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Yi JS, Perla S, Bennett AM. An Assessment of the Therapeutic Landscape for the Treatment of Heart Disease in the RASopathies. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:1193-1204. [PMID: 35156148 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway controls a plethora of developmental and post-developmental processes. It is now clear that mutations in the RAS-MAPK pathway cause developmental diseases collectively referred to as the RASopathies. The RASopathies include Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, and Costello syndrome. RASopathy patients exhibit a wide spectrum of congenital heart defects (CHD), such as valvular abnormalities and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Since the cardiovascular defects are the most serious and recurrent cause of mortality in RASopathy patients, it is critical to understand the pathological signaling mechanisms that drive the disease. Therapies for the treatment of HCM and other RASopathy-associated comorbidities have yet to be fully realized. Recent developments have shown promise for the use of repurposed antineoplastic drugs that target the RAS-MAPK pathway for the treatment of RASopathy-associated HCM. However, given the impact of the RAS-MAPK pathway in post-developmental physiology, establishing safety and evaluating risk when treating children will be paramount. As such insight provided by preclinical and clinical information will be critical. This review will highlight the cardiovascular manifestations caused by the RASopathies and will discuss the emerging therapies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA
| | - Sravan Perla
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA.
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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2
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Olou AA, Ambrose J, Jack JL, Walsh M, Ruckert MT, Eades AE, Bye BA, Dandawate P, VanSaun MN. SHP2 regulates adipose maintenance and adipocyte-pancreatic cancer cell crosstalk via PDHA1. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:575-590. [PMID: 36074246 PMCID: PMC10409927 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are the most abundant cell type in the adipose tissue, and their dysfunction is a significant driver of obesity-related pathologies, such as cancer. The mechanisms that (1) drive the maintenance and secretory activity of adipocytes and (2) mediate the cancer cellular response to the adipocyte-derived factors are not fully understood. To address that gap of knowledge, we investigated how alterations in Src homology region 2-containing protein (SHP2) activity affect adipocyte function and tumor crosstalk. We found that phospho-SHP2 levels are elevated in adipose tissue of obese mice, obese patients, and differentiating adipocytes. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses as well as in-silico protein-protein interaction modeling demonstrated that SHP2 associates with PDHA1, and that a positive association promotes a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven adipogenic program. Accordingly, this SHP2-PDHA1-ROS regulatory axis was crucial for adipocyte maintenance and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key cancer-promoting cytokine. Mature adipocytes treated with an inhibitor for SHP2, PDHA1, or ROS exhibited an increased level of pro-lipolytic and thermogenic proteins, corresponding to an increased glycerol release, but a suppression of secreted IL-6. A functional analysis of adipocyte-cancer cell crosstalk demonstrated a decreased migration, invasion, and a slight suppression of cell cycling, corresponding to a reduced growth of pancreatic cancer cells exposed to conditioned media (CM) from mature adipocytes previously treated with inhibitors for SHP2/PDHA1/ROS. Importantly, PDAC cell growth stimulation in response to adipocyte CM correlated with PDHA1 induction but was suppressed by a PDHA1 inhibitor. The data point to a novel role for (1) SHP2-PDHA1-ROS in adipocyte maintenance and secretory activity and (2) PDHA1 as a regulator of the pancreatic cancer cells response to adipocyte-derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appolinaire A Olou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Joe Ambrose
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jarrid L Jack
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - McKinnon Walsh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Mariana T Ruckert
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Austin E Eades
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Bailey A Bye
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Prasad Dandawate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Michael N VanSaun
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Tamburrino F, Mazzanti L, Scarano E, Gibertoni D, Sirolli M, Zioutas M, Schiavariello C, Perri A, Mantovani A, Rossi C, Tartaglia M, Pession A. Lipid profile in Noonan syndrome and related disorders: trend by age, sex and genotype. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1209339. [PMID: 37588986 PMCID: PMC10425765 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1209339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RASopathies are developmental disorders caused by dysregulation of the RAS-MAPK signalling pathway, which contributes to the modulation of multiple extracellular signals, including hormones and growth factors regulating energetic metabolism, including lipid synthesis, storage, and degradation. Subjects and methods We evaluated the body composition and lipid profiles of a single-centre cohort of 93 patients with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of RASopathy by assessing height, BMI, and total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, apolipoprotein, fasting glucose, and insulin levels, in the context of a cross sectional and longitudinal study. We specifically investigated and compared anthropometric and haematochemistry data between the Noonan syndrome (NS) and Mazzanti syndrome (NS/LAH) groups. Results At the first evaluation (9.5 ± 6.2 years), reduced growth (-1.80 ± 1.07 DS) was associated with a slightly reduced BMI (-0.34 DS ± 1.15 DS). Lipid profiling documented low total cholesterol levels (< 5th percentile) in 42.2% of the NS group; in particular, in 48.9% of PTPN11 patients and in 28.6% of NS/LAH patients compared to the general population, with a significant difference between males and females. A high proportion of patients had HDL levels lower than the 26th percentile, when compared to the age- and sex-matched general population. Triglycerides showed an increasing trend with age only in NS females. Genotype-phenotype correlations were also evident, with particularly reduced total cholesterol in about 50% of patients with PTPN11 mutations with LDL-C and HDL-C tending to decrease during puberty. Similarly, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B deficits were documented, with differences in prevalence associated with the genotype for apolipoprotein A1. Fasting glucose levels and HOMA-IR were within the normal range. Conclusion The present findings document an unfavourable lipid profile in subjects with NS, in particular PTPN11 mutated patients, and NS/LAH. Further studies are required to delineate the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in RASopathies more systematically and confirm the occurrence of previously unappreciated genotype-phenotype correlations involving the metabolic profile of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tamburrino
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Scarano
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dino Gibertoni
- Research and Innovation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Sirolli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maximiliano Zioutas
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiavariello
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Perri
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Mantovani
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Rossi
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bajia D, Derwich K. An In Silico Study Investigating Camptothecin-Analog Interaction with Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, SHP2 (PTPN11). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:926. [PMID: 37513838 PMCID: PMC10386118 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human PTPN11 gene encodes for the src tyrosine phosphatase protein (SHP2) is now gaining much attention in many disorders, particularly its oncogenic involvement in many types of cancer. Efforts in developing molecules targeting SHP2 with high efficacy are the future of drug discovery and chemotherapy. However, the interaction of a new camptothecin analog with the catalytic domain of SHP2 protein remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to provide in silico rationale for the recognition and binding of FL118 and irinotecan with the catalytic domain of human protein tyrosine phosphatase-SHP2 (PTPc-SH2-SHP2, chain A). The docking interaction of the human SHP2 protein's catalytic domain as well as Y279C and R465G mutants with FL118 and irinotecan ligands were calculated and analyzed using the Autodock 4.2 programme, setting the docking grid to target the protein's active site. The camptothecin analog FL118 had the best lowest negative affinity energies with PTPc-SHP2 wildtype and SHP2-Y279C mutant model (-7.54 Kcal/mol and -6.94 Kcal/mol, respectively). Moreover, the protein-ligand complexes revealed several hydrogen bond interactions reflecting the degree of stability that each structure possesses, with the FL118-SHP2-wildtype forming the most stable complex among the structures. In addition, the FL118-SHP2 wildtype complex was validated for RMSD, RMSF, hydrogen bonds, and salt bridges. This revealed that the complex generated became stable over time. This in silico rationale identifies the novel FL118 camptothecin analog as a potent selective inhibitor of PTPc-SH2 domain of SHP2 protein, paving way for further in vitro investigations into the interactions and binding activity of analogs with SHP2 for potential therapeutic applications in PTPN11-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Bajia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Derwich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
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Jensen NR, Kelly RR, Kelly KD, Khoo SK, Sidles SJ, LaRue AC. From Stem to Sternum: The Role of Shp2 in the Skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:403-421. [PMID: 36422682 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed phosphatase that is vital for skeletal development and maintenance of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Study of SHP2 function in small animal models has led to insights in phenotypes observed in SHP2-mutant human disease, such as Noonan syndrome. In recent years, allosteric SHP2 inhibitors have been developed to specifically target the protein in neoplastic processes. These inhibitors are highly specific and have great potential for disease modulation in cancer and other pathologies, including bone disorders. In this review, we discuss the importance of SHP2 and related signaling pathways (e.g., Ras/MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt) in skeletal development. We review rodent models of pathologic processes caused by germline mutations that activate SHP2 enzymatic activity, with a focus on the skeletal phenotype seen in these patients. Finally, we discuss SHP2 inhibitors in development and their potential for disease modulation in these genetic diseases, particularly as it relates to the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan R Kelly
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kirsten D Kelly
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephanie K Khoo
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sara J Sidles
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Amanda C LaRue
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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6
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Gao X, Kang J, Li X, Chen C, Luo D. Deletion of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in cervical cancer cells promotes reprogramming of glutamine metabolism. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22880. [PMID: 36943407 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202078rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Shp2 is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that is overexpressed in cervical cancer. However, the role of Shp2 in the regulation of cervical cancer metabolism and tumorigenesis is unclear. EGFR signaling pathways are commonly dysregulated in cervical cancer. We showed that Shp2 knockout in cervical cancer cells decreased EGFR expression and downregulated downstream RAS-ERK activation. Although AKT was activated in Shp2 knockout cells, inhibition of AKT activation could not make cells more sensitive to death. Shp2 depletion inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation and reduced tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. 1 H NMR spectroscopic analysis showed that glutamine, glutamate, succinate, creatine, glutathione, and UDP-GlcNAc were significantly changed in Shp2 knockout cells. The intracellular glutamine level was higher in Shp2 knockout cells than in control cells. Further analysis demonstrated that Shp2 knockout promoted glutaminolysis and glutathione production by up-regulating the glutamine metabolism-related genes such as glutaminase (GLS). However, inhibition of GLS did not always make cells sensitive to death, which was dependent on glucose concentration. The level of oxidative phosphorylation was significantly increased, accompanied by an increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Shp2 knockout cells. Shp2 deficiency increased c-Myc and c-Jun expression, which may be related to the upregulation of glutamine metabolism. These findings suggested that Shp2 regulates cervical cancer proliferation, glutamine metabolism, and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Gao
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jie Kang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiangke Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Duqiang Luo
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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7
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The insulin receptor endocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:79-107. [PMID: 36631202 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Insulin signaling controls multiple aspects of animal physiology. At the cell surface, insulin binds and activates the insulin receptor (IR), a receptor tyrosine kinase. Insulin promotes a large conformational change of IR and stabilizes the active conformation. The insulin-activated IR triggers signaling cascades, thus controlling metabolism, growth, and proliferation. The activated IR undergoes internalization by clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. The IR endocytosis plays important roles in insulin clearance from blood, and distribution and termination of the insulin signaling. Despite decades of extensive studies, the mechanism and regulation of IR endocytosis and its contribution to pathophysiology remain incompletely understood. Here we discuss recent findings that provide insights into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways that mediate the IR endocytosis.
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Solman M, Woutersen DTJ, den Hertog J. Modeling (not so) rare developmental disorders associated with mutations in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1046415. [PMID: 36407105 PMCID: PMC9672471 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1046415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology region 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a highly conserved protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), which is encoded by PTPN11 and is indispensable during embryonic development. Mutations in PTPN11 in human patients cause aberrant signaling of SHP2, resulting in multiple rare hereditary diseases, including Noonan Syndrome (NS), Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines (NSML), Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML) and Metachondromatosis (MC). Somatic mutations in PTPN11 have been found to cause cancer. Here, we focus on the role of SHP2 variants in rare diseases and advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis using model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jeroen den Hertog,
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Bajia D, Bottani E, Derwich K. Effects of Noonan Syndrome-Germline Mutations on Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193099. [PMID: 36231062 PMCID: PMC9563972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and related Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) contribute to the pathogenesis of human diseases in the RASopathy family. This family of genetic disorders constitute one of the largest groups of developmental disorders with variable penetrance and severity, associated with distinctive congenital disabilities, including facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was first clinically described decades ago, and several genes have since been identified, providing a molecular foundation to understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. These genes encode proteins that participate in, or regulate, RAS/MAPK signalling. The RAS pathway regulates cellular metabolism by controlling mitochondrial homeostasis, dynamics, and energy production; however, little is known about the role of mitochondrial metabolism in NS and NSML. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the most frequently mutated genes responsible for NS and NSML, covering their role in the current knowledge of cellular signalling pathways, and focuses on the pathophysiological outcomes on mitochondria and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Bajia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emanuela Bottani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (K.D.); Tel.: +39-3337149584 (E.B.); +48-504199285 (K.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Derwich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Ul. Fredry 10, 61701 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (K.D.); Tel.: +39-3337149584 (E.B.); +48-504199285 (K.D.)
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10
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The Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2: A New Target for Insulin Resistance? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092139. [PMID: 36140242 PMCID: PMC9495760 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SH2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP2) plays essential roles in fundamental signaling pathways, conferring on it versatile physiological functions during development and in homeostasis maintenance, and leading to major pathological outcomes when dysregulated. Many studies have documented that SHP2 modulation disrupted glucose homeostasis, pointing out a relationship between its dysfunction and insulin resistance, and the therapeutic potential of its targeting. While studies from cellular or tissue-specific models concluded on both pros-and-cons effects of SHP2 on insulin resistance, recent data from integrated systems argued for an insulin resistance promoting role for SHP2, and therefore a therapeutic benefit of its inhibition. In this review, we will summarize the general knowledge of SHP2’s molecular, cellular, and physiological functions, explaining the pathophysiological impact of its dysfunctions, then discuss its protective or promoting roles in insulin resistance as well as the potency and limitations of its pharmacological modulation.
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11
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Stagi S, Ferrari V, Ferrari M, Priolo M, Tartaglia M. Inside the Noonan "universe": Literature review on growth, GH/IGF axis and rhGH treatment: Facts and concerns. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951331. [PMID: 36060964 PMCID: PMC9434367 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a disorder characterized by a typical facial gestalt, congenital heart defects, variable cognitive deficits, skeletal defects, and short stature. NS is caused by germline pathogenic variants in genes coding proteins with a role in the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and it is typically associated with substantial genetic and clinical complexity and variability. Short stature is a cardinal feature in NS, with evidence indicating that growth hormone (GH) deficiency, partial GH insensitivity, and altered response to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) are contributing events for growth failure in these patients. Decreased IGF-I, together with low/normal responses to GH pharmacological provocation tests, indicating a variable presence of GH deficiency/resistance, in particular in subjects with pathogenic PTPN11 variants, are frequently reported. Nonetheless, short- and long-term studies have demonstrated a consistent and significant increase in height velocity (HV) in NS children and adolescents treated with recombinant human GH (rhGH). While the overall experience with rhGH treatment in NS patients with short stature is reassuring, it is difficult to systematically compare published data due to heterogeneous protocols, potential enrolment bias, the small size of cohorts in many studies, different cohort selection criteria and varying durations of therapy. Furthermore, in most studies, the genetic information is lacking. NS is associated with a higher risk of benign and malignant proliferative disorders and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and rhGH treatment may further increase risk in these patients, especially as dosages vary widely. Herein we provide an updated review of aspects related to growth, altered function of the GH/IGF axis and cell response to GH/IGF stimulation, rhGH treatment and its possible adverse events. Given the clinical variability and genetic heterogeneity of NS, treatment with rhGH should be personalized and a conservative approach with judicious surveillance is recommended. Depending on the genotype, an individualized follow-up and close monitoring during rhGH treatments, also focusing on screening for neoplasms, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ferrari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Priolo
- Medical Genetics Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Friend or foe? Unraveling the complex roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in cardiac disease and development. Cell Signal 2022; 93:110297. [PMID: 35259455 PMCID: PMC9038168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is critical for most, if not all, fundamental cellular processes. However, we still do not fully understand the complex and tissue-specific roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the normal heart or in cardiac pathology. This review compares and contrasts the various roles of protein tyrosine phosphatases known to date in the context of cardiac disease and development. In particular, it will be considered how specific protein tyrosine phosphatases control cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte contractility, how protein tyrosine phosphatases contribute to or ameliorate injury induced by ischaemia / reperfusion or hypoxia / reoxygenation, and how protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in normal heart development and congenital heart disease. This review delves into the newest developments and current challenges in the field, and highlights knowledge gaps and emerging opportunities for future research.
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Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by a germline mutation in one of the genes encoding a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These disorders, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome and Legius syndrome, among others, have overlapping clinical features due to RAS/MAPK dysfunction. Although several of the RASopathies are very rare, collectively, these disorders are relatively common. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis of the RASopathy-associated genetic variants and the knowledge gained about RAS/MAPK signaling that resulted from studying RASopathies. We also describe the cell and animal models of the RASopathies and explore emerging RASopathy genes. Preclinical and clinical experiences with targeted agents as therapeutics for RASopathies are also discussed. Finally, we review how the recently developed drugs targeting RAS/MAPK-driven malignancies, such as inhibitors of RAS activation, direct RAS inhibitors and RAS/MAPK pathway inhibitors, might be leveraged for patients with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hebron
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edjay Ralph Hernandez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Tiemens DK, van Haaften L, Leenders E, van Wegberg AMJ, Gunther Moor B, Geelen J, Draaisma JMT. Feeding Problems in Patients with Noonan Syndrome: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:754. [PMID: 35160209 PMCID: PMC8836779 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) belongs to the group of Noonan syndrome spectrum disorders (NSSD), which is a group of phenotypically related conditions. Feeding problems are often present not only in infancy but also in childhood, and even beyond that period. We describe the different aspects of feeding problems using a (theoretical) concept proposed in 2019. More than 50% of infants with NS develop feeding problems, and up to half of these infants will be tube-dependent for some time. Although, in general, there is a major improvement between the age of 1 and 2 years, with only a minority still having feeding problems after the age of 2 years, as long as the feeding problems continue, the impact on the quality of life of both NS infants and their caregivers may be significant. Feeding problems in general improve faster in children with a pathogenic PTPN11 or SOS1 variant. The mechanism of the feeding problems is complex, and may be due to medical causes (gastroesophageal reflux disease and delayed gastric emptying, cardiac disease and infections), feeding-skill dysfunction, nutritional dysfunction with increased energy demand, or primary or secondary psychosocial dysfunction. Many of the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. The treatment of the feeding problems may be a medical challenge, especially when the feeding problems are accompanied by feeding-skill dysfunction and psychosocial dysfunction. This warrants a multidisciplinary intervention including psychology, nutrition, medicine, speech language pathology and occupational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar K. Tiemens
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.K.T.); (J.G.)
- Dutch Noonan Syndrome Foundation, Stationsweg 6b, 3862 CG Nijkerk, The Netherlands
| | - Leenke van Haaften
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Erika Leenders
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Annemiek M. J. van Wegberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology-Dietetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Bregtje Gunther Moor
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Joyce Geelen
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.K.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Jos M. T. Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.K.T.); (J.G.)
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15
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Fidan M, Chennappan S, Cirstea IC. Studying Metabolic Abnormalities in the Costello Syndrome HRAS G12V Mouse Model: Isolation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts and Their In Vitro Adipocyte Differentiation. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:397-409. [PMID: 33977491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Costello syndrome (CS), characterized by a developmental delay and a failure to thrive, is also associated with an impaired lipid and energy metabolism. White adipose tissue is a central sensor of whole-body energy homeostasis, and HRAS hyperactivation may affect adipocyte differentiation and mature adipocyte homeostasis. An extremely useful tool for delineating in vitro intrinsic cellular signaling leading to metabolic alterations during adipogenesis is mouse embryonic fibroblasts, known to differentiate into adipocytes in response to adipogenesis-stimulating factors. Here, we describe in detail the isolation and maintenance of CS HRAS G12V mouse embryonic fibroblasts, their differentiation into adipocytes, and an assessment of adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miray Fidan
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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16
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Paccoud R, Saint-Laurent C, Piccolo E, Tajan M, Dortignac A, Pereira O, Le Gonidec S, Baba I, Gélineau A, Askia H, Branchereau M, Charpentier J, Personnaz J, Branka S, Auriau J, Deleruyelle S, Canouil M, Beton N, Salles JP, Tauber M, Weill J, Froguel P, Neel BG, Araki T, Heymes C, Burcelin R, Castan I, Valet P, Dray C, Gautier EL, Edouard T, Pradère JP, Yart A. SHP2 drives inflammation-triggered insulin resistance by reshaping tissue macrophage populations. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/591/eabe2587. [PMID: 33910978 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key event in type 2 diabetes onset and a major comorbidity of obesity. It results from a combination of fat excess-triggered defects, including lipotoxicity and metaflammation, but the causal mechanisms remain difficult to identify. Here, we report that hyperactivation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 found in Noonan syndrome (NS) led to an unsuspected insulin resistance profile uncoupled from altered lipid management (for example, obesity or ectopic lipid deposits) in both patients and mice. Functional exploration of an NS mouse model revealed this insulin resistance phenotype correlated with constitutive inflammation of tissues involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Bone marrow transplantation and macrophage depletion improved glucose homeostasis and decreased metaflammation in the mice, highlighting a key role of macrophages. In-depth analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro and liver macrophages showed that hyperactive SHP2 promoted a proinflammatory phenotype, modified resident macrophage homeostasis, and triggered monocyte infiltration. Consistent with a role of SHP2 in promoting inflammation-driven insulin resistance, pharmaceutical SHP2 inhibition in obese diabetic mice improved insulin sensitivity even better than conventional antidiabetic molecules by specifically reducing metaflammation and alleviating macrophage activation. Together, these results reveal that SHP2 hyperactivation leads to inflammation-triggered metabolic impairments and highlight the therapeutical potential of SHP2 inhibition to ameliorate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paccoud
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Céline Saint-Laurent
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Enzo Piccolo
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Mylène Tajan
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Alizée Dortignac
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Ophélie Pereira
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Sophie Le Gonidec
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Inès Baba
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Adélaïde Gélineau
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Haoussa Askia
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Maxime Branchereau
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Jean Personnaz
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Johanna Auriau
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Simon Deleruyelle
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Nicolas Beton
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jacques Weill
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christophe Heymes
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Isabelle Castan
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Cédric Dray
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France.,Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pradère
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France. .,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
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17
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Yi JS, Perla S, Huang Y, Mizuno K, Giordano FJ, Vinks AA, Bennett AM. Low-dose Dasatinib Ameliorates Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 36:589-604. [PMID: 33689087 PMCID: PMC9270274 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) is an autosomal dominant disorder presenting with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Up to 85% of NSML cases are caused by mutations in the PTPN11 gene that encodes for the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2). We previously showed that low-dose dasatinib protects from the development of cardiac fibrosis in a mouse model of NSML harboring a Ptpn11Y279C mutation. This study is performed to determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of a low-dose of dasatinib in NSML mice and to determine its effectiveness in ameliorating the development of HCM. Methods Dasatinib was administered intraperitoneally into NSML mice with doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 mg/kg. PK parameters of dasatinib in NSML mice were determined. PD parameters were obtained for biochemical analyses from heart tissue. Dasatinib-treated NSML mice (0.1 mg/kg) were subjected to echocardiography and assessment of markers of HCM by qRT-PCR. Transcriptome analysis was performed from the heart tissue of low-dose dasatinib-treated mice. Results Low-dose dasatinib exhibited PK properties that were linear across doses in NSML mice. Dasatinib treatment of between 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg in NSML mice yielded an exposure-dependent inhibition of c-Src and PZR tyrosyl phosphorylation and inhibited AKT phosphorylation. We found that doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg of dasatinib prevented HCM in NSML mice. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed HCM-associated genes in the heart of NSML mice that were reverted to wild type levels by low-dose dasatinib administration. Conclusion These data demonstrate that low-dose dasatinib exhibits desirable therapeutic PK properties that is sufficient for effective target engagement to ameliorate HCM progression in NSML mice. These data demonstrate that low-dose dasatinib treatment may be an effective therapy against HCM in NSML patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10557-021-07169-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Sravan Perla
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kana Mizuno
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Frank J Giordano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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18
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Malaquias AC, Jorge AAL. Activation of the MAPK pathway (RASopathies) and partial growth hormone insensitivity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111040. [PMID: 33011209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies are a heterogeneous group of syndromes caused by germline mutations in genes encoding components of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Postnatal short stature is a cardinal feature of the RASopathies. Although the pathophysiology of these conditions is not fully understood to date, growth hormone insensitivity is one possibility, based on the observation of low IGF-1 values, generally preserved GH secretion and suboptimal growth response to recombinant human GH therapy. In this review, we will discuss the clinical and experimental evidence of GH insensitivity in patients with Noonan syndrome and other RASopathies, as well as their molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandra C Malaquias
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Noronha RM, Villares SMF, Torres N, Quedas EPS, Homma TK, Albuquerque EVA, Moraes MB, Funari MFA, Bertola DR, Jorge AAL, Malaquias AC. Noonan syndrome patients beyond the obvious phenotype: A potential unfavorable metabolic profile. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:774-780. [PMID: 33382187 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and NS related disorders (NRD) are frequent monogenic diseases. Pathogenic variants in PTPN11 are observed in approximately 50% of these NS patients. Several pleiotropic phenotypes have previously been described in this condition. This study aimed at characterizing glucose and lipid profiles in patients with NS/NRD. We assessed fasting blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol (total and fractions), and triglyceride (TG) levels in 112 prepubertal children and 73 adults. Additionally, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in 40 children and 54 adults. Data were analyzed between age groups according to the presence (+) or absence (-) of PTPN11 mutation. Prepubertal patients with NS/NRD were also compared with a control group. Despite the lean phenotype of children with NS/NRD, they presented an increased frequency of low HDL-cholesterol (63% in PTPN11+, 59% in PTPN11- and 16% in control, p < .001) and high TG levels (29% in PTPN11+, 18% in PTPN11- and 2.3% in control). PTPN11+ patients had a higher median HOMA-IR (1.0, ranged from 0.3 to 3.2) in comparison with PTPN11- (0.6; 0.2 to 4.4) and controls (0.6; 0.4 to 1.4, p = .027). Impaired glucose tolerance was observed in 19% (10:54) of lean adults with NS/NRD assessed by OGTT. Moreover, women with PTPN11 mutations had lower HDL-cholesterol levels than those without. Our results suggest that children and young adult patients with NS/NRD have an unfavorable metabolic profile characterized by low HDL, a tendency of elevated TGs, and glucose metabolism impairment despite a lean phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Noronha
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciencias Médicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra M F Villares
- Laboratorio de Nutricao Humana e Doencas Metabolicas (LIM/25), Hospital das Clinicas, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elisangela P S Quedas
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Kataoka Homma
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edoarda V A Albuquerque
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle B Moraes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Crianca, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana F A Funari
- Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42), Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Hospital das Clinicas, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora R Bertola
- Unidade de Genética, Instituto da Crianca, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM/42), Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Hospital das Clinicas, FMUSP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra C Malaquias
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciencias Médicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Noonan syndrome: genetic and clinical update and treatment options. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Cowan JR, Salyer L, Wright NT, Kinnamon DD, Amaya P, Jordan E, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Hershberger RE. SOS1 Gain-of-Function Variants in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e002892. [PMID: 32603605 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.119.002892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a genetically heterogeneous cardiac disease characterized by progressive ventricular enlargement and reduced systolic function. Here, we report genetic and functional analyses implicating the rat sarcoma signaling protein, SOS1 (Son of sevenless homolog 1), in DCM pathogenesis. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed on 412 probands and family members from our DCM cohort, identifying several SOS1 variants with potential disease involvement. As several lines of evidence have implicated dysregulated rat sarcoma signaling in the pathogenesis of DCM, we assessed functional impact of each variant on the activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), AKT (protein kinase B), and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) pathways. Relative expression levels were determined by Western blot in HEK293T cells transfected with variant or wild-type human SOS1 expression constructs. RESULTS A rare SOS1 variant [c.571G>A, p.(Glu191Lys)] was found to segregate alongside an A-band TTN truncating variant in a pedigree with aggressive, early-onset DCM. Reduced disease severity in the absence of the SOS1 variant suggested its potential involvement as a genetic risk factor for DCM in this family. Exome sequencing identified 5 additional SOS1 variants with potential disease involvement in 4 other families [c.1820T>C, p.(Ile607Thr); c.2156G>C, p.(Gly719Ala); c.2230A>G, p.(Arg744Gly); c.2728G>C, p.(Asp910His); c.3601C>T, p.(Arg1201Trp)]. Impacted amino acids occupied a number of functional domains relevant to SOS1 activity, including the N-terminal histone fold, as well as the C-terminal REM (rat sarcoma exchange motif), CDC25 (cell division cycle 25), and PR (proline-rich) tail domains. Increased phosphorylated ERK expression relative to wild-type levels was seen for all 6 SOS1 variants, paralleling known disease-relevant SOS1 signaling profiles. CONCLUSIONS These data support gain-of-function variation in SOS1 as a contributing factor to isolated DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cowan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Lorien Salyer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Nathan T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA (N.T.W.)
| | - Daniel D Kinnamon
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Pedro Amaya
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Elizabeth Jordan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics (M.J.B.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Ray E Hershberger
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Human Genetics (J.R.C., L.S., D.D.K., P.A., E.J., R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.E.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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22
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Kallionpää RA, Peltonen S, Leppävirta J, Pöyhönen M, Auranen K, Järveläinen H, Peltonen J. Haploinsufficiency of the NF1 gene is associated with protection against diabetes. J Med Genet 2020; 58:378-384. [PMID: 32571896 PMCID: PMC8142421 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The hereditary predisposition to diabetes is only partially explained by genes identified so far. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare monogenic dominant syndrome caused by aberrations of the NF1 gene. Here, we used a cohort of 1410 patients with NF1 to study the association of the NF1 gene with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods A total of 1410 patients were confirmed to fulfil the National Institutes of Health diagnostic criteria for NF1 by individually reviewing their medical records. The patients with NF1 were compared with 14 017 controls matched for age, sex and area of residence as well as 1881 non-NF1 siblings of the patients with NF1. Register-based information on purchases of antidiabetic medication and hospital encounters related to diabetes were retrieved. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the relative risk for diabetes in NF1. Results Patients with NF1 showed a lower rate of T2D when compared with a 10-fold control cohort (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.43) or with their siblings without NF1 (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.47). The estimates remained practically unchanged after adjusting the analyses for history of obesity and dyslipidaemias. The rate of T1D in NF1 was decreased although statistically non-significantly (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.25). Conclusion Haploinsufficiency of the NF1 gene may protect against T2D and probably T1D. Since NF1 negatively regulates the Ras signalling pathway, the results suggest that the Ras pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Leppävirta
- Department of Clinical Genetics, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital (HUS) Diagnostic Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Pöyhönen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital (HUS) Diagnostic Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Auranen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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23
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Liu W, Yin Y, Wang M, Fan T, Zhu Y, Shen L, Peng S, Gao J, Deng G, Meng X, Kong L, Feng GS, Guo W, Xu Q, Sun Y. Disrupting phosphatase SHP2 in macrophages protects mice from high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance by elevating IL-18 levels. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10842-10856. [PMID: 32546483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) has been reported to play diverse roles in different tissues during the development of metabolic disorders. We previously reported that SHP2 inhibition in macrophages results in increased cytokine production. Here, we investigated the association between SHP2 inhibition in macrophages and the development of metabolic diseases. Unexpectedly, we found that mice with a conditional SHP2 knockout in macrophages (cSHP2-KO) have ameliorated metabolic disorders. cSHP2-KO mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) gained less body weight and exhibited decreased hepatic steatosis, as well as improved glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity, compared with HFD-fed WT littermates. Further experiments revealed that SHP2 deficiency leads to hyperactivation of caspase-1 and subsequent elevation of interleukin 18 (IL-18) levels, both in vivo and in vitro Of note, IL-18 neutralization and caspase-1 knockout reversed the amelioration of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance observed in the cSHP2-KO mice. Administration of two specific SHP2 inhibitors, SHP099 and Phps1, improved HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Our findings provide detailed insights into the role of macrophagic SHP2 in metabolic disorders. We conclude that pharmacological inhibition of SHP2 may represent a therapeutic strategy for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Yin
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China .,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Hall C, Yu H, Choi E. Insulin receptor endocytosis in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:911-920. [PMID: 32576931 PMCID: PMC7338473 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling controls cell growth and metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of this pathway causes metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Insulin signaling pathways have been extensively studied. Upon insulin binding, the insulin receptor (IR) triggers downstream signaling cascades. The active IR is then internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Despite decades of studies, the mechanism and regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of IR remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have revealed feedback regulation of IR endocytosis through Src homology phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Here we review the molecular mechanism of IR endocytosis and its impact on the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, and discuss the potential of SHP2 as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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25
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Carcavilla A, Suárez-Ortega L, Rodríguez Sánchez A, Gonzalez-Casado I, Ramón-Krauel M, Labarta JI, Quinteiro Gonzalez S, Riaño Galán I, Ezquieta Zubicaray B, López-Siguero JP. [Noonan syndrome: genetic and clinical update and treatment options]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 93:61.e1-61.e14. [PMID: 32493603 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively common genetic condition characterised by short stature, congenital heart defects, and distinctive facial features. NS and other clinically overlapping conditions such as NS with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome), cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, or Costello syndrome, are caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the RAS-MAPKinases pathway. Because of this shared mechanism, these conditions have been collectively termed «RASopathies». Despite the recent advances in molecular genetics, nearly 20% of patients still lack a genetic cause, and diagnosis is still made mainly on clinical grounds. NS is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition, with variable expressivity and a changing phenotype with age, and affects multiple organs and systems. Therefore, it is essential that physicians involved in the care of these patients are familiarised with their manifestations and the management recommendations, including management of growth and development. Data on growth hormone treatment efficacy are sparse, and show a modest response in height gains, similar to that observed in Turner syndrome. The role of RAS/MAPK hyper-activation in the pathophysiology of this group of disorders offers a unique opportunity for the development of targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilano Carcavilla
- Servicio de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - Larisa Suárez-Ortega
- Servicio de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues del Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | | | | | - Marta Ramón-Krauel
- Servicio de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues del Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | | | - Sofia Quinteiro Gonzalez
- Servicio de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Complejo Universitario Insular, Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España
| | - Isolina Riaño Galán
- Servicio de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo/Uviéu, España
| | | | - Juan Pedro López-Siguero
- Servicio de Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España.
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26
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Ruzzi LR, Schilman PE, San Martin A, Lew SE, Gelb BD, Pagani MR. The Phosphatase CSW Controls Life Span by Insulin Signaling and Metabolism Throughout Adult Life in Drosophila. Front Genet 2020; 11:364. [PMID: 32457793 PMCID: PMC7221067 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome and related disorders are caused by mutations in genes encoding for proteins of the RAS-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which affect development by enhanced ERK1/2 activity. However, the mutations’ effects throughout adult life are unclear. In this study, we identify that the protein most commonly affected in Noonan syndrome, the phosphatase SHP2, known in Drosophila as corkscrew (CSW), controls life span, triglyceride levels, and metabolism without affecting ERK signaling pathway. We found that CSW loss-of-function mutations extended life span by interacting with components of the insulin signaling pathway and impairing AKT activity in adult flies. By expressing csw-RNAi in different organs, we determined that CSW extended life span by acting in organs that regulate energy availability, including gut, fat body and neurons. In contrast to that in control animals, loss of CSW leads to reduced homeostasis in metabolic rate during activity. Clinically relevant gain-of-function csw allele reduced life span, when expressed in fat body, but not in other tissues. However, overexpression of a wild-type allele did not affect life span, showing a specific effect of the gain-of-function allele independently of a gene dosage effect. We concluded that CSW normally regulates life span and that mutations in SHP2 are expected to have critical effects throughout life by insulin-dependent mechanisms in addition to the well-known RAS-ERK1/2-dependent developmental alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R Ruzzi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Schilman
- Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alvaro San Martin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio E Lew
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario R Pagani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Ranza E, Guimier A, Verloes A, Capri Y, Marques C, Auclair M, Mathieu-Dramard M, Morin G, Thevenon J, Faivre L, Thauvin-Robinet C, Innes AM, Dyment DA, Vigouroux C, Amiel J. Overlapping phenotypes between SHORT and Noonan syndromes in patients with PTPN11 pathogenic variants. Clin Genet 2020; 98:10-18. [PMID: 32233106 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Overlapping syndromes such as Noonan, Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous, Noonan syndrome (NS) with multiple lentigines and Costello syndromes are genetically heterogeneous conditions sharing a dysregulation of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and are known collectively as the RASopathies. PTPN11 was the first disease-causing gene identified in NS and remains the more prevalent. We report seven patients from three families presenting heterozygous missense variants in PTPN11 probably responsible for a disease phenotype distinct from the classical Noonan syndrome. The clinical presentation and common features of these seven cases overlap with the SHORT syndrome. The latter is the consequence of PI3K/AKT signaling deregulation with the predominant disease-causing gene being PIK3R1. Our data suggest that the phenotypic spectrum associated with pathogenic variants of PTPN11 could be wider than previously described, and this could be due to the dual activity of SHP2 (ie, PTPN11 gene product) on the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Ranza
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Guimier
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, APHP- Robert Debré University Hospital & INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Department of Genetics, APHP- Robert Debré University Hospital & INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France
| | - Charles Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitario Estacio, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martine Auclair
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, et Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Mathieu-Dramard
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de référence maladies rares, CHU d'Amiens-site Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Gilles Morin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de référence maladies rares, CHU d'Amiens-site Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l'Est et Centre de Génétique, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l'Est et Centre de Génétique, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l'Est et Centre de Génétique, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Dyment
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne Vigouroux
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, et Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité (PRISIS), Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, and Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
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28
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Putlyaeva LV, Demin DE, Uvarova AN, Zinevich LS, Prokofjeva MM, Gazizova GR, Shagimardanova EI, Schwartz AM. PTPN11 Knockdown Prevents Changes in the Expression of Genes Controlling Cell Cycle, Chemotherapy Resistance, and Oncogene-Induced Senescence in Human Thyroid Cells Overexpressing BRAF V600E Oncogenic Protein. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:108-118. [PMID: 32079522 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK (RAS/BRAF/MEK/ERK) signaling pathway is a kinase cascade involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in response to external stimuli. The V600E mutation in the BRAF gene has been detected in various tumors, resulting in a 500-fold increase in BRAF kinase activity. However, monotherapy with selective BRAF V600E inhibitors often leads to reactivation of MAPK signaling cascade and emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, new targets are being developed for the inhibition of components of the aberrantly activated cascade. It was recently discovered that resistance to BRAF V600E inhibitors may be associated with the activity of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 encoded by the PTPN11 gene. In this paper, we analyzed transcriptional effects of PTPN11 gene knockdown and selective suppression of BRAF V600E in a model of thyroid follicular epithelium. We found that the siRNA-mediated knockdown of PTPN11 after vemurafenib treatment prevented an increase in the expression CCNA1 and NOTCH4 genes involved in the formation of drug resistance of tumors. On the other hand, downregulation of PTPN11 expression blocked the transcriptional activation of genes (p21, p15, p16, RB1, and IGFBP7) involved in cell cycle regulation and oncogene-induced senescence in response to BRAF V600E expression. Therefore, it can be assumed that SHP-2 participates not only in emergence of drug resistance in cancer cells, but also in oncogene-induced cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Putlyaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - D E Demin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - A N Uvarova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - L S Zinevich
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - M M Prokofjeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - G R Gazizova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - E I Shagimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - A M Schwartz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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29
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Catalytic dysregulation of SHP2 leading to Noonan syndromes affects platelet signaling and functions. Blood 2020; 134:2304-2317. [PMID: 31562133 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by the PTPN11 gene, is a ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase that is a critical regulator of signal transduction. Germ line mutations in the PTPN11 gene responsible for catalytic gain or loss of function of SHP2 cause 2 disorders with multiple organ defects: Noonan syndrome (NS) and NS with multiple lentigines (NSML), respectively. Bleeding anomalies have been frequently reported in NS, but causes remain unclear. This study investigates platelet activation in patients with NS and NSML and in 2 mouse models carrying PTPN11 mutations responsible for these 2 syndromes. Platelets from NS mice and patients displayed a significant reduction in aggregation induced by low concentrations of GPVI and CLEC-2 agonists and a decrease in thrombus growth on a collagen surface under arterial shear stress. This was associated with deficiencies in GPVI and αIIbβ3 integrin signaling, platelet secretion, and thromboxane A2 generation. Similarly, arterial thrombus formation was significantly reduced in response to a local carotid injury in NS mice, associated with a significant increase in tail bleeding time. In contrast, NSML mouse platelets exhibited increased platelet activation after GPVI and CLEC-2 stimulation and enhanced platelet thrombotic phenotype on collagen matrix under shear stress. Blood samples from NSML patients also showed a shear stress-dependent elevation of platelet responses on collagen matrix. This study brings new insights into the understanding of SHP2 function in platelets, points to new thrombopathies linked to platelet signaling defects, and provides important information for the medical care of patients with NS in situations involving risk of bleeding.
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30
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Dard L, Blanchard W, Hubert C, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. Mitochondrial functions and rare diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 71:100842. [PMID: 32029308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles responsible for a large variety of biochemical processes as energy transduction, REDOX signaling, the biosynthesis of hormones and vitamins, inflammation or cell death execution. Cell biology studies established that 1158 human genes encode proteins localized to mitochondria, as registered in MITOCARTA. Clinical studies showed that a large number of these mitochondrial proteins can be altered in expression and function through genetic, epigenetic or biochemical mechanisms including the interaction with environmental toxics or iatrogenic medicine. As a result, pathogenic mitochondrial genetic and functional defects participate to the onset and the progression of a growing number of rare diseases. In this review we provide an exhaustive survey of the biochemical, genetic and clinical studies that demonstrated the implication of mitochondrial dysfunction in human rare diseases. We discuss the striking diversity of the symptoms caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and the strategies proposed for mitochondrial therapy, including a survey of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - W Blanchard
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Hubert
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000, Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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Alfurayh N, Alsaif F, Alballa N, Zeitouni L, Ramzan K, Imtiaz F, Alakeel A. LEOPARD Syndrome with PTPN11 Gene Mutation in Three Family Members Presenting with Different Phenotypes. J Pediatr Genet 2019; 9:246-251. [PMID: 32765928 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
LEOPARD syndrome (LS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by multiple lentigines and various congenital anomalies. The clinical diagnosis of LS requires molecular confirmation. The most frequently reported mutations in LS patients are in the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 gene, PTPN11 . Herein, we report the cases of three family members from two generations who are affected by LS and all carry the PTPN11 mutation c.836A > G (p.Tyr279Cys), identified by next-generation sequencing, while exhibiting different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Alfurayh
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsaif
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alballa
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena Zeitouni
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiqa Imtiaz
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alakeel
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Liu WS, Wang RR, Li WY, Rong M, Liu CL, Ma Y, Wang RL. Investigating the reason for loss-of-function of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) caused by Y279C mutation through molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2509-2520. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1634641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Ya Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chi-Lu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Tajan M, Paccoud R, Branka S, Edouard T, Yart A. The RASopathy Family: Consequences of Germline Activation of the RAS/MAPK Pathway. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:676-700. [PMID: 29924299 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome [NS; Mendelian Inheritance in Men (MIM) #163950] and related syndromes [Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome; MIM #151100), Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (MIM #607721), Costello syndrome (MIM #218040), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM #115150), type I neurofibromatosis (MIM #162200), and Legius syndrome (MIM #611431)] are a group of related genetic disorders associated with distinctive facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was clinically described more than 50 years ago, and disease genes have been identified throughout the last 3 decades, providing a molecular basis to better understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. Most of these genes encode proteins belonging to or regulating the so-called RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, so these syndromes have been gathered under the name RASopathies. In this review, we provide a clinical overview of RASopathies and an update on their genetics. We then focus on the functional and pathophysiological effects of RASopathy-causing mutations and discuss therapeutic perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Tajan
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Paccoud
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Dard L, Bellance N, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. RAS signalling in energy metabolism and rare human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:845-867. [PMID: 29750912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is a highly conserved cascade of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation that is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Recent findings indicate that the RAS pathway plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism via the control of mitochondrial form and function but little is known on the participation of this effect in RAS-related rare human genetic diseases. Germline mutations that hyperactivate the RAS pathway have been discovered and linked to human developmental disorders that are known as RASopathies. Individuals with RASopathies, which are estimated to affect approximately 1/1000 human birth, share many overlapping characteristics, including cardiac malformations, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphy, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, hypotonia and a predisposition to developing cancer. Since the identification of the first RASopathy, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), which is caused by the inactivation of neurofibromin 1, several other syndromes have been associated with mutations in the core components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), which was formerly called LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). Here, we review current knowledge about the bioenergetics of the RASopathies and discuss the molecular control of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial physiology by the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Bellance
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on recent developments on Noonan syndrome with a special focus on endocrinology, bone, and metabolism aspects. The key issues still to be resolved and the future therapeutic perspectives will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of the molecular genetic causes of Noonan syndrome and Noonan-syndrome-related disorders has permitted us to better understand the mechanisms underlying the different symptoms of these diseases and to establish genotype-phenotype correlations (in growth patterns for example). In addition to the classical clinical hallmarks of Noonan syndrome, new important aspects include decreased fertility in men, lean phenotype with increased energy expenditure and possible impact on carbohydrate metabolism/insulin sensitivity, and impaired bone health. Further clinical studies are needed to investigate the long-term impact of these findings and their possible interconnections. Finally, the understanding of the crucial role of RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinases dysregulation in the pathophysiology of Noonan syndrome allows us to devise new therapeutic approaches. Some agents are currently undergoing clinical trials in Noonan syndrome patients. SUMMARY On the last 10 years, our knowledge of the molecular basis and the pathophysiology of Noonan syndrome has greatly advanced allowing us to gain insight in all the aspects of this disease and to devise new specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), Paul Sabatier University
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital
- INSERM UMR1043 - CNRS U5282, Physiopathology Center of Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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Oba D, Inoue SI, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Nakashima Y, Niihori T, Yamaguchi S, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. Mice with an Oncogenic HRAS Mutation are Resistant to High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Exhibit Impaired Hepatic Energy Homeostasis. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:138-150. [PMID: 29254681 PMCID: PMC5828294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Costello syndrome is a “RASopathy” that is characterized by growth retardation, dysmorphic facial appearance, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and tumor predisposition. > 80% of patients with Costello syndrome harbor a heterozygous germline G12S mutation in HRAS. Altered metabolic regulation has been suspected because patients with Costello syndrome exhibit hypoketotic hypoglycemia and increased resting energy expenditure, and their growth is severely retarded. To examine the mechanisms of energy reprogramming by HRAS activation in vivo, we generated knock-in mice expressing a heterozygous Hras G12S mutation (HrasG12S/+ mice) as a mouse model of Costello syndrome. On a high-fat diet, HrasG12S/+ mice developed a lean phenotype with microvesicular hepatic steatosis, resulting in early death compared with wild-type mice. Under starvation conditions, hypoketosis and elevated blood levels of long-chain fatty acylcarnitines were observed, suggesting impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Our findings suggest that the oncogenic Hras mutation modulates energy homeostasis in vivo. Mice expressing Hras G12S (HrasG12S/+) showed Costello syndrome-like phenotypes, including craniofacial and cardiac defects. HrasG12S/+ mice are resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, showing microvesicular hepatic steatosis. Upon fasting, HFD-fed HrasG12S/+ mice show abnormal hepatic fatty acid oxidation, hypoketosis and early hypoglycemia.
Costello syndrome is a congenital anomaly syndrome, which is caused by germline mutations in HRAS oncogene. Altered metabolic regulation has been suspected because patients with Costello syndrome exhibit hypoketotic hypoglycemia and increased resting energy expenditure, and growth retardation. Here, we generated a mouse model for Costello syndrome expressing a Hras G12S mutation, which showed craniofacial and heart abnormalities. On a high-fat diet, mutant mice exhibited a lean phenotype with poor weight gain and microvesicular hepatic steatosis. Under starvation conditions, impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation has been observed. These results suggest that oncogenic RAS signaling in mice modulates energy homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiju Oba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Veterinary Technology, Yamazaki gakuen University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Abstract
The RAS/MAPK signaling pathway plays key roles in development, cell survival and proliferation, as well as in cancer pathogenesis. Molecular genetic studies have identified a group of developmental syndromes, the RASopathies, caused by germ line mutations in this pathway. The syndromes included within this classification are neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML, formerly known as LEOPARD syndrome), Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS, NF1-like syndrome), capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM), and hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) type 1. Although these syndromes present specific molecular alterations, they are characterized by a large spectrum of functional and morphological abnormalities, which include heart defects, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial malformations, and, in some cases, cancer predisposition. The development of genetically modified animals, such as mice (Mus musculus), flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and zebrafish (Danio rerio), has been instrumental in elucidating the molecular and cellular bases of these syndromes. Moreover, these models can also be used to determine tumor predisposition, the impact of different genetic backgrounds on the variable phenotypes found among the patients and to evaluate preventative and therapeutic strategies. Here, we review a wide range of genetically modified mouse models used in the study of RASopathies and the potential application of novel technologies, which hopefully will help us resolve open questions in the field.
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Lauriol J, Cabrera JR, Roy A, Keith K, Hough SM, Damilano F, Wang B, Segarra GC, Flessa ME, Miller LE, Das S, Bronson R, Lee KH, Kontaridis MI. Developmental SHP2 dysfunction underlies cardiac hypertrophy in Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2989-3005. [PMID: 27348588 PMCID: PMC4966304 DOI: 10.1172/jci80396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common cause of mortality in congenital heart disease (CHD). Many gene abnormalities are associated with cardiac hypertrophy, but their function in cardiac development is not well understood. Loss-of-function mutations in PTPN11, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP2, are implicated in CHD and cause Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), a condition that often presents with cardiac hypertrophic defects. Here, we found that NSML-associated hypertrophy stems from aberrant signaling mechanisms originating in developing endocardium. Trabeculation and valvular hyperplasia were diminished in hearts of embryonic mice expressing a human NSML-associated variant of SHP2, and these defects were recapitulated in mice expressing NSML-associated SHP2 specifically in endothelial, but not myocardial or neural crest, cells. In contrast, mice with myocardial- but not endothelial-specific NSML SHP2 expression developed ventricular septal defects, suggesting that NSML-associated mutations have both cell-autonomous and nonautonomous functions in cardiac development. However, only endothelial-specific expression of NSML-associated SHP2 induced adult-onset cardiac hypertrophy. Further, embryos expressing the NSML-associated SHP2 mutation exhibited aberrant AKT activity and decreased downstream forkhead box P1 (FOXP1)/FGF and NOTCH1/EPHB2 signaling, indicating that SHP2 is required for regulating reciprocal crosstalk between developing endocardium and myocardium. Together, our data provide functional and disease-based evidence that aberrant SHP2 signaling during cardiac development leads to CHD and adult-onset heart hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lauriol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janel R. Cabrera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashbeel Roy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly Keith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara M. Hough
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Federico Damilano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bonnie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriel C. Segarra
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Meaghan E. Flessa
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren E. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Maria I. Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cessans C, Ehlinger V, Arnaud C, Yart A, Capri Y, Barat P, Cammas B, Lacombe D, Coutant R, David A, Baron S, Weill J, Leheup B, Nicolino M, Salles JP, Verloes A, Tauber M, Cavé H, Edouard T. Growth patterns of patients with Noonan syndrome: correlation with age and genotype. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:641-50. [PMID: 26903553 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth patterns of patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) were established before the involved genes were identified. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to compare growth parameters according to genotype in patients with NS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study population included 420 patients (176 females and 244 males) harboring mutations in the PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, or KRAS genes. NS-associated PTPN11 mutations (NS-PTPN11) and NS with multiple lentigines-associated PTPN11 mutations (NSML-PTPN11) were distinguished. Birth measures and height and body mass index (BMI) measures at 2, 5, 10 years, and adulthood were compared with the general population and between genotypes. RESULTS Patients with NS were shorter at birth (mean birth length standard deviation score (SDS): -1.0 ± 1.4; P < 0.001) and throughout childhood than the healthy population, with height SDS being -2.1 ± 1.3 at 2 years, and -2.1 ± 1.2 at 5 and 10 years and adulthood (P < 0.001). At birth, patients with NS-PTPN11 were significantly shorter and thinner than patients with NSML-PTPN11, SOS1, or KRAS. Growth retardation was significantly less severe and less frequent at 2 years in patients with NSML-PTPN11 and SOS1 than in patients with NS-PTPN11 (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002 respectively). Patients with NS had lower BMI at 10 years (P < 0.001). No difference between genotypes was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Determining the growth patterns of patients with NS according to genotype should better inform clinicians about the natural course of growth in NS so that they can optimize the follow-up and management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catie Cessans
- EndocrineBone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Ehlinger
- UMR 1027 INSERMUniversity of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Arnaud
- UMR 1027 INSERMUniversity of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France Clinical Epidemiology UnitToulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR 1048Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Departments of GeneticsRobert-Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Barat
- Pediatric Endocrinology DepartmentClinical investigation Centre (CIC 1401), Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Cammas
- Pediatric Endocrinology DepartmentClinical investigation Centre (CIC 1401), Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Genetics DepartmentBordeaux University Hospital, EA4576, Bordeaux, France
| | - Régis Coutant
- Pediatric Endocrinology DepartmentAngers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Albert David
- Genetics DepartmentNantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Sabine Baron
- Pediatric Endocrine UnitNantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Weill
- Pediatric Endocrine UnitLille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Leheup
- Pediatric and Genetics UnitNancy University Hospital, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Marc Nicolino
- Pediatric Endocrinology DepartmentLyon University Pediatric Hospital, INSERM U.1060/UCBL/HCL, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- EndocrineBone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France INSERM UMR 1043Centre of Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Departments of GeneticsRobert-Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Maithé Tauber
- EndocrineBone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France INSERM UMR 1043Centre of Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Departments of GeneticsRobert-Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- EndocrineBone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France INSERM UMR 1043Centre of Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Jindal GA, Goyal Y, Burdine RD, Rauen KA, Shvartsman SY. RASopathies: unraveling mechanisms with animal models. Dis Model Mech 2016. [PMID: 26203125 PMCID: PMC4527292 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway, and are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological abnormalities. The high incidence of these disorders (∼1/1000 births) motivates the development of systematic approaches for their efficient diagnosis and potential treatment. Recent advances in genome sequencing have greatly facilitated the genotyping and discovery of mutations in affected individuals, but establishing the causal relationships between molecules and disease phenotypes is non-trivial and presents both technical and conceptual challenges. Here, we discuss how these challenges could be addressed using genetically modified model organisms that have been instrumental in delineating the Ras-MAPK pathway and its roles during development. Focusing on studies in mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, we provide an up-to-date review of animal models of RASopathies at the molecular and functional level. We also discuss how increasingly sophisticated techniques of genetic engineering can be used to rigorously connect changes in specific components of the Ras-MAPK pathway with observed functional and morphological phenotypes. Establishing these connections is essential for advancing our understanding of RASopathies and for devising rational strategies for their management and treatment. Summary: Developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway are called RASopathies. Studies with animal models, including mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, continue to enhance our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granton A Jindal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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da Silva FM, Jorge AA, Malaquias A, da Costa Pereira A, Yamamoto GL, Kim CA, Bertola D. Nutritional aspects of Noonan syndrome and Noonan-related disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:1525-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Marchetto da Silva
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança; Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto Jorge
- Endocrinologia; LIM/25; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alexandra Malaquias
- Endocrinologia; LIM/25; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alexandre da Costa Pereira
- Instituto do Coração; Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Yamamoto
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança; Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança; Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Debora Bertola
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança; Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Fan D, Liu S, Jiang S, Li Z, Mo X, Ruan H, Zou GM, Fan C. The use of SHP-2 gene transduced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenic differentiation and bone defect repair in rat. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1871-81. [PMID: 26999642 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is a promising approach for bone regeneration, in which growth factors play an important role. The tyrosine phosphatase Src-homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by the PTPN11 gene, is essential for the differentiation, proliferation and metabolism of osteoblasts. However, SHP-2 has never been systematically studied for its effect in osteogenesis. We predicted that overexpression of SHP-2 could promote bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)osteogenic differentiation and SHP-2 transduced BMSCs could enhance new bone formation, determined using the following study groups: (1) BMSCs transduced with SHP-2 and induced with osteoblast-inducing liquid (BMSCs/SHP-2/OL); (2) BMSCs transduced with SHP-2 (BMSCs/-SHP-2); (3) BMSCs induced with osteoblast-inducing liquid (BMSCs/OL) and (4) pure BMSCs. Cells were assessed for osteogenic differentiation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis, alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S staining. For in vivo assessment, cells were combined with beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds and transplanted into rat calvarial defects for 8 weeks. Following euthanasia, skull samples were explanted for osteogenic evaluation, including micro-computed tomography measurement, histology and immunohistochemistry staining. SHP-2 and upregulation of its gene promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation and therefore represents a potential new therapeutic approach to bone repair. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1871-1881, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hongjiang Ruan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang-Ming Zou
- Hawaii Gangze Inc, 421 Nahua Street, Suite 146, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96815
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
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Waelchli R, Williams J, Cole T, Dattani M, Hindmarsh P, Kennedy H, Martinez A, Khan S, Semple RK, White A, Sebire N, Healy E, Moore G, Kinsler VA. Growth and hormone profiling in children with congenital melanocytic naevi. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1471-8. [PMID: 26286459 PMCID: PMC4737097 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple congenital melanocytic naevi (CMN) is a rare mosaic RASopathy, caused by postzygotic activating mutations in NRAS. Growth and hormonal disturbances are described in germline RASopathies, but growth and hormone status have not previously been investigated in individuals with CMN. Objectives To explore premature thelarche, undescended testes, and a clinically abnormal fat distribution with CMN through prospective endocrinological assessment of a cohort of subjects with CMN, and a retrospective review of longitudinal growth of a larger group of patients with CMN from outpatient clinics (which included all subjects in the endocrinological assessment group). Patients and methods Longitudinal growth in a cohort of 202 patients with single or multiple CMN was compared with the U.K. National Child Measurement Programme 2010. Forty‐seven children had hormonal profiling including measurement of circulating luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, growth hormone, prolactin, pro‐opiomelanocortin, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, thyroxine, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and leptin; 10 had oral glucose tolerance testing 25 had dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans for body composition. Results Body mass index increased markedly with age (coefficient 0·119, SE 0·016 standard deviation scores per year), at twice the rate of the U.K. population, due to increased adiposity. Three per cent of girls had premature thelarche variant and 6% of boys had persistent undescended testes. Both fat and muscle mass were reduced in areas underlying large naevi, resulting in limb asymmetry and abnormal truncal fat distribution. Anterior pituitary hormone profiling revealed subtle and variable abnormalities. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed moderate–severe insulin insensitivity in five of 10, and impaired glucose tolerance in one. Conclusions Interpersonal variation may reflect the mosaic nature of this disease and patients should be considered individually. Postnatal weight gain is potentially related to the underlying genetic defect; however, environmental reasons cannot be excluded. Naevus‐related reduction of fat and muscle mass suggests local hormonal or metabolic effects on development or growth of adjacent tissues, or mosaic involvement of these tissues at the genetic level. Premature thelarche and undescended testes should be looked for, and investigated, as for any child. What's already known about this topic? CMN are caused by postzygotic mutations in the gene NRAS in the majority of cases, classifying it within the group of mosaic RASopathies. Other germline and mosaic RASopathies are known to have growth and hormonal abnormalities. No studies have been done on growth or endocrinology in children with CMN.
What does this study add? Average body mass index increases markedly with age compared with the normal population; this is due to increased adiposity, and can be associated with insulin insensitivity. Premature thelarche variant and persistent undescended testes are not infrequent findings, but puberty appears to develop normally. Both fat and muscle mass can be reduced in areas underlying large naevi, resulting in asymmetry.
Linked Comment:Millington, Br J Dermatol 2015; 173: 1366–67.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Waelchli
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, U.K
| | - J Williams
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - T Cole
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - M Dattani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, U.K.,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, U.K
| | - P Hindmarsh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, U.K.,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, U.K
| | - H Kennedy
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, U.K
| | - A Martinez
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, U.K
| | - S Khan
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - R K Semple
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - A White
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - N Sebire
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, U.K
| | - E Healy
- Department of Dermatopharmacology, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K
| | - G Moore
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - V A Kinsler
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, U.K.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
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SHP2 sails from physiology to pathology. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:509-25. [PMID: 26341048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the two past decades, mutations of the PTPN11 gene, encoding the ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2), have been identified as the causal factor of several developmental diseases (Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML), and metachondromatosis), and malignancies (juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia). SHP2 plays essential physiological functions in organism development and homeostasis maintenance by regulating fundamental intracellular signaling pathways in response to a wide range of growth factors and hormones, notably the pleiotropic Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and the Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascades. Analysis of the biochemical impacts of PTPN11 mutations first identified both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, as well as more subtle defects, highlighting the major pathophysiological consequences of SHP2 dysregulation. Then, functional genetic studies provided insights into the molecular dysregulations that link SHP2 mutants to the development of specific traits of the diseases, paving the way for the design of specific therapies for affected patients. In this review, we first provide an overview of SHP2's structure and regulation, then describe its molecular roles, notably its functions in modulating the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, and its physiological roles in organism development and homeostasis. In the second part, we describe the different PTPN11 mutation-associated pathologies and their clinical manifestations, with particular focus on the biochemical and signaling outcomes of NS and NS-ML-associated mutations, and on the recent advances regarding the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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Zhang J, Zhang F, Niu R. Functions of Shp2 in cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2075-83. [PMID: 26088100 PMCID: PMC4568912 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics and therapies have shown evident advances. Tumour surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the main techniques in treat cancers. Targeted therapy and drug resistance are the main focus in cancer research, but many molecular intracellular mechanisms remain unknown. Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is associated with breast cancer, leukaemia, lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer and other cancer types. Signalling pathways involving Shp2 have also been discovered. Shp2 is related to many diseases. Mutations in the ptpn11 gene cause Noonan syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome and childhood leukaemia. Shp2 is also involved in several cancer-related processes, including cancer cell invasion and metastasis, apoptosis, DNA damage, cell proliferation, cell cycle and drug resistance. Based on the structure and function of Shp2, scientists have investigated specific mechanisms involved in cancer. Shp2 may be a potential therapeutic target because this phosphatase is implicated in many aspects. Furthermore, Shp2 inhibitors have been used in experiments to develop treatment strategies. However, conflicting results related to Shp2 functions have been presented in the literature, and such results should be resolved in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Clay SA, Domeier TL, Hanft LM, McDonald KS, Krenz M. Elevated Ca2+ transients and increased myofibrillar power generation cause cardiac hypercontractility in a model of Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1086-95. [PMID: 25724491 PMCID: PMC4551123 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00501.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) is primarily caused by mutations in the nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and associated with congenital heart disease in the form of pulmonary valve stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Our goal was to elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying the development of HCM caused by the Q510E mutation in SHP2. NSML patients carrying this mutation suffer from a particularly severe form of HCM. Drawing parallels to other, more common forms of HCM, we hypothesized that altered Ca(2+) homeostasis and/or sarcomeric mechanical properties play key roles in the pathomechanism. We used transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of Q510E-SHP2 starting before birth. Mice develop neonatal onset HCM with increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening at 4-6 wk of age. To assess Ca(2+) handling, isolated cardiomyocytes were loaded with fluo-4. Q510E-SHP2 expression increased Ca(2+) transient amplitudes during excitation-contraction coupling and increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) content concurrent with increased expression of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase. In skinned cardiomyocyte preparations from Q510E-SHP2 mice, force-velocity relationships and power-load curves were shifted upward. The peak power-generating capacity was increased approximately twofold. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the relative intracellular area occupied by sarcomeres was increased in Q510E-SHP2 cardiomyocytes. Triton X-100-based myofiber purification showed that Q510E-SHP2 increased the amount of sarcomeric proteins assembled into myofibers. In summary, Q510E-SHP2 expression leads to enhanced contractile performance early in disease progression by augmenting intracellular Ca(2+) cycling and increasing the number of power-generating sarcomeres. This gives important new insights into the cellular pathomechanisms of Q510E-SHP2-associated HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Clay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Timothy L Domeier
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Laurin M Hanft
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kerry S McDonald
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maike Krenz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology/Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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