMR MIVEGEC (University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290 IRD 224) Centre IRD de Montpellier Montpellier France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville Franceville Gabon
| | - Colince Kamdem
- Department of Entomology University of California Riverside CA USA
| | - Federica Santolamazza
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie InfettiveUniversità di Roma "Sapienza"RomeItaly.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | | | - N'Falé Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
| | - Vincenzo Petrarca
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie InfettiveUniversità di Roma "Sapienza"RomeItaly.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | - Didier Fontenille
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) UMR MIVEGEC (University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290 IRD 224) Centre IRD de Montpellier Montpellier France.,Institut Pasteur du Cambodge Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health & Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | | | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie InfettiveUniversità di Roma "Sapienza"RomeItaly.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti Rome Italy
| | - Frédéric Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) UMR MIVEGEC (University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290 IRD 224) Centre IRD de Montpellier Montpellier France.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endemies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé Cameroon.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso
| | - Carlo Costantini
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) UMR MIVEGEC (University of Montpellier, CNRS 5290 IRD 224) Centre IRD de Montpellier Montpellier France.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endemies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC) Yaoundé Cameroon.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso
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31
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Riehle MM, Bukhari T, Gneme A, Guelbeogo WM, Coulibaly B, Fofana A, Pain A, Bischoff E, Renaud F, Beavogui AH, Traore SF, Sagnon N, Vernick KD. The Anopheles gambiae 2La chromosome inversion is associated with susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum in Africa. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28643631 PMCID: PMC5482571 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome inversions suppress genetic recombination and establish co-adapted gene complexes, or supergenes. The 2La inversion is a widespread polymorphism in the Anopheles gambiae species complex, the major African mosquito vectors of human malaria. Here we show that alleles of the 2La inversion are associated with natural malaria infection levels in wild-captured vectors from West and East Africa. Mosquitoes carrying the more-susceptible allele (2L+a) are also behaviorally less likely to be found inside houses. Vector control tools that target indoor-resting mosquitoes, such as bednets and insecticides, are currently the cornerstone of malaria control in Africa. Populations with high levels of the 2L+a allele may form reservoirs of persistent outdoor malaria transmission requiring novel measures for surveillance and control. The 2La inversion is a major and previously unappreciated component of the natural malaria transmission system in Africa, influencing both malaria susceptibility and vector behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Tullu Bukhari
- Department of Zoology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Awa Gneme
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Boubacar Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdrahamane Fofana
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Adrien Pain
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens, Paris, France.,Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub (C3BI), USR 3756 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bischoff
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens, Paris, France
| | - Francois Renaud
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.,UMR 224-5290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Abdoul H Beavogui
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Mafèrinyah, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Sekou F Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - N'Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens, Paris, France
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32
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Ayala D, Acevedo P, Pombi M, Dia I, Boccolini D, Costantini C, Simard F, Fontenille D. Chromosome inversions and ecological plasticity in the main African malaria mosquitoes. Evolution 2017; 71:686-701. [PMID: 28071788 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome inversions have fascinated the scientific community, mainly because of their role in the rapid adaption of different taxa to changing environments. However, the ecological traits linked to chromosome inversions have been poorly studied. Here, we investigated the roles played by 23 chromosome inversions in the adaptation of the four major African malaria mosquitoes to local environments in Africa. We studied their distribution patterns by using spatially explicit modeling and characterized the ecogeographical determinants of each inversion range. We then performed hierarchical clustering and constrained ordination analyses to assess the spatial and ecological similarities among inversions. Our results show that most inversions are environmentally structured, suggesting that they are actively involved in processes of local adaptation. Some inversions exhibited similar geographical patterns and ecological requirements among the four mosquito species, providing evidence for parallel evolution. Conversely, common inversion polymorphisms between sibling species displayed divergent ecological patterns, suggesting that they might have a different adaptive role in each species. These results are in agreement with the finding that chromosomal inversions play a role in Anopheles ecotypic adaptation. This study establishes a strong ecological basis for future genome-based analyses to elucidate the genetic mechanisms of local adaptation in these four mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ayala
- UMR 224 MIVEGEC/ESV, IRD, Montpellier, 34394, France.,CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
| | - Marco Pombi
- Sezione di Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza,", Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daniela Boccolini
- Department MIPI, Unit Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | | | | | - Didier Fontenille
- UMR 224 MIVEGEC/ESV, IRD, Montpellier, 34394, France.,Current Address: Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, BP 983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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33
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Recurrence of Chromosome Rearrangements and Reuse of DNA Breakpoints in the Evolution of the Triticeae Genomes. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3837-3847. [PMID: 27729435 PMCID: PMC5144955 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.035089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements (CRs) play important roles in karyotype diversity and speciation. While many CR breakpoints have been characterized at the sequence level in yeast, insects, and primates, little is known about the structure of evolutionary CR breakpoints in plant genomes, which are much more dynamic in genome size and sequence organization. Here, we report identification of breakpoints of a translocation between chromosome arms 4L and 5L of Triticeae, which is fixed in several species, including diploid wheat and rye, by comparative mapping and analysis of the draft genome and chromosome survey sequences of the Triticeae species. The wheat translocation joined the ends of breakpoints downstream of a WD40 gene on 4AL and a gene of the PMEI family on 5AL. A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene in 5AL junction was significantly restructured. Rye and wheat share the same position for the 4L breakpoint, but the 5L breakpoint positions are not identical, although very close in these two species, indicating the recurrence of 4L/5L translocations in the Triticeae. Although barley does not carry the translocation, collinearity across the breakpoints was violated by putative inversions and/or transpositions. Alignment with model grass genomes indicated that the translocation breakpoints coincided with ancient inversion junctions in the Triticeae ancestor. Our results show that the 4L/5L translocation breakpoints represent two CR hotspots reused during Triticeae evolution, and support breakpoint reuse as a widespread mechanism in all eukaryotes. The mechanisms of the recurrent translocation and its role in Triticeae evolution are also discussed.
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34
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Abstract
Anopheles melas is a member of the recently diverged An. gambiae species complex, a model for speciation studies, and is a locally important malaria vector along the West-African coast where it breeds in brackish water. A recent population genetic study of An. melas revealed species-level genetic differentiation between three population clusters. An. melas West extends from The Gambia to the village of Tiko, Cameroon. The other mainland cluster, An. melas South, extends from the southern Cameroonian village of Ipono to Angola. Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea An. melas populations are genetically isolated from mainland populations. To examine how genetic differentiation between these An. melas forms is distributed across their genomes, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of genetic differentiation and selection using whole genome sequencing data of pooled individuals (Pool-seq) from a representative population of each cluster. The An. melas forms exhibit high levels of genetic differentiation throughout their genomes, including the presence of numerous fixed differences between clusters. Although the level of divergence between the clusters is on a par with that of other species within the An. gambiae complex, patterns of genome-wide divergence and diversity do not provide evidence for the presence of pre- and/or postmating isolating mechanisms in the form of speciation islands. These results are consistent with an allopatric divergence process with little or no introgression.
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Adler PH, Yildirim A, Onder Z, Tasci GT, Duzlu O, Arslan MO, Ciloglu A, Sari B, Parmaksizoglu N, Inci A. Rearrangement hotspots in the sex chromosome of the Palearctic black fly Simulium bergi (Diptera, Simuliidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2016; 10:295-310. [PMID: 27551350 PMCID: PMC4977804 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v10i2.8855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An extreme example of nonrandom rearrangements, especially inversion breaks, is described in the polytene chromosomes of the black fly Simulium bergi Rubtsov, 1956 from Armenia and Turkey. A total of 48 rearrangements was discovered, relative to the standard banding sequence for the subgenus Simulium Latreille, 1802. One rearrangement, an inversion (IIS-C) in the short arm of the second chromosome, was fixed. Six (12.5%) of the rearrangements were autosomal polymorphisms, and the remaining 41 (85.4%) were sex linked. More than 40 X- and Y-linked rearrangements, predominantly inversions, were clustered in the long arm of the second chromosome (IIL), representing about 15% of the total complement. The pattern conforms to a nonrandom model of chromosome breakage, perhaps associated with an underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Adler
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 130 McGinty Court, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 USA
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - G. Taskin Tasci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - M. Ozkan Arslan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Baris Sari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Parmaksizoglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Inci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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He Q, Knowles LL. Identifying targets of selection in mosaic genomes with machine learning: applications inAnopheles gambiaefor detecting sites within locally adapted chromosomal inversions. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2226-43. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixin He
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; 1109 Geddes Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109-1079 USA
| | - L. Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; 1109 Geddes Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109-1079 USA
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Constructing a Genome-Wide LD Map of Wild A. gambiae Using Next-Generation Sequencing. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:238139. [PMID: 26421280 PMCID: PMC4573223 DOI: 10.1155/2015/238139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae is the major malaria vector in Africa. Examining the molecular basis of A. gambiae traits requires knowledge of both genetic variation and genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) map of wild A. gambiae populations from malaria-endemic areas. We sequenced the genomes of nine wild A. gambiae mosquitoes individually using next-generation sequencing technologies and detected 2,219,815 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 88% of which are novel. SNPs are not evenly distributed across A. gambiae chromosomes. The low SNP-frequency regions overlay heterochromatin and chromosome inversion domains, consistent with the lower recombinant rates at these regions. Nearly one million SNPs that were genotyped correctly in all individual mosquitoes with 99.6% confidence were extracted from these high-throughput sequencing data. Based on these SNP genotypes, we constructed a genome-wide LD map for wild A. gambiae from malaria-endemic areas in Kenya and made it available through a public Website. The average size of LD blocks is less than 40 bp, and several large LD blocks were also discovered clustered around the para gene, which is consistent with the effect of insecticide selective sweeps. The SNPs and the LD map will be valuable resources for scientific communities to dissect the A. gambiae genome.
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Genome-wide QTL mapping of saltwater tolerance in sibling species of Anopheles (malaria vector) mosquitoes. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:471-9. [PMID: 25920668 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although freshwater (FW) is the ancestral habitat for larval mosquitoes, multiple species independently evolved the ability to survive in saltwater (SW). Here, we use quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to investigate the genetic architecture of osmoregulation in Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of human malaria. We analyzed 1134 backcross progeny from a cross between the obligate FW species An. coluzzii, and its closely related euryhaline sibling species An. merus. Tests of 2387 markers with Bayesian interval mapping and machine learning (random forests) yielded six genomic regions associated with SW tolerance. Overlap in QTL regions from both approaches enhances confidence in QTL identification. Evidence exists for synergistic as well as disruptive epistasis among loci. Intriguingly, one QTL region containing ion transporters spans the 2Rop chromosomal inversion that distinguishes these species. Rather than a simple trait controlled by one or a few loci, our data are most consistent with a complex, polygenic mode of inheritance.
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Kirkpatrick M, Barrett B. Chromosome inversions, adaptive cassettes and the evolution of species' ranges. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2046-55. [PMID: 25583098 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A chromosome inversion can spread when it captures locally adapted alleles or when it is introduced into a species by hybridization with adapted alleles that were previously absent. We present a model that shows how both processes can cause a species range to expand. Introgression of an inversion that carries novel, locally adapted alleles is a particularly powerful mechanism for range expansion. The model supports the earlier proposal that introgression of an inversion triggered a large range expansion of a malaria mosquito. These results suggest a role for inversions as cassettes of genes that can accelerate adaptation by crossing species boundaries, rather than protecting genomes from introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kirkpatrick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Turissini DA, Gamez S, White BJ. Genome-wide patterns of polymorphism in an inbred line of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:3094-104. [PMID: 25377942 PMCID: PMC4255774 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae is a major mosquito vector of malaria in Africa. Although increased use of insecticide-based vector control tools has decreased malaria transmission, elimination is likely to require novel genetic control strategies. It can be argued that the absence of an A. gambiae inbred line has slowed progress toward genetic vector control. In order to empower genetic studies and enable precise and reproducible experimentation, we set out to create an inbred line of this species. We found that amenability to inbreeding varied between populations of A. gambiae. After full-sib inbreeding for ten generations, we genotyped 112 individuals--56 saved prior to inbreeding and 56 collected after inbreeding--at a genome-wide panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Although inbreeding dramatically reduced diversity across much of the genome, we discovered numerous, discrete genomic blocks that maintained high heterozygosity. For one large genomic region, we were able to definitively show that high diversity is due to the persistent polymorphism of a chromosomal inversion. Inbred lines in other eukaryotes often exhibit a qualitatively similar retention of polymorphism when typed at a small number of markers. Our whole-genome SNP data provide the first strong, empirical evidence supporting associative overdominance as the mechanism maintaining higher than expected diversity in inbred lines. Although creation of A. gambiae lines devoid of nearly all polymorphism may not be feasible, our results provide critical insights into how more fully isogenic lines can be created.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Gamez
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Bradley J White
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside Center for Disease Vector Research, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside
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41
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Ayala D, Ullastres A, González J. Adaptation through chromosomal inversions in Anopheles. Front Genet 2014; 5:129. [PMID: 24904633 PMCID: PMC4033225 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions have been repeatedly involved in local adaptation in a large number of animals and plants. The ecological and behavioral plasticity of Anopheles species-human malaria vectors-is mirrored by high amounts of polymorphic inversions. The adaptive significance of chromosomal inversions has been consistently attested by strong and significant correlations between their frequencies and a number of phenotypic traits. Here, we provide an extensive literature review of the different adaptive traits associated with chromosomal inversions in the genus Anopheles. Traits having important consequences for the success of present and future vector control measures, such as insecticide resistance and behavioral changes, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ayala
- UMR 224 MIVEGEC/BEES, IRD Montpellier, France ; Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville Franceville, Gabon
| | - Anna Ullastres
- Comparative and Computational Genomics, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa González
- Comparative and Computational Genomics, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona, Spain
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O'Loughlin SM, Magesa S, Mbogo C, Mosha F, Midega J, Lomas S, Burt A. Genomic analyses of three malaria vectors reveals extensive shared polymorphism but contrasting population histories. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:889-902. [PMID: 24408911 PMCID: PMC3969563 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae s.l. are important malaria vectors, but little is known about their genomic variation in the wild. Here, we present inter- and intraspecies analysis of genome-wide RADseq data, in three Anopheles gambiae s.l. species collected from East Africa. The mosquitoes fall into three genotypic clusters representing described species (A. gambiae, A. arabiensis, and A. merus) with no evidence of cryptic breeding units. Anopheles merus is the most divergent of the three species, supporting a recent new phylogeny based on chromosomal inversions. Even though the species clusters are well separated, there is extensive shared polymorphism, particularly between A. gambiae and A. arabiensis. Divergence between A. gambiae and A. arabiensis does not vary across the autosomes but is higher in X-linked inversions than elsewhere on X or on the autosomes, consistent with the suggestion that this inversion (or a gene within it) is important in reproductive isolation between the species. The 2La/2L+(a) inversion shows no more evidence of introgression between A. gambiae and A. arabiensis than the rest of the autosomes. Population differentiation within A. gambiae and A. arabiensis is weak over approximately 190-270 km, implying no strong barriers to dispersal. Analysis of Tajima's D and the allele frequency spectrum is consistent with modest population increases in A. arabiensis and A. merus, but a more complex demographic history of expansion followed by contraction in A. gambiae. Although they are less than 200 km apart, the two A. gambiae populations show evidence of different demographic histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M O'Loughlin
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, United Kingdom
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Genome-block expression-assisted association studies discover malaria resistance genes in Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20675-80. [PMID: 24297936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321024110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite-resistance island (PRI) of the African mosquito vector, Anopheles gambiae, was mapped to five genomic regions containing 80 genes, using coexpression patterns of genomic blocks. High-throughput sequencing identified 347 nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms within these genes in mosquitoes from malaria-endemic areas in Kenya. Direct association studies between nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms and Plasmodium falciparum infection identified three naturally occurring genetic variations in each of three genes (An. gambiae adenosine deaminase, fibrinogen-related protein 30, and fibrinogen-related protein 1) that were associated significantly with parasite infection. A role for these genes in the resistance phenotype was confirmed by RNA interference knockdown assays. Silencing fibrinogen-related protein 30 increased parasite infection significantly, whereas ablation of fibrinogen-related protein 1 transcripts resulted in mosquitoes nearly free of parasites. The discovered genes and single-nucleotide polymorphisms are anticipated to be useful in the development of tools for malaria control in endemic areas in Africa.
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44
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Kamali M, Xia A, Tu Z, Sharakhov IV. A new chromosomal phylogeny supports the repeated origin of vectorial capacity in malaria mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002960. [PMID: 23055932 PMCID: PMC3464210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding phylogenetic relationships within species complexes of disease vectors is crucial for identifying genomic changes associated with the evolution of epidemiologically important traits. However, the high degree of genetic similarity among sibling species confounds the ability to determine phylogenetic relationships using molecular markers. The goal of this study was to infer the ancestral–descendant relationships among malaria vectors and nonvectors of the Anopheles gambiae species complex by analyzing breakpoints of fixed chromosomal inversions in ingroup and several outgroup species. We identified genes at breakpoints of fixed overlapping chromosomal inversions 2Ro and 2Rp of An. merus using fluorescence in situ hybridization, a whole-genome mate-paired sequencing, and clone sequencing. We also mapped breakpoints of a chromosomal inversion 2La (common to An. merus, An. gambiae, and An. arabiensis) in outgroup species using a bioinformatics approach. We demonstrated that the “standard” 2R+p arrangement and “inverted” 2Ro and 2La arrangements are present in outgroup species Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. The data indicate that the ancestral species of the An. gambiae complex had the 2Ro, 2R+p, and 2La chromosomal arrangements. The “inverted” 2Ro arrangement uniquely characterizes a malaria vector An. merus as the basal species in the complex. The rooted chromosomal phylogeny implies that An. merus acquired the 2Rp inversion and that its sister species An. gambiae acquired the 2R+o inversion from the ancestral species. The karyotype of nonvectors An. quadriannulatus A and B was derived from the karyotype of the major malaria vector An. gambiae. We conclude that the ability to effectively transmit human malaria had originated repeatedly in the complex. Our findings also suggest that saltwater tolerance originated first in An. merus and then independently in An. melas. The new chromosomal phylogeny will facilitate identifying the association of evolutionary genomic changes with epidemiologically important phenotypes. Malaria causes more than one million deaths every year, mostly among children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Anopheles mosquitoes are exclusive vectors of human malaria. Many malaria vectors belong to species complexes, and members within these complexes can vary significantly in their ecological adaptations and ability to transmit the parasite. To better understand evolution of epidemiologically important traits, we studied relationships among nonvector and vector species of the African Anopheles gambiae complex. We analyzed gene orders at genomic regions where evolutionary breaks of chromosomal inversions occurred in members of the complex and compared them with gene orders in species outside the complex. This approach allowed us to identify ancient and recent gene orders for three chromosomal inversions. Surprisingly, the more ancestral chromosomal arrangements were found in mosquito species that are vectors of human malaria, while the more derived arrangements were found in both nonvectors and vectors. Our finding strongly suggests that the increased ability to transmit human malaria originated repeatedly during the recent evolution of these African mosquitoes. This knowledge can be used to identify specific genetic changes associated with the human blood choice and ecological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kamali
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ai Xia
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Igor V. Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Papaceit M, Segarra C, Aguadé M. Structure and population genetics of the breakpoints of a polymorphic inversion in Drosophila subobscura. Evolution 2012; 67:66-79. [PMID: 23289562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila subobscura is a paleartic species of the obscura group with a rich chromosomal polymorphism. To further our understanding on the origin of inversions and on how they regain variation, we have identified and sequenced the two breakpoints of a polymorphic inversion of D. subobscura--inversion 3 of the O chromosome--in a population sample. The breakpoints could be identified as two rather short fragments (∼300 bp and 60 bp long) with no similarity to any known transposable element family or repetitive sequence. The presence of the ∼300-bp fragment at the two breakpoints of inverted chromosomes implies its duplication, an indication of the inversion origin via staggered double-strand breaks. Present results and previous findings support that the mode of origin of inversions is neither related to the inversion age nor species-group specific. The breakpoint regions do not consistently exhibit the lower level of variation within and stronger genetic differentiation between arrangements than more internal regions that would be expected, even in moderately small inversions, if gene conversion were greatly restricted at inversion breakpoints. Comparison of the proximal breakpoint region in species of the obscura group shows that this breakpoint lies in a small high-turnover fragment within a long collinear region (∼300 kb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Papaceit
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, i Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Calvete O, González J, Betrán E, Ruiz A. Segmental duplication, microinversion, and gene loss associated with a complex inversion breakpoint region in Drosophila. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:1875-89. [PMID: 22328714 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions are usually portrayed as simple two-breakpoint rearrangements changing gene order but not gene number or structure. However, increasing evidence suggests that inversion breakpoints may often have a complex structure and entail gene duplications with potential functional consequences. Here, we used a combination of different techniques to investigate the breakpoint structure and the functional consequences of a complex rearrangement fixed in Drosophila buzzatii and comprising two tandemly arranged inversions sharing the middle breakpoint: 2m and 2n. By comparing the sequence in the breakpoint regions between D. buzzatii (inverted chromosome) and D. mojavensis (noninverted chromosome), we corroborate the breakpoint reuse at the molecular level and infer that inversion 2m was associated with a duplication of a ~13 kb segment and likely generated by staggered breaks plus repair by nonhomologous end joining. The duplicated segment contained the gene CG4673, involved in nuclear transport, and its two nested genes CG5071 and CG5079. Interestingly, we found that other than the inversion and the associated duplication, both breakpoints suffered additional rearrangements, that is, the proximal breakpoint experienced a microinversion event associated at both ends with a 121-bp long duplication that contains a promoter. As a consequence of all these different rearrangements, CG5079 has been lost from the genome, CG5071 is now a single copy nonnested gene, and CG4673 has a transcript ~9 kb shorter and seems to have acquired a more complex gene regulation. Our results illustrate the complex effects of chromosomal rearrangements and highlight the need of complementing genomic approaches with detailed sequence-level and functional analyses of breakpoint regions if we are to fully understand genome structure, function, and evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Calvete
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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White BJ, Collins FH, Besansky NJ. Evolution of Anopheles gambiae in Relation to Humans and Malaria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2011. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The closely related and morphologically indistinguishable mosquito species in the Afrotropical Anopheles gambiae complex differ dramatically in their contribution to malaria transmission, ranging from major vectors through minor or locally important vectors and nonvectors. Radiation of the A. gambiae complex and ongoing diversification within its nominal species appears to be a product of recent and rapid adaptation to environmental heterogeneities, notably those of anthropogenic origin. Polytene chromosome and genomic analyses suggest that paracentric chromosomal inversions and possibly other low-recombination regions have played instrumental roles in this process by facilitating ecotypic differentiation both within and across semipermeable species boundaries. Forthcoming complete genome sequences from several members of the A. gambiae complex will provide powerful tools to accelerate ongoing investigation of how genetic diversification of populations and species has shaped behavioral and physiological traits, such as vector competence, that bear on vectorial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. White
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Frank H. Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Nora J. Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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48
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Sharakhova MV, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Xia A, Ndo C, Awono-Ambene P, Simard F, Sharakhov IV. Cytogenetic map for Anopheles nili: application for population genetics and comparative physical mapping. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:746-54. [PMID: 20603229 PMCID: PMC3036789 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles nili is one of the major malaria vectors in Africa with a wide geographic distribution. However, the taxonomic and population genetic studies on this species are scarce. New research tools are urgently needed to genetically characterize this important malaria vector. In this study, a high-resolution cytogenetic map was developed for An. nili polytene chromosomes. Chromosomes were straightened and subdivided into 46 numbered divisions according to the banding pattern. Population analysis of An. nili females collected in Burkina Faso revealed the presence of two highly polymorphic inversions on the 2R chromosomal arm. A statistically significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to a deficit in heterozygotes was detected for inversion 2Rb. To determine chromosome homologies and gene order conservation between An. nili and other major malaria vectors, PCR probes based on the An. gambiae coding sequences were mapped to An. nili chromosomes. Comparative mapping demonstrated that An. nili chromosomes have an An. stephensi-like arm association and that whole-arm translocations and paracentric inversions were the major types of rearrangement in evolution of these mosquitoes. The minimum number of fixed inversions among An. nili, An. gambiae, and An. stephensi was calculated using the Multiple Genome Rearrangements (MGR), Genome Rearrangements In Man and Mouse (GRIMM), and Sorting Permutation by Reversals and block-INterchanGes (SPRING) programs. The data suggest that the An. nili is, at least, as diverged from An. gambiae as An. stephensi. We provide evidence that 2La/a arrangement of An. gambiae is present in outgroup species An. nili and An. stephensi confirming the ancestral status of the 2La inversion in the An. gambiae complex. Availability of the new polytene chromosome map, polymorphic inversions, and physically mapped DNA markers for An. nili will further stimulate population genetic, taxonomic, and genomic studies of this neglected malaria vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ai Xia
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Malaria Research Laboratory OCEAC, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), RU#16, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Frederic Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), RU#16, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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49
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Cassone BJ, Molloy MJ, Cheng C, Tan JC, Hahn MW, Besansky NJ. Divergent transcriptional response to thermal stress by Anopheles gambiae larvae carrying alternative arrangements of inversion 2La. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:2567-80. [PMID: 21535279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae is polymorphic for chromosomal inversion 2La, whose frequency strongly correlates with degree of aridity across environmental gradients. Recent physiological studies have associated 2La with resistance to desiccation in adults and thermal stress in larvae, consistent with its proposed role in aridity tolerance. However, the genetic basis of these traits remains unknown. To identify genes that could be involved in the differential response to thermal stress, we compared global gene expression profiles of heat-hardened 2La or 2L+(a) larvae at three time points, for up to eight hours following exposure to the heat stress. Treatment and control time series, replicated four times, revealed a common and massive induction of a core set of heat-shock genes regardless of 2La orientation. However, clear differences between the 2La and 2L+(a) arrangements emerged at the earliest (0.25 h) time point, in the intensity and nature of the stress response. Overall, 2La was associated with the more aggressive response: larger numbers of genes were heat responsive and up-regulated. Transcriptionally induced genes were enriched for functions related to ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation, chaperoning and energy metabolism. The more muted transcriptional response of 2L+(a) was largely repressive, including genes involved in proteolysis and energy metabolism. These results may help explain the maintenance of the 2La inversion polymorphism in An. gambiae, as the survival benefits offered by high thermal sensitivity in harsh climates could be offset by the metabolic costs of such a drastic response in more equable climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Cassone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Sharakhova MV, Xia A, Leman SC, Sharakhov IV. Arm-specific dynamics of chromosome evolution in malaria mosquitoes. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:91. [PMID: 21473772 PMCID: PMC3094232 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria mosquito species of subgenus Cellia have rich inversion polymorphisms that correlate with environmental variables. Polymorphic inversions tend to cluster on the chromosomal arms 2R and 2L but not on X, 3R and 3L in Anopheles gambiae and homologous arms in other species. However, it is unknown whether polymorphic inversions on homologous chromosomal arms of distantly related species from subgenus Cellia nonrandomly share similar sets of genes. It is also unclear if the evolutionary breakage of inversion-poor chromosomal arms is under constraints. Results To gain a better understanding of the arm-specific differences in the rates of genome rearrangements, we compared gene orders and established syntenic relationships among Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, and Anopheles stephensi. We provided evidence that polymorphic inversions on the 2R arms in these three species nonrandomly captured similar sets of genes. This nonrandom distribution of genes was not only a result of preservation of ancestral gene order but also an outcome of extensive reshuffling of gene orders that created new combinations of homologous genes within independently originated polymorphic inversions. The statistical analysis of distribution of conserved gene orders demonstrated that the autosomal arms differ in their tolerance to generating evolutionary breakpoints. The fastest evolving 2R autosomal arm was enriched with gene blocks conserved between only a pair of species. In contrast, all identified syntenic blocks were preserved on the slowly evolving 3R arm of An. gambiae and on the homologous arms of An. funestus and An. stephensi. Conclusions Our results suggest that natural selection favors specific gene combinations within polymorphic inversions when distant species are exposed to similar environmental pressures. This knowledge could be useful for the discovery of genes responsible for an association of inversion polymorphisms with phenotypic variations in multiple species. Our data support the chromosomal arm specificity in rates of gene order disruption during mosquito evolution. We conclude that the distribution of breakpoint regions is evolutionary conserved on slowly evolving arms and tends to be lineage-specific on rapidly evolving arms.
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