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Srividya N, Kim H, Simone R, Lange BM. Chemical diversity in angiosperms - monoterpene synthases control complex reactions that provide the precursors for ecologically and commercially important monoterpenoids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:28-55. [PMID: 38565299 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Monoterpene synthases (MTSs) catalyze the first committed step in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids, a class of specialized metabolites with particularly high chemical diversity in angiosperms. In addition to accomplishing a rate enhancement, these enzymes manage the formation and turnover of highly reactive carbocation intermediates formed from a prenyl diphosphate substrate. At each step along the reaction path, a cationic intermediate can be subject to cyclization, migration of a proton, hydride, or alkyl group, or quenching to terminate the sequence. However, enzymatic control of ligand folding, stabilization of specific intermediates, and defined quenching chemistry can maintain the specificity for forming a signature product. This review article will discuss our current understanding of how angiosperm MTSs control the reaction environment. Such knowledge allows inferences about the origin and regulation of chemical diversity, which is pertinent for appreciating the role of monoterpenoids in plant ecology but also for aiding commercial efforts that harness the accumulation of these specialized metabolites for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
| | - Hoshin Kim
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Raugei Simone
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
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2
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Schwartz R, Zev S, Major DT. Differential Substrate Sensing in Terpene Synthases from Plants and Microorganisms: Insight from Structural, Bioinformatic, and EnzyDock Analyses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400743. [PMID: 38556463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Terpene synthases (TPSs) catalyze the first step in the formation of terpenoids, which comprise the largest class of natural products in nature. TPSs employ a family of universal natural substrates, composed of isoprenoid units bound to a diphosphate moiety. The intricate structures generated by TPSs are the result of substrate binding and folding in the active site, enzyme-controlled carbocation reaction cascades, and final reaction quenching. A key unaddressed question in class I TPSs is the asymmetric nature of the diphosphate-(Mg2+)3 cluster, which forms a critical part of the active site. In this asymmetric ion cluster, two diphosphate oxygen atoms protrude into the active site pocket. The substrate hydrocarbon tail, which is eventually molded into terpenes, can bind to either of these oxygen atoms, yet to which is unknown. Herein, we employ structural, bioinformatics, and EnzyDock docking tools to address this enigma. We bring initial data suggesting that this difference is rooted in evolutionary differences between TPSs. We hypothesize that this alteration in binding, and subsequent chemistry, is due to TPSs originating from plants or microorganisms. We further suggest that this difference can cast light on the frequent observation that the chiral products or intermediates of plant and bacterial terpene synthases represent opposite enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renana Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Shani Zev
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Dan T Major
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
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3
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Wang W, Wang M, Feng J, Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Tian R, Zhu C, Nieuwenhuizen NJ. Terpene Synthase Gene Family in Chinese Chestnut ( Castanea mollissima BL.) Harbors Two Sesquiterpene Synthase Genes Implicated in Defense against Gall Wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1571-1581. [PMID: 38206573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima BL.) is a well-known fruit tree that has been cultivated in East Asia for millennia. Leaves and buds of the plant can become seriously infested by the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (GWDK), which results in gall formation and associated significant losses in fruit production. Herbivore-induced terpenes have been reported to play an important role in plant-herbivory interactions, and in this study, we show that upon herbivory by GWDK, four terpene-related compounds were significantly induced, while the concentrations of these four compounds in intact buds were relatively low. Among these compounds, (E)-nerolidol and (E, E)-α-farnesene have frequently been reported to be involved in plant herbivory defenses, which suggests direct and/or indirect functions in chestnut GWDK defenses. Candidate terpene synthase (TPS) genes that may account for (E)-nerolidol and (E, E)-α-farnesene terpene biosynthesis were characterized by transcriptomics and phylogenetic approaches, which revealed altered transcript levels for two TPSs: CmAFS, a TPS-g subfamily member, and CmNES/AFS, a TPS-b clade member. Both genes were dramatically upregulated in gene expression upon GWDK infestation. Furthermore, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CmAFS catalyzed the formation of (E, E)-α-farnesene, while CmNES/AFS showed dual (E)-nerolidol and (E, E)-α-farnesene synthase activity. Biochemical assays of the recombinant CmAFS and CmNES/AFS proteins confirmed their catalytic activity in vitro, and the enzymatic products were consistent with two of the major volatile compounds released upon GWDK-infested chestnut buds. Subcellular localization demonstrated that CmAFS and CmNES/AFS were both localized in the cytoplasm, the primary compartment for sesquiterpene synthesis. In summary, we show that two novel sesquiterpene synthase genes CmAFS and CmNES/AFS are inducible by herbivory and can account for the elevated accumulation of (E, E)-α-farnesene and (E)-nerolidol upon GWDK infestation and may be implicated in chestnut defense against GWDK herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mindy Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiao Feng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169 Auckland, New Zealand
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ruiping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cancan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Niels J Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag, 92169 Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Whitehead J, Leferink NGH, Johannissen LO, Hay S, Scrutton NS. Decoding Catalysis by Terpene Synthases. ACS Catal 2023; 13:12774-12802. [PMID: 37822860 PMCID: PMC10563020 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The review by Christianson, published in 2017 on the twentieth anniversary of the emergence of the field, summarizes the foundational discoveries and key advances in terpene synthase/cyclase (TS) biocatalysis (Christianson, D. W. Chem Rev2017, 117 (17), 11570-11648. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00287). Here, we review the TS literature published since then, bringing the field up to date and looking forward to what could be the near future of TS rational design. Many revealing discoveries have been made in recent years, building on the knowledge and fundamental principles uncovered during those initial two decades of study. We use these to explore TS reaction chemistry and see how a combined experimental and computational approach helps to decipher the complexities of TS catalysis. Revealed are a suite of catalytic motifs which control product outcome in TSs, some obvious, some more subtle. We examine each in detail, using the most recent papers and insights to illustrate how exactly this fascinating class of enzymes takes a single acyclic substrate and turns it into the many thousands of complex terpenoids found in Nature. We then explore some of the recent strategies for TS engineering, including machine learning and other data-driven approaches. From this, rational and predictive engineering of TSs, "designer terpene synthases", will begin to emerge as a realistic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
N. Whitehead
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole G. H. Leferink
- Future
Biomanufacturing Research Hub (FBRH), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology,
Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
| | - Linus O. Johannissen
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Future
Biomanufacturing Research Hub (FBRH), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology,
Department of Chemistry, The University
of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United
Kingdom
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5
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Mangena P. Cell Mutagenic Autopolyploidy Enhances Salinity Stress Tolerance in Leguminous Crops. Cells 2023; 12:2082. [PMID: 37626892 PMCID: PMC10453822 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress affects plant growth and development by causing osmotic stress and nutrient imbalances through excess Na+, K+, and Cl- ion accumulations that induce toxic effects during germination, seedling development, vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit set. However, the effects of salt stress on growth and development processes, especially in polyploidized leguminous plants, remain unexplored and scantly reported compared to their diploid counterparts. This paper discusses the physiological and molecular response of legumes towards salinity stress-based osmotic and ionic imbalances in plant cells. A multigenic response involving various compatible solutes, osmolytes, ROS, polyamines, and antioxidant activity, together with genes encoding proteins involved in the signal transduction, regulation, and response mechanisms to this stress, were identified and discussed. This discussion reaffirms polyploidization as the driving force in plant evolution and adaptation to environmental stress constraints such as drought, feverish temperatures, and, in particular, salt stress. As a result, thorough physiological and molecular elucidation of the role of gene duplication through induced autopolyploidization and possible mechanisms regulating salinity stress tolerance in grain legumes must be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetole Mangena
- Department of Biodiversity, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
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6
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Schiff WH, Oprian DD. Mutational Analysis of (+)-Limonene Synthase. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2472-2479. [PMID: 37531404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The monoterpene limonene is produced by the enzyme limonene synthase in one of the simplest terpene cyclization reactions. The enzyme can use linalyl diphosphate (LPP) and neryl diphosphate (NPP) as substrates in addition to the naturally occurring substrate geranyl diphosphate (GPP), but the relationship among the three alternative substrates is not well understood. We explored the (+)-limonene synthase ((+)-LS) reaction using site-directed mutagenesis with the three different substrates (GPP, NPP, and LPP) to tease out details of the mechanism. In total, 23 amino acid positions in the active site of (+)-LS were targeted for mutation. In all cases, substitution with Ala resulted in a significant loss of enzyme activity using GPP or NPP as the substrate, but the mutations fell into two groups depending on the effect of using LPP as a substrate: group 1 mutations resulted in the loss of activity with all three substrates (GPP, NPP, and LPP); group 2 mutations resulted in loss of activity with GPP and NPP, but retained near-WT activity with LPP as a substrate. Importantly, mutations resulting in loss of activity with LPP but retention of activity with GPP and NPP were never observed. These data, in combination with the substrate order of reactivity for the WT enzyme (LPP > NPP > GPP), are consistent with a role for LPP as an intermediate in the (+)-LS reaction using either GPP or NPP as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Schiff
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Daniel D Oprian
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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7
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Wang W, Wang MY, Zeng Y, Chen X, Wang X, Barrington AM, Tao J, Atkinson RG, Nieuwenhuizen NJ. The terpene synthase (TPS) gene family in kiwifruit shows high functional redundancy and a subset of TPS likely fulfil overlapping functions in fruit flavour, floral bouquet and defence. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:9. [PMID: 37789478 PMCID: PMC10514967 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Volatile terpenes are important compounds that influence fruit flavour and aroma of kiwifruit. Terpenes in plants also impact on the floral bouquet and defence against pests and pathogens in leaves and fruit. To better understand the overlapping roles that terpenes may fulfil in plants, a systematic gene, chemical and biochemical analysis of terpenes and terpene synthases (TPS) was undertaken in Red5 kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.). Analysis of the Red5 genome shows it contains only 22 TPS gene models, of which fifteen encode full-length TPS. Thirteen TPS can account for the major terpene volatiles produced in different tissues of Red5 kiwifruit and in response to different stimuli. The small Red5 TPS family displays surprisingly high functional redundancy with five TPS producing linalool/nerolidol. Treatment of leaves and fruit with methyl jasmonate enhanced expression of a subset of defence-related TPS genes and stimulated the release of terpenes. Six TPS genes were induced upon herbivory of leaves by the economically important insect pest Ctenopseustis obliquana (brown-headed leaf roller) and emission, but not accumulation, of (E)- and (Z)-nerolidol was strongly linked to herbivory. Our results provide a framework to understand the overlapping biological and ecological roles of terpenes in Actinidia and other horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Mindy Y. Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anne M. Barrington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jianmin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Niels J. Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Wiart C, Kathirvalu G, Raju CS, Nissapatorn V, Rahmatullah M, Paul AK, Rajagopal M, Sathiya Seelan JS, Rusdi NA, Lanting S, Sulaiman M. Antibacterial and Antifungal Terpenes from the Medicinal Angiosperms of Asia and the Pacific: Haystacks and Gold Needles. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093873. [PMID: 37175283 PMCID: PMC10180233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review identifies terpenes isolated from the medicinal Angiosperms of Asia and the Pacific with antibacterial and/or antifungal activities and analyses their distribution, molecular mass, solubility, and modes of action. All data in this review were compiled from Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, ChemSpider, PubChem, and library searches from 1968 to 2022. About 300 antibacterial and/or antifungal terpenes were identified during this period. Terpenes with a MIC ≤ 2 µg/mL are mostly amphiphilic and active against Gram-positive bacteria, with a molecular mass ranging from about 150 to 550 g/mol, and a polar surface area around 20 Ų. Carvacrol, celastrol, cuminol, dysoxyhainic acid I, ent-1β,14β-diacetoxy-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one, ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide, geranylgeraniol, gossypol, 16α-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13 (14)Z-diene-15,16-olide, 7-hydroxycadalene, 17-hydroxyjolkinolide B, (20R)-3β-hydroxy-24,25,26,27-tetranor-5α cycloartan-23,21-olide, mansonone F, (+)-6,6'-methoxygossypol, polygodial, pristimerin, terpinen-4-ol, and α-terpineol are chemical frameworks that could be candidates for the further development of lead antibacterial or antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Wiart
- Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Geethanjali Kathirvalu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Research Excellence Centre for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Alok K Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Mogana Rajagopal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Azizun Rusdi
- Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Scholastica Lanting
- Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Mazdida Sulaiman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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9
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Takekana M, Yoshida T, Yoshida E, Ono S, Horie S, Vavricka CJ, Hiratani M, Tsuge K, Ishii J, Hayakawa Y, Kondo A, Hasunuma T. Online SFE-SFC-MS/MS colony screening: A high-throughput approach for optimizing (-)-limonene production. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123588. [PMID: 36587464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventional analysis of microbial bioproducers requires the extraction of metabolites from liquid cultures, where the culturing steps are time consuming and greatly limit throughput. To break through this barrier, the current study aims to directly evaluate microbial bioproduction colonies by way of supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (SFE-SFC-MS/MS). The online SFE-SFC-MS/MS system offers great potential for high-throughput analysis due to automated metabolite extraction without any need for pretreatment. This is the first report of SFE-SFC-MS/MS as a method for direct colony screening, as demonstrated in the high-throughput screening of (-)-limonene bioproducers. Compared with conventional analysis, the SFE-SFC-MS/MS system enables faster and more convenient screening of highly productive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musashi Takekana
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takanobu Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Erika Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals. Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sumika Ono
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Christopher J Vavricka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Hiratani
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals. Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsuge
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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10
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Oku H, Mutanda I, Inafuku M. Molecular characteristics of isoprene synthase and its control effects on isoprene emissions from tropical trees. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:63-82. [PMID: 36367585 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The isoprene emission rate from plants is simulated by a function of light intensity and leaf temperature, and the G-93 formula is the most extensively applied algorithm for this purpose. Isoprene is biosynthesized by the enzyme isoprene synthase (IspS), and instantly emitted from the leaf. Enzyme kinetics of IspS and substrate availability are important factors involved in the short-term leaf-level control of isoprene emissions. It is thus assumed that the parameters of G-93 may correlate with the kinetics of IspSs, however, at present there is no data available on the relationship between these two parameters. In this investigation, six IspS genes from tropical trees were cloned, their properties characterized, and the relationship between the enzyme kinetics of IspSs and the parameters of G-93 examined. There was a negative correlation between the enzyme kinetics of IspS Km and parameter CT1 of G93, which is used to define the temperature dependency of isoprene emissions. However, performance constant of IspS (kcat/Km) only showed slight positive correlation with CT1.suggesting that the enzyme kinetics of IspS has limited significance in controlling the temperature response of isoprene emissions. The molecular structure of IspS was further elucidated using a molecular dynamics simulation with a focus on the active site in the 6 α-helices bundle. The simulation of the enzyme-substrate complex of IspS from B. variegata predicted a new metal binding domain in helix F (E383) and catalytic motif FXRDRLXE in the A-C loop that could involve the deprotonation of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) to form a carbocation. Notably, after the binding of a metal ion and DMADP, the active-site closure mechanism was found to involve conformational alterations in the helix H-α1 and transition from a loose to tight enclosure of the 6 α-helices bundles to tune the active pocket size. The characteristics identified for the IspSs from tropical trees could help to explain regional isoprene emissions in tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosuke Oku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Ishmael Mutanda
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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11
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Adal AM, Najafianashrafi E, Sarker LS, Mahmoud SS. Cloning, functional characterization and evaluating potential in metabolic engineering for lavender ( +)-bornyl diphosphate synthase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:117-130. [PMID: 36271988 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We isolated and functionally characterized a new ( +)-bornyl diphosphate synthase (( +)-LiBPPS) from Lavandula x intermedia. The in planta functions of ( +)-LiBPPS were evaluated in sense and antisense transgenic plants. The monoterpene ( +)-borneol contributes scent and medicinal properties to some plants. It also is the immediate precursor to camphor, another important determinant of aroma and medicinal properties in many plants. ( +)-Borneol is generated through the dephosphorylation of bornyl diphosphate (BPP), which is itself derived from geranyl diphosphate (GPP) by the enzyme ( +)-bornyl diphosphate synthase (( +)-BPPS). In this study we isolated and functionally characterized a novel ( +)-BPPS cDNA from Lavandula x intermedia. The cDNA excluding its transit peptide was expressed in E. coli, and the corresponding recombinant protein was purified with Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography. The recombinant ( +)-LiBPPS catalyzed the conversion of GPP to BPP as a major product, and a few minor products. We also investigated the in planta role of ( +)-LiBPPS in terpenoid metabolism through its overexpression in sense and antisense orientations in stably transformed Lavandula latifolia plants. The overexpression of ( +)-LiBPPS in antisense resulted in reduced production of ( +)-borneol and camphor without compromising plant growth and development. As anticipated, the overexpression of the gene led to enhanced production of borneol and camphor, although growth and development were severely impaired in most transgenic lines strongly and ectopically expressing the ( +)-LiBPPS transgene in sense. Our results demonstrate that LiBPPS would be useful in studies aimed at the production of recombinant borneol and camphor in vitro, and in metabolic engineering efforts aimed at lowering borneol and camphor production in plants. However, overexpression in sense may require a targeted expression of the gene in glandular trichomes using a trichome-specific promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelign M Adal
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Innovate Phytoceuticals Inc, 3485 Velocity Ave, Kelowna, BC, V1V 3C2, Canada
| | - Elaheh Najafianashrafi
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Department of Micro, Immuno and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Lukman S Sarker
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Innovate Phytoceuticals Inc, 3485 Velocity Ave, Kelowna, BC, V1V 3C2, Canada
| | - Soheil S Mahmoud
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Engineered geranyl diphosphate methyltransferase produces 2-methyl-dimethylallyl diphosphate as a noncanonical C 6 unit for terpenoid biosynthesis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 8:107-113. [PMID: 36605705 PMCID: PMC9800250 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products with complex structures, essential functions, and versatile applications. Creation of new building blocks beyond the conventional five-carbon (C5) units, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate, expands significantly the chemical space of terpenoids. Structure-guided engineering of an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent geranyl diphosphate (GPP) C2-methyltransferase from Streptomyces coelicolor yielded variants converting DMAPP to a new C6 unit, 2-methyl-DMAPP. Mutation of the Gly residue at the position 202 resulted in a smaller substrate-binding pocket to fit DMAPP instead of its native substrate GPP. Replacement of Phe residue at the position 222 with a Tyr residue contributed to DMAPP binding via hydrogen bond. Furthermore, using Escherichia coli as the chassis, we demonstrated that 2-methyl-DMAPP was accepted as a start unit to generate noncanonical trans- and cis-prenyl diphosphates (C5n+1) and terpenoids. This work provides insights into substrate recognition of prenyl diphosphate methyltransferases, and strategies to diversify terpenoids by expanding the building block portfolio.
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Weigel B, Ludwig J, Weber RA, Ludwig S, Lennicke C, Schrank P, Davari MD, Nagia M, Wessjohann LA. Heterocyclic and Alkyne Terpenoids by Terpene Synthase-Mediated Biotransformation of Non-Natural Prenyl Diphosphates: Access to New Fragrances and Probes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200211. [PMID: 36173145 PMCID: PMC9828811 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Two terpene cyclases were used as biocatalytic tool, namely, limonene synthase from Cannabis sativa (CLS) and 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) from Nicotiana tabacum. They showed significant substrate flexibility towards non-natural prenyl diphosphates to form novel terpenoids, including core oxa- and thia-heterocycles and alkyne-modified terpenoids. We elucidated the structures of five novel monoterpene-analogues and a known sesquiterpene-analogue. These results reflected the terpene synthases' ability and promiscuity to broaden the pool of terpenoids with structurally complex analogues. Docking studies highlight an on-off conversion of the unnatural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Weigel
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Jeanette Ludwig
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Roman A. Weber
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Steve Ludwig
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Claudia Lennicke
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Paul Schrank
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Mohamed Nagia
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany,Additional address: Department of Chemistry of Natural CompoundsPharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research InstituteNational Research CenterEl Buhouth St. 3312622CairoEgypt
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Natur- und WirkstoffchemieLeibniz-Institut für PflanzenbiochemieWeinberg 306120Halle/SaaleGermany
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Metabolic Engineering of the Isopentenol Utilization Pathway Enhanced the Production of Terpenoids in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090577. [PMID: 36135766 PMCID: PMC9505001 DOI: 10.3390/md20090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic green microalgae show considerable promise for the sustainable light-driven biosynthesis of high-value fine chemicals, especially terpenoids because of their fast and inexpensive phototrophic growth. Here, the novel isopentenol utilization pathway (IUP) was introduced into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to enhance the hemiterpene (isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP) titers. Then, diphosphate isomerase (IDI) and limonene synthase (MsLS) were further inserted for limonene production. Transgenic algae showed 8.6-fold increase in IPP compared with the wild type, and 23-fold increase in limonene production compared with a single MsLS expressing strain. Following the culture optimization, the highest limonene production reached 117 µg/L, when the strain was cultured in a opt2 medium supplemented with 10 mM isoprenol under a light: dark regimen. This demonstrates that transgenic algae expressing the IUP represent an ideal chassis for the high-value terpenoid production. The IUP will facilitate further the metabolic and enzyme engineering to enhance the terpenoid titers by significantly reducing the number of enzyme steps required for an optimal biosynthesis.
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Zebec Ž, Poberžnik M, Lobnik A. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Textile and Cardboard Waste as a Glucose Source for the Production of Limonene in Escherichia coli. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091423. [PMID: 36143460 PMCID: PMC9500893 DOI: 10.3390/life12091423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose containing textiles (cotton) and cardboard/carton waste represent a large reservoir of untapped organic carbon. These wastes have enormous potential for use as carbon feedstock in industrial biotechnological processes. Essentially, cotton/cardboard (CC) waste is pure cellulose (with some additives) in the form of polymerised glucose consisting of β-(1→4)-linked D-glucose subunits. One of the largest and most diverse classes of natural chemicals that can be produced from glucose are terpenes with a wide range of applications as flavours, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, biopesticides, and biofuels. Here we have investigated the bioconversion of CC waste into the exemplary terpene limonene as a proof of concept. Six different CC waste streams were enzymatically hydrolysed and used to produce limonene using the Escherichia coli (E. coli) microbial cell factory. The D-glucose content in the CC hydrolysate (glucose juice) was determined and then metabolised by E. coli via a manipulated heterogeneous biolipid synthesis pathway (the mevalonate pathway) to produce limonene. This study represents an important proof of concept for the production of terpenes from hydrolysed CC waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Zebec
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ul. 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Aleksandra Lobnik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ul. 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Ali M, Nishawy E, Ramadan WA, Ewas M, Rizk MS, Sief-Eldein AGM, El-Zayat MAS, Hassan AHM, Guo M, Hu GW, Wang S, Ahmed FA, Amar MH, Wang QF. Molecular characterization of a Novel NAD+-dependent farnesol dehydrogenase SoFLDH gene involved in sesquiterpenoid synthases from Salvia officinalis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269045. [PMID: 35657794 PMCID: PMC9165828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia officinalis is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants in terms of nutritional and medicinal value because it contains a variety of vital active ingredients. Terpenoid compounds, particularly monoterpenes (C10) and sesquiterpenes, are the most important and abundant among these active substances (C15). Terpenes play a variety of roles and have beneficial biological properties in plants. With these considerations, the current study sought to clone theNAD+-dependent farnesol dehydrogenase (SoFLDH, EC: 1.1.1.354) gene from S. officinalis. Functional analysis revealed that, SoFLDH has an open reading frame of 2,580 base pairs that encodes 860 amino acids.SoFLDH has two conserved domains and four types of highly conserved motifs: YxxxK, RXR, RR (X8) W, TGxxGhaG. However, SoFLDH was cloned from Salvia officinalis leaves and functionally overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate its role in sesquiterpenoid synthases. In comparison to the transgenic plants, the wild-type plants showed a slight delay in growth and flowering formation. To this end, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that SoFLDH transgenic plants were responsible for numerous forms of terpene synthesis, particularly sesquiterpene. These results provide a base for further investigation on SoFLDH gene role and elucidating the regulatory mechanisms for sesquiterpene synthesis in S. offcinalis. And our study paves the way for the future metabolic engineering of the biosynthesis of useful terpene compounds in S. offcinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali
- Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Nishawy
- Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa A. Ramadan
- Genetics and Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ewas
- Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar Said Rizk
- Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Mingquan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Wan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Fatma A. Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hamdy Amar
- Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
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Kim H, Srividya N, Lange I, Huchala EW, Ginovska B, Lange BM, Raugei S. Determinants of Selectivity for the Formation of Monocyclic and Bicyclic Products in Monoterpene Synthases. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoshin Kim
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7411, United States
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7411, United States
| | - Eden W. Huchala
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bojana Ginovska
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7411, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7411, United States
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Non-enzymatic formation of isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (2-MBO) by manganese. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2465. [PMID: 35165356 PMCID: PMC8844067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that isoprene synthesis by isoprene synthase (IspS) proceeds via a substrate-assisted mechanism. The authors observed a non-enzymatic isoprene formation by Mn2+, which represents the basis of IspS enzyme reaction. Because IspS and many other terpene synthases require Mn2+ metal ions as cofactor, this study characterized the formation reaction for the first time. Metal ions including Mn2+ non-enzymatically produced both isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (2-MBO) from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMADP). Isoprene formation was most enhanced by Fe2+ and, to a lesser extent, by Mn2+ or Cu2+. Ni2+, Co2+, Mg2+, and Ba2+ exhibited a low activity to generate both isoprene and 2-MBO. The proportion of isoprene and 2-MBO varied with the Mn2+ concentration: isoprene predominated over 2-MBO at a higher Mn2+ concentration. Similarly, isoprene formation by Mn2+ increased exponentially as temperature increased with predominance of isoprene over 2-MBO at higher temperature. Both isoprene and 2-MBO formation was enhanced by acidic and neutral pH compared to alkaline conditions. Molecular dynamic simulation of DMADP suggested that the formation reaction is initiated by deprotonation of hydrogen on allyl terminal carbon by phosphate oxygen and generates carbocation and allyl anion intermediates. This is followed by quenching to produce isoprene or by hydroxyl addition to form 2-MBO. Thus, this study provided an insight into reaction mechanism of isoprene and 2-MBO biosynthesis and highlighted some parts of isoprene emission from terrestrial plants, which could be formed by non-enzymatic mechanism.
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Alicandri E, Covino S, Sebastiani B, Paolacci AR, Badiani M, Sorgonà A, Ciaffi M. Monoterpene Synthase Genes and Monoterpene Profiles in Pinus nigra subsp. laricio. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:449. [PMID: 35161430 PMCID: PMC8838282 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we carried out a quantitative analysis of the monoterpenes composition in different tissues of the non-model conifer Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. laricio Palib. ex Maire (P. laricio, in short). All the P. laricio tissues examined showed the presence of the same fourteen monoterpenes, among which the most abundant were β-phellandrene, α-pinene, and β-pinene, whose distribution was markedly tissue-specific. In parallel, from the same plant tissues, we isolated seven full-length cDNA transcripts coding for as many monoterpene synthases, each of which was found to be attributable to one of the seven phylogenetic groups in which the d1-clade of the canonical classification of plants' terpene synthases can be subdivided. The amino acid sequences deduced from the above cDNA transcripts allowed to predict their putative involvement in the biosynthesis of five of the monoterpenes identified. Transcripts profiling revealed a differential gene expression across the different tissues examined, and was found to be consistent with the corresponding metabolites profiles. The genomic organization of the seven isolated monoterpene synthase genes was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Alicandri
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (E.A.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Stefano Covino
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Bartolomeo Sebastiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Anna Rita Paolacci
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Maurizio Badiani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (E.A.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Agostino Sorgonà
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (E.A.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Mario Ciaffi
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.C.); (A.R.P.)
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Srividya N, Lange I, Richter JK, Wüst M, Lange BM. Selectivity of enzymes involved in the formation of opposite enantiomeric series of p-menthane monoterpenoids in peppermint and Japanese catnip. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111119. [PMID: 34895548 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) and Japanese catnip (Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.) accumulate p-menthane monoterpenoids with identical functionalization patterns but opposite stereochemistry. In the present study, we investigate the enantioselectivity of multiple enzymes involved in monoterpenoid biosynthesis in these species. Based on kinetic assays, mint limonene synthase, limonene 3-hydroxylase, isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, isopiperitenone reductase, and menthone reductase exhibited significant enantioselectivity toward intermediates of the pathway that proceeds through (-)-4S-limonene. Limonene synthase, isopiperitenol dehydrogenase and isopiperitenone reductase of Japanese catnip preferred intermediates of the pathway that involves (+)-4R-limonene, whereas limonene 3-hydroxylase was not enantioselective, and the activities of pulegone reductase and menthone reductase were too low to acquire meaningful kinetic data. Molecular modeling studies with docked ligands generally supported the experimental data obtained with peppermint enzymes, indicating that the preferred enantiomer was aligned well with the requisite cofactor and amino acid residues implicated in catalysis. A striking example for enantioselectivity was peppermint (-)-menthone reductase, which binds (-)-menthone with exquisite affinity but was predicted to bind (+)-menthone in a non-productive orientation that positions its carbonyl functional group at considerable distance to the NADPH cofactor. The work presented here lays the groundwork for structure-function studies aimed at unraveling how enantioselectivity evolved in closely related species of the Lamiaceae and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA
| | - Jana K Richter
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA; Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA.
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Liu S, Zhang M, Ren Y, Jin G, Tao Y, Lyu L, Zhao ZK, Yang X. Engineering Rhodosporidium toruloides for limonene production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:243. [PMID: 34937561 PMCID: PMC8697501 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limonene is a widely used monoterpene in the production of food, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, etc. The objective of this work was to engineer Rhodosporidium toruloides as a cell factory for the production of limonene. RESULTS By overexpressing the limonene synthase (LS), neryl pyrophosphate synthase (NPPS)/geranyl pyrophosphate synthase and the native hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), we established a baseline for limonene production based on the mevalonate route in Rhodosporidium toruloides. To further enhance the limonene titer, the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase/HMGR (EfMvaE) and mevalonate synthase (EfMvaS) from Enterococcus faecalis, the mevalonate kinase from Methanosarcina mazei (MmMK) and the chimeric enzyme NPPS-LS were introduced in the carotenogenesis-deficient strain. The resulting strains produced a maximum limonene titer of 393.5 mg/L. CONCLUSION In this study, we successfully engineered the carotenogenesis yeast R. toruloides to produce limonene. This is the first report on engineering R. toruloides toward limonene production based on NPP and the fusion protein SltNPPS-CltLS. The results demonstrated that R. toruloides is viable for limonene production, which would provide insights into microbial production of valuable monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyao Ren
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojie Jin
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Lyu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Kippes N, Tsai H, Lieberman M, Culp D, McCormack B, Wilson RG, Dowd E, Comai L, Henry IM. Diploid mint (M. longifolia) can produce spearmint type oil with a high yield potential. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23521. [PMID: 34876628 PMCID: PMC8651677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mint oil is a key source of natural flavors with wide industrial applications. Two unbalanced polyploid cultivars named Native (Mentha Spicata L) and Scotch (M. × gracilis Sole) are the main producers of spearmint type oil, which is characterized by high levels of the monoterpenes (−)-carvone and (−)-limonene. These cultivars have been the backbone of spearmint oil production for decades, while breeding and improvement remained largely unexplored, in part, due to sterility in cultivated lines. Here we show that sexual breeding at the diploid level can be leveraged to develop new varieties that produce spearmint type oil, along with the improvement of other important traits. Using field trials and GC-FID oil analysis we characterized plant materials from a public germplasm repository and identified a diploid accession that exhibited 89.5% increase in oil yield, compared to the industry standard, and another that produces spearmint type oil. Spearmint-type oil was present at high frequency in a segregating F2 population (32/160) produced from these two accessions. Field-testing of ten of these F2 lines showed segregation for oil yield and confirmed the production of spearmint-type oil profiles. Two of these lines combined high yield and spearmint-type oil with acceptable analytic and sensory profiles. These results demonstrate that spearmint-type oil can be produced in a diploid background with high yield potential, providing a simpler genetic system for the development of improved spearmint varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Kippes
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Helen Tsai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Meric Lieberman
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Darrin Culp
- ANR, Intermountain Research and Extension Center, University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulelake, CA, 96134, USA
| | - Brian McCormack
- Ingredient Science, Mars Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk St, Chicago, IL, 60642, USA
| | - Rob G Wilson
- ANR, Intermountain Research and Extension Center, University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulelake, CA, 96134, USA
| | - Eric Dowd
- Ingredient Science, Mars Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk St, Chicago, IL, 60642, USA
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Isabelle M Henry
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California at Davis, UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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24
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Liu C, Gao Q, Shang Z, Liu J, Zhou S, Dang J, Liu L, Lange I, Srividya N, Lange BM, Wu Q, Lin W. Functional Characterization and Structural Insights Into Stereoselectivity of Pulegone Reductase in Menthol Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:780970. [PMID: 34917113 PMCID: PMC8670242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.780970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenoids are the main components of plant essential oils and the active components of some traditional Chinese medicinal herbs like Mentha haplocalyx Briq., Nepeta tenuifolia Briq., Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt and Pogostemin cablin (Blanco) Benth. Pulegone reductase is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of menthol and is required for the stereoselective reduction of the Δ2,8 double bond of pulegone to produce the major intermediate menthone, thus determining the stereochemistry of menthol. However, the structural basis and mechanism underlying the stereoselectivity of pulegone reductase remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized a novel (-)-pulegone reductase from Nepeta tenuifolia (NtPR), which can catalyze (-)-pulegone to (+)-menthone and (-)-isomenthone through our RNA-seq, bioinformatic analysis in combination with in vitro enzyme activity assay, and determined the structure of (+)-pulegone reductase from M. piperita (MpPR) by using X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling and docking, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular dynamics simulations, and biochemical analysis. We identified and validated the critical residues in the crystal structure of MpPR involved in the binding of the substrate pulegone. We also further identified that residues Leu56, Val282, and Val284 determine the stereoselectivity of the substrate pulegone, and mainly contributes to the product stereoselectivity. This work not only provides a starting point for the understanding of stereoselectivity of pulegone reductases, but also offers a basis for the engineering of menthone/menthol biosynthetic enzymes to achieve high-titer, industrial-scale production of enantiomerically pure products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyu Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuo Shang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Siwei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjie Dang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Licheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Leferink NGH, Scrutton NS. Predictive Engineering of Class I Terpene Synthases Using Experimental and Computational Approaches. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100484. [PMID: 34669250 PMCID: PMC9298401 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a highly diverse group of natural products with considerable industrial interest. Increasingly, engineered microbes are used for the production of terpenoids to replace natural extracts and chemical synthesis. Terpene synthases (TSs) show a high level of functional plasticity and are responsible for the vast structural diversity observed in natural terpenoids. Their relatively inert active sites guide intrinsically reactive linear carbocation intermediates along one of many cyclisation paths via exertion of subtle steric and electrostatic control. Due to the absence of a strong protein interaction with these intermediates, there is a remarkable lack of sequence‐function relationship within the TS family, making product‐outcome predictions from sequences alone challenging. This, in combination with the fact that many TSs produce multiple products from a single substrate hampers the design and use of TSs in the biomanufacturing of terpenoids. This review highlights recent advances in genome mining, computational modelling, high‐throughput screening, and machine‐learning that will allow more predictive engineering of these fascinating enzymes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G H Leferink
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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26
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Chen S, Xie P, Li Y, Wang X, Liu H, Wang S, Han W, Wu R, Li X, Guan Y, Yang Z, Yu X. New Insights into Stress-Induced β-Ocimene Biosynthesis in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Leaves during Oolong Tea Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11656-11664. [PMID: 34554738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the major contributors to the floral odors of tea products, terpenoid volatiles play critical roles in the defense response of plants to multiple stresses. Until now, only a few TPS genes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) have been functionally validated. In this study, by comparative studies conducted at gene, protein, and metabolite levels during oolong tea processing, we isolated an ocimene synthase gene, CsOCS, which displays a low similarity to previously characterized tea ocimene synthases. Further prokaryotic expression and subcellular localization analysis showed that it is plastid-located and could produce (E)-β-ocimene and (Z)-β-ocimene using GPP as the substrate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 30 °C and 7.5, respectively. Treatment with exogenous methyl jasmonate elevated the transcript level of CsOCS and enhanced the emission of ocimene from tea leaves. Collectively, CsOCS is implicated as a key enzyme for β-ocimene synthesis during oolong tea processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Peifeng Xie
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yeye Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaxia Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenbo Han
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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27
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Hu T, Feng H, Zhao Y, Yang W, Liu R, Li G. Biochemical and functional characterization of two microbial type terpene synthases from moss Stereodon subimponens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:750-760. [PMID: 34217131 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes constitute a large class of plant secondary metabolites. Usually, there is only one type of terpene synthase in seed plants, which is called typical plant terpene synthase. Currently, as a new family of plant terpene synthases, microbial terpene synthase-like (MTPSL) is identificated in nonseed plants. However, our knowledge about the biological function of most MTPSLs in nonseed plants is very limited. Here, we investigated the biochemical and functional characterization of the enzymes encoded by two MTPSLs from moss Stereodon subimponens, SsMTPSL1 and SsMTPSL2. A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that SsMTPSL1 and SsMTPSL2 are homologous to AaMTPSL1, AaMTPSL3, ApMTPSL1, and ApMTPSL3 from hornworts. The enzyme activity experiment demonstrated that SsMTPSL1 has monoterpene synthase and sesquiterpene synthase activity, and SsMTPSL2 has monoterpene synthase activity. Next, we selected SsMTPSL1 to study its biochemical functions. Anti-bacterial activity test in vitro showed that the products of SsMTPSL1 have an anti-bacterial effect on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), and Staphylococcus aureus. To further understand the function of SsMTPSL1, the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant of SsMTPSL1 is inoculated by Pst DC3000, and the result showed that SsMTPSL1 enhances the resistance of A. thaliana to Pst DC3000. All in all, this study provides new information about the functions of moss MTPSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yapei Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Guanglin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
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28
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Ashaari NS, Ab Rahim MH, Sabri S, Lai KS, Song AAL, Abdul Rahim R, Ong Abdullah J. Kinetic studies and homology modeling of a dual-substrate linalool/nerolidol synthase from Plectranthus amboinicus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17094. [PMID: 34429465 PMCID: PMC8385045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Linalool and nerolidol are terpene alcohols that occur naturally in many aromatic plants and are commonly used in food and cosmetic industries as flavors and fragrances. In plants, linalool and nerolidol are biosynthesized as a result of respective linalool synthase and nerolidol synthase, or a single linalool/nerolidol synthase. In our previous work, we have isolated a linalool/nerolidol synthase (designated as PamTps1) from a local herbal plant, Plectranthus amboinicus, and successfully demonstrated the production of linalool and nerolidol in an Escherichia coli system. In this work, the biochemical properties of PamTps1 were analyzed, and its 3D homology model with the docking positions of its substrates, geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15) in the active site were constructed. PamTps1 exhibited the highest enzymatic activity at an optimal pH and temperature of 6.5 and 30 °C, respectively, and in the presence of 20 mM magnesium as a cofactor. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) values of 16.72 ± 1.32 µM and 9.57 × 10-3 µM-1 s-1, respectively, showed that PamTps1 had a higher binding affinity and specificity for GPP instead of FPP as expected for a monoterpene synthase. The PamTps1 exhibits feature of a class I terpene synthase fold that made up of α-helices architecture with N-terminal domain and catalytic C-terminal domain. Nine aromatic residues (W268, Y272, Y299, F371, Y378, Y379, F447, Y517 and Y523) outlined the hydrophobic walls of the active site cavity, whilst residues from the RRx8W motif, RxR motif, H-α1 and J-K loops formed the active site lid that shielded the highly reactive carbocationic intermediates from the solvents. The dual substrates use by PamTps1 was hypothesized to be possible due to the architecture and residues lining the catalytic site that can accommodate larger substrate (FPP) as demonstrated by the protein modelling and docking analysis. This model serves as a first glimpse into the structural insights of the PamTps1 catalytic active site as a multi-substrate linalool/nerolidol synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Suhanawati Ashaari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hairul Ab Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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29
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Huang ZY, Ye RY, Yu HL, Li AT, Xu JH. Mining methods and typical structural mechanisms of terpene cyclases. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:66. [PMID: 38650244 PMCID: PMC10992375 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, formed by cyclization and/or permutation of isoprenes, are the most diverse and abundant class of natural products with a broad range of significant functions. One family of the critical enzymes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis is terpene cyclases (TCs), also known as terpene synthases (TSs), which are responsible for forming the ring structure as a backbone of functionally diverse terpenoids. With the recent advances in biotechnology, the researches on terpene cyclases have gradually shifted from the genomic mining of novel enzyme resources to the analysis of their structures and mechanisms. In this review, we summarize both the new methods for genomic mining and the structural mechanisms of some typical terpene cyclases, which are helpful for the discovery, engineering and application of more and new TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ru-Yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ai-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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30
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Lei D, Qiu Z, Qiao J, Zhao GR. Plasticity engineering of plant monoterpene synthases and application for microbial production of monoterpenoids. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:147. [PMID: 34193244 PMCID: PMC8247113 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant monoterpenoids with structural diversities have extensive applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. Due to the strong dependence on the geographical locations and seasonal annual growth of plants, agricultural production for monoterpenoids is less effective. Chemical synthesis is also uneconomic because of its high cost and pollution. Recently, emerging synthetic biology enables engineered microbes to possess great potential for the production of plant monoterpenoids. Both acyclic and cyclic monoterpenoids have been synthesized from fermentative sugars through heterologously reconstructing monoterpenoid biosynthetic pathways in microbes. Acting as catalytic templates, plant monoterpene synthases (MTPSs) take elaborate control of the monoterpenoids production. Most plant MTPSs have broad substrate or product properties, and show functional plasticity. Thus, the substrate selectivity, product outcomes, or enzymatic activities can be achieved by the active site mutations and domain swapping of plant MTPSs. This makes plasticity engineering a promising way to engineer MTPSs for efficient production of natural and non-natural monoterpenoids in microbial cell factories. Here, this review summarizes the key advances in plasticity engineering of plant MTPSs, including the fundamental aspects of functional plasticity, the utilization of natural and non-natural substrates, and the outcomes from product isomers to complexity-divergent monoterpenoids. Furthermore, the applications of plasticity engineering for improving monoterpenoids production in microbes are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengwei Lei
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zetian Qiu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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31
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Huang LM, Huang H, Chuang YC, Chen WH, Wang CN, Chen HH. Evolution of Terpene Synthases in Orchidaceae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6947. [PMID: 34203299 PMCID: PMC8268431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are one of the major emitted volatile compounds released to the atmosphere. They have functions of attracting pollinators or defense function, insecticidal properties, and are even used as pharmaceutical agents. Because of the importance of terpenoids, an increasing number of plants are required to investigate the function and evolution of terpene synthases (TPSs) that are the key enzymes in terpenoids biosynthesis. Orchidacea, containing more than 800 genera and 28,000 species, is one of the largest and most diverse families of flowering plants, and is widely distributed. Here, the diversification of the TPSs evolution in Orchidaceae is revealed. A characterization and phylogeny of TPSs from four different species with whole genome sequences is available. Phylogenetic analysis of orchid TPSs indicates these genes are divided into TPS-a, -b, -e/f, and g subfamilies, and their duplicated copies are increased in derived orchid species compared to that in the early divergence orchid, A. shenzhenica. The large increase of both TPS-a and TPS-b copies can probably be attributed to the pro-duction of different volatile compounds for attracting pollinators or generating chemical defenses in derived orchid lineages; while the duplications of TPS-g and TPS-e/f copies occurred in a species-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Hsin Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Genome-Wide Analysis of Terpene Synthase Gene Family in Mentha longifolia and Catalytic Activity Analysis of a Single Terpene Synthase. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040518. [PMID: 33918244 PMCID: PMC8066702 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are a wide variety of natural products and terpene synthase (TPS) plays a key role in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. Mentha plants are rich in essential oils, whose main components are terpenoids, and their biosynthetic pathways have been basically elucidated. However, there is a lack of systematic identification and study of TPS in Mentha plants. In this work, we genome-widely identified and analyzed the TPS gene family in Mentha longifolia, a model plant for functional genomic research in the genus Mentha. A total of 63 TPS genes were identified in the M. longifolia genome sequence assembly, which could be divided into six subfamilies. The TPS-b subfamily had the largest number of genes, which might be related to the abundant monoterpenoids in Mentha plants. The TPS-e subfamily had 18 members and showed a significant species-specific expansion compared with other sequenced Lamiaceae plant species. The 63 TPS genes could be mapped to nine scaffolds of the M. longifolia genome sequence assembly and the distribution of these genes is uneven. Tandem duplicates and fragment duplicates contributed greatly to the increase in the number of TPS genes in M. longifolia. The conserved motifs (RR(X)8W, NSE/DTE, RXR, and DDXXD) were analyzed in M. longifolia TPSs, and significant differentiation was found between different subfamilies. Adaptive evolution analysis showed that M. longifolia TPSs were subjected to purifying selection after the species-specific expansion, and some amino acid residues under positive selection were identified. Furthermore, we also cloned and analyzed the catalytic activity of a single terpene synthase, MlongTPS29, which belongs to the TPS-b subfamily. MlongTPS29 could encode a limonene synthase and catalyze the biosynthesis of limonene, an important precursor of essential oils from the genus Mentha. This study provides useful information for the biosynthesis of terpenoids in the genus Mentha.
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Computer-Aid Directed Evolution of GPPS and PS Enzymes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6653500. [PMID: 33791370 PMCID: PMC7994089 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6653500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pinene, a natural active monoterpene, is widely used as a flavoring agent, perfume, medicine, and biofuel. Although genetically engineered microorganisms have successfully produced pinene, to date, the biological yield of pinene is much lower than that of semiterpenes (isoprene) and sesquiterpenes (farnesene). In addition to the low heterologous expression of geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS) and pinene synthase (PS), cytotoxicity due to accumulation of the monoterpene also limits the production of pinene in microorganisms. In this study, we attempted to use two strategies to increase the biological yield of pinene. By deleting the random coils of GPPS and PS alone or in combination, a strain with a 335% yield increase was obtained. Additionally, upon computer-guided molecular modeling and docking of GPPS with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), its substrate, the key sites located within the catalytic pocket for substrate binding, was predicted. After screening, a strain harboring the T273R mutation of GPPS was selected among a batch of mutations of the key sites with a 154% increase in pinene yield.
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Wang X, Pereira JH, Tsutakawa S, Fang X, Adams PD, Mukhopadhyay A, Lee TS. Efficient production of oxidized terpenoids via engineering fusion proteins of terpene synthase and cytochrome P450. Metab Eng 2021; 64:41-51. [PMID: 33482331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of terpenes using cytochrome P450 enzymes is a versatile route to the production of useful derivatives that can be further converted to value-added products. Many terpenes are hydrophobic and volatile making their availability as a substrate for P450 enzymes significantly limited during microbial production. In this study, we developed a strategy to improve the accessibility of terpene molecules for the P450 reaction by linking terpene synthase and P450 together. As a model system, fusion proteins of 1,8-cineole synthase (CS) and P450cin were investigated and it showed an improved hydroxylation of the monoterpenoid 1,8-cineole up to 5.4-fold. Structural analysis of the CS-P450cin fusion proteins by SEC-SAXS indicated a dimer formation with preferred orientations of the active sites of the two domains. We also applied the enzyme fusion strategy to the oxidation of a sesquiterpene epi-isozizaene and the fusion enzymes significantly improved albaflavenol production in engineered E. coli. From the analysis of positive and negative examples of the fusion strategy, we proposed key factors in structure-based prediction and evaluation of fusion enzymes. Developing fusion enzymes for terpene synthase and P450 presents an efficient strategy toward oxidation of hydrophobic terpene compounds. This strategy could be widely applicable to improve the biosynthetic titer of the functionalized products from hydrophobic terpene intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jose Henrique Pereira
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Susan Tsutakawa
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xinyue Fang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Ali M, Miao L, Hou Q, Darwish DB, Alrdahe SS, Ali A, Benedito VA, Tadege M, Wang X, Zhao J. Overexpression of Terpenoid Biosynthesis Genes From Garden Sage ( Salvia officinalis) Modulates Rhizobia Interaction and Nodulation in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:783269. [PMID: 35003167 PMCID: PMC8733304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, many endogenous and environmental factors affect root nodule formation through several key genes, and the regulation details of the nodulation signaling pathway are yet to be fully understood. This study investigated the potential roles of terpenoids and terpene biosynthesis genes on root nodule formation in Glycine max. We characterized six terpenoid synthesis genes from Salvia officinalis by overexpressing SoTPS6, SoNEOD, SoLINS, SoSABS, SoGPS, and SoCINS in soybean hairy roots and evaluating root growth and nodulation, and the expression of strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis and early nodulation genes. Interestingly, overexpression of some of the terpenoid and terpene genes increased nodule numbers, nodule and root fresh weight, and root length, while others inhibited these phenotypes. These results suggest the potential effects of terpenoids and terpene synthesis genes on soybean root growth and nodulation. This study provides novel insights into epistatic interactions between terpenoids, root development, and nodulation in soybean root biology and open new avenues for soybean research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali
- Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, North Sinai Research Station, Department of Genetic Resources, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Long Miao
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuqiang Hou
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Doaa B. Darwish
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Saleh Alrdahe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Plant Agricultural, Faculty of Agriculture Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Vagner A. Benedito
- Plant and Soil Sciences Division, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobo Wang,
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Jian Zhao, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-4416-7334
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Xu J, Peng G, Xu J, Li Y, Tong L, Yang D. Probing of the plasticity of the active site in pinene synthase elucidates its potential evolutionary mechanism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112573. [PMID: 33142148 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes form a class of highly diverse natural products. The diversity of terpenes is created by terpene synthases. During the reaction, carbocation intermediates form and their rearrangement could lead to the formation of various products. Terpene synthases determine the final product profile by controlling the conformation of the intermediate or stabilizing the carbocation. Pinene synthase is a monoterpene synthase catalyzing the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) to form pinene. Our study suggests that by mutating the aromatic residue F482 to Ala, Val, Ile and Thr, the enzyme can be converted to sabinene synthase, with more than 90% of its total terpene products becoming sabinene, which indicates the aromaticity of this residue is essential for stabilizing the pinyl carbocation. We also identified a mutation S491A that could cause an about 29% increase in the overall activity of the enzyme without altering its produce selectivity. Molecular dynamic simulation indicates this mutation could decrease the flexibility of the enzyme when it forms a complex with the pinyl carbocation. Our study suggests the active pocket of pinene synthase has a certain level of plasticity, making it relatively easy to change the product selectivity or overall activity. This property could have an important implication in the evolution of terpene synthases and thereby terpene diversity, as by changing a few residues an enzyme could synthesize a completely different terpene product in a significant amount, which allows selection to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xu
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guanzu Peng
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinkun Xu
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yi Li
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Li Tong
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Gao Q, Wang L, Zhang M, Wei Y, Lin W. Recent Advances on Feasible Strategies for Monoterpenoid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:609800. [PMID: 33335897 PMCID: PMC7736617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.609800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large diverse group of natural products which play important roles in plant metabolic activities. Monoterpenoids are the main components of plant essential oils and the active components of some traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Some monoterpenoids are widely used in medicine, cosmetics and other industries, and they are mainly obtained by plant biomass extraction methods. These plant extraction methods have some problems, such as low efficiency, unstable quality, and high cost. Moreover, the monoterpenoid production from plant cannot satisfy the growing monoterpenoids demand. The development of metabolic engineering, protein engineering and synthetic biology provides an opportunity to produce large amounts of monoterpenoids eco-friendly using microbial cell factories. This mini-review covers current monoterpenoids production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The monoterpenoids biosynthetic pathways, engineering of key monoterpenoids biosynthetic enzymes, and current monoterpenoids production using S. cerevisiae were summarized. In the future, metabolically engineered S. cerevisiae may provide one possible green and sustainable strategy for monoterpenoids supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Luan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Maosen Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
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Microbial production of limonene and its derivatives: Achievements and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ding G, Zhang S, Ma B, Liang J, Li H, Luo Y, He N. Origin and functional differentiation of (E)-β-ocimene synthases reflect the expansion of monoterpenes in angiosperms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6571-6586. [PMID: 32720987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of new metabolic activities is a major force driving evolution. We explored, from the perspectives of gene family expansion and the evolutionary adaptability of proteins, how new functions have arisen in which terpene synthases diverged. Monoterpenoids are diverse natural compounds that can be divided into cyclic and acyclic skeleton forms according to their chemical structure. We demonstrate, through phylogenetic reconstructions and genome synteny analyses, that the (E)-β-ocimene synthases, which are acyclic monoterpene synthases (mTPSs), appear to have arisen several times in independent lineages during plant evolution. Bioinformatics analyses and classical mutation experiments identified four sites (I388, F420, S446, and F485) playing important roles in the neofunctionalization of mTPSs. Incubation of neryl diphosphate with Salvia officinalis 1,8-cineole synthase (SCS) and mutated proteins show that these four sites obstruct the isomerization of geranyl diphosphate. Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics simulations of models of SCS, SCSY420F/I446S, and SCSN338I/Y420F/I446S/L485F with (3R)-linalyl diphosphate suggest that mutations changed the configuration of the intermediate to obtain new activities. These results provide new perspectives on the evolution of mTPSs, explain the convergent evolution of (E)-β-ocimene synthases at the molecular level, and identify key residues to control the specificity of engineered mTPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiubo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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40
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Liu G, Yang M, Fu J. Identification and characterization of two sesquiterpene synthase genes involved in volatile-mediated defense in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:650-657. [PMID: 32858427 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and their derivatives are vital components of tea aroma. Their constitution and quantity are highly important criteria for the sensory evaluation of teas. Biologically, terpenes are involved in chemical resistance of tea plant against biotic and/or abiotic stresses. The goal of this study is to identify volatile terpenes of tea plants implicated in defense against herbivores and to identify terpene synthase (TPS) genes for their biosynthesis. Upon herbivory by tea geometrid (Ectropis obliqua Prout), tea plants were found to emit two sesquiterpenes, (E, E)-α-farnesene and (E)-nerolidol, which were undetectable in intact tea plants. The induced emission of (E, E)-α-farnesene and (E)-nerolidol suggests that they function in either direct or indirect defense of tea plants against the tea geometrid. Candidate TPS genes were identified from the transcriptomes of tea plants infested by tea geometrids. Two dedicated sesquiterpene synthases, CsAFR and CsNES2, were identified. CsAFR belongs to the TPS-b clade and can catalyze the formation of (E, E)-α-farnesene from (E, E)-FPP. CsNES2 belongs to the TPS-g clade and can synthesize (E)-nerolidol using (E, E)-FPP. The two genes were also both dramatically upregulated by herbivore damage. In summary, we showed that two novel sesquiterpene synthase genes CsAFR and CsNSE2 are inducible by herbivory and responsible for the elevated emission of herbivore-induced (E, E)-α-farnesene and (E)-nerolidol, which are implicated in tea plant defense against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 310008, Hangzhou, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 310008, Hangzhou, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 310008, Hangzhou, China.
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41
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Malico AA, Calzini MA, Gayen AK, Williams GJ. Synthetic biology, combinatorial biosynthesis, and chemo‑enzymatic synthesis of isoprenoids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:675-702. [PMID: 32880770 PMCID: PMC7666032 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are a large class of natural products with myriad applications as bioactive and commercial compounds. Their diverse structures are derived from the biosynthetic assembly and tailoring of their scaffolds, ultimately constructed from two C5 hemiterpene building blocks. The modular logic of these platforms can be harnessed to improve titers of valuable isoprenoids in diverse hosts and to produce new-to-nature compounds. Often, this process is facilitated by the substrate or product promiscuity of the component enzymes, which can be leveraged to produce novel isoprenoids. To complement rational enhancements and even re-programming of isoprenoid biosynthesis, high-throughput approaches that rely on searching through large enzymatic libraries are being developed. This review summarizes recent advances and strategies related to isoprenoid synthetic biology, combinatorial biosynthesis, and chemo-enzymatic synthesis, focusing on the past 5 years. Emerging applications of cell-free biosynthesis and high-throughput tools are included that culminate in a discussion of the future outlook and perspective of isoprenoid biosynthetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miles A Calzini
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anuran K Gayen
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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A monodomain class II terpene cyclase assembles complex isoprenoid scaffolds. Nat Chem 2020; 12:968-972. [PMID: 32778689 PMCID: PMC7613056 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Class II terpene cyclases, such as oxidosqualene and squalene-hopene cyclases, catalyze some of the most complex polycyclization reactions. They minimally exhibit a β,γ-didomain architecture that has been evolutionarily repurposed in a wide range of terpene-processing enzymes and likely resulted from a fusion of unidentified monodomain proteins. Although single domain class I terpene cyclases have already been identified, single domain class II terpene cyclases have not been previously reported. Here we report high-resolution X-ray structures of a monodomain class II cyclase, merosterolic acid synthase (MstE). With a minimalistic β-domain architecture, this cyanobacterial enzyme is able to construct four rings in cytotoxic meroterpenoids with a sterol-like topology. The structures with bound substrate, product, and inhibitor provide detailed snapshots of a cyclization mechanism largely governed by residues located in a noncanonical enzyme region. Our results complement the few known class II cyclase crystal structures, while also indicating that archaic monodomain cyclases might have already catalyzed complex reaction cascades.
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43
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Ashaari NS, Ab. Rahim MH, Sabri S, Lai KS, Song AAL, Abdul Rahim R, Wan Abdullah WMAN, Ong Abdullah J. Functional characterization of a new terpene synthase from Plectranthus amboinicus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235416. [PMID: 32614884 PMCID: PMC7332032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is an aromatic medicinal herb known for its therapeutic and nutritional properties attributed by the presence of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds. Up until now, research on terpenoid biosynthesis has focused on a few mint species with economic importance such as thyme and oregano, yet the terpene synthases responsible for monoterpene production in P. amboinicus have not been described. Here we report the isolation, heterologous expression and functional characterization of a terpene synthase involved in P. amboinicus terpenoid biosynthesis. A putative monoterpene synthase gene (PamTps1) from P. amboinicus was isolated with an open reading frame of 1797 bp encoding a predicted protein of 598 amino acids with molecular weight of 69.6 kDa. PamTps1 shares 60–70% amino acid sequence similarity with other known terpene synthases of Lamiaceae. The in vitro enzymatic activity of PamTps1 demonstrated the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate exclusively into linalool and nerolidol, respectively, and thus PamTps1 was classified as a linalool/nerolidol synthase. In vivo activity of PamTps1 in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain revealed production of linalool and nerolidol which correlated with its in vitro activity. This outcome validated the multi-substrate usage of this enzyme in producing linalool and nerolidol both in in vivo and in vitro systems. The transcript level of PamTps1 was prominent in the leaf during daytime as compared to the stem. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that maximal linalool level was released during the daytime and lower at night following a diurnal circadian pattern which correlated with the PamTps1 expression pattern. The PamTps1 cloned herein provides a molecular basis for the terpenoid biosynthesis in this local herb that could be exploited for valuable production using metabolic engineering in both microbial and plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Suhanawati Ashaari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hairul Ab. Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab of Emirates
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Exploring the catalytic cascade of cembranoid biosynthesis by combination of genetic engineering and molecular simulations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1819-1829. [PMID: 32695274 PMCID: PMC7365961 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
While chemical steps involved in bioactive cembranoid biosynthesis have been examined, the corresponding enzymatic mechanisms leading to their formation remain elusive. In the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum, a putative cembratriene-ol synthase (CBTS) initiates the catalytic cascade that lead to the biosynthesis of cembratriene-4,6-diols, which displays antibacterial- and anti-proliferative activities. We report here on structural homology models, functional studies, and mechanistic explorations of this enzyme using a combination of biosynthetic and computational methods. This approach guided us to develop an efficient de novo production of five bioactive non- and monohydroxylated cembranoids. Our homology models in combination with quantum and classical simulations suggested putative principles of the CBTS catalytic cycle, and provided a possible rationale for the formation of premature olefinic side products. Moreover, the functional reconstruction of a N. tabacum-derived class II P450 with a cognate CPR, obtained by transcriptome mining provided for production of bioactive cembratriene-4,6-diols. Our combined findings provide mechanistic insights into cembranoid biosynthesis, and a basis for the sustainable industrial production of highly valuable bioactive cembranoids.
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Zhang T, Guo Y, Shi X, Yang Y, Chen J, Zhang Q, Sun M. Overexpression of LiTPS2 from a cultivar of lily (Lilium 'Siberia') enhances the monoterpenoids content in tobacco flowers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:391-399. [PMID: 32278293 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lily, a famous cut flower with highly fragrance, has high ornamental and economic values. Monoterpenes are the main components contributing to its fragrance, and terpene synthase (TPS) genes play critical roles in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids. To understand the function of TPS and to explore the molecular mechanism of floral scent in cultivar Lilium 'Siberia', transcriptomes of petal at different flowering stages and leaf were obtained by RNA sequencing and three unigenes related to TPS genes were selected for further validation. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expression level of LiTPS2 was greater than that of the other two TPS genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that LiTPS2 belonged to the TPSb subfamily, which was responsible for monoterpenes synthesis. Subcellular localization demonstrated that LiTPS2 was located in the chloroplasts. Furthermore, functional characterization showed that LiTPS2 utilized both geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to produce monoterpenoids such as linalool and sesquiterpenes like trans-nerolidol, respectively. Ectopic expression in transgenic tobacco plants suggested that the amount of linalool from the flowers of transgenic plants was 2-3 fold higher than that of wild-type plants. And the emissions of myrcene and (E)-β-ocimene were also accumulated from the flowers of LiTPS2 transgenic lines. Surprisingly, these three compounds were the main fragrance components of oriental lily hybrids. Our results indicated that LiTPS2 contributed to the production of monoterpenes and could effectively regulate the aroma of Lilium cultivars, laying the foundation for biotechnological modification of floral scent profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengxun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjuan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Juntong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Smit SJ, Vivier MA, Young PR. Comparative (Within Species) Genomics of the Vitis vinifera L. Terpene Synthase Family to Explore the Impact of Genotypic Variation Using Phased Diploid Genomes. Front Genet 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32431727 PMCID: PMC7216305 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vitis vinifera L. terpene synthase (VviTPS) family was comprehensively annotated on the phased diploid genomes of three closely related cultivars: Cabernet Sauvignon, Carménère and Chardonnay. VviTPS gene regions were grouped to chromosomes, with the haplotig assemblies used to identify allelic variants. Functional predictions of the VviTPS subfamilies were performed using enzyme active site phylogenies resulting in the putative identification of the initial substrate and cyclization mechanism of VviTPS enzymes. Subsequent groupings into conserved catalytic mechanisms was coupled with an analysis of cultivar-specific gene duplications, resulting in the identification of conserved and unique VviTPS clusters. These findings are presented as a collection of interactive networks where any VviTPS of interest can be queried through BLAST, allowing for a rapid identification of VviTPS-subfamily, enzyme mechanism and degree of connectivity (i.e., extent of duplication). The comparative genomic analyses presented expands our understanding of the VviTPS family and provides numerous new gene models from three diploid genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Richard Young
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Srividya N, Lange I, Lange BM. Determinants of Enantiospecificity in Limonene Synthases. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1661-1664. [PMID: 32293167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene synthases catalyze the first committed step in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes and are in part responsible for the enormous structural diversity among this class of metabolites. Here, we explore the structure-function relationships underlying the formation of limonene enantiomers in limonene synthases that bind geranyl diphosphate as a common substrate. On the basis of analyses that consider both crystal structure data and amino acid sequence divergence, we identified candidate active site residues with potential roles in catalyzing reactions that involve accommodating reaction intermediates of opposite enantiomeric series. We demonstrate that spearmint (-)-limonene synthase [which generates >99% (-)-limonene over (+)-limonene] can be converted into a mutant enzyme, by exchanging four residues (C321S, N345I, I453V, and M458V), which produces (+)-limonene with reversed enantiospecificity [80% (+)-limonene and 3% (-)-limonene; the remainder are mostly bicyclic monoterpenes]. This study provides the foundation for a more in-depth understanding of the formation of enantiomeric series of monoterpenes, which can have vastly different olfactory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
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Rastogi S, Shah S, Kumar R, Kumar A, Shasany AK. Comparative temporal metabolomics studies to investigate interspecies variation in three Ocimum species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5234. [PMID: 32251340 PMCID: PMC7089951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocimum is one of the most revered medicinally useful plants which have various species. Each of the species is distinct in terms of metabolite composition as well as the medicinal property. Some basil types are used more often as an aromatic and flavoring ingredient. It would be informative to know relatedness among the species which though belong to the same genera while exclusively different in terms of metabolic composition and the operating pathways. In the present investigation the similar effort has been made in order to differentiate three commonly occurring Ocimum species having the high medicinal value, these are Ocimum sanctum, O. gratissimum and O. kilimandscharicum. The parameters for the comparative analysis of these three Ocimum species comprised of temporal changes in number leaf trichomes, essential oil composition, phenylpropanoid pathway genes expression and the activity of important enzymes. O. gratissimum was found to be richest in phenylpropanoid accumulation as well as their gene expression when compared to O. sanctum while O. kilimandscharicum was found to be accumulating terpenoid. In order to get an overview of this qualitative and quantitative regulation of terpenes and phenylpropenes, the expression pattern of some important transcription factors involved in secondary metabolism were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Rastogi
- Centre for Biotechnology, Shiksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Saumya Shah
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
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Jiang SY, Jin J, Sarojam R, Ramachandran S. A Comprehensive Survey on the Terpene Synthase Gene Family Provides New Insight into Its Evolutionary Patterns. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2078-2098. [PMID: 31304957 PMCID: PMC6681836 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are organic compounds and play important roles in plant growth and development as well as in mediating interactions of plants with the environment. Terpene synthases (TPSs) are the key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenes. Although some species were employed for the genome-wide identification and characterization of the TPS family, limited information is available regarding the evolution, expansion, and retention mechanisms occurring in this gene family. We performed a genome-wide identification of the TPS family members in 50 sequenced genomes. Additionally, we also characterized the TPS family from aromatic spearmint and basil plants using RNA-Seq data. No TPSs were identified in algae genomes but the remaining plant species encoded various numbers of the family members ranging from 2 to 79 full-length TPSs. Some species showed lineage-specific expansion of certain subfamilies, which might have contributed toward species or ecotype divergence or environmental adaptation. A large-scale family expansion was observed mainly in dicot and monocot plants, which was accompanied by frequent domain loss. Both tandem and segmental duplication significantly contributed toward family expansion and expression divergence and played important roles in the survival of these expanded genes. Our data provide new insight into the TPS family expansion and evolution and suggest that TPSs might have originated from isoprenyl diphosphate synthase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ye Jiang
- Genome Structural Biology Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingjing Jin
- Genome Structural Biology Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,China Tobacco Gene Research Centre, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Genome Structural Biology Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Genome Structural Biology Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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50
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On the Evolution and Functional Diversity of Terpene Synthases in the Pinus Species: A Review. J Mol Evol 2020; 88:253-283. [PMID: 32036402 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the biosynthesis of terpenoids, the ample catalytic versatility of terpene synthases (TPS) allows the formation of thousands of different molecules. A steadily increasing number of sequenced plant genomes invariably show that the TPS gene family is medium to large in size, comprising from 30 to 100 functional members. In conifers, TPSs belonging to the gymnosperm-specific TPS-d subfamily produce a complex mixture of mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenoid specialized metabolites, which are found in volatile emissions and oleoresin secretions. Such substances are involved in the defence against pathogens and herbivores and can help to protect against abiotic stress. Oleoresin terpenoids can be also profitably used in a number of different fields, from traditional and modern medicine to fine chemicals, fragrances, and flavours, and, in the last years, in biorefinery too. In the present work, after summarizing the current views on the biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids, recent advances on the evolution and functional diversification of plant TPSs are reviewed, with a focus on gymnosperms. In such context, an extensive characterization and phylogeny of all the known TPSs from different Pinus species is reported, which, for such genus, can be seen as the first effort to explore the evolutionary history of the large family of TPS genes involved in specialized metabolism. Finally, an approach is described in which the phylogeny of TPSs in Pinus spp. has been exploited to isolate for the first time mono-TPS sequences from Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, an ecologically important endemic pine in the Mediterranean area.
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