1
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Velusamy T, Singh N, Croft S, Smith S, Tscharke DC. The expression and function of HSV ICP47 and its promoter in mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0110723. [PMID: 37902400 PMCID: PMC10688380 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01107-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Immune evasion and latency are key mechanisms that underlie the success of herpesviruses. In each case, interactions between viral and host proteins are required and due to co-evolution, not all mechanisms are preserved across host species, even if infection is possible. This is highlighted by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) protein immediate early-infected cell protein (ICP)47, which inhibits the detection of infected cells by killer T cells and acts with high efficiency in humans, but poorly, if at all in mouse cells. Here, we show that ICP47 retains modest but detectable function in mouse cells, but in an in vivo model we found no role during acute infection or latency. We also explored the activity of the ICP47 promoter, finding that it could be active during latency, but this was dependent on genome location. These results are important to interpret HSV pathogenesis work done in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilaga Velusamy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Navneet Singh
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sarah Croft
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stewart Smith
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT, Australia
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2
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Harbour JC, Abdelbary M, Schell JB, Fancher SP, McLean JJ, Nappi TJ, Liu S, Nice TJ, Xia Z, Früh K, Nolz JC. T helper 1 effector memory CD4 + T cells protect the skin from poxvirus infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112407. [PMID: 37083328 PMCID: PMC10281076 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus infections of the skin are a recent emerging public health concern, yet the mechanisms that mediate protective immunity against these viral infections remain largely unknown. Here, we show that T helper 1 (Th1) memory CD4+ T cells are necessary and sufficient to provide complete and broad protection against poxvirus skin infections, whereas memory CD8+ T cells are dispensable. Core 2 O-glycan-synthesizing Th1 effector memory CD4+ T cells rapidly infiltrate the poxvirus-infected skin microenvironment and produce interferon γ (IFNγ) in an antigen-dependent manner, causing global changes in gene expression to promote anti-viral immunity. Keratinocytes express IFN-stimulated genes, upregulate both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II antigen presentation in an IFNγ-dependent manner, and require IFNγ receptor (IFNγR) signaling and MHC class II expression for memory CD4+ T cells to protect the skin from poxvirus infection. Thus, Th1 effector memory CD4+ T cells exhibit potent anti-viral activity within the skin, and keratinocytes are the key targets of IFNγ necessary for preventing poxvirus infection of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Harbour
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mahmoud Abdelbary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Samantha P Fancher
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jack J McLean
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Taylen J Nappi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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3
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Preet Kaur A, Alice A, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The role of dendritic cells in radiation-induced immune responses. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 378:61-104. [PMID: 37438021 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells perform critical functions in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Their ability to sense adjuvant signals in their environment, migrate on maturation, and cross-present cell-associated antigens enables these cells to carry antigen from tissue sites to lymph nodes, and thereby prime naïve T cells that cannot enter tissues. Despite being an infrequent cell type in tumors, we discuss how dendritic cells impact the immune environment of tumors and their response to cancer therapies. We review how radiation therapy of tumors can impact dendritic cells, through transfer of cell associated antigens to dendritic cells and the release of endogenous adjuvants, resulting in increased antigen presentation in the tumor-draining lymph nodes. We explore how tumor specific factors can result in negative regulation of dendritic cell function in the tumor, and the impact of direct radiation exposure to dendritic cells in the treatment field. These data suggest an important role for dendritic cell subpopulations in activating new T cell responses and boosting existing T cell responses to tumor associated antigens in tumor draining lymph nodes following radiation therapy. It further justifies a focus on the needs of the lymph node T cells to improve systemic anti-immunity following radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Preet Kaur
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.
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4
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Fisher DG, Gnazzo V, Holthausen DJ, López CB. Non-standard viral genome-derived RNA activates TLR3 and type I IFN signaling to induce cDC1-dependent CD8+ T-cell responses during vaccination in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:7270-7279. [PMID: 36333225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop vaccine adjuvants that induce robust immune responses able to protect against intracellular pathogens, including viruses. Previously, we described defective viral genome-derived oligonucleotides (DDOs) as novel adjuvants that strongly induce type 1 immune responses, including protective Th1 CD4+ T-cells and effector CD8+ T-cells in mice. Here, we unravel the early innate response required for this type 1 immunity induction. Upon DDO subcutaneous injection, type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) accumulate rapidly in the draining lymph node in a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)- and type I interferon (IFN)-dependent manner. cDC1 accumulation in the lymph node is required for antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Notably, in contrast to poly I:C, DDO administration resulted in type I IFN expression at the injection site, but not in the draining lymph node. Additionally, DDOs induced an inflammatory cytokine profile distinct from that induced by poly I:C. Therefore, DDOs represent a powerful new adjuvant to be used during vaccination against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin G Fisher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Victoria Gnazzo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David J Holthausen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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5
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Tang WW, Bauer KM, Barba C, Ekiz HA, O’Connell RM. miR-aculous new avenues for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929677. [PMID: 36248881 PMCID: PMC9554277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising toll of cancer globally necessitates ingenuity in early detection and therapy. In the last decade, the utilization of immune signatures and immune-based therapies has made significant progress in the clinic; however, clinical standards leave many current and future patients without options. Non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNAs, have been explored in pre-clinical contexts with tremendous success. MicroRNAs play indispensable roles in programming the interactions between immune and cancer cells, many of which are current or potential immunotherapy targets. MicroRNAs mechanistically control a network of target genes that can alter immune and cancer cell biology. These insights provide us with opportunities and tools that may complement and improve immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss immune and cancer cell-derived miRNAs that regulate cancer immunity and examine miRNAs as an integral part of cancer diagnosis, classification, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Tang
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kaylyn M. Bauer
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Cindy Barba
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Huseyin Atakan Ekiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ryan M. O’Connell
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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6
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Iyer RF, Edwards DM, Kolb P, Raué HP, Nelson CA, Epperson ML, Slifka MK, Nolz JC, Hengel H, Fremont DH, Früh K. The secreted protein Cowpox Virus 14 contributes to viral virulence and immune evasion by engaging Fc-gamma-receptors. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010783. [PMID: 36121874 PMCID: PMC9521928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of cowpoxvirus (CPXV) could be considered prototypical for orthopoxviridae (OXPV) since it contains many open reading frames (ORFs) absent or lost in other OPXV, including vaccinia virus (VACV). These additional ORFs are non-essential for growth in vitro but are expected to contribute to the broad host range, virulence and immune evasion characteristics of CPXV. For instance, unlike VACV, CPXV encodes proteins that interfere with T cell stimulation, either directly or by preventing antigen presentation or co-stimulation. When studying the priming of naïve T cells, we discovered that CPXV, but not VACV, encodes a secreted factor that interferes with activation and proliferation of naïve CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively, in response to anti-CD3 antibodies, but not to other stimuli. Deletion mapping revealed that the inhibitory protein is encoded by CPXV14, a small secreted glycoprotein belonging to the poxvirus immune evasion (PIE) family and containing a smallpoxvirus encoded chemokine receptor (SECRET) domain that mediates binding to chemokines. We demonstrate that CPXV14 inhibition of antibody-mediated T cell activation depends on the presence of Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) on bystander cells. In vitro, CPXV14 inhibits FcγR-activation by antigen/antibody complexes by binding to FcγRs with high affinity and immobilized CPXV14 can trigger signaling through FcγRs, particularly the inhibitory FcγRIIB. In vivo, CPXV14-deleted virus showed reduced viremia and virulence resulting in reduced weight loss and death compared to wildtype virus whereas both antibody and CD8+ T cell responses were increased in the absence of CPXV14. Furthermore, no impact of CPXV14-deletion on virulence was observed in mice lacking the inhibitory FcγRIIB. Taken together our results suggest that CPXV14 contributes to virulence and immune evasion by binding to host FcγRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi F. Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David M. Edwards
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Philipp Kolb
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Raué
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Epperson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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7
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Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Dendritic cells in cancer immunology. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:3-13. [PMID: 34480145 PMCID: PMC8752832 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has produced explosive growth in tumor immunology research because ICT was discovered through basic studies of immune regulation. Much of the current translational efforts are aimed at enhancing ICT by identifying therapeutic targets that synergize with CTLA4 or PD1/PD-L1 blockade and are solidly developed on the basis of currently accepted principles. Expanding these principles through continuous basic research may help broaden translational efforts. With this mindset, we focused this review on three threads of basic research directly relating to mechanisms underlying ICT. Specifically, this review covers three aspects of dendritic cell (DC) biology connected with antitumor immune responses but are not specifically oriented toward therapeutic use. First, we review recent advances in the development of the cDC1 subset of DCs, identifying important features distinguishing these cells from other types of DCs. Second, we review the antigen-processing pathway called cross-presentation, which was discovered in the mid-1970s and remains an enigma. This pathway serves an essential in vivo function unique to cDC1s and may be both a physiologic bottleneck and therapeutic target. Finally, we review the longstanding field of helper cells and the related area of DC licensing, in which CD4 T cells influence the strength or quality of CD8 T cell responses. Each topic is connected with ICT in some manner but is also a fundamental aspect of cell-mediated immunity directed toward intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Murphy
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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8
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Zhao X, Wu LZ, Ng EKY, Leow KWS, Wei Q, Gascoigne NRJ, Brzostek J. Non-Stimulatory pMHC Enhance CD8 T Cell Effector Functions by Recruiting Coreceptor-Bound Lck. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721722. [PMID: 34707605 PMCID: PMC8542885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, CD8+ T cells need to recognize low numbers of antigenic pMHC class I complexes in the presence of a surplus of non-stimulatory, self pMHC class I on the surface of the APC. Non-stimulatory pMHC have been shown to enhance CD8+ T cell responses to low amounts of antigenic pMHC, in a phenomenon called co-agonism, but the physiological significance and molecular mechanism of this phenomenon are still poorly understood. Our data show that co-agonist pMHC class I complexes recruit CD8-bound Lck to the immune synapse to modulate CD8+ T cell signaling pathways, resulting in enhanced CD8+ T cell effector functions and proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, co-agonism can boost T cell proliferation through an extrinsic mechanism, with co-agonism primed CD8+ T cells enhancing Akt pathway activation and proliferation in neighboring CD8+ T cells primed with low amounts of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Zhe Wu
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esther K Y Ng
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kerisa W S Leow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Lin LCW, Croft SN, Croft NP, Wong YC, Smith SA, Tang SS, Purcell AW, Tscharke DC. Direct Priming of CD8 + T Cells Persists in the Face of Cowpox Virus Inhibitors of Antigen Presentation. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00186-21. [PMID: 33692206 PMCID: PMC8139650 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00186-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) was the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox and is being repurposed as a vaccine vector. CD8+ T cells are key anti-viral mediators, but require priming to become effector or memory cells. Priming requires an interaction with dendritic cells that are either infected (direct priming), or that have acquired virus proteins but remain uninfected (cross priming). To investigate CD8+ T cell priming pathways for VACV, we engineered the virus to express CPXV12 and CPXV203, two inhibitors of antigen presentation encoded by cowpox virus. These intracellular proteins would be expected to block direct but not cross priming. The inhibitors had diverse impacts on the size of anti-VACV CD8+ T cell responses across epitopes and by different infection routes in mice, superficially suggesting variable use of direct and cross priming. However, when we then tested a form of antigen that requires direct priming, we found surprisingly that CD8+ T cell responses were not diminished by co-expression with CPXV12 and CPXV203. We then directly quantified the impact of CPXV12 and CPXV203 on viral antigen presentation using mass spectrometry, which revealed strong, but incomplete inhibition of antigen presentation by the CPXV proteins. Therefore, direct priming of CD8+ T cells by poxviruses is robust enough to withstand highly potent viral inhibitors of antigen presentation. This is a reminder of the limits of viral immune evasion and shows that viral inhibitors of antigen presentation cannot be assumed to dissect cleanly direct and cross priming of anti-viral CD8+ T cells.ImportanceCD8+ T cells are key to anti-viral immunity, so it is important to understand how they are activated. Many viruses have proteins that protect infected cells from T cell attack by interfering with the process that allows virus infection to be recognised by CD8+ T cells. It is thought that these proteins would also stop infected cells from activating T cells in the first place. However, we show here that this is not the case for two very powerful inhibitory proteins from cowpox virus. This demonstrates the flexibility and robustness of immune processes that turn on the immune responses required to fight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C. W. Lin
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sarah N. Croft
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nathan P. Croft
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yik Chun Wong
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stewart A. Smith
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Swee-Seong Tang
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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10
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Molina MS, Stokes J, Hoffman EA, Eremija J, Zeng Y, Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. Bendamustine Conditioning Skews Murine Host DCs Toward Pre-cDC1s and Reduces GvHD Independently of Batf3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1410. [PMID: 32765499 PMCID: PMC7378358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains the second leading cause of death in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients, highlighting the need for improved preventative strategies. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated in an experimental bone marrow transplantation (BMT) model that bendamustine combined with total body irradiation (BEN+TBI) is a safer alternative to cyclophosphamide with TBI (CY+TBI). The biological mechanisms of action of BEN have not been fully elucidated and likely involve multiple cell populations. Host dendritic cells (DCs) can prime naïve donor T-cells immediately following transplantation, making host DCs critical for the initiation phase of GvHD. We hypothesized that BEN+TBI conditioning favorably alters host DC composition to reduce GvHD. We demonstrate that host DCs treated with BEN+TBI induce less allogeneic T-cell proliferation than those conditioned with CY+TBI. We further show that BEN+TBI conditioning results in greater total numbers of all host DC subsets but with a more favorable composition compared to CY+TBI with significantly larger proportions of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1), a highly regulatory DC subset capable of suppressing GvHD. Our studies using recipient Batf3 KO mice indicate that CD8α+ cDC1s are largely dispensable for the reduced GvHD following BEN+TBI conditioning. We found a higher frequency of host pre-cDC1s with BEN+TBI conditioning in both wild-type (WT) and Batf3 KO mice, which was inversely associated with GvHD. Additionally, we observed that BEN treatment results in greater expression of Flt3 receptor (CD135) on host DCs compared to CY, potentially contributing to the skewing of host DCs toward cDC1s. Further, BEN+TBI conditioning results in host cDCs with greater expression of PIR-B, an inhibitory receptor capable of preventing lethal GvHD. We conclude that BEN+TBI is a safer alternative to CY+TBI, resulting in a greater frequency of host pre-cDC1s and limiting GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Molina
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jessica Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emely A. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jelena Eremija
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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11
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Cowpox virus encodes a protein that binds B7.1 and B7.2 and subverts T cell costimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21113-21119. [PMID: 31575740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909414116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulation is required for optimal T cell activation, yet it is unclear whether poxviruses dedicatedly subvert costimulation during infection. Here, we report that the secreted M2 protein encoded by cowpox virus (CPXV) specifically interacts with human and murine B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86). We also show that M2 competes with CD28 and CTLA4 for binding to cell surface B7 ligands, with stronger efficacy against CD28. Functionally, recombinant M2 and culture supernatants from wild-type (WT) but not M2-deficient (∆M2) CPXV-infected cells can potently suppress B7 ligand-mediated T cell proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Furthermore, we observed increased antiviral CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in C57BL/6 mice challenged by ∆M2 CPXV compared with WT virus. These differences in immune responses to ∆M2 and WT CPXV were not observed in CD28-deficient mice. Taken together, our findings define a mechanism of viral sabotage of T cell activation that highlights the role of CD28 costimulation in host defense against poxvirus infections.
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12
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Lauron EJ, Yang L, Harvey IB, Sojka DK, Williams GD, Paley MA, Bern MD, Park E, Victorino F, Boon ACM, Yokoyama WM. Viral MHCI inhibition evades tissue-resident memory T cell formation and responses. J Exp Med 2019; 216:117-132. [PMID: 30559127 PMCID: PMC6314518 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRMs) confer rapid protection and immunity against viral infections. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to inhibit MHCI presentation in order to evade CD8+ T cells, suggesting that these mechanisms may also apply to TRM-mediated protection. However, the effects of viral MHCI inhibition on the function and generation of TRMs is unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that viral MHCI inhibition reduces the abundance of CD4+ and CD8+ TRMs, but its effects on the local microenvironment compensate to promote antigen-specific CD8+ TRM formation. Unexpectedly, local cognate antigen enhances CD8+ TRM development even in the context of viral MHCI inhibition and CD8+ T cell evasion, strongly suggesting a role for in situ cross-presentation in local antigen-driven TRM differentiation. However, local cognate antigen is not required for CD8+ TRM maintenance. We also show that viral MHCI inhibition efficiently evades CD8+ TRM effector functions. These findings indicate that viral evasion of MHCI antigen presentation has consequences on the development and response of antiviral TRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin J Lauron
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ian B Harvey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Dorothy K Sojka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Graham D Williams
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael A Paley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael D Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Eugene Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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13
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Theisen DJ, Davidson JT, Briseño CG, Gargaro M, Lauron EJ, Wang Q, Desai P, Durai V, Bagadia P, Brickner JR, Beatty WL, Virgin HW, Gillanders WE, Mosammaparast N, Diamond MS, Sibley LD, Yokoyama W, Schreiber RD, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. WDFY4 is required for cross-presentation in response to viral and tumor antigens. Science 2018; 362:694-699. [PMID: 30409884 PMCID: PMC6655551 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the process of cross-presentation, viral or tumor-derived antigens are presented to CD8+ T cells by Batf3-dependent CD8α+/XCR1+ classical dendritic cells (cDC1s). We designed a functional CRISPR screen for previously unknown regulators of cross-presentation, and identified the BEACH domain-containing protein WDFY4 as essential for cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by cDC1s in mice. However, WDFY4 was not required for major histocompatibility complex class II presentation, nor for cross-presentation by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. In contrast to Batf3 -/- mice, Wdfy4 -/- mice displayed normal lymphoid and nonlymphoid cDC1 populations that produce interleukin-12 and protect against Toxoplasma gondii infection. However, similar to Batf3 -/- mice, Wdfy4 -/- mice failed to prime virus-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo or induce tumor rejection, revealing a critical role for cross-presentation in antiviral and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jesse T Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elvin J Lauron
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua R Brickner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy L Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nima Mosammaparast
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wayne Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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14
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Lauron EJ, Yang L, Elliott JI, Gainey MD, Fremont DH, Yokoyama WM. Cross-priming induces immunodomination in the presence of viral MHC class I inhibition. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006883. [PMID: 29444189 PMCID: PMC5812664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved mechanisms of MHCI inhibition in order to evade recognition by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs), which is well-illustrated by our prior studies on cowpox virus (CPXV) that encodes potent MHCI inhibitors. Deletion of CPXV viral MHCI inhibitors markedly attenuated in vivo infection due to effects on CTL effector function, not priming. However, the CTL response to CPXV in C57BL/6 mice is dominated by a single peptide antigen presented by H-2Kb. Here we evaluated the effect of viral MHCI inhibition on immunodominant (IDE) and subdominant epitopes (SDE) as this has not been thoroughly examined. We found that cross-priming, but not cross-dressing, is the main mechanism driving IDE and SDE CTL responses following CPXV infection. Secretion of the immunodominant antigen was not required for immunodominance. Instead, immunodominance was caused by CTL interference, known as immunodomination. Both immunodomination and cross-priming of SDEs were not affected by MHCI inhibition. SDE-specific CTLs were also capable of exerting immunodomination during primary and secondary responses, which was in part dependent on antigen abundance. Furthermore, CTL responses directed solely against SDEs protected against lethal CPXV infection, but only in the absence of the CPXV MHCI inhibitors. Thus, both SDE and IDE responses can contribute to protective immunity against poxviruses, implying that these principles apply to poxvirus-based vaccines. The use of vaccinia virus (VACV) to eradicate smallpox is the arguably the most successful demonstration of vaccination. The VACV vaccine also provides cross-protection against related zoonotic orthopoxviruses, including monkey poxvirus (MXPV) and CPXV, which circulate between various animal hosts and humans. Interestingly, Edward Jenner first demonstrated the concept of vaccination against smallpox in the late 1700s using CPXV. He also made the curious observation that CPXV vaccination did not always protect against recurrent exposure to CPXV. Jenner’s observations may be explained by the ability for CPXV to evade antiviral CD8+ T cell immune responses. To evade CD8+ T cells, CPXV inhibits MHCI antigen presentation, which is required to prime CD8+ T cells. Importantly, CPXV is the only orthopoxvirus that inhibits MHCI and thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of viral MHCI inhibition on CD8+ T cell priming. Here, we examine the factors that contribute to priming of CPXV-specific CD8+ T cells and show that viral MHCI inhibition does not affect CD8+ T cell priming, but prior CPXV immunization does inhibit priming during subsequent exposure to CPXV. The effects of pre-existing poxvirus immunity are therefore important to consider if poxvirus-based vaccines against various diseases are to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin J. Lauron
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jabari I. Elliott
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria D. Gainey
- Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Spel L, Luteijn RD, Drijfhout JW, Nierkens S, Boes M, Wiertz EJH. Endocytosed soluble cowpox virus protein CPXV012 inhibits antigen cross-presentation in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:137-148. [PMID: 29363167 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses may interfere with the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway in order to avoid CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. A key target within this pathway is the peptide transporter TAP. This transporter plays a central role in MHC class I-mediated peptide presentation of endogenous antigens. In addition, TAP plays a role in antigen cross-presentation of exogenously derived antigens by dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, a soluble form of the cowpox virus TAP inhibitor CPXV012 is synthesized for exogenous delivery into the antigen cross-presentation route of human monocyte-derived (mo)DCs. We show that soluble CPXV012 localizes to TAP+ compartments that carry internalized antigen and is a potent inhibitor of antigen cross-presentation. CPXV012 stimulates the prolonged deposition of antigen fragments in storage compartments of moDCs, as a result of reduced endosomal acidification and reduced antigen proteolysis when soluble CPXV012 is present. Thus, a dual function can be proposed for CPXV012: inhibition of TAP-mediated peptide transport and inhibition of endosomal antigen degradation. We propose this second function for soluble CPXV012 can serve to interfere with antigen cross-presentation in a peptide transport-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Spel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger D Luteijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel J H Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
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16
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Jongsma MLM, Guarda G, Spaapen RM. The regulatory network behind MHC class I expression. Mol Immunol 2017; 113:16-21. [PMID: 29224918 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I pathway, presenting endogenously derived peptides to T lymphocytes, is hijacked in many pathological conditions. This affects MHC class I levels and peptide presentation at the cell surface leading to immune escape of cancer cells or microbes. It is therefore important to identify the molecular mechanisms behind MHC class I expression, processing and antigen presentation. The identification of NLRC5 as regulator of MHC class I transcription was a huge step forward in understanding the transcriptional mechanism involved. Nevertheless, many questions concerning MHC class I transcription are yet unsolved. Here we illuminate current knowledge on MHC class I and NLRC5 transcription, we highlight some remaining questions and discuss the use of quickly developing high-content screening tools to reveal unknowns in MHC class I transcription in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke L M Jongsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Greta Guarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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de Siqueira Patriota LL, Procópio TF, de Santana Brito J, Sebag V, de Oliveira APS, de Araújo Soares AK, Moreira LR, de Albuquerque Lima T, Soares T, da Silva TD, Paiva PMG, de Lorena VMB, de Melo CML, de Albuquerque LP, Napoleão TH. Microgramma vacciniifolia (Polypodiaceae) fronds contain a multifunctional lectin with immunomodulatory properties on human cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in activating innate immune cells and initiating adaptive immune responses. The functions of DCs were originally obscured by their overlap with other mononuclear phagocytes, but new mouse models have allowed for the selective ablation of subsets of DCs and have helped to identify their non-redundant roles in the immune system. These tools have elucidated the functions of DCs in host defense against pathogens, autoimmunity, and cancer. This review will describe the mouse models generated to interrogate the role of DCs and will discuss how their use has progressively clarified our understanding of the unique functions of DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Uhrlaub JL, Smithey MJ, Nikolich-Žugich J. Cutting Edge: The Aging Immune System Reveals the Biological Impact of Direct Antigen Presentation on CD8 T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:403-407. [PMID: 28615415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate immune system uses multiple, sometimes redundant, mechanisms to contain pathogenic microorganisms that are always evolving to evade host defenses. Thus, the cowpox virus (CPXV) uses genes encoding CPXV12 and CPXV203 to prevent direct MHC class I presentation of viral peptides by infected cells. However, CD8 T cells are effectively primed against CPXV by cross-presentation of viral Ags in young mice. Old mice accumulate defects in both CD8 T cell activation and cross-presentation. Using a double-deletion mutant (∆12∆203) of CPXV, we show that direct priming of CD8 T cells in old mice yields superior recall responses, establishing a key contribution of this mechanism to host antipoxvirus responses and enhancing our fundamental understanding of how viral manipulation of direct presentation impacts pathogenesis. This also provides a proof of principle that suboptimal CD8 T cell in old organisms can be optimized by manipulating Ag presentation, with implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724.,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College, Tucson, AZ 85721; and.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719
| | - Megan J Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724.,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College, Tucson, AZ 85721; and.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724; .,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College, Tucson, AZ 85721; and .,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719
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20
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Cruz FM, Colbert JD, Merino E, Kriegsman BA, Rock KL. The Biology and Underlying Mechanisms of Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Antigens on MHC-I Molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:149-176. [PMID: 28125356 PMCID: PMC5508990 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To monitor the health of cells, the immune system tasks antigen-presenting cells with gathering antigens from other cells and bringing them to CD8 T cells in the form of peptides bound to MHC-I molecules. Most cells would be unable to perform this function because they use their MHC-I molecules to exclusively present peptides derived from the cell's own proteins. However, the immune system evolved mechanisms for dendritic cells and some other phagocytes to sample and present antigens from the extracellular milieu on MHC-I through a process called cross-presentation. How this important task is accomplished, its role in health and disease, and its potential for exploitation are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich M Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Elena Merino
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Barry A Kriegsman
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
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21
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Shin H, Kumamoto Y, Gopinath S, Iwasaki A. CD301b+ dendritic cells stimulate tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells to protect against genital HSV-2. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13346. [PMID: 27827367 PMCID: PMC5105190 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (CD8 TRM) cells are an essential component of protective immune responses at barrier tissues, including the female genital tract. However, the mechanisms that lead to the initiation of CD8 TRM-mediated protective immunity after viral infection are unclear. Here we report that CD8 TRM cells established by ‘prime and pull' method confer protection against genital HSV-2 infection, and that IFN-γ produced by CD8 TRM cells is required for this protection. Furthermore, we find that CD8 TRM-cell restimulation depends on a population of CD301b+ antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the lamina propria. Elimination of MHC class I on CD301b+ dendritic cells abrogates protective immunity, suggesting the requirement for cognate antigen presentation to CD8 TRM cells by CD301b+ dendritic cells. These results define the requirements for CD8 TRM cells in protection against genital HSV-2 infection and identify the population of APC that are responsible for activating these cells. Tissue-resident memory T cells are needed for optimal antiviral immunity at mucosal surfaces. Here the authors provide a mechanism for this protection, showing that vaginal CD301b+ DC-dependent IFN-γ production by CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells, not circulating T cells, is central to HSV-2 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Shin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Smita Gopinath
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
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22
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Schuren AB, Costa AI, Wiertz EJ. Recent advances in viral evasion of the MHC Class I processing pathway. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:43-50. [PMID: 27065088 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
T-cell mediated adaptive immunity against viruses relies on recognition of virus-derived peptides by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Detection of pathogen-derived peptide-MHC-I complexes triggers CD8(+) T cells to eliminate the infected cells. Viruses have evolved several mechanisms to avoid recognition, many of which target the MHC-I antigen-processing pathway. While many immune evasion strategies have been described in the context of herpesvirus infections, it is becoming clear that this 'disguise' ability is more widespread. Here, we address recent findings in viral evasion of the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway and the impact on CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Bc Schuren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana I Costa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Jhj Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Guo X, Liu T, Shi H, Wang J, Ji P, Wang H, Hou Y, Tan RX, Li E. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Upregulates NLRC5 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Expression through RIG-I Induction in Airway Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:7636-45. [PMID: 25972545 PMCID: PMC4505675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory tract viral infection in infants, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The host antiviral response to RSV acts via retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). We show here that RSV infection upregulates major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression through the induction of NLRC5, a NOD-like, CARD domain-containing intracellular protein that has recently been identified as a class I MHC transactivator (CITA). RSV infection of A549 cells promotes upregulation of NLRC5 via beta interferon (IFN-β) production, since the NLRC5-inducing activity in a conditioned medium from RSV-infected A549 cells was removed by antibody to IFN-β, but not by antibody to IFN-γ. RSV infection resulted in RIG-I upregulation and induction of NLRC5 and MHC-I. Suppression of RIG-I induction significantly blocked NLRC5, as well as MHC-I, upregulation and diminished IRF3 activation. Importantly, Vero cells deficient in interferon production still upregulated MHC-I following introduction of the RSV genome by infection or transfection, further supporting a key role for RIG-I. A model is therefore proposed in which the host upregulates MHC-I expression during RSV infection directly via the induction of RIG-I and NLRC5 expression. Since elevated expression of MHC-I molecules can sensitize host cells to T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity or immunopathologic damage, the results have significant implications for the modification of immunity in RSV disease. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. Infection early in life is linked to persistent wheezing and allergic asthma in later life, possibly related to upregulation of major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) on the cell surface, which facilitates cytotoxic T cell activation and antiviral immunity. Here, we show that RSV infection of lung epithelial cells induces expression of RIG-I, resulting in induction of a class I MHC transactivator, NLRC5, and subsequent upregulation of MHC-I. Suppression of RIG-I induction blocked RSV-induced NLRC5 expression and MHC-I upregulation. Increased MHC-I expression may exacerbate the RSV disease condition due to immunopathologic damage, linking the innate immune response to RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taixiang Liu
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Robledo D, Ronza P, Harrison PW, Losada AP, Bermúdez R, Pardo BG, Redondo MJ, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Quiroga MI, Martínez P. RNA-seq analysis reveals significant transcriptome changes in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) suffering severe enteromyxosis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1149. [PMID: 25526753 PMCID: PMC4320470 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteromyxosis caused by the intestinal myxozoan parasite Enteromyxum scophthalmi is a serious threat for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) aquaculture, causing severe catarrhal enteritis leading to a cachectic syndrome, with no therapeutic options available. There are still many aspects of host-parasite interaction and disease pathogenesis that are yet to be elucidated, and to date, no analysis of the transcriptomic changes induced by E. scophthalmi in turbot organs has been conducted. In this study, RNA-seq technology was applied to head kidney, spleen and pyloric caeca of severely infected turbot with the aim of furthering our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and turbot immune response against enteromyxosis. Results A huge amount of information was generated with more than 23,000 identified genes in the three organs, amongst which 4,762 were differently expressed (DE) between infected and control fish. Associate gene functions were studied based on gene ontology terms and available literature, and the most interesting DE genes were classified into five categories: 1) immune and defence response; 2) apoptosis and cell proliferation; 3) iron metabolism and erythropoiesis; 4) cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix and 5) metabolism and digestive function. The analysis of down-regulated genes of the first category revealed evidences of a connexion failure between innate and adaptive immune response, especially represented by a high number of DE interferon-related genes in the three organs. Furthermore, we found an intense activation of local immune response at intestinal level that appeared exacerbated, whereas in kidney and spleen genes involved in adaptive immune response were mainly down-regulated. The apoptotic machinery was only clearly activated in pyloric caeca, while kidney and spleen showed a marked depression of genes related to erythropoiesis, probably related to disorders in iron homeostasis. The genetic signature of the causes and consequences of cachexia was also demonstrated by the down-regulation of the genes encoding structural proteins and those involved in the digestive metabolism. Conclusions This transcriptomic study has enabled us to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of enteromyxosis and identify a large number of DE target genes that bring us closer to the development of strategies designed to effectively combat this pathogen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1149) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Lin J, Eggensperger S, Hank S, Wycisk AI, Wieneke R, Mayerhofer PU, Tampé R. A negative feedback modulator of antigen processing evolved from a frameshift in the cowpox virus genome. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004554. [PMID: 25503639 PMCID: PMC4263761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of viruses and their hosts represents a dynamic molecular battle between the immune system and viral factors that mediate immune evasion. After the abandonment of smallpox vaccination, cowpox virus infections are an emerging zoonotic health threat, especially for immunocompromised patients. Here we delineate the mechanistic basis of how cowpox viral CPXV012 interferes with MHC class I antigen processing. This type II membrane protein inhibits the coreTAP complex at the step after peptide binding and peptide-induced conformational change, in blocking ATP binding and hydrolysis. Distinct from other immune evasion mechanisms, TAP inhibition is mediated by a short ER-lumenal fragment of CPXV012, which results from a frameshift in the cowpox virus genome. Tethered to the ER membrane, this fragment mimics a high ER-lumenal peptide concentration, thus provoking a trans-inhibition of antigen translocation as supply for MHC I loading. These findings illuminate the evolution of viral immune modulators and the basis of a fine-balanced regulation of antigen processing. Virus-infected or malignant transformed cells are eliminated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which recognize antigenic peptide epitopes in complex with major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules at the cell surface. The majority of such peptides are derived from proteasomal degradation in the cytosol and are then translocated into the ER lumen in an energy-consuming reaction via the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), which delivers the peptides onto MHC I molecules as final acceptors. Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to escape this immune surveillance. Here we show that the cowpox viral protein CPXV012 inhibits the ER peptide translocation machinery by allosterically blocking ATP binding and hydrolysis by TAP. The short ER resident active domain of the viral protein evolved from a reading frame shift in the cowpox virus genome and exploits the ER-lumenal negative feedback peptide sensor of TAP. This CPXV012-induced conformational arrest of TAP is signaled by a unique communication across the ER membrane to the cytosolic motor domains of the peptide pump. Furthermore, this study provides the rare opportunity to decipher on a molecular level how nature plays hide and seek with a pathogen and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Eggensperger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Hank
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Agnes I. Wycisk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralph Wieneke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter U. Mayerhofer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail: (PUM); (RT)
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail: (PUM); (RT)
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Systemic toll-like receptor ligation and selective killing of dendritic cell subsets fail to dissect priming pathways for anti-vaccinia virus CD8⁺ T cells. J Virol 2013; 87:11978-86. [PMID: 23986587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01835-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8⁺ T cell responses can be generated by direct or cross-priming mechanisms, and several mouse models have been used to reveal which of these is the most important pathway for various viruses. Among these models is systemic treatment of mice with a CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) to mature all dendritic cells (DCs), rendering them incapable of cross-presentation. A second is the use of cytochrome c (cytc) as a selective poison of the subsets of DCs able to cross-present antigen. In this study, using two vaccinia virus (VACV) strains, namely, WR and MVA, we found that the CpG and cytc methods gave conflicting data. Moreover, we show for both strains of VACV that treatment of mice with CpG and cytc inhibited CD8⁺ T cell responses to antigens designed to prime exclusively by direct presentation. Further investigation of the CpG method found that the extent to which priming is inhibited depends on the antigen examined, immunization route, replication ability of the virus, and, crucially, immunization dose. We suggest that greater caution is required when interpreting data using these methods and that priming pathways for antiviral CD8⁺ T cells are not simply separated according to DC subsets or their maturation state.
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Iijima N, Goodwin EC, Dimaio D, Iwasaki A. High-risk human papillomavirus E6 inhibits monocyte differentiation to Langerhans cells. Virology 2013; 444:257-62. [PMID: 23871219 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a variety of malignancies of the mucosal epithelium. However, the local immune evasion strategies used by HPV-transformed cells remain unclear. Here, we examined the effect of HPV-positive cancer cells on human peripheral blood monocytes, which are precursors of Langerhans cells, key antigen-presenting cells in the squamous epithelium. HPV-positive cervical cancer cells and HPV-E6 expressing cells inhibited monocyte differentiation to Langerhans cells in a contact-dependent manner. Unlike Langerhans cells, monocytes that differentiated in the presence of HPV16 E6-expressing cells exhibited high levels of endocytic activity. Our results suggest that cells infected by high-risk HPV evade immune surveillance by blocking the differentiation of monocytes into competent antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Iijima
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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28
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Specificity through cooperation: BATF-IRF interactions control immune-regulatory networks. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:499-509. [PMID: 23787991 DOI: 10.1038/nri3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like (BATF), BATF2 and BATF3 belong to the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors, which regulate numerous cellular processes. Initially, BATF family members were thought to function only as inhibitors of AP-1-driven transcription, but recent studies have uncovered that these factors have unique, non-redundant and positive transcriptional activities in dendritic cells, B cells and T cells. The question of how BATF and BATF3 - which lack a transcriptional activation domain, unlike the AP-1 factors FOS and JUN - can exert unique positive transcriptional specificity has now been answered by the discovery that BATF molecules interact with members of the interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) family. The capacity of the BATF leucine zipper regions to mediate dimerization with AP-1 factors and also to define cooperative interactions with heterologous factors explains both the positive transcriptional activity of BATF proteins and how they activate distinct sets of target genes compared with FOS.
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29
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Hansen SG, Sacha JB, Hughes CM, Ford JC, Burwitz BJ, Scholz I, Gilbride RM, Lewis MS, Gilliam AN, Ventura AB, Malouli D, Xu G, Richards R, Whizin N, Reed JS, Hammond KB, Fischer M, Turner JM, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Edlefsen PT, Nelson JA, Lifson JD, Früh K, Picker LJ. Cytomegalovirus vectors violate CD8+ T cell epitope recognition paradigms. Science 2013; 340:1237874. [PMID: 23704576 PMCID: PMC3816976 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cell responses focus on a small fraction of pathogen- or vaccine-encoded peptides, and for some pathogens, these restricted recognition hierarchies limit the effectiveness of antipathogen immunity. We found that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) protein-expressing rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors elicit SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells that recognize unusual, diverse, and highly promiscuous epitopes, including dominant responses to epitopes restricted by class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Induction of canonical SIV epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses is suppressed by the RhCMV-encoded Rh189 gene (corresponding to human CMV US11), and the promiscuous MHC class I- and class II-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses occur only in the absence of the Rh157.5, Rh157.4, and Rh157.6 (human CMV UL128, UL130, and UL131) genes. Thus, CMV vectors can be genetically programmed to achieve distinct patterns of CD8(+) T cell epitope recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Isabel Scholz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew S. Lewis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Awbrey N. Gilliam
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Abigail B. Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Guangwu Xu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Rebecca Richards
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Nathan Whizin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Katherine B. Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Miranda Fischer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - John M. Turner
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W. Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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McCoy WH, Wang X, Yokoyama WM, Hansen TH, Fremont DH. Cowpox virus employs a two-pronged strategy to outflank MHCI antigen presentation. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:156-8. [PMID: 23312338 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Smallpox decimated humanity for thousands of years before being eradicated by vaccination, a success facilitated by the fact that humans are the only host of variola virus. In contrast, other orthopoxviruses such as cowpox virus can infect a variety of mammalian species, although its dominant reservoir appears to be rodents. This difference in host specificity suggests that cowpox may have developed promiscuous immune evasion strategies to facilitate zoonosis. Recent experiments have established that cowpox can disrupt MHCI antigen presentation during viral infection of both human and murine cells, a process enabled by two unique proteins, CPXV012 and CPXV203. While CPXV012 inhibits antigenic peptide transport from the cytosol to the ER, CPXV203 blocks MHCI trafficking to the cell surface by exploiting the KDEL-receptor recycling pathway. Our recent investigations of CPXV203 reveal that it binds a diverse array of classical and non-classical MHCI proteins with dramatically increased affinities at the lower pH of the Golgi relative to the ER, thereby providing mechanistic insight into how it works synergistically with KDEL receptors to block MHCI surface expression. The strategy used by cowpox to both limit peptide supply and disrupt trafficking of fully assembled MHCI acts as a dual-edged sword that effectively disables adaptive immune surveillance of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McCoy
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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