1
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Xu T, Zhang T, Xu C, Yang F, Zhang W, Huang C. Notch2 signaling governs activated B cells to form memory B cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114454. [PMID: 38990721 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are essential for humoral immunological memory and can emerge during both the pre-germinal center (GC) and GC phases. However, the transcription regulators governing MBC development remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the transcription regulator Notch2 is highly expressed in MBCs and their precursors at the pre-GC stage and required for MBC development without influencing the fate of GC and plasma cells. Mechanistically, Notch2 signaling promotes the expression of complement receptor CD21 and augments B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Reciprocally, BCR activation up-regulates Notch2 surface expression in activated B cells via a translation-dependent mechanism. Intriguingly, Notch2 is dispensable for GC-derived MBC formation. In summary, our findings establish Notch2 as a pivotal transcription regulator orchestrating MBC development through the reciprocal enforcement of BCR signaling during the pre-GC phase and suggest that the generation of GC-independent and -dependent MBCs is governed by distinct transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuqiao Xu
- Departments of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Thirunavukkarasu S, Ahmed M, Rosa BA, Boothby M, Cho SH, Rangel-Moreno J, Mbandi SK, Schreiber V, Gupta A, Zuniga J, Mitreva M, Kaushal D, Scriba TJ, Khader SA. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 mediates early protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by regulating type I IFN production. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e158630. [PMID: 37200107 PMCID: PMC10266794 DOI: 10.1172/jci158630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ADP ribosyltransferases (PARPs 1-17) regulate diverse cellular processes, including DNA damage repair. PARPs are classified on the basis of their ability to catalyze poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) or mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation). Although PARP9 mRNA expression is significantly increased in progressive tuberculosis (TB) in humans, its participation in host immunity to TB is unknown. Here, we show that PARP9 mRNA encoding the MARylating PARP9 enzyme was upregulated during TB in humans and mice and provide evidence of a critical modulatory role for PARP9 in DNA damage, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) expression, and type I IFN production during TB. Thus, Parp9-deficient mice were susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and exhibited increased TB disease, cGAS and 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) expression, and type I IFN production, along with upregulation of complement and coagulation pathways. Enhanced M. tuberculosis susceptibility is type I IFN dependent, as blockade of IFN α receptor (IFNAR) signaling reversed the enhanced susceptibility of Parp9-/- mice. Thus, in sharp contrast to PARP9 enhancement of type I IFN production in viral infections, this member of the MAR family plays a protective role by limiting type I IFN responses during TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stanley K. Mbandi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS UMR7242, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Joaquin Zuniga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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3
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Gianni P, Goldin M, Ngu S, Zafeiropoulos S, Geropoulos G, Giannis D. Complement-mediated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19: A review. World J Exp Med 2022; 12:53-67. [PMID: 36157337 PMCID: PMC9350720 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v12.i4.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes acute microvascular thrombosis in both venous and arterial structures which is highly associated with increased mortality. The mechanisms leading to thromboembolism are still under investigation. Current evidence suggests that excessive complement activation with severe amplification of the inflammatory response (cytokine storm) hastens disease progression and initiates complement-dependent cytotoxic tissue damage with resultant prothrombotic complications. The concept of thromboinflammation, involving overt inflammation and activation of the coagulation cascade causing thrombotic microangiopathy and end-organ damage, has emerged as one of the core components of COVID-19 pathogenesis. The complement system is a major mediator of the innate immune response and inflammation and thus an appealing treatment target. In this review, we discuss the role of complement in the development of thrombotic microangiopathy and summarize the current data on complement inhibitors as COVID-19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Gianni
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm 89070, Germany
| | - Mark Goldin
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11549, United States
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Feinstein Institutes , New York, NY 11030, United States
| | - Sam Ngu
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11549, United States
| | - Stefanos Zafeiropoulos
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11030, United States
| | - Georgios Geropoulos
- Department of General Surgery, University College London Hospitals, London NW12BU, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11549, United States
- North Shore/Long Island Jewish General Surgery, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11021, United States
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4
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Courey-Ghaouzi AD, Kleberg L, Sundling C. Alternative B Cell Differentiation During Infection and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908034. [PMID: 35812395 PMCID: PMC9263372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term protective immunity to infectious disease depends on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Induction of a strong humoral response relies on efficient B cell activation and differentiation to long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. For many viral or bacterial infections, a single encounter is sufficient to induce such responses. In malaria, the induction of long-term immunity can take years of pathogen exposure to develop, if it occurs at all. This repeated pathogen exposure and suboptimal immune response coincide with the expansion of a subset of B cells, often termed atypical memory B cells. This subset is present at low levels in healthy individuals as well but it is observed to expand in an inflammatory context during acute and chronic infection, autoimmune diseases or certain immunodeficiencies. Therefore, it has been proposed that this subset is exhausted, dysfunctional, or potentially autoreactive, but its actual role has remained elusive. Recent reports have provided new information regarding both heterogeneity and expansion of these cells, in addition to indications on their potential role during normal immune responses to infection or vaccination. These new insights encourage us to rethink how and why they are generated and better understand their role in our complex immune system. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in our understanding of these enigmatic cells and highlight the remaining gaps that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan-Dine Courey-Ghaouzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Kleberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Christopher Sundling,
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5
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Freiwald T, Afzali B. Renal diseases and the role of complement: Linking complement to immune effector pathways and therapeutics. Adv Immunol 2021; 152:1-81. [PMID: 34844708 PMCID: PMC8905641 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient and phylogenetically conserved key danger sensing system that is critical for host defense against pathogens. Activation of the complement system is a vital component of innate immunity required for the detection and removal of pathogens. It is also a central orchestrator of adaptive immune responses and a constituent of normal tissue homeostasis. Once complement activation occurs, this system deposits indiscriminately on any cell surface in the vicinity and has the potential to cause unwanted and excessive tissue injury. Deposition of complement components is recognized as a hallmark of a variety of kidney diseases, where it is indeed associated with damage to the self. The provenance and the pathophysiological role(s) played by complement in each kidney disease is not fully understood. However, in recent years there has been a renaissance in the study of complement, with greater appreciation of its intracellular roles as a cell-intrinsic system and its interplay with immune effector pathways. This has been paired with a profusion of novel therapeutic agents antagonizing complement components, including approved inhibitors against complement components (C)1, C3, C5 and C5aR1. A number of clinical trials have investigated the use of these more targeted approaches for the management of kidney diseases. In this review we present and summarize the evidence for the roles of complement in kidney diseases and discuss the available clinical evidence for complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Freiwald
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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6
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Murugaiah V, Varghese PM, Beirag N, DeCordova S, Sim RB, Kishore U. Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050824. [PMID: 34063241 PMCID: PMC8147407 DOI: 10.3390/v13050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Praveen M. Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Syreeta DeCordova
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Robert B. Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK;
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: or
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7
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Kovács KG, Mácsik-Valent B, Matkó J, Bajtay Z, Erdei A. Revisiting the Coreceptor Function of Complement Receptor Type 2 (CR2, CD21); Coengagement With the B-Cell Receptor Inhibits the Activation, Proliferation, and Antibody Production of Human B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620427. [PMID: 33868238 PMCID: PMC8047317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive coreceptor function of complement receptor type 2 [CR2 (CD21)] on B cells is generally accepted, although its role in the enhancement of antibody production had only been proven in mice. The importance of this phenomenon prompted reinvestigation of the functional consequences of coclustering CD21 and the B cell receptor (BCR) on primary human cells. We found that, at non-stimulatory concentrations of anti-IgG/A/M, coclustering the BCR and CR2 enhanced the Ca2+ response, while activation marker expression, cytokine production, proliferation, and antibody production were all inhibited upon the coengagement of CR2 and BCR on human B cells. Thus, the “textbook dogma” claiming that C3d acts as an adjuvant to enhance humoral immunity is relevant only to mice and not to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Matkó
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Mellors J, Tipton T, Longet S, Carroll M. Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32733480 PMCID: PMC7363932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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9
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Kiss MG, Ozsvár-Kozma M, Porsch F, Göderle L, Papac-Miličević N, Bartolini-Gritti B, Tsiantoulas D, Pickering MC, Binder CJ. Complement Factor H Modulates Splenic B Cell Development and Limits Autoantibody Production. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1607. [PMID: 31354740 PMCID: PMC6637296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (CFH) has a pivotal role in regulating alternative complement activation through its ability to inhibit the cleavage of the central complement component C3, which links innate and humoral immunity. However, insights into the role of CFH in B cell biology are limited. Here, we demonstrate that deficiency of CFH in mice leads to altered splenic B cell development characterized by the accumulation of marginal zone (MZ) B cells. Furthermore, B cells in Cfh−/− mice exhibit enhanced B cell receptor (BCR) signaling as evaluated by increased levels of phosphorylated Bruton's tyrosine kinase (pBTK) and phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (pSYK). We show that enhanced BCR activation is associated with uncontrolled C3 consumption in the spleen and elevated complement receptor 2 (CR2, also known as CD21) levels on the surface of mature splenic B cells. Moreover, aged Cfh−/− mice developed splenomegaly with distorted spleen architecture and spontaneous B cell-dependent autoimmunity characterized by germinal center hyperactivity and a marked increase in anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies. Taken together, our data indicate that CFH, through its function as a complement repressor, acts as a negative regulator of BCR signaling and limits autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté G Kiss
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mária Ozsvár-Kozma
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florentina Porsch
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Göderle
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolina Papac-Miličević
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bartolini-Gritti
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christoph J Binder
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Intratumoral delivery of antigen with complement C3-bound liposomes reduces tumor growth in mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 18:326-335. [PMID: 30419362 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) initiate the immune response against cancer by engulfing and presenting tumor antigens to T cells. Our lab has recently developed a liposomal nanoparticle that binds complement C3 proteins, allowing it to bind to the complement C3 receptors of APCs and directly deliver antigenic peptides. APCs were shown to internalize and process complement C3-bound liposomes containing ovalbumin (OVA), resulting in a significant increase in activated T cells that recognize OVA. Mice bearing A20-OVA lymphoma tumors were treated with OVA-loaded C3-liposomes, which led to reduced tumor growth in both treated and distal tumors in all mice. Peripheral blood from treated mice had a lower percentage of immunosuppressive myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a higher percentage of B cells, and increased anti-OVA IgG1 levels compared to control mice. These results indicate that C3-liposome delivery of tumor antigen to APCs initiates a potent and systemic antitumor immune response.
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11
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Zou F, Wang X, Han X, Rothschild G, Zheng SG, Basu U, Sun J. Expression and Function of Tetraspanins and Their Interacting Partners in B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1606. [PMID: 30072987 PMCID: PMC6058033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins that modulate multiple diverse biological processes, including signal transduction, cell–cell communication, immunoregulation, tumorigenesis, cell adhesion, migration, and growth and differentiation. Here, we provide a systematic review of the involvement of tetraspanins and their partners in the regulation and function of B cells, including mechanisms associated with antigen presentation, antibody production, cytokine secretion, co-stimulator expression, and immunosuppression. Finally, we direct our focus to the signaling mechanisms, evolutionary conservation aspects, expression, and potential therapeutic strategies that could be based on tetraspanins and their interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fagui Zou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Han
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gerson Rothschild
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States.,Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Relative Impact of Complement Receptors CD21/35 (Cr2/1) on Scrapie Pathogenesis in Mice. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00493-17. [PMID: 29202042 PMCID: PMC5700378 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00493-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian prion diseases are caused by prions, unique infectious agents composed primarily, if not solely, of a pathologic, misfolded form of a normal host protein, the cellular prion protein (PrPC). Prions replicate without a genetic blueprint, but rather contact PrPC and coerce it to misfold into more prions, which cause neurodegeneration akin to other protein-misfolding diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. A single gene produces two alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts that encode mouse complement receptors CD21/35, which promote efficient prion replication in the lymphoid system and eventual movement to the brain. Here we show that CD21/35 are high-affinity prion receptors, but mice expressing only CD21 die from prion disease sooner than CD35-expressing mice, which contain less prions early after infection and exhibit delayed terminal disease, likely due to their less organized splenic follicles. Thus, CD21 appears to be more important for defining splenic architecture that influences prion pathogenesis. Complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2 or CD35/CD21) recognize complement-opsonized antigens to initiate innate and adaptive immunity, respectively. CD35 stimulates phagocytosis on macrophages and antigen presentation on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). CD21 helps activate B cells as part of the B cell coreceptor with CD19 and CD81. Differential splicing of transcripts from the mouse Cr2 gene generates isoforms with both shared and unique complement binding capacities and cell-type expression. In mouse models, genetic depletion of Cr2 causes either a delay or complete prevention of prion disease, but the relative importance of CD35 versus CD21 in promoting prion disease remains unknown. Here we show that both isoforms act as high-affinity cell surface prion receptors. However, mice lacking CD21 succumbed to terminal prion disease significantly later than mice lacking CD35 or wild-type and hemizygous mice. CD21-deficient mice contained fewer splenic prions than CD35 knockout mice early after infection that contributed to delayed prion neuroinvasion and terminal disease, despite forming follicular networks closer to proximal nerves. While we observed no difference in B cell networks, PrPC expression, or number of follicles, CD21-deficient mice formed more fragmented, less organized follicular networks with fewer Mfge8-positive FDCs and/or tingible body macrophages (TBMφs) than wild-type or CD35-deficient mice. In toto, these data demonstrate a more prominent role for CD21 for proper follicular development and organization leading to more efficient lymphoid prion replication and expedited prion disease than in mice expressing the CD35 isoform. IMPORTANCE Mammalian prion diseases are caused by prions, unique infectious agents composed primarily, if not solely, of a pathologic, misfolded form of a normal host protein, the cellular prion protein (PrPC). Prions replicate without a genetic blueprint, but rather contact PrPC and coerce it to misfold into more prions, which cause neurodegeneration akin to other protein-misfolding diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. A single gene produces two alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts that encode mouse complement receptors CD21/35, which promote efficient prion replication in the lymphoid system and eventual movement to the brain. Here we show that CD21/35 are high-affinity prion receptors, but mice expressing only CD21 die from prion disease sooner than CD35-expressing mice, which contain less prions early after infection and exhibit delayed terminal disease, likely due to their less organized splenic follicles. Thus, CD21 appears to be more important for defining splenic architecture that influences prion pathogenesis.
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Francian A, Mann K, Kullberg M. Complement C3-dependent uptake of targeted liposomes into human macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and MDSCs. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5149-5161. [PMID: 28790822 PMCID: PMC5529385 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s138787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor immunity in cancer patients is heavily modulated by cells of the innate immune system. Antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, initiate immune recognition of tumor antigen by displaying antigen to effector cells. Countering this immune stimulation are immunosuppressive cells which include M2 macrophages, N2 neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). To create effective cancer immunotherapies, it is critical that we can target these important cell types of the immune system with immunostimulatory compounds. A commonality of these cell types is the complement receptor, which recognizes pathogens that are bound to activated complement C3 in human blood. To target the complement receptor, we have created a liposome that has a small molecule, orthopyridyl disulfide (OPSS), conjugated to its surface. OPSS forms a disulfide bond with activated complement C3, which then targets liposomes for uptake by dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, MDSCs, and neutrophils in human blood. Internalization is efficient and specific to cells that display the complement receptor. Liposomes are a versatile drug delivery device. Possible applications for this system include delivery of toll-receptor agonists or tumor antigen to antigen-presenting cells and delivery of immunostimulatory drugs to M2, N2, and MDSC immunosuppressive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine Mann
- WWAMI Medical Education Program.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Yan W, Song Y, Zhou L, Jiang J, Yang F, Duan Q, Che L, Shen Y, Song H, Wang L. Immune Cell Repertoire and Their Mediators in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction or Stable Angina Pectoris. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:181-190. [PMID: 28260995 PMCID: PMC5332848 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.17119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the natural innate and adaptive immunity through gene expression and cytology levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stable angina pectoris (SAP) and controls. Methods: 210 patients with AMI, 210 with SAP, and 250 clinical controls were recruited. Whole human genome microarray analysis was performed in 20 randomly chosen subjects per group were examined to detect the expressions of complement markers, natural killer cells, T cells and B cells. The quantity of these cells and related cytokines as well as immunoglobulin levels were measured in all subjects. Results: In AMI group, the mRNA expressions of late complement component, markers of natural killer cells, CD3+, CD8+ T cells and B cells were down-regulated, while those of early complement component and CD4+T cells were up-regulated (p<0.05). In both AMI and SAP patients, the quantity of natural killer cells, CD3+, CD8+ T cells, B cells, IgM and IgG were significantly lower than those of the controls. CD4+ T cells, CH50, C3, C4, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-γ were significantly higher (p<0.05). Conclusions: In AMI patients, both of gene expressions related to complement, natural killer cells, CD3+, CD8+ T cells, B cells and the quantity of these immune cells decreased while cell number reduced in SAP patients. Immune function in both AMI and SAP patients decreased especially in AMI patients with declined gene and protein levels. To improve the immune system is a potential target for medical interventions and prevention in AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yanli Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jinfa Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Experimental Diagnosis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Qianglin Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Lin Che
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yuqin Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Haoming Song
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Lemin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
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15
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu SS, Novak MJ, Orraca L, Martinez JG, Cunningham LL, Thomas MV, Stromberg A, Pandruvada SN, Gonzalez OA. Transcriptome Analysis of B Cell Immune Functions in Periodontitis: Mucosal Tissue Responses to the Oral Microbiome in Aging. Front Immunol 2016; 7:272. [PMID: 27486459 PMCID: PMC4947588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown activation of T and B cells in gingival tissues in experimental models and in humans diagnosed with periodontitis. The results of this adaptive immune response are noted both locally and systemically with antigenic specificity for an array of oral bacteria, including periodontopathic species, e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. It has been recognized through epidemiological studies and clinical observations that the prevalence of periodontitis increases with age. This report describes our studies evaluating gingival tissue transcriptomes in humans and specifically exploiting the use of a non-human primate model of naturally occurring periodontitis to delineate gingival mucosal tissue gene expression profiles focusing on cells/genes critical for the development of humoral adaptive immune responses. Patterns of B cell and plasmacyte genes were altered in aging healthy gingival tissues. Substantial increases in a large number of genes reflecting antigen-dependent activation, B cell activation, B cell proliferation, and B cell differentiation/maturation were observed in periodontitis in adults and aged animals. Finally, evaluation of the relationship of these gene expression patterns with those of various tissue destructive molecules (MMP2, MMP9, CTSK, TNFα, and RANKL) showed a greater frequency of positive correlations in healthy tissues versus periodontitis tissues, with only MMP9 correlations similar between the two tissue types. These results are consistent with B cell response activities in healthy tissues potentially contributing to muting the effects of the tissue destructive biomolecules, whereas with periodontitis this relationship is adversely affected and enabling a progression of tissue destructive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sreenatha S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - M John Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Luis Orraca
- Caribbean Primate Research Center , Sabana Seca, PR , USA
| | - Janis Gonzalez Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Sabana Seca, PR, USA; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Larry L Cunningham
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Mark V Thomas
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Arnold Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Subramanya N Pandruvada
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
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Yan W, Song H, Jiang J, Xu W, Gong Z, Duan Q, Li C, Xie Y, Wang L. Characteristics of B cell‑associated gene expression in patients with coronary artery disease. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4113-21. [PMID: 27035867 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify differentially expressed B cell‑associated genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and observe the changes in B cell activation at different stages of coronary artery disease. Groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stable angina (SA), as well as healthy volunteers, were recruited into the study (n=20 per group). Whole human genome microarray analysis was performed to examine the expression of B cell‑associated genes among these three groups. The mRNA expression levels of 60 genes associated with B cell activity and regulation were measured using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA expression of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR)‑associated genes, CD45, NFAM, SYK and LYN, were significantly upregulated in patients with AMI; however, FCRL3, CD79B, CD19, CD81, FYN, BLK, CD22 and CD5 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated, compared with patients in the SA and control group. The mRNA levels of the T‑independent B cell‑associated genes, CD16, CD32, LILRA1 and TLR9, were significantly increased in AMI patients compared with SA and control patients. The mRNA expression of genes associated with T‑dependent B cells were also measured: EMR2 and CD97 were statistically upregulated, whereas SLAMF1, LY9, CD28, CD43, CD72, ICOSL, PD1, CD40 and CD20 mRNAs were significantly downregulated in AMI group patients compared with the two other groups. Additionally the gene expression levels of B cell regulatory genes were measured. In patients with AMI, CR1, LILRB2, LILRB3 and VAV1 mRNA expression levels were statistically increased, whereas, CS1 and IL4I1 mRNAs were significantly reduced compared with the SA and control groups. There was no statistically significant difference in B cell‑associated gene expression levels between patients with SA and the control group. The present study identified the downregulation of genes associated with BCRs, B2 cells and B cell regulators in patients with AMI, indicating a weakened T cell‑B cell interaction and reduced B2 cell activation during AMI. Thus, improving B2 cell‑mediated humoral immunity may be a potential target for medical intervention in patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Haoming Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jinfa Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Gong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Qianglin Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Chuangrong Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Lemin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
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Wentink MWJ, Lambeck AJA, van Zelm MC, Simons E, van Dongen JJM, IJspeert H, Schölvinck EH, van der Burg M. CD21 and CD19 deficiency: Two defects in the same complex leading to different disease modalities. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:120-7. [PMID: 26325596 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deficiencies in CD19 and CD81 (forming the CD19-complex with CD21 and CD225) cause a severe clinical phenotype. One CD21 deficient patient has been described. We present a second CD21 deficient patient, with a mild clinical phenotype and compared the immunobiological characteristics of CD21 and CD19 deficiency. METHODS CD21 deficiency was characterized by flowcytometric immunophenotyping and sequencing. Real-time PCR, in vitro stimulation and next generation sequencing were used to characterize B-cell responses and affinity maturation in CD21(-/-) and CD19(-/-) B cells. RESULTS A compound heterozygous mutation in CD21 caused CD21 deficiency. CD21(-/-) B cells responded normally to in vitro stimulation and AID was transcribed. Affinity maturation was less affected by CD21 than by CD19 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Both CD21 and CD19 deficiencies cause hypogammaglobulinemia and reduced memory B cells. CD19 deficiency causes a more severe clinical phenotype. B-cell characteristics reflect this, both after in vitro stimulation as in affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein W J Wentink
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien J A Lambeck
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Simons
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna IJspeert
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H Schölvinck
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1,9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Dept. of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Shimizu T, Mima Y, Hashimoto Y, Ukawa M, Ando H, Kiwada H, Ishida T. Anti-PEG IgM and complement system are required for the association of second doses of PEGylated liposomes with splenic marginal zone B cells. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1151-60. [PMID: 26095176 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon makes it crucial to use PEGylated liposomes and micelles to deliver drugs. The ABC phenomenon is an immune response against an initial dose of PEGylated liposome, which causes subsequent doses to be rapidly cleared by macrophages in the liver. We recently found that in the early phase of the ABC phenomenon, subsequent doses of PEGylated liposomes were associated with splenic marginal zone (MZ)-B cells and were transported from the MZ to the follicle (FO). In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms behind the association of subsequent doses of PEGylated liposomes with MZ-B cells in the spleen. Serum factors, anti-PEG IgM and complement system, were crucial to the association of PEGylated liposomes with MZ-B cells, while the sensitization of MZ-B cells by the first dose of PEGylated liposomes was not significant. It was the complement receptors (CRs) on the MZ-B cells, rather than either the PEG-specific B-cell receptors or the IgM Fc receptors, that were the main contributors to the association between PEGylated liposomes and MZ-B cells. It appeared that anti-PEG IgM would bind to PEGylated liposomes and causes subsequent complement activation, resulting in the formation of immune complexes of PEGylated liposome-anti-PEG IgM-complement. The MZ-B cells then recognized these immune complexes via their CRs. Such an association via CRs might have triggered the transport of the immune complex by MZ-B cells to the FO in the spleen. The information obtained in this study might be useful in the development of an efficient antigen delivery system to usher PEGylated nanoparticles into FO dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yu Mima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masami Ukawa
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ando
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiwada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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Heesters BA, Das A, Chatterjee P, Carroll MC. Do follicular dendritic cells regulate lupus-specific B cells? Mol Immunol 2014; 62:283-8. [PMID: 24636642 PMCID: PMC4160379 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The factors that allow self-reactive B cells to escape negative selection and become activated remain poorly defined. In this review we describe recently published results in which a B cell receptor-knock-in mouse strain specific for nucleolar self-antigens was bred with mice deficient in complement C4 and discuss the implications for the lupus field. Absence of C4 leads to a breakdown in the elimination of autoreactive B cell clones at the transitional stage. This is characterized by a relative increase in their response to a range of stimuli, entrance into follicles and a greater propensity to form self-reactive germinal centers. In this review, a model is proposed in which, in the absence of complement C4, inappropriate clearance of apoptotic debris promotes chronic activation of myeloid cells and follicular dendritic cells, resulting in secretion of Type I interferon. This allows for the maturation and activation of self-reactive B cell clones leading to increased spontaneous formation of germinal centers and subsequent generation of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Das
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Miyabe Y, Miyabe C, Nanki T. Could retinoids be a potential treatment for rheumatic diseases? Rheumatol Int 2014; 35:35-41. [PMID: 24939557 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-3067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid, a derivative of vitamin A, is a general term used to describe compounds that bind to and activate retinoic acid receptors [RARs (RARα, RARβ, and RARγ)] and/or retinoid X receptors [RXRs (RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ)]. They have been shown to surpress the differentiation of Th1/Th17 cells and induce the development of Th1/regulatory T cells. They also affect the proliferation of B cells as both an inducer and suppressor. Furthermore, retinoids may induce the maturation of dendritic cells and production of interleukin-10 from monocytes/macrophages. We recently demonstrated that retinoids suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species, the release of elastase from neutrophils by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase signals, and both the migration speed and chemotaxis directionality of neutrophils. Retinoids, such as all-trans retinoic acid and tamibarotene, were previously shown to have positive effects on animal models of several rheumatic diseases, including arthritis, myositis, and vasculitis in vivo. Moreover, retinoids have been used in a pilot study to effectively treat patients with lupus nephritis and systemic sclerosis. We herein reviewed the effects of retinoids on immune cells, animal models of rheumatic diseases, and rheumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshishige Miyabe
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
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Lighaam LC, Vermeulen E, Bleker TD, Meijlink KJ, Aalberse RC, Barnes E, Culver EL, van Ham SM, Rispens T. Phenotypic differences between IgG4+ and IgG1+ B cells point to distinct regulation of the IgG4 response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:267-70.e1-6. [PMID: 24074895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Lighaam
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Division of Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Vermeulen
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Division of Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara den Bleker
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Division of Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley J Meijlink
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Division of Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Aalberse
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Division of Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Culver
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Division of Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Division of Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells and patients at risk for NIH-defined chronic graft-versus-host disease with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Blood 2013; 121:1886-95. [PMID: 23303823 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), pathognomonic for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) of the lung, is a progressive and often fatal complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Biomarkers for the prediction and diagnosis of BOS are urgently needed to improve patients' prognosis. We prospectively evaluated B-cell subpopulations and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in 136 patients (46 BOS, 41 no cGVHD, 49 cutaneous cGVHD) to define novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of National Institutes of Health-defined BOS diagnosed a median of 11 mo after HCT. Patients with newly diagnosed BOS had significantly higher percentages of CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells (25.5 versus 6.6%, P < .0001), BAFF (7.3 versus 3.5 ng/mL, P = .02), and BAFF/CD19(+) ratio (0.18 versus 0.02 ng/10(3) CD19(+) B cells, P 5 .007) compared with patients without cGVHD. The area under the receiver operating curve for CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.94-0.99) and a cutoff point >9% was optimal for diagnosing BOS in patients with first drop of pulmonary function tests with a sensitivity of 96% and a negative predictive value of 94%. Thus, elevated levels of CD19(+)CD21(low) B cells are a potential novel biomarker for HCT patients at risk for developing BOS at an early stage and could allow improvement of patient outcome.
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are a heterogeneous group of genetically inherited diseases affecting the innate and adaptive immune systems that confer susceptibility to infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Innate immunity includes neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells in conjunction with natural barriers (mostly skin and gastrointestinal and respiratory mucosa), as well as antimicrobial agents, opsonins (e.g., complement), and cytokines. Although somewhat primitive, innate immune cells can orchestrate discrete immune responses through the recognition of diverse pathogens by different pattern-recognition receptors. In this review, we discuss the most recent discoveries as well as the already established pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying innate immunity defects associated with primary immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, CRC 6W-3750, Bethesda, MD 20892-1456, USA.
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Wand I, Holzlöhner P, Neupert S, Micheel B, Heilmann K. Cooperation of dendritic cells with naïve lymphocyte populations to induce the generation of antigen-specific antibodies in vitro. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:173-81. [PMID: 21968261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology is dependent on lymphocytes taken from vertebrates which have to be immunized against the corresponding antigen. We present here our first experiments which should allow the replacement of this in vivo immunization step by an in vitro immunization procedure. This work provides new possibilities for the specific activation of immune cells in order to use them for the generation of antibodies which are not of murine origin. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were loaded with antigen and co-cultured with naïve T and B lymphocytes of non-immunized mice. The interaction and activation of the different cell types were investigated by measuring the expression of specific cell surface markers, the release of activation-dependent interleukins and the secretion of antigen-specific antibodies. We could demonstrate that dendritic cells process and present antigen fragments and activate T cells, that T cells proliferate and release activation-induced interleukins, and that B cells maturate under the influence of activated T cells and secrete antigen-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wand
- Junior Research Group Antibody Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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25
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Scavenger receptors as regulators of natural antibody responses and B cell activation in autoimmunity. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1307-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Human complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21) transgenic mice provide an in vivo model to study immunoregulatory effects of receptor antagonists. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:883-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Ross AC, Chen Q, Ma Y. Vitamin A and retinoic acid in the regulation of B-cell development and antibody production. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 86:103-26. [PMID: 21419269 PMCID: PMC3789244 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386960-9.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by vitamin A through its active metabolite retinoic acid (RA) is critical for the normal development and functions of the hematopoietic and immune systems. B cells, as both factories for antibody production and part of the immune regulatory system, are critical to a successful vaccination response. RA is a factor in the development and competence of mature B cells, in B cell proliferation, and in the regulation of transcription factors associated with B cell differentiation, class switch recombination, and the generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells. Emerging evidence suggests that RA can function alone and in combination with other immune system stimuli to augment the formation of germinal centers, leading to increased primary and secondary antibody responses. Taken together, RA could be a useful component in vaccine strategies and/or for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Gonzalez SF, Lukacs-Kornek V, Kuligowski MP, Pitcher LA, Degn SE, Turley SJ, Carroll MC. Complement-dependent transport of antigen into B cell follicles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2659-64. [PMID: 20724732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the original proposal by Fearon and Locksley (Fearon and Locksley. 1996. Science 272: 50-53) that the complement system linked innate and adaptive immunity, there has been a rapid expansion of studies on this topic. With the advance of intravital imaging, a number of recent papers revealed an additional novel pathway in which complement C3 and its receptors enhance humoral immunity through delivery of Ag to the B cell compartment. In this review, we discuss this pathway and highlight several novel exceptions recently found with a model influenza vaccine, such as mannose-binding lectin opsonization of influenza and uptake by macrophages, and the capture of virus by dendritic cells residing in the medullary compartment of peripheral lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago F Gonzalez
- The Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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