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Uttieri M, Svetlichny L. Escape performance in the cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1078. [PMID: 38212397 PMCID: PMC10784515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Escaping a predator is one of the keys to success for any living creature. The performance of adults (males, females, and ovigerous females) of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae exposed to an electrical stimulus is analysed as a function of temperature by measuring characteristic parameters associated with the escape movement (distance covered, duration of the appendage movement, mean and maximum escape speeds, Reynolds number). In addition, as a proxy for the efficiency of the motion, the Strouhal number was calculated. The escape performance showed temperature-dependent relationships within each adult state, as well as differences between sexes; additionally, changes owing to the presence of the egg sac were recorded in females. In a broader perspective, the results collected reveal the occurrence of different behavioural adaptations in males and females, adding to the comprehension of the mechanisms by which O. davisae interacts with its environment and shedding new light on the in situ population dynamics of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Uttieri
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Leonid Svetlichny
- Department of Invertebrate Fauna and Systematics, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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2
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Tyrell AS, Jiang H, Fisher NS. Copepod feeding strategy determines response to seawater viscosity: videography study of two calanoid copepod species. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb220830. [PMID: 32527959 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.220830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calanoid copepods, depending on feeding strategy, have different behavioral and biological controls on their movements, thereby responding differently to environmental conditions such as changes in seawater viscosity. To understand how copepod responses to environmental conditions are mediated through physical, physiological and/or behavioral pathways, we used high-speed microvideography to compare two copepod species, Acartia hudsonica and Parvocalanus crassirostris, under different temperature, viscosity and dietary conditions. Acartia hudsonica exhibited 'sink and wait' feeding behavior and typically responded to changes in seawater viscosity; increased seawater viscosity reduced particle-capture behavior and decreased the size of the feeding current. In contrast, P. crassirostris continuously swam and did not show any behavioral or physical responses to changes in viscosity. Both species showed a physiological response to temperature, with reduced appendage beating frequency at cold temperatures, but this did not generally translate into effects on swimming speed, feeding flux or active time. Both copepod species swam slower when feeding on diatom rather than dinoflagellate prey, showing that prey type mediates copepod behavior. These results differentiate species-specific behaviors and responses to environmental conditions, which may lead to better understanding of niche separation and latitudinal patterns in copepod feeding and movement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Tyrell
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
| | - Houshuo Jiang
- Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Nicholas S Fisher
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
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3
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Abstract
Copepods are agile microcrustaceans that are capable of maneuvering freely in water. However, the physical mechanisms driving their rotational motion are not entirely clear in small larvae (nauplii). Here we report high-speed video observations of copepod nauplii performing acrobatic feats with three pairs of appendages. Our results show rotations about three principal axes of the body: yaw, roll, and pitch. The yaw rotation turns the body to one side and results in a circular swimming path. The roll rotation consists of the body spiraling around a nearly linear path, similar to an aileron roll of an airplane. We interpret the yaw and roll rotations to be facilitated by appendage pronation or supination. The pitch rotation consists of flipping on the spot in a maneuver that resembles a backflip somersault. The pitch rotation involved tail bending and was not observed in the earliest stages of nauplii. The maneuvering strategies adopted by plankton may inspire the design of microscopic robots, equipped with suitable controls for reorienting autonomously in three dimensions.
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Nguyen KH, Gemmell BJ, Rohr JR. Effects of temperature and viscosity on miracidial and cercarial movement of Schistosoma mansoni: ramifications for disease transmission. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:153-159. [PMID: 31991147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parasites with complex life cycles can be susceptible to temperature shifts associated with seasonal changes, especially as free-living larvae that depend on a fixed energy reserve to survive outside the host. The life cycle of Schistosoma, a trematode genus containing some species that cause human schistosomiasis, has free-living, aquatic miracidial and cercarial larval stages that swim using cilia or a forked tail, respectively. The small size of these swimmers (150-350 µm) dictates that their propulsion is dominated by viscous forces. Given that viscosity inhibits the swimming ability of small organisms and is inversely correlated with temperature, changes in temperature should affect the ability of free-living larval stages to swim and locate a host. By recording miracidial and cercarial movement of Schistosoma mansoni using a high-speed camera and manipulating temperature and viscosity independently, we assessed the role each factor plays in the swimming mechanics of the parasite. We found a positive effect of temperature and a negative effect of viscosity on miracidial and cercarial speed. Reynolds numbers, which describe the ratio of inertial to viscous forces exerted on an aquatic organism, were <1 across treatments. Q10 values were <2 when comparing viscosity treatments at 20 °C and 30 °C, further supporting the influence of viscosity on miracidial and cercarial speed. Given that both larval stages have limited energy reserves and infection takes considerable energy, successful transmission depends on both speed and lifespan. We coupled our speed data with mortality measurements across temperatures and discovered that the theoretical maximum distance travelled increased with temperature and decreased with viscosity for both larval stages. Thus, our results suggest that S. mansoni transmission is high during warm times of the year, partly due to improved swimming performance of the free-living larval stages, and that increases in temperature variation associated with climate change might further increase transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
| | - B J Gemmell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - J R Rohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, and Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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5
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Mrokowska MM, Krztoń-Maziopa A. Viscoelastic and shear-thinning effects of aqueous exopolymer solution on disk and sphere settling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7897. [PMID: 31133719 PMCID: PMC6536512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, xanthan gum is used as a model exopolymer to demonstrate potential effects of non-Newtonian properties of natural aquatic systems on settling dynamics of particles. Rheological measurements combined with settling experiments using visualization methods revealed that instantaneous velocity fluctuations and a flow pattern formed around a particle are the effects of solution viscoelasticity and shear-thinning properties and that the average settling velocity depends on the exopolymer concentration and particle size. Our study showed that in the considered conditions a disk-shaped particle settles preferably in vertical position with a negative wake behind. The understanding of these processes is essential in technology and engineering and is necessary to improve prediction accuracy of large-scale sedimentation processes and biogeochemical cycles in the ocean involving settling of minerals, marine snow, microplastics, and locomotion of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Mrokowska
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Krztoń-Maziopa
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Flewellen JL, Zaid IM, Berry RM. A multi-mode digital holographic microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:023705. [PMID: 30831696 DOI: 10.1063/1.5066556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a transmission-mode digital holographic microscope that can switch easily between three different imaging modes: inline, dark field off-axis, and bright field off-axis. Our instrument can be used: to track through time in three dimensions microscopic dielectric objects, such as motile micro-organisms; localize brightly scattering nanoparticles, which cannot be seen under conventional bright field illumination; and recover topographic information and measure the refractive index and dry mass of samples via quantitative phase recovery. Holograms are captured on a digital camera capable of high-speed video recording of up to 2000 frames per second. The inline mode of operation can be easily configurable to a large range of magnifications. We demonstrate the efficacy of the inline mode in tracking motile bacteria in three dimensions in a 160 μm × 160 μm × 100 μm volume at 45× magnification. Through the use of a novel physical mask in a conjugate Fourier plane in the imaging path, we use our microscope for high magnification, dark field off-axis holography, demonstrated by localizing 100 nm gold nanoparticles at 225× magnification up to at least 16 μm from the imaging plane. Finally, the bright field off-axis mode facilitates quantitative phase microscopy, which we employ to measure the refractive index of a standard resolution test target and to measure the dry mass of human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Flewellen
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Irwin M Zaid
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Berry
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Li G, Ostace A, Ardekani AM. Hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms in an inertial regime. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:053104. [PMID: 27967048 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.053104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate the hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms at small to intermediate Reynolds number regimes, i.e., Re∼O(0.1-100), where inertial effects are important. The hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms in this regime is significantly different from the Stokes regime for microorganisms, as well as the high Reynolds number flows for fish and birds, which involves strong flow separation and detached vortex structures. Using an archetypal swimmer model, called a "squirmer," we find that the inertial effects change the contact time and dispersion dynamics of a pair of pusher swimmers, and trigger hydrodynamic attraction for two pullers. These results are potentially important in investigating predator-prey interactions, sexual reproduction, and the encounter rate of marine organisms such as copepods, ctenophora, and larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Anca Ostace
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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8
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Lenz PH, Takagi D, Hartline DK. Choreographed swimming of copepod nauplii. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:rsif.2015.0776. [PMID: 26490629 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small metazoan paddlers, such as crustacean larvae (nauplii), are abundant, ecologically important and active swimmers, which depend on exploiting viscous forces for locomotion. The physics of micropaddling at low Reynolds number was investigated using a model of swimming based on slender-body theory for Stokes flow. Locomotion of nauplii of the copepod Bestiolina similis was quantified from high-speed video images to obtain precise measurements of appendage movements and the resulting displacement of the body. The kinematic and morphological data served as inputs to the model, which predicted the displacement in good agreement with observations. The results of interest did not depend sensitively on the parameters within the error of measurement. Model tests revealed that the commonly attributed mechanism of 'feathering' appendages during return strokes accounts for only part of the displacement. As important for effective paddling at low Reynolds number is the ability to generate a metachronal sequence of power strokes in combination with synchronous return strokes of appendages. The effect of feathering together with a synchronous return stroke is greater than the sum of each factor individually. The model serves as a foundation for future exploration of micropaddlers swimming at intermediate Reynolds number where both viscous and inertial forces are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra H Lenz
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daisuke Takagi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2565 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daniel K Hartline
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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9
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Michalec FG, Souissi S, Holzner M. Turbulence triggers vigorous swimming but hinders motion strategy in planktonic copepods. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:rsif.2015.0158. [PMID: 25904528 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calanoid copepods represent a major component of the plankton community. These small animals reside in constantly flowing environments. Given the fundamental role of behaviour in their ecology, it is especially relevant to know how copepods perform in turbulent flows. By means of three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry, we reconstructed the trajectories of hundreds of adult Eurytemora affinis swimming freely under realistic intensities of homogeneous turbulence. We demonstrate that swimming contributes substantially to the dynamics of copepods even when turbulence is significant. We show that the contribution of behaviour to the overall dynamics gradually reduces with turbulence intensity but regains significance at moderate intensity, allowing copepods to maintain a certain velocity relative to the flow. These results suggest that E. affinis has evolved an adaptive behavioural mechanism to retain swimming efficiency in turbulent flows. They suggest the ability of some copepods to respond to the hydrodynamic features of the surrounding flow. Such ability may improve survival and mating performance in complex and dynamic environments. However, moderate levels of turbulence cancelled gender-specific differences in the degree of space occupation and innate movement strategies. Our results suggest that the broadly accepted mate-searching strategies based on trajectory complexity and movement patterns are inefficient in energetic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Gaël Michalec
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sami Souissi
- Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, 62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Markus Holzner
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Adhikari D, Gemmell BJ, Hallberg MP, Longmire EK, Buskey EJ. Simultaneous measurement of 3D zooplankton trajectories and surrounding fluid velocity field in complex flows. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3534-40. [PMID: 26486364 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe an automated, volumetric particle image velocimetry (PIV) and tracking method that measures time-resolved, 3D zooplankton trajectories and surrounding volumetric fluid velocity fields simultaneously and non-intrusively. The method is demonstrated for groups of copepods flowing past a wall-mounted cylinder. We show that copepods execute escape responses when subjected to a strain rate threshold upstream of a cylinder, but the same threshold range elicits no escape responses in the turbulent wake downstream. The method was also used to document the instantaneous slip velocity of zooplankton and the resulting differences in trajectory between zooplankton and non-inertial fluid particles in the unsteady wake flow, showing the method's capability to quantify drift for both passive and motile organisms in turbulent environments. Applications of the method extend to any group of organisms interacting with the surrounding fluid environment, where organism location, larger-scale eddies and smaller-scale fluid deformation rates can all be tracked and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Adhikari
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brad J Gemmell
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Michael P Hallberg
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ellen K Longmire
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Edward J Buskey
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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11
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Michalec FG, Schmitt FG, Souissi S, Holzner M. Characterization of intermittency in zooplankton behaviour in turbulence. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2015; 38:108. [PMID: 26490249 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We consider Lagrangian velocity differences of zooplankters swimming in still water and in turbulence. Using cumulants, we quantify the intermittency properties of their motion recorded using three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry. Copepods swimming in still water display an intermittent behaviour characterized by a high probability of small velocity increments, and by stretched exponential tails. Low values arise from their steady cruising behaviour while heavy tails result from frequent relocation jumps. In turbulence, we show that at short time scales, the intermittency signature of active copepods clearly differs from that of the underlying flow, and reflects the frequent relocation jumps displayed by these small animals. Despite these differences, we show that copepods swimming in still and turbulent flow belong to the same intermittency class that can be modelled by a log-stable model with non-analytical cumulant generating function. Intermittency in swimming behaviour and relocation jumps may enable copepods to display oriented, collective motion under strong hydrodynamic conditions and thus, may contribute to the formation of zooplankton patches in energetic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Gaël Michalec
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - François G Schmitt
- UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, CNRS, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Cote d'Opale, F62930, Wimereux, France
| | - Sami Souissi
- UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Cote d'Opale, F62930, Wimereux, France
| | - Markus Holzner
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Gemmell BJ, Costello JH, Colin SP. Exploring vortex enhancement and manipulation mechanisms in jellyfish that contributes to energetically efficient propulsion. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e29014. [PMID: 25346796 PMCID: PMC4203578 DOI: 10.4161/cib.29014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of animals to propel themselves efficiently through a fluid medium is ecologically advantageous. Flexible components that influence vortex interactions are widespread among animal propulsors. However the mechanisms by which vortices are enhanced and appropriately positioned for thrust generation are still poorly understood. Here, we describe how kinematic propulsor movements of a jellyfish can enhance and reposition a vortex ring that allows the recapture of wake energy for secondary thrust generation and efficient locomotion. We use high-speed video and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to resolve kinematics simultaneously with fluid structures. These results provide new insight into how animals can manipulate fluid structures to reduce metabolic energy demands of swimming muscles and may have implications in bio-inspired design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Gemmell
- Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA USA ; Providence College; Providence, RI USA
| | - John H Costello
- Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA USA ; Providence College; Providence, RI USA
| | - Sean P Colin
- Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA USA ; Roger Williams University; Bristol, RI USA
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