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Díaz MM, Tsenkina Y, Arizanovska D, Mehlen P, Liebl DJ. DCC/netrin-1 regulates cell death in oligodendrocytes after brain injury. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:397-406. [PMID: 36456775 PMCID: PMC9950151 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hallmark pathological features of brain trauma are axonal degeneration and demyelination because myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (OLs) are particularly vulnerable to injury-induced death signals. To reveal mechanisms responsible for this OL loss, we examined a novel class of "death receptors" called dependence receptors (DepRs). DepRs initiate pro-death signals in the absence of their respective ligand(s), yet little is known about their role after injury. Here, we investigated whether the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) DepR contributes to OL loss after brain injury. We found that administration of its netrin-1 ligand is sufficient to block OL cell death. We also show that upon acute injury, DCC is upregulated while netrin-1 is downregulated in perilesional tissues. Moreover, after genetically silencing pro-death activity using DCCD1290N mutant mice, we observed greater OL survival, greater myelin integrity, and improved motor function. Our findings uncover a novel role for the netrin-1/DCC pathway in regulating OL loss in the traumatically injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelen M Díaz
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yanina Tsenkina
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dena Arizanovska
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université de Lyon1, Lyon, France.
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Chen G, Ahn EH, Kang SS, Xia Y, Liu X, Zhang Z, Ye K. UNC5C Receptor Proteolytic Cleavage by Active AEP Promotes Dopaminergic Neuronal Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103396. [PMID: 35023303 PMCID: PMC8895126 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Netrin-1 is a chemotropic cue mediating axon growth and neural migration in neuronal development, and its receptors deletion in colorectal cancer and UNC5s act as dependence receptors regulating neuronal apoptosis. Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) is an age-dependent protease that cuts human alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) at N103 and triggers its aggregation and neurotoxicity. In the current study, it is reported that UNC5C receptor is cleaved by AEP in Parkinson's disease (PD) and facilitates dopaminergic neuronal loss. UNC5C is truncated by active AEP in human α-SNCA transgenic mice in an age-dependent manner or induced by neurotoxin rotenone. Moreover, UNC5C is fragmented by AEP in PD brains, inversely correlated with reduced netrin-1 levels. Netrin-1 deprivation in primary cultures induces AEP and caspase-3 activation, triggering UNC5C proteolytic fragmentation and enhancing neuronal loss. Noticeably, blocking UNC5C cleavage by AEP attenuates netrin-1 deprivation-elicited neuronal death and motor disorders in netrin flox/flox mice. Overexpression of AEP-truncated UNC5C intracellular fragment strongly elicits α-Syn aggregation and dopaminergic loss, locomotor deficits in α-SNCA transgenic mice. Hence, the findings demonstrate that netrin-1 reduction and UNC5C truncation by AEP contribute to PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30322USA
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei Province430060China
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Yiyuan Xia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of NeurologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubei Province430060China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30322USA
- Faculty of Life and Health SciencesShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of ScienceShenzhenGuangdong518035China
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI)Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of ScienceShenzhenGuangdong518035China
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3
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Russell SA, Laws KM, Bashaw GJ. Frazzled/Dcc acts independently of Netrin to promote germline survival during Drosophila oogenesis. Development 2021; 148:dev199762. [PMID: 34910816 PMCID: PMC8722396 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Netrin receptor Frazzled/Dcc (Fra in Drosophila) functions in diverse tissue contexts to regulate cell migration, axon guidance and cell survival. Fra signals in response to Netrin to regulate the cytoskeleton and also acts independently of Netrin to directly regulate transcription during axon guidance in Drosophila. In other contexts, Dcc acts as a tumor suppressor by directly promoting apoptosis. In this study, we report that Fra is required in the Drosophila female germline for the progression of egg chambers through mid-oogenesis. Loss of Fra in the germline, but not the somatic cells of the ovary, results in the degeneration of egg chambers. Although a failure in nutrient sensing and disruptions in egg chamber polarity can result in degeneration at mid-oogenesis, these factors do not appear to be affected in fra germline mutants. However, similar to the degeneration that occurs in those contexts, the cell death effector Dcp-1 is activated in fra germline mutants. The function of Fra in the female germline is independent of Netrin and requires the transcriptional activation domain of Fra. In contrast to the role of Dcc in promoting cell death, our observations reveal a role for Fra in regulating germline survival by inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlin M. Laws
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Greg J. Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Jurkute N, Bertacchi M, Arno G, Tocco C, Kim US, Kruszewski AM, Avery RA, Bedoukian EC, Han J, Ahn SJ, Pontikos N, Acheson J, Davagnanam I, Bowman R, Kaliakatsos M, Gardham A, Wakeling E, Oluonye N, Reddy MA, Clark E, Rosser E, Amati-Bonneau P, Charif M, Lenaers G, Meunier I, Defoort S, Vincent-Delorme C, Robson AG, Holder GE, Jeanjean L, Martinez-Monseny A, Vidal-Santacana M, Dominici C, Gaggioli C, Giordano N, Caleo M, Liu GT, Webster AR, Studer M, Yu-Wai-Man P. Pathogenic NR2F1 variants cause a developmental ocular phenotype recapitulated in a mutant mouse model. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab162. [PMID: 34466801 PMCID: PMC8397830 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic NR2F1 variants cause a rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder referred to as the Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome. Although visual loss is a prominent feature seen in affected individuals, the molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to visual impairment are still poorly characterized. We conducted a deep phenotyping study on a cohort of 22 individuals carrying pathogenic NR2F1 variants to document the neurodevelopmental and ophthalmological manifestations, in particular the structural and functional changes within the retina and the optic nerve, which have not been detailed previously. The visual impairment became apparent in early childhood with small and/or tilted hypoplastic optic nerves observed in 10 cases. High-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging confirmed significant loss of retinal ganglion cells with thinning of the ganglion cell layer, consistent with electrophysiological evidence of retinal ganglion cells dysfunction. Interestingly, for those individuals with available longitudinal ophthalmological data, there was no significant deterioration in visual function during the period of follow-up. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography studies showed defective connections and disorganization of the extracortical visual pathways. To further investigate how pathogenic NR2F1 variants impact on retinal and optic nerve development, we took advantage of an Nr2f1 mutant mouse disease model. Abnormal retinogenesis in early stages of development was observed in Nr2f1 mutant mice with decreased retinal ganglion cell density and disruption of retinal ganglion cell axonal guidance from the neural retina into the optic stalk, accounting for the development of optic nerve hypoplasia. The mutant mice showed significantly reduced visual acuity based on electrophysiological parameters with marked conduction delay and decreased amplitude of the recordings in the superficial layers of the visual cortex. The clinical observations in our study cohort, supported by the mouse data, suggest an early neurodevelopmental origin for the retinal and optic nerve head defects caused by NR2F1 pathogenic variants, resulting in congenital vision loss that seems to be non-progressive. We propose NR2F1 as a major gene that orchestrates early retinal and optic nerve head development, playing a key role in the maturation of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Jurkute
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Gavin Arno
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Ungsoo Samuel Kim
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Adam M Kruszewski
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Avery
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emma C Bedoukian
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jinu Han
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jun Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Acheson
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Indran Davagnanam
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Richard Bowman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Marios Kaliakatsos
- Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alice Gardham
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | - Emma Wakeling
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ngozi Oluonye
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Wolfson Neurodisability Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maddy Ashwin Reddy
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Elaine Clark
- Department of Neuroscience, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Rosser
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrizia Amati-Bonneau
- MitoLab Team, UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France
- Genetics and Immuno-cell Therapy Team, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Majida Charif
- MitoLab Team, UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
- National Center for Rare Diseases, Inherited Sensory Disorders, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- MitoLab Team, UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Defoort
- Service d'exploration de la vision et neuro-ophtalmologie, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Anthony G Robson
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Graham E Holder
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luc Jeanjean
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Nimes, Nimes, France
| | | | | | - Chloé Dominici
- University Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Cedric Gaggioli
- University Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Grant T Liu
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Webster
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Kirolos SA, Rijal R, Consalvo KM, Gomer RH. Using Dictyostelium to Develop Therapeutics for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710005. [PMID: 34350188 PMCID: PMC8326840 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves damage to lungs causing an influx of neutrophils from the blood into the lung airspaces, and the neutrophils causing further damage, which attracts more neutrophils in a vicious cycle. There are ∼190,000 cases of ARDS per year in the US, and because of the lack of therapeutics, the mortality rate is ∼40%. Repelling neutrophils out of the lung airspaces, or simply preventing neutrophil entry, is a potential therapeutic. In this minireview, we discuss how our lab noticed that a protein called AprA secreted by growing Dictyostelium cells functions as a repellent for Dictyostelium cells, causing cells to move away from a source of AprA. We then found that AprA has structural similarity to a human secreted protein called dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), and that DPPIV is a repellent for human neutrophils. In animal models of ARDS, inhalation of DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics blocks neutrophil influx into the lungs. To move DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics into the clinic, we need to know how this repulsion works to understand possible drug interactions and side effects. Combining biochemistry and genetics in Dictyostelium to elucidate the AprA signal transduction pathway, followed by drug studies in human neutrophils to determine similarities and differences between neutrophil and Dictyostelium chemorepulsion, will hopefully lead to the safe use of DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard H. Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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6
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Jasmin M, Ahn EH, Voutilainen MH, Fombonne J, Guix C, Viljakainen T, Kang SS, Yu L, Saarma M, Mehlen P, Ye K. Netrin-1 and its receptor DCC modulate survival and death of dopamine neurons and Parkinson's disease features. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105537. [PMID: 33351190 PMCID: PMC7849168 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The netrin-1/DCC ligand/receptor pair has key roles in central nervous system (CNS) development, mediating axonal, and neuronal navigation. Although expression of netrin-1 and DCC is maintained in the adult brain, little is known about their role in mature neurons. Notably, netrin-1 is highly expressed in the adult substantia nigra, leading us to investigate a role of the netrin-1/DCC pair in adult nigral neuron fate. Here, we show that silencing netrin-1 in the adult substantia nigra of mice induces DCC cleavage and a significant loss of dopamine neurons, resulting in motor deficits. Because loss of adult dopamine neurons and motor impairments are features of Parkinson's disease (PD), we studied the potential impact of netrin-1 in different animal models of PD. We demonstrate that both overexpression of netrin-1 and brain administration of recombinant netrin-1 are neuroprotective and neurorestorative in mouse and rat models of PD. Of interest, we observed that netrin-1 levels are significantly reduced in PD patient brain samples. These results highlight the key role of netrin-1 in adult dopamine neuron fate, and the therapeutic potential of targeting netrin-1 signaling in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Jasmin
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory – Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’LabEx DEVweCANCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052‐CNRS UMR5286Centre Léon BérardUniversité de LyonUniversité de Lyon1LyonFrance
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Merja H Voutilainen
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Division of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Joanna Fombonne
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory – Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’LabEx DEVweCANCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052‐CNRS UMR5286Centre Léon BérardUniversité de LyonUniversité de Lyon1LyonFrance
| | - Catherine Guix
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory – Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’LabEx DEVweCANCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052‐CNRS UMR5286Centre Léon BérardUniversité de LyonUniversité de Lyon1LyonFrance
| | - Tuulikki Viljakainen
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Division of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Li‐ying Yu
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of BiotechnologyHiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory – Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’LabEx DEVweCANCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LyonINSERM U1052‐CNRS UMR5286Centre Léon BérardUniversité de LyonUniversité de Lyon1LyonFrance
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
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7
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Morgunova A, Pokhvisneva I, Nolvi S, Entringer S, Wadhwa P, Gilmore J, Styner M, Buss C, Sassi RB, Hall GBC, O'Donnell KJ, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Flores CA. DCC gene network in the prefrontal cortex is associated with total brain volume in childhood. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E154-E163. [PMID: 33206040 PMCID: PMC7955849 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in the guidance cue DCC gene is linked to psychopathologies involving dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex. We created an expression-based polygenic risk score (ePRS) based on the DCC coexpression gene network in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesizing that it would be associated with individual differences in total brain volume. METHODS We filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genes coexpressed with DCC in the prefrontal cortex obtained from an adult postmortem donors database (BrainEAC) for genes enriched in children 1.5 to 11 years old (BrainSpan). The SNPs were weighted by their effect size in predicting gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, multiplied by their allele number based on an individual's genotype data, and then summarized into an ePRS. We evaluated associations between the DCC ePRS and total brain volume in children in 2 community-based cohorts: the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) and University of California, Irvine (UCI) projects. For comparison, we calculated a conventional PRS based on a genome-wide association study of total brain volume. RESULTS Higher ePRS was associated with higher total brain volume in children 8 to 10 years old (β = 0.212, p = 0.043; n = 88). The conventional PRS at several different thresholds did not predict total brain volume in this cohort. A replication analysis in an independent cohort of newborns from the UCI study showed an association between the ePRS and newborn total brain volume (β = 0.101, p = 0.048; n = 80). The genes included in the ePRS demonstrated high levels of coexpression throughout the lifespan and are primarily involved in regulating cellular function. LIMITATIONS The relatively small sample size and age differences between the main and replication cohorts were limitations. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the DCC coexpression network in the prefrontal cortex is critically involved in whole brain development during the first decade of life. Genes comprising the ePRS are involved in gene translation control and cell adhesion, and their expression in the prefrontal cortex at different stages of life provides a snapshot of their dynamic recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Morgunova
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Saara Nolvi
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Sonja Entringer
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Pathik Wadhwa
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - John Gilmore
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Martin Styner
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Claudia Buss
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Roberto Britto Sassi
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Geoffrey B C Hall
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Michael J Meaney
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Cecilia A Flores
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
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Growth cone repulsion to Netrin-1 depends on lipid raft microdomains enriched in UNC5 receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:2797-2820. [PMID: 33095273 PMCID: PMC8004515 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During brain development, Uncoordinated locomotion 5 (UNC5) receptors control axonal extension through their sensing of the guidance molecule Netrin-1. The correct positioning of receptors into cholesterol-enriched membrane raft microdomains is crucial for the efficient transduction of the recognized signals. However, whether such microdomains are required for the appropriate axonal guidance mediated by UNC5 receptors remains unknown. Here, we combine the use of confocal microscopy, live-cell FRAP analysis and single-particle tracking PALM to characterize the distribution of UNC5 receptors into raft microdomains, revealing differences in their membrane mobility properties. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches in primary neuronal cultures and brain cerebellar explants we further demonstrate that disrupting raft microdomains inhibits the chemorepulsive response of growth cones and axons against Netrin-1. Together, our findings indicate that the distribution of all UNC5 receptors into cholesterol-enriched raft microdomains is heterogeneous and that the specific localization has functional consequences for the axonal chemorepulsion against Netrin-1.
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Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Induces Apoptosis in Mammalian Cells through the UNC5B Pathway in a PP2A-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02187-19. [PMID: 32404521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02187-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNC5B is a dependence receptor that promotes survival in the presence of its ligand, netrin-1, while inducing cell death in its absence. The receptor has an important role in the development of the nervous and vascular systems. It is also involved in the normal turnover of intestinal epithelium. Netrin-1 and UNC5B are deregulated in multiple cancers, including colorectal, neuroblastoma, and breast tumors. However, the detailed mechanism of UNC5B function is not fully understood. We have utilized the murine polyomavirus small T antigen (PyST) as a tool to study UNC5B-mediated apoptosis. PyST is known to induce mitotic arrest followed by extensive cell death in mammalian cells. Our results show that the expression of PyST increases mRNA levels of UNC5B by approximately 3-fold in osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) and also stabilizes UNC5B at the posttranslational level. Furthermore, UNC5B is upregulated predominantly in those cells that undergo mitotic arrest upon PyST expression. Interestingly, although its expression was previously reported to be regulated by p53, our data show that the increase in UNC5B levels by PyST is p53 independent. The posttranslational stabilization of UNC5B by PyST is regulated by the interaction of PyST with PP2A. We also show that netrin-1 expression, which is known to inhibit UNC5B apoptotic activity, promotes survival of PyST-expressing cells. Our results thus suggest an important role of UNC5B in small-T antigen-induced mitotic catastrophe that also requires PP2A.IMPORTANCE UNC5B, PP2A, and netrin-1 are deregulated in a variety of cancers. UNC5B and PP2A are regarded as tumor suppressors, as they promote apoptosis and are deleted or mutated in many cancers. In contrast, netrin-1 promotes survival by inhibiting dependence receptors, including UNC5B, and is upregulated in many cancers. Here, we show that UNC5B-mediated apoptosis can occur independently of p53 but in a PP2A-dependent manner. A substantial percentage of cancers arise due to p53 mutations and are insensitive to chemotherapeutic treatments that activate p53. Unexpectedly, treatment of cancers having functional p53 with many conventional drugs leads to the upregulation of netrin-1 through activated p53, which is counterintuitive. Therefore, understanding the p53-independent mechanisms of the netrin-UNC5B axis, such as those involving PP2A, assumes greater clinical significance. Anticancer strategies utilizing anti-netrin-1 antibody treatment are already in clinical trials.
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10
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Bissey PA, Mathot P, Guix C, Jasmin M, Goddard I, Costechareyre C, Gadot N, Delcros JG, Mali SM, Fasan R, Arrigo AP, Dante R, Ichim G, Mehlen P, Fombonne J. Blocking SHH/Patched Interaction Triggers Tumor Growth Inhibition through Patched-Induced Apoptosis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1970-1980. [PMID: 32060146 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway plays a key role in cancer. Alterations of SHH canonical signaling, causally linked to tumor progression, have become rational targets for cancer therapy. However, Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors have failed to show clinical benefit in patients with cancers displaying SHH autocrine/paracrine expression. We reported earlier that the SHH receptor Patched (PTCH) is a dependence receptor that triggers apoptosis in the absence of SHH through a pathway that differs from the canonical one, thus generating a state of dependence on SHH for survival. Here, we propose a dual function for SHH: its binding to PTCH not only activates the SHH canonical pathway but also blocks PTCH-induced apoptosis. Eighty percent, 64%, and 8% of human colon, pancreatic, and lung cancer cells, respectively, overexpressed SHH at transcriptional and protein levels. In addition, SHH-overexpressing cells expressed all the effectors of the PTCH-induced apoptotic pathway. Although the canonical pathway remained unchanged, autocrine SHH interference in colon, pancreatic, and lung cell lines triggered cell death through PTCH proapoptotic signaling. In vivo, SHH interference in colon cancer cell lines decreased primary tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, the antitumor effect associated to SHH deprivation, usually thought to be a consequence of the inactivation of the canonical SHH pathway, is, at least in part, because of the engagement of PTCH proapoptotic activity. Together, these data strongly suggest that therapeutic strategies based on the disruption of SHH/PTCH interaction in SHH-overexpressing cancers should be explored. SIGNIFICANCE: Sonic Hedgehog-overexpressing tumors express PTCH-induced cell death effectors, suggesting that this death signaling could be activated as an antitumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Bissey
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Mathot
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Guix
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Mélissa Jasmin
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Goddard
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Leon Bérard, Laboratoire des Modèles Tumoraux (LMT) Fondation Synergie Lyon Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Clélia Costechareyre
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Gadot
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Anapath, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon
| | - Jean-Guy Delcros
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - André-Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Robert Dante
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Gabriel Ichim
- Cancer Cell death Lab, Cancer Reasearch Center of Lyon (CRCL), LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. .,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Anapath, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon
| | - Joanna Fombonne
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut Convergence PLASCAN, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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11
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Wang L, Zhao L, Zhang L, Liu X, Hou X, Gao H, Yan H, Zhao F, Wang L. NTN1 Affects Porcine Intramuscular Fat Content by Affecting the Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090609. [PMID: 31461826 PMCID: PMC6770873 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a key meat quality trait in the pork industry. In this study, we validated the effect of the copy number of Netrin-1 (NTN1-CNV) on Netrin-1 (NTN1) protein expression and explored the possible affective mechanism of NTN1 on IMF. The results indicated that NTN1-CNV may affect the expression of NTN1 protein by its gene dose, and the expression of NTN1 may affect the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and finally influence the IMF content. Abstract Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is an important economic trait for pork quality. Our previous results regarding the genome-wide association between IMF content and copy number variations (CNVs) indicated that the CNV within Netrin-1(NTN1-CNV) was significantly associated with IMF. In order to validate the effect of NTN1-CNV, we detected the Netrin-1 (NTN1) gene dose and protein expression content in the longissimus dorsi of different IMF content pigs using Western blotting and investigated the expression of NTN1 RNA in different tissues using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The knock-down of the NTN1 gene in C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells and over-expression in C2C12 cells during the proliferation and differentiation stage were also investigated to explore the possible pathway of action of NTN1. The results showed that in individuals with IMF content differences, the gene dose of NTN1 and the expression of NTN1 protein were also significantly different, which indicated that NTN1-CNV may directly affect IMF by its coding protein. NTN1 had the highest expression in pig longissimus dorsi and backfat tissues, which indicates that NTN1 may play an important role in muscle and fat tissues. The in vitro validation assay indicated that NTN1 silencing could promote the proliferation and inhibit the differentiation of C2C12 cells, with no effect on 3T3-L1 cells. Additionally, NTN1 over-expression could inhibit the proliferation and promote the differentiation of C2C12 cells. Combined with previous research, we conclude that NTN1-CNV may affect IMF by its gene dose, and the expression of NTN1 may affect the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and finally influence the IMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Longchao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinhua Hou
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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12
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The Role of Apoptotic Signaling in Axon Guidance. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6040024. [PMID: 30340315 PMCID: PMC6316149 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigating growth cones are exposed to multiple signals simultaneously and have to integrate competing cues into a coherent navigational response. Integration of guidance cues is traditionally thought to occur at the level of cytoskeletal dynamics. Drosophila studies indicate that cells exhibit a low level of continuous caspase protease activation, and that axon guidance cues can activate or suppress caspase activity. We base a model for axon guidance on these observations. By analogy with other systems in which caspase signaling has non-apoptotic functions, we propose that caspase signaling can either reinforce repulsion or negate attraction in response to external guidance cues by cleaving cytoskeletal proteins. Over the course of an entire trajectory, incorrectly navigating axons may pass the threshold for apoptosis and be eliminated, whereas axons making correct decisions will survive. These observations would also explain why neurotrophic factors can act as axon guidance cues and why axon guidance systems such as Slit/Robo signaling may act as tumor suppressors in cancer.
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13
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Draxin regulates hippocampal neurogenesis in the postnatal dentate gyrus by inhibiting DCC-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:840. [PMID: 29339781 PMCID: PMC5770412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) is controlled by diffusible molecules that modulate neurogenic processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying hippocampal neurogenesis, we investigated the function of draxin, originally identified as a neural chemorepellent, in the regulation of neuronal survival in the DG. Draxin was expressed in Tbr2 (+) late progenitors and NeuroD1 (+) neuroblasts in the dentate granule cell lineage, whereas expression of its receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) was mainly detectable in neuroblasts. Our phenotypic analysis revealed that draxin deficiency led to enhanced apoptosis of DCC-expressing neuroblasts in the neurogenic areas. Furthermore, in vitro assays using a hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cell (HNSPC) line indicated that draxin inhibited apoptosis in differentiating HNSPCs, which express DCC. Taken together, we postulate that draxin plays a pivotal role in postnatal DG neurogenesis as a dependence receptor ligand for DCC to maintain and promote survival of neuroblasts.
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14
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Wang J, Zhai W, Yu Z, Sun L, Li H, Shen H, Li X, Liu C, Chen G. Neuroprotection Exerted by Netrin-1 and Kinesin Motor KIF1A in Secondary Brain Injury following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:432. [PMID: 29375318 PMCID: PMC5768630 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of extracellular netrin-1 to its receptors, deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and uncoordinated gene 5H2 (UNC5H2), inhibits apoptosis mediated by these receptors. A neuron-specific kinesin motor protein, KIF1A, has been shown to participate in netrin-1 secretion. This study aimed to identify the roles of netrin-1 and KIF1A in secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and the potential mechanisms. An autologous blood ICH model was established in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, and cultured neurons were exposed to OxyHb to mimic ICH conditions in vitro. Mouse recombinant netrin-1, expression vectors encoding KIF1A, and KIF1A-specific siRNAs were administered intracerebroventricularly. After ICH, protein levels of netrin-1, DCC, and UNC5H2 increased, while protein levels of KIF1A decreased. Levels of UNC5H2 and DCC bound to netrin-1 increased after ICH but were significantly lower than the increase in total amount of protein. Administration of recombinant netrin-1 attenuated neuronal apoptosis and degeneration in ICH rats. Moreover, KIF1A overexpression increased concentrations of netrin-1 in cerebrospinal fluid and cell culture supernatant and exerted neuroprotective effects via netrin-1 and its receptor pathways. KIF1A plays a critical role in netrin-1 secretion by neurons. An increase in protein levels of netrin-1 may be a neuroprotective strategy after ICH. However, this process is almost completely abolished by ICH-induced loss of KIF1A. An exogenous increase of KIF1A may be a potential strategy for neuroprotection via the netrin-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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15
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Chen J, Du H, Zhang Y, Chen H, Zheng M, Lin P, Lan Q, Yuan Q, Lai Y, Pan X, Chen R, Liu N. Netrin-1 Prevents Rat Primary Cortical Neurons from Apoptosis via the DCC/ERK Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:387. [PMID: 29321724 PMCID: PMC5733550 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, Netrin-1 serves as a neural guide, mediating the neuronal development. However, it remains blurred whether Netrin-1 can protect neurons from apoptosis induced by cerebral stroke. In the current study, the cultured rat primary cortical neurons were transfected with Netrin-1-encoding lentivirus before the oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) treatment. Cell death and apoptosis were evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and flow cytometry. We found that Netrin-1 attenuated OGD-induced cell death and neuronal apoptosis at 24 h after OGD treatment, and that the overexpression of Netrin-1 activated the ERK signaling pathway. These effects were partly abolished by blocking its receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) or U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK signaling pathway. Netrin-1 overexpression in neurons elevated the expression of DCC, on mRNA level and protein level. Netrin-1 also reduced DNA damage. Taken together, our findings suggest that Netrin-1 attenuates cell death and neuronal apoptosis via the DCC/ERK signaling pathway in the cultured primary cortical neurons after OGD injury, which may involve the mediation of DNA damage in the neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixian Zhang
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mouwei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quan Lan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qilin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxing Lai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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16
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Nishitani AM, Ohta S, Yung AR, Del Rio T, Gordon MI, Abraira VE, Avilés EC, Schoenwolf GC, Fekete DM, Goodrich LV. Distinct functions for netrin 1 in chicken and murine semicircular canal morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:3349-3360. [PMID: 28851705 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vestibular system of the inner ear detects head position using three orthogonally oriented semicircular canals; even slight changes in their shape and orientation can cause debilitating behavioral defects. During development, the canals are sculpted from pouches that protrude from the otic vesicle, the embryonic anlage of the inner ear. In the center of each pouch, a fusion plate forms where cells lose their epithelial morphology and the basement membrane breaks down. Cells in the fusing epithelia intercalate and are removed, creating a canal. In mice, fusion depends on the secreted protein netrin 1 (Ntn1), which is necessary for basement membrane breakdown, although the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Using gain-of-function approaches, we found that overexpression of Ntn1 in the chick otic vesicle prevented canal fusion by inhibiting apoptosis. In contrast, ectopic expression of the same chicken Ntn1 in the mouse otic vesicle, where apoptosis is less prominent, resulted in canal truncation. These findings highlight the importance of apoptosis for tissue morphogenesis and suggest that Ntn1 may play divergent cellular roles despite its conserved expression during canal morphogenesis in chicken and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Ohta
- Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Andrea R Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tony Del Rio
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael I Gordon
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victoria E Abraira
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evelyn C Avilés
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gary C Schoenwolf
- Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Donna M Fekete
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Blasiak A, Kilinc D, Lee GU. Neuronal Cell Bodies Remotely Regulate Axonal Growth Response to Localized Netrin-1 Treatment via Second Messenger and DCC Dynamics. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:298. [PMID: 28105005 PMCID: PMC5214882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 modulates axonal growth direction and speed. Its best characterized receptor, Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC), is localized to growth cones, but also observed in the cell bodies. We hypothesized that cell bodies sense Netrin-1 and contribute to axon growth rate modulation, mediated by the second messenger system. We cultured mouse cortical neurons in microfluidic devices to isolate distal axon and cell body microenvironments. Compared to isolated axonal treatment, global Netrin-1 treatment decreased the axon elongation rate and affected the dynamics of total and membranous DCC, calcium, and cyclic nucleotides. Signals induced by locally applied Netrin-1 propagated in both anterograde and retrograde directions, demonstrated by the long-range increase in DCC and by the increased frequency of calcium transients in cell bodies, evoked by axonal Netrin-1. Blocking the calcium efflux from endoplasmic reticulum suppressed the membranous DCC response. Our findings support the notion that neurons sense Netrin-1 along their entire lengths in making axonal growth decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Blasiak
- Bionanosciences Group, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Devrim Kilinc
- Bionanosciences Group, School of Chemistry, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Gil U Lee
- Bionanosciences Group, School of Chemistry, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
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18
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Dang J, Tiwari SK, Lichinchi G, Qin Y, Patil VS, Eroshkin AM, Rana TM. Zika Virus Depletes Neural Progenitors in Human Cerebral Organoids through Activation of the Innate Immune Receptor TLR3. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:258-265. [PMID: 27162029 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from the current outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) indicates a strong causal link between Zika and microcephaly. To investigate how ZIKV infection leads to microcephaly, we used human embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral organoids to recapitulate early stage, first trimester fetal brain development. Here we show that a prototype strain of ZIKV, MR766, efficiently infects organoids and causes a decrease in overall organoid size that correlates with the kinetics of viral copy number. The innate immune receptor Toll-like-Receptor 3 (TLR3) was upregulated after ZIKV infection of human organoids and mouse neurospheres and TLR3 inhibition reduced the phenotypic effects of ZIKV infection. Pathway analysis of gene expression changes during TLR3 activation highlighted 41 genes also related to neuronal development, suggesting a mechanistic connection to disrupted neurogenesis. Together, therefore, our findings identify a link between ZIKV-mediated TLR3 activation, perturbed cell fate, and a reduction in organoid volume reminiscent of microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Dang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gianluigi Lichinchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yue Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Veena S Patil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexey M Eroshkin
- Bioinformatics core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tariq M Rana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Bin J, Han D, Lai Wing Sun K, Croteau LP, Dumontier E, Cloutier JF, Kania A, Kennedy T. Complete Loss of Netrin-1 Results in Embryonic Lethality and Severe Axon Guidance Defects without Increased Neural Cell Death. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1099-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Netrin-1 regulates somatic cell reprogramming and pluripotency maintenance. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7398. [PMID: 26154507 PMCID: PMC4510695 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells holds great promise in regenerative medicine. The use of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc for reprogramming is extensively documented, but comparatively little is known about soluble molecules promoting reprogramming. Here we identify the secreted cue Netrin-1 and its receptor DCC, described for their respective survival/death functions in normal and oncogenic contexts, as reprogramming modulators. In various somatic cells, we found that reprogramming is accompanied by a transient transcriptional repression of Netrin-1 mediated by an Mbd3/Mta1/Chd4-containing NuRD complex. Mechanistically, Netrin-1 imbalance induces apoptosis mediated by the receptor DCC in a p53-independent manner. Correction of the Netrin-1/DCC equilibrium constrains apoptosis and improves reprogramming efficiency. Our work also sheds light on Netrin-1's function in protecting embryonic stem cells from apoptosis mediated by its receptor UNC5b, and shows that the treatment with recombinant Netrin-1 improves the generation of mouse and human iPS cells. Reprogramming holds great promise for regenerative medicine but the molecular mechanisms governing the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells remain unclear. Here, the authors reveal functions for the axonal guidance cue Netrin-1 in constraining apoptosis at the early stage of reprogramming and in established pluripotent cells.
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Nagel AN, Marshak S, Manitt C, Santos RA, Piercy MA, Mortero SD, Shirkey-Son NJ, Cohen-Cory S. Netrin-1 directs dendritic growth and connectivity of vertebrate central neurons in vivo. Neural Dev 2015; 10:14. [PMID: 26058786 PMCID: PMC4481067 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netrins are a family of extracellular proteins that function as chemotropic guidance cues for migrating cells and axons during neural development. In the visual system, netrin-1 has been shown to play a key role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon growth and branching at the target, where presynaptic RGC axons form partnerships with the dendrites of tectal neurons. However, the signals that guide the connections between RGC axons and their postsynaptic partners are yet unknown. Here, we explored dynamic cellular mechanisms by which netrin-1 influences visual circuit formation, particularly those that impact postsynaptic neuronal morphology and connectivity during retinotectal wiring. RESULTS Time-lapse in vivo imaging of individual Xenopus laevis optic tectal neurons co-expressing tdTomato and PSD95-GFP revealed rapid remodeling and reorganization of dendritic arbors following acute manipulations in netrin-1 levels. Effects of altered netrin signaling on developing dendritic arbors of tectal neurons were distinct from its effects on presynaptic RGC axons. Within 4 h of treatment, tectal injection of recombinant netrin-1 or sequestration of endogenous netrin with an UNC-5 receptor ectodomain induced significant changes in the directionality and orientation of dendrite growth and in the maintenance of already established dendrites, demonstrating that relative levels of netrin are important for these functions. In contrast, altering DCC-mediated netrin signaling with function-blocking antibodies induced postsynaptic specialization remodeling and changed growth directionality of already established dendrites. Reducing netrin signaling also decreased avoidance behavior in a visually guided task, suggesting that netrin is essential for emergent visual system function. CONCLUSIONS These in vivo findings together with the patterns of expression of netrin and its receptors reveal an important role for netrin in the early growth and guidance of vertebrate central neuron dendritic arbors. Collectively, our studies indicate that netrin shapes both pre- and postsynaptic arbor morphology directly and in multiple ways at stages critical for functional visual system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Nagel
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA.
| | - Sonya Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA. .,Present address: Phamatech, Inc., 15175 Innovation Dr., San Diego, CA, 92128, USA.
| | - Colleen Manitt
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA.
| | - Rommel A Santos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA.
| | - Marc A Piercy
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA.
| | - Sarah D Mortero
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA.
| | - Nicole J Shirkey-Son
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA. .,Present address: Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, 1520 St. Olaf Avenue, Northfield, MN, 55057, USA.
| | - Susana Cohen-Cory
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-4550, USA.
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Castillo-Paterna M, Moreno-Juan V, Filipchuk A, Rodríguez-Malmierca L, Susín R, López-Bendito G. DCC functions as an accelerator of thalamocortical axonal growth downstream of spontaneous thalamic activity. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:851-62. [PMID: 25947198 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the axon growth rate is fundamental when establishing brain connections. Using the thalamocortical system as a model, we previously showed that spontaneous calcium activity influences the growth rate of thalamocortical axons by regulating the transcription of Robo1 through an NF-κB-binding site in its promoter. Robo1 acts as a brake on the growth of thalamocortical axons in vivo. Here, we have identified the Netrin-1 receptor DCC as an accelerator for thalamic axon growth. Dcc transcription is regulated by spontaneous calcium activity in thalamocortical neurons and activating DCC signaling restores normal axon growth in electrically silenced neurons. Moreover, we identified an AP-1-binding site in the Dcc promoter that is crucial for the activity-dependent regulation of this gene. In summary, we have identified the Dcc gene as a novel downstream target of spontaneous calcium activity involved in axon growth. Together with our previous data, we demonstrate a mechanism to control axon growth that relies on the activity-dependent regulation of two functionally opposed receptors, Robo1 and DCC. These two proteins establish a tight and efficient means to regulate activity-guided axon growth in order to correctly establish neuronal connections during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Castillo-Paterna
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), San Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), San Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Anton Filipchuk
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), San Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Malmierca
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), San Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Rafael Susín
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), San Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), San Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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Lewandowska L, Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J, Jayakumar C, Oldakowska-Jedynak U, Looney S, Galas M, Dutkiewicz M, Krawczyk M, Ramesh G. Netrin-1 and semaphorin 3A predict the development of acute kidney injury in liver transplant patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107898. [PMID: 25289643 PMCID: PMC4188568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication after liver transplantation. Currently there are no validated biomarkers available for early diagnosis of AKI. The current study was carried out to determine the usefulness of the recently identified biomarkers netrin-1 and semaphorin 3A in predicting AKI in liver transplant patients. A total of 63 patients’ samples were collected and analyzed. AKI was detected at 48 hours after liver transplantation using serum creatinine as a marker. In contrast, urine netrin-1 (897.8±112.4 pg/mg creatinine), semaphorin 3A (847.9±93.3 pg/mg creatinine) and NGAL (2172.2±378.1 ng/mg creatinine) levels were increased significantly and peaked at 2 hours after liver transplantation but were no longer significantly elevated at 6 hours after transplantation. The predictive power of netrin-1, as demonstrated by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for diagnosis of AKI at 2, 6, and 24 hours after liver transplantation was 0.66, 0.57 and 0.59, respectively. The area under the curve for diagnosis of AKI was 0.63 and 0.65 for semaphorin 3A and NGAL at 2 hr respectively. Combined analysis of two or more biomarkers for simultaneous occurrence in urine did not improve the AUC for the prediction of AKI whereas the AUC was improved significantly (0.732) only when at least 1 of the 3 biomarkers in urine was positive for predicting AKI. Adjusting for BMI, all three biomarkers at 2 hours remained independent predictors of AKI with an odds ratio of 1.003 (95% confidence interval: 1.000 to 1.006; P = 0.0364). These studies demonstrate that semaphorin 3A and netrin-1 can be useful early diagnostic biomarkers of AKI after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Lewandowska
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis & Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Calpurnia Jayakumar
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen Looney
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Michalina Galas
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dutkiewicz
- Department of General and Nutritional Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Krawczyk
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ganesan Ramesh
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Delloye-Bourgeois C, Rama N, Brito J, Le Douarin N, Mehlen P. Sonic Hedgehog promotes the survival of neural crest cells by limiting apoptosis induced by the dependence receptor CDON during branchial arch development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:655-60. [PMID: 25193697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-adhesion molecule-related/Downregulated by Oncogenes (CDO or CDON) was identified as a receptor for the classic morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). It has been shown that, in cell culture, CDO also behaves as a SHH dependence receptor: CDO actively triggers apoptosis in absence of SHH via a proteolytic cleavage in CDO intracellular domain. We present evidence that CDO is also pro-apoptotic in the developing neural tube where SHH is known to act as a survival factor. SHH, produced by the ventral foregut endoderm, was shown to promote survival of facial neural crest cells (NCCs) that colonize the first branchial arch (BA1). We show here that the survival activity of SHH on neural crest cells is due to SHH-mediated inhibition of CDO pro-apoptotic activity. Silencing of CDO rescued NCCs from apoptosis observed upon SHH inhibition in the ventral foregut endoderm. Thus, the pair SHH/dependence receptor CDO may play an important role in neural crest cell survival during the formation of the first branchial arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Delloye-Bourgeois
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Rama
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - José Brito
- Laboratoire Développement, Evolution et Plasticité du Système Nerveux, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicole Le Douarin
- Laboratoire Développement, Evolution et Plasticité du Système Nerveux, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Guidance cue netrin-1 and the regulation of inflammation in acute and chronic kidney disease. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:525891. [PMID: 24991088 PMCID: PMC4065723 DOI: 10.1155/2014/525891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common problem in the hospital setting and intensive care unit. Despite improved understanding, there are no effective therapies available to treat AKI. A large body of evidence strongly suggests that ischemia reperfusion injury is an inflammatory disease mediated by both adaptive and innate immune systems. Cell migration also plays an important role in embryonic development and inflammation, and this process is highly regulated to ensure tissue homeostasis. One such paradigm exists in the developing nervous system, where neuronal migration is mediated by a balance between chemoattractive and chemorepulsive signals. The ability of the guidance molecule netrin-1 to repulse or abolish attraction of neuronal cells expressing the UNC5B receptor makes it an attractive candidate for the regulation of inflammatory cell migration. Recent identification of netrin-1 as regulators of immune cell migration has led to a large number of studies looking into how netrin-1 controls inflammation and inflammatory cell migration. This review will focus on recent advances in understanding netrin-1 mediated regulation of inflammation during acute and chronic kidney disease and whether netrin-1 and its receptor activation can be used to treat acute and chronic kidney disease.
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Yan W, Han P, Zhou Z, Tu W, Liao J, Li P, Liu M, Tian D, Fu Y. Netrin-1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma invasiveness. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1213-21. [PMID: 24442237 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-3016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is often found in solid tumors and is associated with tumor progression and poor clinical outcomes. We elucidated the mechanism by which netrin-1 released under hypoxic stress can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHODS The expression of netrin-1 and the dependent receptors UNC5H and deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) in HCC was examined by immunohistochemistry or western blot. The HepG2 cells were cultured in 21% O2 (normoxia) or 1% O2 (hypoxia) for 24 h. The release of netrin-1 from hypoxic cells was detected by ELISA. Expression of E-cadherin and vimentin were examined by western blot. Inverted microscopy or confocal microscopy was used to show the cell morphology or cytoskeletal rearrangements. Cell invasion induced by hypoxia was analyzed by Transwell chamber. Cytokine IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR. RESULTS The expression of netrin-1 was increased in HCC tissue and cell lines. The dependent receptors UNC5H and DCC were decreased in most HCC cell lines. Hypoxia induced netrin-1 release in a time-dependent manner. EMT induction was found to occur in hypoxic HCC cells in a process that was dependent on the extracellular release of netrin-1. Moreover, overexpression of netrin-1 resulted in EMT induction in normoxic tumor cells. Cytoskeletal rearrangements were found to occur and cell invasion was increased in cells with netrin-1 overexpression. Lastly, mRNA of IL-8 and IL-10 were also increased after recombinant human netrin-1 treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that in hypoxic HCC cells, netrin-1 activates downstream signaling pathways to induce EMT activation with subsequent production of multiple inflammatory mediators which in turn promotes cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China,
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Nada SE, Tulsulkar J, Shah ZA. Heme oxygenase 1-mediated neurogenesis is enhanced by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761®) after permanent ischemic stroke in mice. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:945-56. [PMID: 24154866 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in stroke survivors. Studies have underlined the importance of repair mechanisms in the recovery phase of stroke. Neurogenesis in response to brain injury is one of the regeneration processes that, if enhanced, may offer better stroke treatment alternatives. Previously, we have demonstrated antioxidant, neuritogenic, and angiogenic properties of Ginkgo biloba/EGb 761® (EGb 761) in different mouse models of stroke. In the present study, we were interested to study whether EGb 761 could protect mice from permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and enhance neurogenesis. EGb 761 pre- and posttreated mice had lower infarct volume and improved motor skills with enhanced proliferation of neuronal stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) at 24 h and 7 days posttreatment. Netrin-1 and its receptors (DCC and UNC5B) that mediate axonal attraction and repulsion were observed to be overexpressed in NSPCs only, implying that netrin-1 and its receptors might have partly played a role in enhanced neurogenesis. Interestingly, in heme oxygenase 1 knockout mice (HO1(-/-)), neurogenesis was significantly lower than in vehicle-treated mice at day 8. Furthermore, EGb 761 posttreated mice also demonstrated heme oxygenase 1 (HO1)-activated pathway of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (p-GSK-3 α/β), collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2), semaphorin3A (SEMA3A), and Wnt, suggesting probable signaling pathways involved in proliferation, differentiation, and migration of NSPCs. Together, these results propose that EGb 761 not only has antioxidant, neuritogenic, and angiogenic properties, but can also augment the repair and regeneration mechanisms following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadia E Nada
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
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The Dependence Receptor TrkC Triggers Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis upon Cobra-1 Recruitment. Mol Cell 2013; 51:632-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Delloye-Bourgeois C, Gibert B, Rama N, Delcros JG, Gadot N, Scoazec JY, Krauss R, Bernet A, Mehlen P. Sonic Hedgehog promotes tumor cell survival by inhibiting CDON pro-apoptotic activity. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001623. [PMID: 23940460 PMCID: PMC3735457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling is a determinant pathway for tumor progression. However, while inhibition of the Hedgehog canonical pathway-Patched-Smoothened-Gli-has proved efficient in human tumors with activating mutations in this pathway, recent clinical data have failed to show any benefit in other cancers, even though Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) expression is detected in these cancers. Cell-adhesion molecule-related/down-regulated by Oncogenes (CDON), a positive regulator of skeletal muscle development, was recently identified as a receptor for SHH. We show here that CDON behaves as a SHH dependence receptor: it actively triggers apoptosis in the absence of SHH. The pro-apoptotic activity of unbound CDON requires a proteolytic cleavage in its intracellular domain, allowing the recruitment and activation of caspase-9. We show that by inducing apoptosis in settings of SHH limitation, CDON expression constrains tumor progression, and as such, decreased CDON expression observed in a large fraction of human colorectal cancer is associated in mice with intestinal tumor progression. Reciprocally, we propose that the SHH expression, detected in human cancers and previously considered as a mechanism for activation of the canonical pathway in an autocrine or paracrine manner, actually provides a selective tumor growth advantage by blocking CDON-induced apoptosis. In support of this notion, we present the preclinical demonstration that interference with the SHH-CDON interaction triggers a CDON-dependent apoptosis in vitro and tumor growth inhibition in vivo. The latter observation qualifies CDON as a relevant alternative target for anticancer therapy in SHH-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Delloye-Bourgeois
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory–Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052– Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR5286), Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Gibert
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory–Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052– Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR5286), Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Rama
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory–Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052– Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR5286), Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Guy Delcros
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory–Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052– Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR5286), Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Gadot
- Endocrine Differentiation Laboratory, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052–CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Anatomie Pathologique, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Endocrine Differentiation Laboratory, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052–CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Anatomie Pathologique, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Robert Krauss
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnès Bernet
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory–Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052– Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR5286), Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory–Equipe labellisée ‘La Ligue’, LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1052– Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR5286), Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
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Blocking apoptotic signaling rescues axon guidance in Netrin mutants. Cell Rep 2013; 3:595-606. [PMID: 23499445 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrins are guidance cues that form gradients to guide growing axons. We uncover a mechanism for axon guidance by demonstrating that axons can accurately navigate in the absence of a Netrin gradient if apoptotic signaling is blocked. Deletion of the two Drosophila NetA and NetB genes leads to guidance defects and increased apoptosis, and expression of either gene at the midline is sufficient to rescue the connectivity defects and cell death. Surprisingly, pan-neuronal expression of NetB rescues equally well, even though no Netrin gradient has been established. Furthermore, NetB expression blocks apoptosis, suggesting that NetB acts as a neurotrophic factor. In contrast, neuronal expression of NetA increases axon defects. Simply blocking apoptosis in NetAB mutants is sufficient to rescue connectivity, and inhibition of caspase activity in subsets of neurons rescues guidance independently of survival. In contrast to the traditional role of Netrin as simply a guidance cue, our results demonstrate that guidance and survival activities may be functionally related.
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Renin–angiotensin system involvement in the oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration of cultured retinal ganglion cells. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2012; 57:126-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-012-0204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
This review is focusing on a critical mediator of embryonic and postnatal development with multiple implications in inflammation, neoplasia, and other pathological situations in brain and peripheral tissues. These morphogenetic guidance and dependence processes are involved in several malignancies targeting the epithelial and immune systems including the progression of human colorectal cancers. We consider the most important findings and their impact on basic, translational, and clinical cancer research. Expected information can bring new cues for innovative, efficient, and safe strategies of personalized medicine based on molecular markers, protagonists, signaling networks, and effectors inherent to the Netrin axis in pathophysiological states.
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Netrin-1 in the developing enteric nervous system and colorectal cancer. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:544-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rama N, Goldschneider D, Corset V, Lambert J, Pays L, Mehlen P. Amyloid precursor protein regulates netrin-1-mediated commissural axon outgrowth. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30014-23. [PMID: 22782894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional protein netrin-1 was initially discovered as the main attractive cue for commissural axon guidance by acting through its receptor DCC. Recently, we have shown that netrin-1 also interacts with the orphan transmembrane receptor amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is cleaved by proteases, generating amyloid-β peptide, the main component of the amyloid plaques that are associated with Alzheimer disease. Our previous work demonstrated that via its interaction with APP, netrin-1 is a negative regulator of amyloid-β production in adult brain, but the biological relevance of APP/netrin-1 interaction under non-pathological conditions was unknown. We show here that during commissural axon navigation, APP, expressed at the growth cone, is part of the DCC receptor complex mediating netrin-1-dependent axon guidance. APP interacts with DCC in the presence of netrin-1 and enhances netrin-1-mediated DCC intracellular signaling, such as MAPK activation. Inactivation of APP in mice is associated with reduced commissural axon outgrowth. Thus, APP functionally acts as a co-receptor for DCC to mediate axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rama
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée La Ligue, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
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35
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Ichim G, Tauszig-Delamasure S, Mehlen P. Neurotrophins and cell death. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1221-8. [PMID: 22465479 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins - NGF, BDNF, NT-3 - are secreted proteins that play a major role in neuron survival, differentiation and axon wiring toward target territories. They do so by interacting with their main tyrosine kinase receptors TrkA, TrkB, TrkC and p75(NTR). Even though there is a general consensus on the view that neurotrophins are survival factors, there are two fundamentally different views on how they achieve this survival activity. One prevailing view is that all neurons and more generally all normal cells are naturally committed to die unless a survival factor blocks this death. This death results from the engagement of a "default" apoptotic cell program. The minority report supports, on the opposite, that neurotrophin withdrawal is associated with an active signal of cell death induced by unbound dependence receptors. We will discuss here how neurotrophins regulate cell death and survival and how this has implications not only during nervous system development but also during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ichim
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée La Ligue, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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36
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Liu DZ, Ander BP, Tian Y, Stamova B, Jickling GC, Davis RR, Sharp FR. Integrated analysis of mRNA and microRNA expression in mature neurons, neural progenitor cells and neuroblastoma cells. Gene 2012; 495:120-7. [PMID: 22244746 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mature neurons (MNs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neuroblastoma cells (NBCs) are all neural-derived cells. However, MNs are unable to divide once differentiated; NPCs are able to divide a limited number of times and differentiate to normal brain cell types; whereas NBCs can divide an unlimited number of times but rarely differentiate. Here, we perform whole transcriptome (mRNA, miRNA) profiling of these cell types and compare expression levels of each cell type to the others. Integrated mRNA-miRNA functional analyses reveal that: 1) several very highly expressed genes (e.g., Robo1, Nrp1, Epha3, Unc5c, Dcc, Pak3, Limk4) and a few under-expressed miRNAs (e.g., miR-152, miR-146b, miR-339-5p) in MNs are associated with one important cellular process-axon guidance; 2) some very highly expressed mitogenic pathway genes (e.g., Map2k1, Igf1r, Rara, Runx1) and under-expressed miRNAs (e.g., miR-370, miR-9, miR-672) in NBCs are associated with cancer pathways. These results provide a library of negative mRNAmiRNA networks that are likely involved in the cellular processes of differentiation and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The Slit family of secreted proteins and their transmembrane receptor, Robo, were originally identified in the nervous system where they function as axon guidance cues and branching factors during development. Since their discovery, a great number of additional roles have been attributed to Slit/Robo signaling, including regulating the critical processes of cell proliferation and cell motility in a variety of cell and tissue types. These processes are often deregulated during cancer progression, allowing tumor cells to bypass safeguarding mechanisms in the cell and the environment in order to grow and escape to new tissues. In the past decade, it has been shown that the expression of Slit and Robo is altered in a wide variety of cancer types, identifying them as potential therapeutic targets. Further, studies have demonstrated dual roles for Slits and Robos in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This bifunctionality is also observed in their roles as axon guidance cues in the developing nervous system, where they both attract and repel neuronal migration. The fact that this signaling axis can have opposite functions depending on the cellular circumstance make its actions challenging to define. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the dual roles that Slit/Robo signaling play in development, epithelial tumor progression, and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi S. Ballard
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
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Bai G, Pfaff SL. Protease regulation: the Yin and Yang of neural development and disease. Neuron 2011; 72:9-21. [PMID: 21982365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation, maintenance, and plasticity of neural circuits rely upon a complex interplay between progressive and regressive events. Increasingly, new functions are being identified for axon guidance molecules in the dynamic processes that occur within the embryonic and adult nervous system. The magnitude, duration, and spatial activity of axon guidance molecule signaling are precisely regulated by a variety of molecular mechanisms. Here we focus on recent progress in understanding the role of protease-mediated cleavage of guidance factors required for directional axon growth, with a particular emphasis on the role of metalloprotease and γ-secretase. Since axon guidance molecules have also been linked to neural degeneration and regeneration in adults, studies of guidance receptor proteolysis are beginning to define new relationships between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. These findings raise the possibility that the signaling checkpoints controlled by proteases could be useful targets to enhance regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Bai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Xu H, Liu J, Xiong S, Le YZ, Xia X. Suppression of retinal neovascularization by lentivirus-mediated netrin-1 small hairpin RNA. Ophthalmic Res 2011; 47:163-9. [PMID: 22122983 DOI: 10.1159/000331428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The function of netrin-1 in pathological angiogenesis and its role in retinal neovascularization were investigated in the retinas of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mice by inhibition of netrin-1. METHODS Expression of netrin-1 mRNA and protein in the retinas of OIR mice was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Inhibition of retinal neovascularization was achieved by lentivirus-mediated netrin-1 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) infection. Retinal neovascularization was examined by fluorescein angiography and quantification of preretinal neovascular nuclei in retinal sections. RESULTS Both mRNA and protein expression of netrin-1 were significantly upregulated in postnatal day 17 OIR mouse retinas. Treatment of OIR mice with specific lentivirus-mediated netrin-1 shRNA dramatically reduced neovascular outgrowth into the inner limiting membrane. Neovascular tufts and nonperfused areas were also reduced. CONCLUSIONS High expression of netrin-1 was detected in the retina under ischemic conditions and played a significant role in pathological retinal angiogenesis. Therefore, netrin-1 represents a potential therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and other ocular neovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhuo Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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40
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Lim AH, Suli A, Yaniv K, Weinstein B, Li DY, Chien CB. Motoneurons are essential for vascular pathfinding. Development 2011; 138:3847-57. [PMID: 21828101 PMCID: PMC3152931 DOI: 10.1242/dev.068403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The neural and vascular systems share common guidance cues that have direct and independent signaling effects on nerves and endothelial cells. Here, we show that zebrafish Netrin 1a directs Dcc-mediated axon guidance of motoneurons and that this neural guidance function is essential for lymphangiogenesis. Specifically, Netrin 1a secreted by the muscle pioneers at the horizontal myoseptum (HMS) is required for the sprouting of dcc-expressing rostral primary motoneuron (RoP) axons and neighboring axons along the HMS, adjacent to the future trajectory of the parachordal chain (PAC). These axons are required for the formation of the PAC and, subsequently, the thoracic duct. The failure to form the PAC in netrin 1a or dcc morphants is phenocopied by laser ablation of motoneurons and is rescued both by cellular transplants and overexpression of dcc mRNA. These results provide a definitive example of the requirement of axons in endothelial guidance leading to the parallel patterning of nerves and vessels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H Lim
- Molecular Medicine Program, 15 N 2030 East, Room 4140, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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41
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Molecular model of cannabis sensitivity in developing neuronal circuits. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:551-61. [PMID: 21757242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cannabis exposure can complicate in utero development of the nervous system. Cannabis impacts the formation and functions of neuronal circuitries by targeting cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoid signaling emerges as a signaling cassette that orchestrates neuronal differentiation programs through the precisely timed interaction of endocannabinoid ligands with their cognate cannabinoid receptors. By indiscriminately prolonging the 'switched-on' period of cannabinoid receptors, cannabis can hijack endocannabinoid signals to evoke molecular rearrangements, leading to the erroneous wiring of neuronal networks. Here, we formulate a hierarchical network design necessary and sufficient to describe the molecular underpinnings of cannabis-induced neural growth defects. We integrate signalosome components, deduced from genome- and proteome-wide arrays and candidate analyses, to propose a mechanistic hypothesis of how cannabis-induced ectopic cannabinoid receptor activity overrides physiological neurodevelopmental endocannabinoid signals, affecting the timely formation of synapses.
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42
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Yang YHC, Szabat M, Bragagnini C, Kott K, Helgason CD, Hoffman BG, Johnson JD. Paracrine signalling loops in adult human and mouse pancreatic islets: netrins modulate beta cell apoptosis signalling via dependence receptors. Diabetologia 2011; 54:828-42. [PMID: 21212933 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-2012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adult pancreatic islets contain multiple cell types that produce and secrete well characterised hormones, including insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Although it is increasingly apparent that islets release and respond to more secreted factors than previously thought, systematic analyses are lacking. We therefore sought to identify potential autocrine and/or paracrine islet growth factor loops, and to characterise the function of the netrin family of islet-secreted factors and their receptors, which have been previously unreported in adult islets. METHODS Gene expression databases, islet-specific tag sequencing libraries and microarray datasets of FACS purified beta cells were used to compile a list of secreted factors and receptors present in mouse or human islets. Netrins and their receptors were further assessed using RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The roles of netrin-1 and netrin-4 in beta cell function, apoptosis and proliferation were also examined. RESULTS We identified 233 secreted factors and 234 secreted factor receptors in islets. The presence of netrins and their receptors was further confirmed. Downregulation of caspase-3 activation was observed when MIN6 cells were exposed to exogenous netrin-1 and netrin-4 under hyperglycaemic conditions. Reduction in caspase-3 cleavage was linked to the decrease in dependence receptors, neogenin and unc-5 homologue A, as well as the activation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signalling. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results highlight the large number of potential islet growth factors and point to a context-dependent pro-survival role for netrins in adult beta cells. Since diabetes results from a deficiency in functional beta cell mass, these studies are important steps towards developing novel therapies to improve beta cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H C Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 5358 Life Sciences Building, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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43
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Mehlen P, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Chédotal A. Novel roles for Slits and netrins: axon guidance cues as anticancer targets? Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:188-97. [PMID: 21326323 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, several genes, proteins and signalling pathways that are required for embryogenesis have been shown to regulate tumour development and progression by playing a major part in overriding antitumour safeguard mechanisms. These include axon guidance cues, such as Netrins and Slits. Netrin 1 and members of the Slit family are secreted extracellular matrix proteins that bind to deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and UNC5 receptors, and roundabout receptors (Robos), respectively. Their expression is deregulated in a large proportion of human cancers, suggesting that they could be tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes. Moreover, recent data suggest that these ligand-receptor pairs could be promising targets for personalized anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe labellisée La Ligue-, CRCL UMR INSERM U1052 CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France.
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44
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Cabrera JR, Bouzas-Rodriguez J, Tauszig-Delamasure S, Mehlen P. RET modulates cell adhesion via its cleavage by caspase in sympathetic neurons. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14628-38. [PMID: 21357690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.195461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RET is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including proliferation, neuronal navigation, migration, and differentiation upon binding with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family ligands. RET is an atypical tyrosine kinase receptor containing four cadherin domains in its extracellular part. Furthermore, it has been shown to act as a dependence receptor. Such a receptor is active in the absence of ligand, triggering apoptosis through a mechanism that requires receptor intracellular caspase cleavage. However, different data suggest that RET is not always associated with the cell death/survival balance but rather provides positional information. We demonstrate here that caspase cleavage of RET is involved in the regulation of adhesion in sympathetic neurons. The cleavage of RET generates an N-terminal truncated fragment that functions as a cadherin accessory protein, modifying cadherin environment and potentiating cadherin-mediated cell aggregation. Thus, the caspase cleavage of RET generates two RET fragments: one intracellular domain that can trigger cell death in apoptotic permissive settings, and one membrane-anchored ectodomain with cadherin accessory activity. We propose that this latter function may notably be important for the adequate development of the superior cervical ganglion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Cabrera
- Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée La Ligue, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR586, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
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45
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Guenebeaud C, Goldschneider D, Castets M, Guix C, Chazot G, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Eisenberg-Lerner A, Shohat G, Zhang M, Laudet V, Kimchi A, Bernet A, Mehlen P. The dependence receptor UNC5H2/B triggers apoptosis via PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of DAP kinase. Mol Cell 2011; 40:863-76. [PMID: 21172653 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The UNC5H dependence receptors promote apoptosis in the absence of their ligand, netrin-1, and this is important for neuronal and vascular development and for limitation of cancer progression. UNC5H2 (also called UNC5B) triggers cell death through the activation of the serine-threonine protein kinase DAPk. While performing a siRNA screen to identify genes implicated in UNC5H-induced apoptosis, we identified the structural subunit PR65β of the holoenzyme protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We show that UNC5H2/B recruits a protein complex that includes PR65β and DAPk and retains PP2A activity. PP2A activity is required for UNC5H2/B-induced apoptosis, since it activates DAPk by triggering its dephosphorylation. Moreover, netrin-1 binding to UNC5H2/B prevents this effect through interaction of the PP2A inhibitor CIP2A to UNC5H2/B. Thus we show here that, in the absence of netrin-1, recruitment of PP2A to UNC5H2/B allows the activation of DAPk via a PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation and that this mechanism is involved in angiogenesis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Guenebeaud
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue," CNRS UMR5238, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
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46
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Abstract
The fourth meeting on dependence receptors featured descriptions of previously unknown dependence receptors. New mechanistic data were presented on the switch between the trophic, antiapoptotic response with the proapoptotic response that occurs with loss of trophic support. The possibility that the loss of trophic support may also involve the binding of an active antitrophin was also discussed. New in vivo data were presented on the roles of dependence receptors in development, angiogenesis, oncogenesis, and neurodegeneration, as well as new therapeutic approaches based on dependence receptor function. The next meeting on dependence receptors is scheduled for 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptose, Cancer et Développement, CNRS UMR5538, Centre Léon Bérard, University of Lyon, Lyon 69008, France. dbredesen@buckinstitute
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47
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Cord BJ, Li J, Works M, McConnell SK, Palmer T, Hynes MA. Characterization of axon guidance cue sensitivity of human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 45:324-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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48
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Shi M, Zheng MH, Liu ZR, Hu ZL, Huang Y, Chen JY, Zhao G, Han H, Ding YQ. DCC is specifically required for the survival of retinal ganglion and displaced amacrine cells in the developing mouse retina. Dev Biol 2010; 348:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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49
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Yoshida T, Kobayashi T, Itoda M, Muto T, Miyaguchi K, Mogushi K, Shoji S, Shimokawa K, Iida S, Uetake H, Ishikawa T, Sugihara K, Mizushima H, Tanaka H. Clinical omics analysis of colorectal cancer incorporating copy number aberrations and gene expression data. Cancer Inform 2010; 9:147-61. [PMID: 20706620 PMCID: PMC2918356 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently occurring cancers in Japan, and thus a wide range of methods have been deployed to study the molecular mechanisms of CRC. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of CRC, incorporating copy number aberration (CRC) and gene expression data. For the last four years, we have been collecting data from CRC cases and organizing the information as an “omics” study by integrating many kinds of analysis into a single comprehensive investigation. In our previous studies, we had experienced difficulty in finding genes related to CRC, as we observed higher noise levels in the expression data than in the data for other cancers. Because chromosomal aberrations are often observed in CRC, here, we have performed a combination of CNA analysis and expression analysis in order to identify some new genes responsible for CRC. This study was performed as part of the Clinical Omics Database Project at Tokyo Medical and Dental University. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of genetic instability in CRC by this combination of expression analysis and CNA, and to establish a new method for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. Materials and methods: Comprehensive gene expression analysis was performed on 79 CRC cases using an Affymetrix Gene Chip, and comprehensive CNA analysis was performed using an Affymetrix DNA Sty array. To avoid the contamination of cancer tissue with normal cells, laser micro-dissection was performed before DNA/RNA extraction. Data analysis was performed using original software written in the R language. Result: We observed a high percentage of CNA in colorectal cancer, including copy number gains at 7, 8q, 13 and 20q, and copy number losses at 8p, 17p and 18. Gene expression analysis provided many candidates for CRC-related genes, but their association with CRC did not reach the level of statistical significance. The combination of CNA and gene expression analysis, together with the clinical information, suggested UGT2B28, LOC440995, CXCL6, SULT1B1, RALBP1, TYMS, RAB12, RNMT, ARHGDIB, S1000A2, ABHD2, OIT3 and ABHD12 as genes that are possibly associated with CRC. Some of these genes have already been reported as being related to CRC. TYMS has been reported as being associated with resistance to the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil, and we observed a copy number increase for this gene. RALBP1, ARHGDIB and S100A2 have been reported as oncogenes, and we observed copy number increases in each. ARHGDIB has been reported as a metastasis-related gene, and our data also showed copy number increases of this gene in cases with metastasis. Conclusion: The combination of CNA analysis and gene expression analysis was a more effective method for finding genes associated with the clinicopathological classification of CRC than either analysis alone. Using this combination of methods, we were able to detect genes that have already been associated with CRC. We also identified additional candidate genes that may be new markers or targets for this form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yoshida
- Information Center for Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Axon pruning and neuronal cell death constitute two major regressive events that enable the establishment of fully mature brain architecture and connectivity. Although the cellular mechanisms for these two events are thought to be distinct, recent evidence has indicated the direct involvement of axon guidance molecules, including semaphorins, netrins, and ephrins, in controlling both processes. Here, we review how axon guidance cues regulate regressive events in paradigmatic models of neural development, from early control of apoptosis of neural progenitors, to later maintenance of neuronal survival and stereotyped pruning of axonal branches. These new findings are also discussed in the context of neural diseases and the potential links between axon pruning and degeneration.
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