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Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang T, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhou T, Yang R. Spermbots and Their Applications in Assisted Reproduction: Current Progress and Future Perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5095-5108. [PMID: 38836008 PMCID: PMC11149708 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s465548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sperm quality is declining dramatically during the past decades. Male infertility has been a serious health and social problem. The sperm cell driven biohybrid nanorobot opens a new era for automated and precise assisted reproduction. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to conduct an updated review and perspective from the viewpoints of the researchers and clinicians in the field of reproductive medicine. In the present review, we first update the current classification, design, control and applications of various spermbots. Then, by a comprehensive summary of the functional features of sperm cells, the journey of sperms to the oocyte, and sperm-related dysfunctions, we provide a systematic guidance to further improve the design of spermbots. Focusing on the translation of spermbots into clinical practice, we point out that the main challenges are biocompatibility, effectiveness, and ethical issues. Considering the special requirements of assisted reproduction, we also propose the three laws for the clinical usage of spermbots: good genetics, gentle operation and no contamination. Finally, a three-step roadmap is proposed to achieve the goal of clinical translation. We believe that spermbot-based treatments can be validated and approved for in vitro clinical usage in the near future. However, multi-center and multi-disciplinary collaborations are needed to further promote the translation of spermbots into in vivo clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Diseases, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghua Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Diseases, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Diseases, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Diseases, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Abstract
Flagellar-driven motility grants unicellular organisms the ability to gather more food and avoid predators, but the energetic costs of construction and operation of flagella are considerable. Paths of flagellar evolution depend on the deviations between fitness gains and energy costs. Using structural data available for all three major flagellar types (bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic), flagellar construction costs were determined for Escherichia coli, Pyrococcus furiosus, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Estimates of cell volumes, flagella numbers, and flagellum lengths from the literature yield flagellar costs for another ~200 species. The benefits of flagellar investment were analysed in terms of swimming speed, nutrient collection, and growth rate; showing, among other things, that the cost-effectiveness of bacterial and eukaryotic flagella follows a common trend. However, a comparison of whole-cell costs and flagellum costs across the Tree of Life reveals that only cells with larger cell volumes than the typical bacterium could evolve the more expensive eukaryotic flagellum. These findings provide insight into the unsolved evolutionary question of why the three domains of life each carry their own type of flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Schavemaker
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
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3
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Mandal FB. A review of the ecology, genetics, evolution, and magnetosome –induced behaviours of the magnetotactic bacteria. Isr J Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The discovery of magnetosome and magnetotaxis in its most simple form in the magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) had created the tremendous impetus. MTB, spanning multiple phyla, are distributed worldwide, and they form the organelles called magnetosomes for biomineralization. Eight phylotypes of MTB belong to Alphaproteobacteria and Nitrospirae. MTB show preference for specific redox and oxygen concentration. Magnetosome chains function as the internal compass needle and align the bacterial cells passively along the local geomagnetic field (GMF). The nature of magnetosomes produced by MTB and their phylogeny suggest that bullet-shaped magnetites appeared about 3.2 billion years ago with the first magnetosomes. All MTB contains ten genes in conserved mamAB operon for magnetosome chain synthesis of which nine genes are conserved in greigite-producing MTB. Many candidate genes identify the aero-, redox-, and perhaps phototaxis. Among the prokaryotes, the MTB possess the highest number of O2-binding proteins. Magnetofossils serve as an indicator of oxygen and redox levels of the ancient environments. Most descendants of ancestral MTB lost the magnetosome genes in the course of evolution. Environmental conditions initially favored the evolution of MTB and expansion of magnetosome-formation genes. Subsequent changes in atmospheric oxygen concentration have led to changes in the ecology of MTB, loss of magnetosome genes, and evolution of nonMTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatik Baran Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, College Road, Bankura, West Bengal, 722101, India
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4
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Grognot M, Taute KM. More than propellers: how flagella shape bacterial motility behaviors. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 61:73-81. [PMID: 33845324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria use a wide variety of flagellar architectures to navigate their environment. While the iconic run-tumble motility strategy of the peritrichously flagellated Escherichia coli has been well studied, recent work has revealed a variety of new motility behaviors that can be achieved with different flagellar architectures, such as single, bundled, or opposing polar flagella. The recent discovery of various flagellar gymnastics such as flicking and flagellar wrapping is increasingly shifting the view from flagella as passive propellers to versatile appendages that can be used in a wide range of conformations. Here, we review recent observations of how flagella shape motility behaviors and summarize the nascent structure-function map linking flagellation and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Grognot
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H Land Blvd, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Katja M Taute
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H Land Blvd, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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5
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6
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Spirochete Flagella and Motility. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040550. [PMID: 32260454 PMCID: PMC7225975 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirochetes can be distinguished from other flagellated bacteria by their long, thin, spiral (or wavy) cell bodies and endoflagella that reside within the periplasmic space, designated as periplasmic flagella (PFs). Some members of the spirochetes are pathogenic, including the causative agents of syphilis, Lyme disease, swine dysentery, and leptospirosis. Furthermore, their unique morphologies have attracted attention of structural biologists; however, the underlying physics of viscoelasticity-dependent spirochetal motility is a longstanding mystery. Elucidating the molecular basis of spirochetal invasion and interaction with hosts, resulting in the appearance of symptoms or the generation of asymptomatic reservoirs, will lead to a deeper understanding of host-pathogen relationships and the development of antimicrobials. Moreover, the mechanism of propulsion in fluids or on surfaces by the rotation of PFs within the narrow periplasmic space could be a designing base for an autonomously driving micro-robot with high efficiency. This review describes diverse morphology and motility observed among the spirochetes and further summarizes the current knowledge on their mechanisms and relations to pathogenicity, mainly from the standpoint of experimental biophysics.
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7
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Zhang WJ, Wu LF. Flagella and Swimming Behavior of Marine Magnetotactic Bacteria. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030460. [PMID: 32188162 PMCID: PMC7175107 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine environments are generally characterized by low bulk concentrations of nutrients that are susceptible to steady or intermittent motion driven by currents and local turbulence. Marine bacteria have therefore developed strategies, such as very fast-swimming and the exploitation of multiple directional sensing–response systems in order to efficiently migrate towards favorable places in nutrient gradients. The magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) even utilize Earth’s magnetic field to facilitate downward swimming into the oxic–anoxic interface, which is the most favorable place for their persistence and proliferation, in chemically stratified sediments or water columns. To ensure the desired flagella-propelled motility, marine MTBs have evolved an exquisite flagellar apparatus, and an extremely high number (tens of thousands) of flagella can be found on a single entity, displaying a complex polar, axial, bounce, and photosensitive magnetotactic behavior. In this review, we describe gene clusters, the flagellar apparatus architecture, and the swimming behavior of marine unicellular and multicellular magnetotactic bacteria. The physiological significance and mechanisms that govern these motions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Zhang
- Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbial Cell Biology, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China;
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, F-13402 CNRS-Marseille, France/CAS-Sanya 572000, China
| | - Long-Fei Wu
- International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, F-13402 CNRS-Marseille, France/CAS-Sanya 572000, China
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB, IMM, IM2B, CENTURI, F-13402 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-9116-4157
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8
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Bente K, Mohammadinejad S, Charsooghi MA, Bachmann F, Codutti A, Lefèvre CT, Klumpp S, Faivre D. High-speed motility originates from cooperatively pushing and pulling flagella bundles in bilophotrichous bacteria. eLife 2020; 9:47551. [PMID: 31989923 PMCID: PMC7010408 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria propel and change direction by rotating long, helical filaments, called flagella. The number of flagella, their arrangement on the cell body and their sense of rotation hypothetically determine the locomotion characteristics of a species. The movement of the most rapid microorganisms has in particular remained unexplored because of additional experimental limitations. We show that magnetotactic cocci with two flagella bundles on one pole swim faster than 500 µm·s−1 along a double helical path, making them one of the fastest natural microswimmers. We additionally reveal that the cells reorient in less than 5 ms, an order of magnitude faster than reported so far for any other bacteria. Using hydrodynamic modeling, we demonstrate that a mode where a pushing and a pulling bundle cooperate is the only possibility to enable both helical tracks and fast reorientations. The advantage of sheathed flagella bundles is the high rigidity, making high swimming speeds possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Bente
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Mohammadinejad
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Avalin Charsooghi
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Felix Bachmann
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Agnese Codutti
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Klumpp
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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9
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Microswimmer Propulsion by Two Steadily Rotating Helical Flagella. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10010065. [PMID: 30669288 PMCID: PMC6356978 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many theoretical studies of bacterial locomotion adopt a simple model for the organism consisting of a spheroidal cell body and a single corkscrew-shaped flagellum that rotates to propel the body forward. Motivated by experimental observations of a group of magnetotactic bacterial strains, we extended the model by considering two flagella attached to the cell body and rotating about their respective axes. Using numerical simulations, we analyzed the motion of such a microswimmer in bulk fluid and close to a solid surface. We show that positioning the two flagella far apart on the cell body reduces the rate of rotation of the body and increases the swimming speed. Near surfaces, we found that swimmers with two flagella can swim in relatively straight trajectories or circular orbits in either direction. It is also possible for the swimmer to escape from surfaces, unlike a model swimmer of similar shape but with only a single flagellum. Thus, we conclude that there are important implications of swimming with two flagella or flagellar bundles rather than one. These considerations are relevant not only for understanding differences in bacterial morphology but also for designing microrobotic swimmers.
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10
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Bacterial community structure and novel species of magnetotactic bacteria in sediments from a seamount in the Mariana volcanic arc. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17964. [PMID: 29269894 PMCID: PMC5740136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seamounts are undersea mountains rising abruptly from the sea floor and interacting dynamically with underwater currents. They represent unique biological habitats with various microbial community structures. Certain seamount bacteria form conspicuous extracellular iron oxide structures, including encrusted stalks, flattened bifurcating tubes, and filamentous sheaths. To extend our knowledge of seamount ecosystems, we performed an integrated study on population structure and the occurrence of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) that synthesize intracellular iron oxide nanocrystals in sediments of a seamount in the Mariana volcanic arc. We found Proteobacteria dominant at 13 of 14 stations, but ranked second in abundance to members of the phylum Firmicutes at the deep-water station located on a steep slope facing the Mariana-Yap Trench. Live MTB dwell in biogenic sediments from all 14 stations ranging in depth from 238 to 2,023 m. Some magnetotactic cocci possess the most complex flagellar apparatus yet reported; 19 flagella are arranged in a 3:4:5:4:3 array within a flagellar bundle. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified 16 novel species of MTB specific to this seamount. Together the results obtained indicate that geographic properties of the seamount stations are important in shaping the bacterial community structure and the MTB composition.
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11
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Terashima H, Kawamoto A, Morimoto YV, Imada K, Minamino T. Structural differences in the bacterial flagellar motor among bacterial species. Biophys Physicobiol 2017; 14:191-198. [PMID: 29362704 PMCID: PMC5774414 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.14.0_191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial flagellum is a supramolecular motility machine consisting of the basal body as a rotary motor, the hook as a universal joint, and the filament as a helical propeller. Intact structures of the bacterial flagella have been observed for different bacterial species by electron cryotomography and subtomogram averaging. The core structures of the basal body consisting of the C ring, the MS ring, the rod and the protein export apparatus, and their organization are well conserved, but novel and divergent structures have also been visualized to surround the conserved structure of the basal body. This suggests that the flagellar motors have adapted to function in various environments where bacteria live and survive. In this review, we will summarize our current findings on the divergent structures of the bacterial flagellar motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Terashima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawamoto
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke V Morimoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Ji B, Zhang SD, Zhang WJ, Rouy Z, Alberto F, Santini CL, Mangenot S, Gagnot S, Philippe N, Pradel N, Zhang L, Tempel S, Li Y, Médigue C, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Barbe V, Talla E, Wu LF. The chimeric nature of the genomes of marine magnetotactic coccoid-ovoid bacteria defines a novel group of P
roteobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1103-1119. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Ji
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
| | - Sheng-Da Zhang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
| | - Wei-Jia Zhang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
- State Key Laboratories for Agro-biotechnology and College of Biological Sciences; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Zoe Rouy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique-Génoscope; Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry F-91057 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry F-91057 France
- UEVE; Université d'Evry, Boulevard François Mitterrand; Evry F-91025 France
| | - François Alberto
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
| | - Claire-Lise Santini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
| | - Sophie Mangenot
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique-Génoscope; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire pour l'Etude des Génomes; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry cedex CP 5706 - 91057 France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Pradel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Toulon, CNRS, IRD; Marseille France
| | | | | | - Ying Li
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
- State Key Laboratories for Agro-biotechnology and College of Biological Sciences; China Agricultural University; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Claudine Médigue
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique-Génoscope; Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry F-91057 France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Mixte de Recherche 8030; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry F-91057 France
- UEVE; Université d'Evry, Boulevard François Mitterrand; Evry F-91025 France
| | | | | | - Valérie Barbe
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique-Génoscope; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire pour l'Etude des Génomes; 2 rue Gaston Crémieux Evry cedex CP 5706 - 91057 France
| | | | - Long-Fei Wu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Marseille France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL); Marseille cedex 20 F-13402 France
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13
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Zhang WJ, Zhang SD, Wu LF. Measurement of Free-Swimming Motility and Magnetotactic Behavior of Magnetococcus massalia Strain MO-1. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1593:305-320. [PMID: 28389965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6927-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetococcus massalia strain MO-1 represents a group of fast-swimming marine magnetotactic coccoid-ovoid bacteria. They show polar magnetotaxis behavior in uniform magnetic field. MO-1 cells swim forward constantly with rare stop. When they meet obstacles, MO-1 cells could squeeze through or circumvent the obstacles. Here, we describe the methods for characterization of magnetotactic behaviors of MO-1 cells using adapted spectrophotometer and microscope mounted with magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Zhang
- Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbial Cell Biology, Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
- Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-13402, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Sheng-Da Zhang
- Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbial Cell Biology, Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Long-Fei Wu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, France.
- Laboratoire International Associé de la Bio-Minéralisation et Nano-Structures (LIA-BioMNSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-13402, Marseille cedex 20, France.
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14
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Araujo ACV, Morillo V, Cypriano J, Teixeira LCRS, Leão P, Lyra S, Almeida LGD, Bazylinski DA, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos AT, Abreu F, Lins U. Combined genomic and structural analyses of a cultured magnetotactic bacterium reveals its niche adaptation to a dynamic environment. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:726. [PMID: 27801294 PMCID: PMC5088516 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a unique group of prokaryotes that have a potentially high impact on global geochemical cycling of significant primary elements because of their metabolic plasticity and the ability to biomineralize iron-rich magnetic particles called magnetosomes. Understanding the genetic composition of the few cultivated MTB along with the unique morphological features of this group of bacteria may provide an important framework for discerning their potential biogeochemical roles in natural environments. RESULTS Genomic and ultrastructural analyses were combined to characterize the cultivated magnetotactic coccus Magnetofaba australis strain IT-1. Cells of this species synthesize a single chain of elongated, cuboctahedral magnetite (Fe3O4) magnetosomes that cause them to align along magnetic field lines while they swim being propelled by two bundles of flagella at velocities up to 300 μm s-1. High-speed microscopy imaging showed the cells move in a straight line rather than in the helical trajectory described for other magnetotactic cocci. Specific genes within the genome of Mf. australis strain IT-1 suggest the strain is capable of nitrogen fixation, sulfur reduction and oxidation, synthesis of intracellular polyphosphate granules and transporting iron with low and high affinity. Mf. australis strain IT-1 and Magnetococcus marinus strain MC-1 are closely related phylogenetically although similarity values between their homologous proteins are not very high. CONCLUSION Mf. australis strain IT-1 inhabits a constantly changing environment and its complete genome sequence reveals a great metabolic plasticity to deal with these changes. Aside from its chemoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic metabolism, genomic data indicate the cells are capable of nitrogen fixation, possess high and low affinity iron transporters, and might be capable of reducing and oxidizing a number of sulfur compounds. The relatively large number of genes encoding transporters as well as chemotaxis receptors in the genome of Mf. australis strain IT-1 combined with its rapid swimming velocities, indicate that cells respond rapidly to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Vieira Araujo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Current institution: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 18052-780, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviana Morillo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Jefferson Cypriano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Leão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sidcley Lyra
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de Almeida
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, 25651-070, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Bazylinski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, 25651-070, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Abreu
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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15
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Dark-field X-ray ptychography: Towards high-resolution imaging of thick and unstained biological specimens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35060. [PMID: 27734961 PMCID: PMC5062076 DOI: 10.1038/srep35060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase shift of light or electrons in objects is now necessary for probing weak-phase objects such as unstained biological specimens. Optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to observe weak-phase objects. However, conventional OM has low spatial resolution and TEM is limited to thin specimens. Here, we report on the development of dark-field X-ray ptychography, which combines X-ray ptychography and X-ray in-line holography, to observe weak-phase objects with a phase resolution better than 0.01 rad, a spatial resolution better than 15 nm, and a field of view larger than 5 μm. We apply this method to the observation of both the outline and magnetosomes of the magnetotactic bacteria MO-1. Observation of thick samples with high resolution is expected to find broad applications in not only biology but also materials science.
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16
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Zhang SD, Santini CL, Zhang WJ, Barbe V, Mangenot S, Guyomar C, Garel M, Chen HT, Li XG, Yin QJ, Zhao Y, Armengaud J, Gaillard JC, Martini S, Pradel N, Vidaud C, Alberto F, Médigue C, Tamburini C, Wu LF. Genomic and physiological analysis reveals versatile metabolic capacity of deep-sea Photobacterium phosphoreum ANT-2200. Extremophiles 2016; 20:301-10. [PMID: 27039108 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Photobacterium thrive worldwide in oceans and show substantial eco-physiological diversity including free-living, symbiotic and piezophilic life styles. Genomic characteristics underlying this variability across species are poorly understood. Here we carried out genomic and physiological analysis of Photobacterium phosphoreum strain ANT-2200, the first deep-sea luminous bacterium of which the genome has been sequenced. Using optical mapping we updated the genomic data and reassembled it into two chromosomes and a large plasmid. Genomic analysis revealed a versatile energy metabolic potential and physiological analysis confirmed its growth capacity by deriving energy from fermentation of glucose or maltose, by respiration with formate as electron donor and trimethlyamine N-oxide (TMAO), nitrate or fumarate as electron acceptors, or by chemo-organo-heterotrophic growth in rich media. Despite that it was isolated at a site with saturated dissolved oxygen, the ANT-2200 strain possesses four gene clusters coding for typical anaerobic enzymes, the TMAO reductases. Elevated hydrostatic pressure enhances the TMAO reductase activity, mainly due to the increase of isoenzyme TorA1. The high copy number of the TMAO reductase isoenzymes and pressure-enhanced activity might imply a strategy developed by bacteria to adapt to deep-sea habitats where the instant TMAO availability may increase with depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Da Zhang
- Deep-Sea Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Deep Sea Sciences, Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China
| | - Claire-Lise Santini
- LCB UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IMM, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France.,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China
| | - Wei-Jia Zhang
- Deep-Sea Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Deep Sea Sciences, Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China
| | | | | | - Charlotte Guyomar
- LCB UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IMM, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France.,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China
| | - Marc Garel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Hai-Tao Chen
- Deep-Sea Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Deep Sea Sciences, Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China
| | - Xue-Gong Li
- Deep-Sea Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Deep Sea Sciences, Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China
| | - Qun-Jian Yin
- Deep-Sea Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Deep Sea Sciences, Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | - Séverine Martini
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Pradel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - François Alberto
- LCB UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IMM, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France.,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China
| | - Claudine Médigue
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, CEA/DSV/IG/Genoscope and CNRS-UMR 8030 and Univ. Evry Val d'Esssone, Evry, France
| | - Christian Tamburini
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Long-Fei Wu
- LCB UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IMM, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402, Marseille Cedex 20, France. .,France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structure Laboratory (LIA-BioMNSL), LCB-CNRS, Marseille, France/SIDSSE-CAS, Sanya, China.
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17
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Oikonomou CM, Chang YW, Jensen GJ. A new view into prokaryotic cell biology from electron cryotomography. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:205-20. [PMID: 26923112 PMCID: PMC5551487 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electron cryotomography (ECT) enables intact cells to be visualized in 3D in an essentially native state to 'macromolecular' (∼4 nm) resolution, revealing the basic architectures of complete nanomachines and their arrangements in situ. Since its inception, ECT has advanced our understanding of many aspects of prokaryotic cell biology, from morphogenesis to subcellular compartmentalization and from metabolism to complex interspecies interactions. In this Review, we highlight how ECT has provided structural and mechanistic insights into the physiology of bacteria and archaea and discuss prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Oikonomou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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18
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are widespread, motile, diverse prokaryotes that biomineralize a unique organelle called the magnetosome. Magnetosomes consist of a nano-sized crystal of a magnetic iron mineral that is enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane. In cells of almost all MTB, magnetosomes are organized as a well-ordered chain. The magnetosome chain causes the cell to behave like a motile, miniature compass needle where the cell aligns and swims parallel to magnetic field lines. MTB are found in almost all types of aquatic environments, where they can account for an important part of the bacterial biomass. The genes responsible for magnetosome biomineralization are organized as clusters in the genomes of MTB, in some as a magnetosome genomic island. The functions of a number of magnetosome genes and their associated proteins in magnetosome synthesis and construction of the magnetosome chain have now been elucidated. The origin of magnetotaxis appears to be monophyletic; that is, it developed in a common ancestor to all MTB, although horizontal gene transfer of magnetosome genes also appears to play a role in their distribution. The purpose of this review, based on recent progress in this field, is focused on the diversity and the ecology of the MTB and also the evolution and transfer of the molecular determinants involved in magnetosome formation.
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19
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Zhang SD, Petersen N, Zhang WJ, Cargou S, Ruan J, Murat D, Santini CL, Song T, Kato T, Notareschi P, Li Y, Namba K, Gué AM, Wu LF. Swimming behaviour and magnetotaxis function of the marine bacterium strain MO-1. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:14-20. [PMID: 24596258 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have the unique capacity to align and swim along the geomagnetic field lines downward to the oxic-anoxic interface in chemically stratified water columns and sediments. They are most abundant within the first few centimetres of sediments below the water-sediment interface. It is unknown how MTB penetrate into the sediment layer and swim in the pocket water, while their movements are restricted by the alignment along the magnetic field lines. Here we characterized the swimming behaviour of the marine fast-swimming magnetotactic ovoid bacterium MO-1.We found that it rotates around and translates along its short body axis to the magnetic north (northward). MO-1 cells swim forward constantly for a minimum of 1770 μm without apparent stopping. When encountering obstacles, MO-1 cells squeeze through or swim southward to circumvent the obstacles. The distance of southward swimming is short and inversely proportional to the magnetic field strength. Using a magnetic shielding device, we provide direct evidence that magnetotaxis is beneficial to MO-1 growth and becomes essential at low cell density. Environmental implications of the fast-swimming magnetotactic behaviour of magnetococci are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Da Zhang
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS, UMR7283, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 20, F-13402, France; Laboratoire International Associé de la Biominéralisation et Nanostructure, CNRS-Marseille, Marseille, F-13402, France
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20
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Bazylinski DA, Williams TJ, Lefèvre CT, Berg RJ, Zhang CL, Bowser SS, Dean AJ, Beveridge TJ. Magnetococcus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine, magnetotactic bacterium that represents a novel lineage (Magnetococcaceae fam. nov., Magnetococcales ord. nov.) at the base of the Alphaproteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 63:801-808. [PMID: 22581902 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.038927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are a morphologically, metabolically and phylogenetically disparate array of bacteria united by the ability to biomineralize membrane-encased, single-magnetic-domain mineral crystals (magnetosomes) that cause the cell to orientate along the Earth's geomagnetic field. The most commonly observed type of magnetotactic bacteria is the ubiquitous magnetotactic cocci, which comprise their own phylogenetic group. Strain MC-1(T), a member of this group, was isolated from water collected from the oxic-anoxic interface of the Pettaquamscutt Estuary in Rhode Island, USA, and cultivated in axenic culture. Cells of strain MC-1(T) are roughly spherical, with two sheathed bundles of flagella at a single pole (bilophotrichous). Strain MC-1(T) uses polar magnetotaxis, and has a single chain of magnetite crystals per cell. Cells grow chemolithoautotrophically with thiosulfate or sulfide as the electron donors, and chemo-organoheterotrophically on acetate. During autotrophic growth, strain MC-1(T) relies on the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle for CO2 fixation. The DNA G+C content is 54.2 mol%. The new genus and species Magnetococcus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov. are proposed to accommodate strain MC-1(T) ( = ATCC BAA-1437(T) = JCM 17883(T)), which is nominated as the type strain of Magnetococcus marinus. A new order (Magnetococcales ord. nov.) and family (Magnetococcaceae fam. nov.) are proposed for the reception of Magnetococcus and related magnetotactic cocci, which are provisionally included in the Alphaproteobacteria as the most basal known lineage of this class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Bazylinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Timothy J Williams
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher T Lefèvre
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, UMR 6191, CEA Cadarache, DSV, IBEB, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Ryan J Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chuanlun L Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA
| | - Samuel S Bowser
- Division of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Annette J Dean
- Pioneer Hi-Bred, Int'l Inc., 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131-1004, USA
| | - Terrence J Beveridge
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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