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Eckhardt E, Schinköthe J, Gischke M, Sehl-Ewert J, Corleis B, Dorhoi A, Teifke J, Albrecht D, Geluk A, Gilleron M, Bastian M. Phosphatidylinositolmannoside vaccination induces lipid-specific Th1-responses and partially protects guinea pigs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18613. [PMID: 37903877 PMCID: PMC10616071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs) comprises a heterogeneity of lymphoid cells that respond to an abundance of unconventional epitopes in a non-MHC-restricted manner. Vaccinologists strive to harness this so far underexplored branch of the immune system for new vaccines against tuberculosis. A particular division of DURTs are T cells that recognize their cognate lipid antigen in the context of CD1-molecules. Mycobacteria are characterized by a particular lipid-rich cell wall. Several of these lipids have been shown to be presented to T cells via CD1b-molecules. Guinea pigs functionally express CD1b and are hence an appropriate small animal model to study the role of CD1b-restricted, lipid-specific immune responses. In the current study, guinea pigs were vaccinated with BCG or highly-purified, liposome-formulated phosphatidylinositol-hexa-mannoside (PIM6) to assess the effect of CD1-restricted DURTs on the course of infection after virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) challenge. Robust PIM6-specific T cell-responses were observed both after BCG- and PIM6-vaccination. The cellular response was significantly reduced in the presence of monoclonal, CD1b-blocking antibodies, indicating that a predominant part of this reactivity was CD1b-restricted. When animals were challenged with Mtb, BCG- and PIM6-vaccinated animals showed significantly reduced pathology, smaller necrotic granulomas in lymph node and spleen and reduced bacterial loads. While BCG conferred an almost sterile protection in this setting, compared to control animals' lesions were reduced roughly by two thirds in PIM6-vaccinated. Comprehensive histological and transcriptional analyses in the draining lymph node revealed that protected animals showed reduced transcription-levels of inflammatory cyto- and chemokines and higher levels of CD1b-expression on professional antigen cells compared to controls. Although BCG as a comparator induced by far stronger effects, our observations in the guinea pig model suggest that CD1b-restricted, PIM6-reactive DURTs contribute to immune-mediated containment of virulent Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Eckhardt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Microbiology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Björn Corleis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Jens Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Albrecht
- Institute of Microbiology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Gilleron
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
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2
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Yin R, Wang T, Dai H, Han J, Sun J, Liu N, Dong W, Zhong J, Liu H. Immunogenic molecules associated with gut bacterial cell walls: chemical structures, immune-modulating functions, and mechanisms. Protein Cell 2023; 14:776-785. [PMID: 37013853 PMCID: PMC10599643 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between gut microbiome and host immune system are fundamental to maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier and homeostasis. At the host-gut microbiome interface, cell wall-derived molecules from gut commensal bacteria have been reported to play a pivotal role in training and remodeling host immune responses. In this article, we review gut bacterial cell wall-derived molecules with characterized chemical structures, including peptidoglycan and lipid-related molecules that impact host health and disease processes via regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Also, we aim to discuss the structures, immune responses, and underlying mechanisms of these immunogenic molecules. Based on current advances, we propose cell wall-derived components as important sources of medicinal agents for the treatment of infection and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huanqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingzu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Van Rhijn I. Do antigen-presenting CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d molecules bind different self-lipids? Trends Immunol 2023; 44:757-759. [PMID: 37730500 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Humans express four different lipid antigen-presenting molecules, CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d, that are differentially expressed on antigen-presenting cells and which recycle through different endosomal compartments. Huang et al. now answer the question on whether the four CD1 isoforms selectively bind certain lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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4
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Kim S, Cho S, Kim JH. CD1-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues: molecular mechanisms underlying lipid antigen presentation system. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1858-1871. [PMID: 37696897 PMCID: PMC10545705 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecule differs from major histocompatibility complex class I and II because it presents glycolipid/lipid antigens. Moreover, the CD1-restricted T cells that recognize these self and foreign antigens participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. CD1s are constitutively expressed by professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in mucosal tissues, namely, the skin, lung, and intestine. This suggests that CD1-reactive T cells are involved in the immune responses of these tissues. Indeed, evidence suggests that these cells play important roles in diverse diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, and infection. Recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CD1 presents lipid antigens suggest that defects in these mechanisms could contribute to the activities of CD1-reactive T cells. Thus, improving our understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new and effective therapeutic approaches to CD1-associated diseases. In this review, we discuss the CD1-mediated antigen presentation system and its roles in mucosal tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Farquhar R, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Rossjohn J, Shahine A. αβ T-cell receptor recognition of self-phosphatidylinositol presented by CD1b. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102849. [PMID: 36587766 PMCID: PMC9900620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 glycoproteins present lipid-based antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs). A role for CD1b in T-cell-mediated autoreactivity was proposed when it was established that CD1b can present self-phospholipids with short alkyl chains (∼C34) to T cells; however, the structural characteristics of this presentation and recognition are unclear. Here, we report the 1.9 Å resolution binary crystal structure of CD1b presenting a self-phosphatidylinositol-C34:1 and an endogenous scaffold lipid. Moreover, we also determined the 2.4 Å structure of CD1b-phosphatidylinositol complexed to an autoreactive αβ TCR, BC8B. We show that the TCR docks above CD1b and directly contacts the presented antigen, selecting for both the phosphoinositol headgroup and glycerol neck region via antigen remodeling within CD1b and allowing lateral escape of the inositol moiety through a channel formed by the TCR α-chain. Furthermore, through alanine scanning mutagenesis and surface plasmon resonance, we identified key CD1b residues mediating this interaction, with Glu-80 abolishing TCR binding. We in addition define a role for both CD1b α1 and CD1b α2 molecular domains in modulating this interaction. These findings suggest that the BC8B TCR contacts both the presented phospholipid and the endogenous scaffold lipid via a dual mechanism of corecognition. Taken together, these data expand our understanding into the molecular mechanisms of CD1b-mediated T-cell autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Farquhar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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6
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Monnot GC, Wegrecki M, Cheng TY, Chen YL, Sallee BN, Chakravarthy R, Karantza IM, Tin SY, Khaleel AE, Monga I, Uwakwe LN, Tillman A, Cheng B, Youssef S, Ng SW, Shahine A, Garcia-Vilas JA, Uhlemann AC, Bordone LA, Han A, Rohde CH, Ogg G, Moody DB, Rossjohn J, de Jong A. Staphylococcal phosphatidylglycerol antigens activate human T cells via CD1a. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:110-122. [PMID: 36550321 PMCID: PMC10389259 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Expressed on epidermal Langerhans cells, CD1a presents a range of self-lipid antigens found within the skin; however, the extent to which CD1a presents microbial ligands from bacteria colonizing the skin is unclear. Here we identified CD1a-dependent T cell responses to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), a ubiquitous bacterial membrane phospholipid, as well as to lysylPG, a modified PG, present in several Gram-positive bacteria and highly abundant in Staphylococcus aureus. The crystal structure of the CD1a-PG complex showed that the acyl chains were buried within the A'- and F'-pockets of CD1a, while the phosphoglycerol headgroup remained solvent exposed in the F'-portal and was available for T cell receptor contact. Using lysylPG and PG-loaded CD1a tetramers, we identified T cells in peripheral blood and in skin that respond to these lipids in a dose-dependent manner. Tetramer+CD4+ T cell lines secreted type 2 helper T cell cytokines in response to phosphatidylglycerols as well as to co-cultures of CD1a+ dendritic cells and Staphylococcus bacteria. The expansion in patients with atopic dermatitis of CD4+ CD1a-(lysyl)PG tetramer+ T cells suggests a response to lipids made by bacteria associated with atopic dermatitis and provides a link supporting involvement of PG-based lipid-activated T cells in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwennaëlle C Monnot
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brigitte N Sallee
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reka Chakravarthy
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ioanna Maria Karantza
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shin Yi Tin
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra E Khaleel
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isha Monga
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Uwakwe
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Tillman
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Microbiome and Pathogen Genomics Core, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soundos Youssef
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soo Weei Ng
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier A Garcia-Vilas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Microbiome and Pathogen Genomics Core, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lindsey A Bordone
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arnold Han
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine H Rohde
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graham Ogg
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Annemieke de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Di Cara F, Savary S, Kovacs WJ, Kim P, Rachubinski RA. The peroxisome: an up-and-coming organelle in immunometabolism. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:70-86. [PMID: 35788297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential metabolic organelles, well known for their roles in the metabolism of complex lipids and reactive ionic species. In the past 10 years, peroxisomes have also been cast as central regulators of immunity. Lipid metabolites of peroxisomes, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are precursors for important immune mediators, including leukotrienes (LTs) and resolvins. Peroxisomal redox metabolism modulates cellular immune signaling such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. Additionally, peroxisomal β-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis control the development and aspects of the activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Finally, peroxisome number and metabolic activity have been linked to inflammatory diseases. These discoveries have opened avenues of investigation aimed at targeting peroxisomes for therapeutic intervention in immune disorders, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cara
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Werner J Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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8
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Gairola A, Benjamin A, Weatherston JD, Cirillo JD, Wu HJ. Recent Developments in Drug Delivery for Treatment of Tuberculosis by Targeting Macrophages. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022; 5:2100193. [PMID: 36203881 PMCID: PMC9531895 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the greatest public health and safety concerns in the 21st century, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes TB, infects alveolar macrophages and uses these cells as one of its primary sites of replication. The current TB treatment regimen, which consist of chemotherapy involving a combination of 3-4 antimicrobials for a duration of 6-12 months, is marked with significant side effects, toxicity, and poor compliance. Targeted drug delivery offers a strategy that could overcome many of the problems of current TB treatment by specifically targeting infected macrophages. Recent advances in nanotechnology and material science have opened an avenue to explore drug carriers that actively and passively target macrophages. This approach can increase the drug penetration into macrophages by using ligands on the nanocarrier that interact with specific receptors for macrophages. This review encompasses the recent development of drug carriers specifically targeting macrophages actively and passively. Future directions and challenges associated with development of effective TB treatment is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Gairola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron Benjamin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua D Weatherston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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9
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Genardi S, Morgun E, Wang CR. CD1-Restricted T Cells in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:768-773. [PMID: 34130802 PMCID: PMC8665943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity results from the breaking of immune tolerance, leading to inflammation and pathology. Although well studied in the conventional T-cell field, the role of nonconventional T cells in autoimmunity is less understood. CD1-restricted T cells recognize lipid antigens rather than peptide antigens and have been implicated in various autoimmune skin conditions, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In this review, we will discuss the self-lipids that CD1-restricted T cells recognize and how these T cells become aberrantly regulated in pathogenic skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Genardi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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10
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Chancellor A, Vacchini A, De Libero G. MR1, an immunological periscope of cellular metabolism. Int Immunol 2021; 34:141-147. [PMID: 34718585 PMCID: PMC8865192 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule 1 (MR1) presents microbial antigens to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells was a significant scientific milestone in the last decade. Surveillance for foreign metabolically derived antigens added a new class of target structures for immune recognition. The recent identification of a second family of MR1-restricted T cells, called MR1T cells, which show self-reactivity suggests the microbial antigens characterized so far may only represent a handful of the potential structures presented by MR1. Furthermore, the reactivity of MR1T cells towards tumours and not healthy cells indicates tight regulation in the generation of self-antigens and in MR1 expression and antigen loading. These novel and exciting observations invite consideration of new perspectives of MR1-restricted antigen presentation and its wider role within immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Vacchini
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University of Basel and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Gherardin NA, Redmond SJ, McWilliam HEG, Almeida CF, Gourley KHA, Seneviratna R, Li S, De Rose R, Ross FJ, Nguyen-Robertson CV, Su S, Ritchie ME, Villadangos JA, Moody DB, Pellicci DG, Uldrich AP, Godfrey DI. CD36 family members are TCR-independent ligands for CD1 antigen-presenting molecules. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/60/eabg4176. [PMID: 34172588 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD1c presents lipid-based antigens to CD1c-restricted T cells, which are thought to be a major component of the human T cell pool. However, the study of CD1c-restricted T cells is hampered by the presence of an abundantly expressed, non-T cell receptor (TCR) ligand for CD1c on blood cells, confounding analysis of TCR-mediated CD1c tetramer staining. Here, we identified the CD36 family (CD36, SR-B1, and LIMP-2) as ligands for CD1c, CD1b, and CD1d proteins and showed that CD36 is the receptor responsible for non-TCR-mediated CD1c tetramer staining of blood cells. Moreover, CD36 blockade clarified tetramer-based identification of CD1c-restricted T cells and improved identification of CD1b- and CD1d-restricted T cells. We used this technique to characterize CD1c-restricted T cells ex vivo and showed diverse phenotypic features, TCR repertoire, and antigen-specific subsets. Accordingly, this work will enable further studies into the biology of CD1 and human CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Samuel J Redmond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine H A Gourley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca Seneviratna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona J Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catriona V Nguyen-Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shian Su
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity, and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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13
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Gao Y, Lu J, Bao X, Yi X, Peng C, Chen W, Zhen T, Shi Y, Xing K, Zhu S, Ding Y. Inhibition of phospholipases suppresses progression of psoriasis through modulation of inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1253-1262. [PMID: 33641447 PMCID: PMC8371307 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221993424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism is regarded as a crucial cause of psoriasis. The specific mechanism of how phospholipase PLA2G4B mediates local immune dysfunction and skin lesions remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms of anti-psoriasis and immune suppression effect by inhibiting PLA2G4B in psoriasis progression. We successfully transfected si-PLA2G4B in a murine keratinocyte cell-line PAM212 to verify the effect of progression by PLA2G4B. The Imiquimod psoriasis mouse model was then successfully constructed, followed by emulsion wrapped PLA2G4B-siRNA applied to the skin lesions. The phenotype, pathology, immunofluorescence staining of PLA2G4B, IL17, CD3, and CD1b, and bulk transcriptome analysis were performed to decipher the effect and mechanism of si-PLA2G4B. Interfering with PLA2G4B significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PAM212. The interference of PLA2G4B in vivo showed a therapeutic effect on psoriasis, comparable to that of betamethasone. The phenotype and pathology revealed reduced keratinocytes in the si-PLA2G4B group compared to the model mice. Immunofluorescence showed that CD1b, CD3+ T cells, and IL17 were suppressed in the skin lesions. RNA-seq and deconvolution revealed that immune cells such as myeloid dendritic cell and T cell CD8+ naive were inactivated. Th17 reduce the release of inflammatory factors such as IL17 and IL36. Pathway analysis revealed the potential therapeutic mechanism involved in the inhibition of sphingolipid or ceramide secretion. This study verified the anti-psoriatic effect of using si-PLA2G4B. The immune response was alleviated after administration. This phospholipase inhibition-based therapy sheds light on the pharmaceutical potential against psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Jiajing Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Xunxia Bao
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuemei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Chen Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | | | - Yong Shi
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | | | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yangfeng Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
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14
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Novel Molecular Insights into Human Lipid-Mediated T Cell Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052617. [PMID: 33807663 PMCID: PMC7961386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells represent a critical arm of our immune defense against pathogens. Over the past two decades, considerable inroads have been made in understanding the fundamental principles underpinning the molecular presentation of peptide-based antigens by the Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules (MHC-I and II), and their molecular recognition by specialized subsets of T cells. However, some T cells can recognize lipid-based antigens presented by MHC-I-like molecules that belong to the Cluster of Differentiation 1 (CD1) family. Here, we will review the advances that have been made in the last five years to understand the molecular mechanisms orchestrating the presentation of novel endogenous and exogenous lipid-based antigens by the CD1 glycoproteins and their recognition by specific populations of CD1-reactive T cells.
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15
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Ween MP, White JB, Tran HB, Mukaro V, Jones C, Macowan M, Hodge G, Trim PJ, Snel MF, Hodge SJ. The role of oxidised self-lipids and alveolar macrophage CD1b expression in COPD. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4106. [PMID: 33602992 PMCID: PMC7892841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells are increased, and their phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AM) is decreased alongside bacterial phagocytosis. Epithelial cellular lipids, including those exposed on uncleared apoptotic bodies, can become oxidized, and may be recognized and presented as non-self by antigen presenting cells. CD1b is a lipid-presenting protein, previously only described in dendritic cells. We investigated whether CD1b is upregulated in COPD AM, and whether lipid oxidation products are found in the airways of cigarette smoke (CS) exposed mice. We also characterise CD1b for the first time in a range of macrophages and assess CD1b expression and phagocytic function in response to oxidised lipid. Bronchoalveolar lavage and exhaled breath condensate were collected from never-smoker, current-smoker, and COPD patients and AM CD1b expression and airway 8-isoprostane levels assessed. Malondialdehyde was measured in CS-exposed mouse airways by confocal/immunofluorescence. Oxidation of lipids produced from CS-exposed 16HBE14o- (HBE) bronchial epithelial cells was assessed by spectrophotometry and changes in lipid classes assessed by mass spectrometry. 16HBE cell toxicity was measured by flow cytometry as was phagocytosis, CD1b expression, HLA class I/II, and mannose receptor (MR) in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM). AM CD1b was significantly increased in COPD smokers (4.5 fold), COPD ex-smokers (4.3 fold), and smokers (3.9 fold), and AM CD1b significantly correlated with disease severity (FEV1) and smoking pack years. Airway 8-isoprostane also increased in smokers and COPD smokers and ex-smokers. Malondialdehyde was significantly increased in the bronchial epithelium of CS-exposed mice (MFI of 18.18 vs 23.50 for control). Oxidised lipid was produced from CS-exposed bronchial epithelial cells (9.8-fold of control) and showed a different overall lipid makeup to that of control total cellular lipid. This oxidised epithelial lipid significantly upregulated MDM CD1b, caused bronchial epithelial cell toxicity, and reduced MDM phagocytic capacity and MR in a dose dependent manner. Increased levels of oxidised lipids in the airways of COPD patients may be responsible for reduced phagocytosis and may become a self-antigen to be presented by CD1b on macrophages to perpetuate disease progression despite smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda P Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Jake B White
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hai B Tran
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Violet Mukaro
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles Jones
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew Macowan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gregory Hodge
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marten F Snel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra J Hodge
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Reijneveld JF, Holzheimer M, Young DC, Lopez K, Suliman S, Jimenez J, Calderon R, Lecca L, Murray MB, Ishikawa E, Yamasaki S, Minnaard AJ, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. Synthetic mycobacterial diacyl trehaloses reveal differential recognition by human T cell receptors and the C-type lectin Mincle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2010. [PMID: 33479373 PMCID: PMC7820438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is composed of diverse glycolipids which potentially interact with the human immune system. To overcome difficulties in obtaining pure compounds from bacterial extracts, we recently synthesized three forms of mycobacterial diacyltrehalose (DAT) that differ in their fatty acid composition, DAT1, DAT2, and DAT3. To study the potential recognition of DATs by human T cells, we treated the lipid-binding antigen presenting molecule CD1b with synthetic DATs and looked for T cells that bound the complex. DAT1- and DAT2-treated CD1b tetramers were recognized by T cells, but DAT3-treated CD1b tetramers were not. A T cell line derived using CD1b-DAT2 tetramers showed that there is no cross-reactivity between DATs in an IFN-γ release assay, suggesting that the chemical structure of the fatty acid at the 3-position determines recognition by T cells. In contrast with the lack of recognition of DAT3 by human T cells, DAT3, but not DAT1 or DAT2, activates Mincle. Thus, we show that the mycobacterial lipid DAT can be both an antigen for T cells and an agonist for the innate Mincle receptor, and that small chemical differences determine recognition by different parts of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F Reijneveld
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David C Young
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kattya Lopez
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Megan B Murray
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Morgun E, Cao L, Wang CR. Role of Group 1 CD1-Restricted T Cells in Host Defense and Inflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:1-21. [PMID: 35381140 PMCID: PMC10128144 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells are members of the unconventional T cell family that recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c molecules. Although they developmentally mirror invariant natural killer T cells, they have diverse antigen specificity and functional capacity, with both anti-microbial and autoreactive targets. The role of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells has been best established in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in which a wide variety of lipid antigens have been identified and their ability to confer protection against Mtb infection in a CD1 transgenic mouse model has been shown. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have also been implicated in other infections, inflammatory conditions, and malignancies. In particular, autoreactive group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have been shown to play a role in several skin inflammatory conditions. The prevalence of group 1 CD1 autoreactive T cells in healthy individuals suggests the presence of regulatory mechanisms to suppress autoreactivity in homeostasis. The more recent use of group 1 CD1 tetramers and mouse models has allowed for better characterization of their phenotype, functional capacity, and underlying mechanisms of antigen-specific and autoreactive activation. These discoveries may pave the way for the development of novel vaccines and immunotherapies that target group 1 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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18
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Animal models for human group 1 CD1 protein function. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:159-163. [PMID: 33384157 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 antigen presenting system is evolutionary conserved and found in mammals, birds and reptiles. Humans express five isoforms, of which CD1a, CD1b and CD1c represent the group 1 CD1-molecules. They are recognized by T cells that express diverse αβ-T cell receptors. Investigation of the role of group 1 CD1 function has been hampered by the fact that CD1a, CD1b and CD1c are not expressed by mice. However, other animals, such as guinea pigs or cattle, serve as alternative models and have established basic aspects of CD1-dependent, antimicrobial immune functions. Group 1 CD1 transgenic mouse models became available about ten years ago. In a series of seminal studies these mouse models coined the mechanistical understanding of the role of the corresponding CD1 restricted T cell responses. This review gives a short overview of available animal studies and the lessons that have been and still can be learned.
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19
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The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system. Biochem J 2020; 477:1983-2006. [PMID: 32470138 PMCID: PMC7261415 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease, with a mortality rate of over a million people per year. This pathogen's remarkable resilience and infectivity is largely due to its unique waxy cell envelope, 40% of which comprises complex lipids. Therefore, an understanding of the structure and function of the cell wall lipids is of huge indirect clinical significance. This review provides a synopsis of the cell envelope and the major lipids contained within, including structure, biosynthesis and roles in pathogenesis.
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20
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Zhao Y, Wei W, Liu ML. Extracellular vesicles and lupus nephritis - New insights into pathophysiology and clinical implications. J Autoimmun 2020; 115:102540. [PMID: 32893081 PMCID: PMC9107953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major cause for overall morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), while its pathogenic mechanisms are still not well understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles that are released from almost all cell types. EVs can be subdivided into exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Latest studies have shown that EVs can be released during several cellular events, including cell activation, autophagy, and several types of programed cell death, i.e. apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and NETosis. Emerging evidence demonstrates that EVs harbor different bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, cytokines, immune complexes (ICs), complements, and other molecules, some of which may contribute to pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. EVs can serve as novel information shuttle to mediate local autocrine or paracrine signals to nearby cells, and distant endocrine signals to cells located far away. In LN, EVs may have pathogenic effects by transportation of autoantigens or complements, promotion of IC deposition or complement activation, and stimulation of inflammatory responses, renal tissue injury, or microthrombus formation. Additionally, EVs released from kidney cells may serve as specific biomarkers for diagnosis or monitoring of disease activity and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress about EV generation from basic research, their potential pathologic effects on LN, and their clinical implications. The cutting-edge knowledge about EV research provides insights into novel therapeutic strategy, new tools for diagnosis or prognosis, and evaluation approaches for treatment effectiveness in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China.
| | - Ming-Lin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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21
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Abstract
γδ T cells form an abundant part of the human cellular immune system, where they respond to tissue damage, infection, and cancer. The spectrum of known molecular targets recognized by Vδ1-expressing γδ T cells is becoming increasingly diverse. Here we describe human γδ T cells that recognize CD1b, a lipid antigen-presenting molecule, which is inducibly expressed on monocytes and dendritic cells. Using CD1b tetramers to study multiple donors, we found that many CD1b-specific γδ T cells use Vδ1. Despite their common use of Vδ1, three CD1b-specific γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) showed clear differences in the surface of CD1b recognized, the requirement for lipid antigens, and corecognition of butryophilin-like proteins. Several Vγ segments were present among the CD1b-specific TCRs, but chain swap experiments demonstrated that CD1b specificity was mediated by the Vδ1 chain. One of the CD1b-specific Vδ1+ TCRs paired with Vγ4 and shows dual reactivity to CD1b and butyrophilin-like proteins. αβ TCRs typically recognize the peptide display platform of MHC proteins. In contrast, our results demonstrate the use of rearranged receptors to mediate diverse modes of recognition across the surface of CD1b in ways that do and do not require carried lipids.
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22
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Shepherd FR, McLaren JE. T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6144. [PMID: 32858901 PMCID: PMC7504484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T cells, along with unconventional αβ or γδ T cells, respond to bacterial antigens to orchestrate persisting protective immune responses and generate immunological memory. Research in the past ten years accelerated our knowledge of how T cells recognize bacterial antigens and how many bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to evade host antimicrobial immune responses. Such escape mechanisms act to corrupt the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, potentially tipping the balance of host immune responses toward pathological rather than protective. This review examines the latest developments in our knowledge of how T cell immunity responds to bacterial pathogens and evaluates some of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade such T cell immunosurveillance, to promote virulence and survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E. McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
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23
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Ogongo P, Steyn AJ, Karim F, Dullabh KJ, Awala I, Madansein R, Leslie A, Behar SM. Differential skewing of donor-unrestricted and γδ T cell repertoires in tuberculosis-infected human lungs. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:214-230. [PMID: 31763997 PMCID: PMC6934215 DOI: 10.1172/jci130711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional T cells that recognize mycobacterial antigens are of great interest as potential vaccine targets against tuberculosis (TB). This includes donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs), such as mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAITs), CD1-restricted T cells, and γδ T cells. We exploited the distinctive nature of DURTs and γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) to investigate the involvement of these T cells during TB in the human lung by global TCR sequencing. Making use of surgical lung resections, we investigated the distribution, frequency, and characteristics of TCRs in lung tissue and matched blood from individuals infected with TB. Despite depletion of MAITs and certain CD1-restricted T cells from the blood, we found that the DURT repertoire was well preserved in the lungs, irrespective of disease status or HIV coinfection. The TCRδ repertoire, in contrast, was highly skewed in the lungs, where it was dominated by Vδ1 and distinguished by highly localized clonal expansions, consistent with the nonrecirculating lung-resident γδ T cell population. These data show that repertoire sequencing is a powerful tool for tracking T cell subsets during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute and.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Kaylesh J Dullabh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ismael Awala
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute and.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Sharma M, Zhang S, Niu L, Lewinsohn DM, Zhang X, Huang S. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Develop an Innate-Like Transcriptomic Program in Anti-mycobacterial Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1136. [PMID: 32582206 PMCID: PMC7295940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional T cells exhibit a delayed response to the initial priming of peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Unlike conventional T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells quickly respond to non-peptidic metabolite antigens presented by MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). To elucidate the MR1-dependent activation program of MAIT cells in response to mycobacterial infections, we determined the surface markers, transcriptomic profiles, and effector responses of activated human MAIT cells. Results revealed that mycobacterial-incubated antigen-presenting cells stimulated abundant human CD8+ MAIT cells to upregulate the co-expression of CD69 and CD26, as a combinatorial activation marker. Further transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that CD69+CD26++ CD8+MAIT cells highly expressed numerous genes for mediating anti-mycobacterial immune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, cytolytic molecules, NK cell receptors, and transcription factors, in contrast to inactivated counterparts CD69+/−CD26+/− CD8+MAIT cells. Gene co-expression, enrichment, and pathway analyses yielded high statistical significance to strongly support that activated CD8+ MAIT cells shared gene expression and numerous pathways with NK and CD8+ T cells in activation, cytokine production, cytokine signaling, and effector functions. Flow cytometry detected that activated CD8+MAIT cells produced TNFα, IFNγ, and granulysin to inhibit mycobacterial growth and fight mycobacterial infection. Together, results strongly support that the combinatorial activation marker CD69+CD26++ labels the activated CD8+MAIT cells that develop an innate-like activation program in anti-mycobacterial immune responses. We speculate that the rapid production of anti-mycobacterial effector molecules facilitates MAIT cells to fight early mycobacterial infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sharma
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shuangmin Zhang
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Liang Niu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Genomics, Epigenomics and Sequencing Core, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shouxiong Huang
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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25
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Kuyukina MS, Kochina OA, Gein SV, Ivshina IB, Chereshnev VA. Mechanisms of Immunomodulatory and Membranotropic Activity of Trehalolipid Biosurfactants (a Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Tezera LB, Mansour S, Elkington P. Reconsidering the Optimal Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:407-413. [PMID: 31657633 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1506pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liku B Tezera
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and
| | - Salah Mansour
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elkington
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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27
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Visvabharathy L, Genardi S, Cao L, He Y, Alonzo F, Berdyshev E, Wang CR. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells contribute to control of systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008443. [PMID: 32343740 PMCID: PMC7188215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is the causative agent of both skin/soft tissue infections as well as invasive bloodstream infections. Though vaccines have been developed to target both humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against SA, they have largely failed due to lack of protective efficacy. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells recognize lipid rather than peptide antigens. Previously found to recognize lipids derived from cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), these cells were associated with protection against Mtb infection in humans. Using a transgenic mouse model expressing human group 1 CD1 molecules (hCD1Tg), we demonstrate that group 1 CD1-restricted T cells can recognize SA-derived lipids in both immunization and infection settings. Systemic infection of hCD1Tg mice showed that SA-specific group 1 CD1-restricted T cell response peaked at 10 days post-infection, and hCD1Tg mice displayed significantly decreased kidney pathology at this time point compared with WT control mice. Immunodominant SA lipid antigens recognized by group 1 CD1-restricted T cells were comprised mainly of cardiolipin and phosphatidyl glycerol, with little contribution from lysyl-phosphatidyl glycerol which is a unique bacterial lipid not present in mammals. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cell lines specific for SA lipids also conferred protection against SA infection in the kidney after adoptive transfer. They were further able to effectively control SA replication in vitro through direct antigen presentation by group 1 CD1-expressing BMDCs. Together, our data demonstrate a previously unknown role for group 1 CD1-restricted SA lipid-specific T cells in the control of systemic MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Samantha Genardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ying He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States of America
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
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28
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Szentpetery A, Haroon M, FitzGerald O. Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Psoriatic Disease. Rheumatol Ther 2020; 7:5-17. [PMID: 31813119 PMCID: PMC7021890 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-019-00185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic disease (PsD) is a multisystem inflammatory disorder with a high prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors contributing to accelerated atherosclerosis and its sequelae. Imaging studies, notably with ultrasound, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning have confirmed significant atherosclerotic change with plaque formation and vessel stenosis. Atherosclerosis is likely driven by a combination of traditional risk factors which occur more frequently in PsD and by systemic inflammation with associated pro-inflammatory cytokine production. While the mechanisms driving atherosclerosis in PsD are incompletely understood, it is now best practice to try to minimize the impact of CV risk factors by regular assessment, prevention, and treatment and also by ensuring that inflammatory musculoskeletal and cutaneous disease is adequately suppressed. Future studies need to focus on improving our understanding of the mechanisms driving atherosclerosis and, as a consequence, developing more rationale approaches to prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Szentpetery
- Department of Rheumatology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- Department of Rheumatology, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Oliver FitzGerald
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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29
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Lopez K, Iwany SK, Suliman S, Reijneveld JF, Ocampo TA, Jimenez J, Calderon R, Lecca L, Murray MB, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. CD1b Tetramers Broadly Detect T Cells That Correlate With Mycobacterial Exposure but Not Tuberculosis Disease State. Front Immunol 2020; 11:199. [PMID: 32117314 PMCID: PMC7033476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-polymorphic nature of CD1 proteins creates a situation in which T cells with invariant T cell receptors (TCRs), like CD1d-specific NKT cells, are present in all humans. CD1b is an abundant protein on human dendritic cells that presents M. tuberculosis (Mtb) lipid antigens to T cells. Analysis of T cell clones suggested that semi-invariant TCRs exist in the CD1b system, but their prevalence in humans is not known. Here we used CD1b tetramers loaded with mycolic acid or glucose monomycolate to study polyclonal T cells from 150 Peruvian subjects. We found that CD1b tetramers loaded with mycolic acid or glucose monomycolate antigens stained TRAV1-2+ GEM T cells or TRBV4-1+ LDN5-like T cells in the majority of subjects tested, at rates ~10-fold lower than NKT cells. Thus, GEM T cells and LDN5-like T cells are a normal part of the human immune system. Unlike prior studies measuring MHC- or CD1b-mediated activation, this large-scale tetramer study found no significant differences in rates of CD1b tetramer-mycobacterial lipid staining of T cells among subjects with Mtb exposure, latent Mtb infection or active tuberculosis (TB) disease. In all subjects, including “uninfected” subjects, CD1b tetramer+ T cells expressed memory markers at high levels. However, among controls with lower mycobacterial antigen exposure in Boston, we found significantly lower frequencies of T cells staining with CD1b tetramers loaded with mycobacterial lipids. These data link CD1b-specific T cell detection to mycobacterial exposure, but not TB disease status, which potentially explains differences in outcomes among CD1-based clinical studies, which used control subjects with low Mtb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattya Lopez
- Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah K Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Josephine F Reijneveld
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tonatiuh A Ocampo
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Megan B Murray
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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30
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Reinink P, Shahine A, Gras S, Cheng TY, Farquhar R, Lopez K, Suliman SA, Reijneveld JF, Le Nours J, Tan LL, León SR, Jimenez J, Calderon R, Lecca L, Murray MB, Rossjohn J, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. A TCR β-Chain Motif Biases toward Recognition of Human CD1 Proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3395-3406. [PMID: 31694911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput TCR sequencing allows interrogation of the human TCR repertoire, potentially connecting TCR sequences to antigenic targets. Unlike the highly polymorphic MHC proteins, monomorphic Ag-presenting molecules such as MR1, CD1d, and CD1b present Ags to T cells with species-wide TCR motifs. CD1b tetramer studies and a survey of the 27 published CD1b-restricted TCRs demonstrated a TCR motif in humans defined by the TCR β-chain variable gene 4-1 (TRBV4-1) region. Unexpectedly, TRBV4-1 was involved in recognition of CD1b regardless of the chemical class of the carried lipid. Crystal structures of two CD1b-specific TRBV4-1+ TCRs show that germline-encoded residues in CDR1 and CDR3 regions of TRBV4-1-encoded sequences interact with each other and consolidate the surface of the TCR. Mutational studies identified a key positively charged residue in TRBV4-1 and a key negatively charged residue in CD1b that is shared with CD1c, which is also recognized by TRBV4-1 TCRs. These data show that one TCR V region can mediate a mechanism of recognition of two related monomorphic Ag-presenting molecules that does not rely on a defined lipid Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reinink
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rachel Farquhar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kattya Lopez
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Socios en Salud Sucursal Peru, 15001 Lima, Peru
| | - Sara A Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Josephine F Reijneveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Li Lynn Tan
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; .,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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31
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Díaz C, Pérez del Palacio J, Valero-Guillén PL, Mena García P, Pérez I, Vicente F, Martín C, Genilloud O, Sánchez Pozo A, Gonzalo-Asensio J. Comparative Metabolomics between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the MTBVAC Vaccine Candidate. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1317-1326. [PMID: 31099236 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MTBVAC is a live attenuated M. tuberculosis vaccine constructed by genetic deletions in the phoP and fadD26 virulence genes. The MTBVAC vaccine is currently in phase 2 clinical trials with newborns and adults in South Africa, one of the countries with the highest incidence. Although MTBVAC has been extensively characterized by genomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, its metabolomic profile is yet unknown. Accordingly, in this study we aim to identify differential metabolites between M. tuberculosis and MTBVAC. To this end, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was implemented in order to explore the main metabolic differences between M. tuberculosis and MTBVAC. As an outcome, we identified a set of 34 metabolites involved in diverse bacterial biosynthetic pathways. A consistent increase in the phosphatidylinositol species was observed in the vaccine candidate relative to its parental strain. This phenotype resulted in an increased production of phosphatidylinositol mannosides, a novel PhoP-regulated phenotype in the most widespread lineages of M. tuberculosis. This study represents a step ahead in our understanding of the MTBVAC vaccine, and some of the differential metabolites identified in this work might be used as potential vaccination biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - José Pérez del Palacio
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Luis Valero-Guillén
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Mena García
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Pérez
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez Pozo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Gonzalo-Asensio
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón,
C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50019 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), C/Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I + D, Campus Río Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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32
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Ogg G, Cerundolo V, McMichael AJ. Capturing the antigen landscape: HLA-E, CD1 and MR1. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:121-129. [PMID: 31445404 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of antigens presented by relatively non-polymorphic MHC-like molecules is emerging as a significant contributor to health and disease. These evolutionarily ancient pathways have been inappropriately labelled 'non-conventional' because their roles were discovered after viral-specific peptide presentation by polymorphic MHC class I molecules. We suggest that these pathways are complementary to mainstream peptide presentation. HLA-E, CD1 and MR1 can present diverse self and foreign antigens to TCRs and therefore contribute to tissue homeostasis, pathogen defence, inflammation and immune responses to cancer. Despite presenting different classes of antigens, they share many features and are under common selective pressures. Through understanding their roles in disease, therapeutic manipulation for disease prevention and treatment should become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, UK.
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33
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Tong W, Maira M, Roychoudhury R, Galan A, Brahimi F, Gilbert M, Cunningham AM, Josephy S, Pirvulescu I, Moffett S, Saragovi HU. Vaccination with Tumor-Ganglioside Glycomimetics Activates a Selective Immunity that Affords Cancer Therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1013-1026.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Reinink P, Souter MNT, Cheng TY, van Gorkom T, Lenz S, Kubler-Kielb J, Strle K, Kremer K, Thijsen SFT, Steere AC, Godfrey DI, Pellicci DG, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. CD1b presents self and Borrelia burgdorferi diacylglycerols to human T cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:737-746. [PMID: 30854633 PMCID: PMC6594241 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease is a common multisystem disease caused by infection with a tick‐transmitted spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi and related Borrelia species. The monoglycosylated diacylglycerol known as B. burgdorferi glycolipid II (BbGL‐II) is a major target of antibodies in sera from infected individuals. Here, we show that CD1b presents BbGL‐II to human T cells and that the TCR mediates the recognition. However, we did not detect increased frequency of CD1b‐BbGL‐II binding T cells in the peripheral blood of Lyme disease patients compared to controls. Unexpectedly, mapping the T cell specificity for BbGL‐II‐like molecules using tetramers and activation assays revealed a concomitant response to CD1b‐expressing APCs in absence of BbGL‐II. Further, among all major classes of self‐lipid tested, BbGL‐II responsive TCRs show strong cross‐reactivity to diacylglycerol, a self‐lipid antigen with structural similarities to BbGL‐II. Extending prior work on MHC and CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d proteins, this study provides evidence for cross‐reactive CD1b‐restricted T cell responses to bacterial and self‐antigens, and identifies chemically defined targets for future discovery of self and foreign antigen cross‐reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reinink
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael N T Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamara van Gorkom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Kubler-Kielb
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Klemen Strle
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Kremer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven F T Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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A T-cell receptor escape channel allows broad T-cell response to CD1b and membrane phospholipids. Nat Commun 2019; 10:56. [PMID: 30610190 PMCID: PMC6320368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1 proteins are expressed on dendritic cells, where they display lipid antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs). Here we describe T-cell autoreactivity towards ubiquitous human membrane phospholipids presented by CD1b. These T-cells discriminate between two major types of lipids, sphingolipids and phospholipids, but were broadly cross-reactive towards diverse phospholipids including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The crystal structure of a representative TCR bound to CD1b-phosphatidylcholine provides a molecular mechanism for this promiscuous recognition. We observe a lateral escape channel in the TCR, which shunted phospholipid head groups sideways along the CD1b-TCR interface, without contacting the TCR. Instead the TCR recognition site involved the neck region phosphate that is common to all major self-phospholipids but absent in sphingolipids. Whereas prior studies have focused on foreign lipids or rare self-lipids, we define a new molecular mechanism of promiscuous recognition of common self-phospholipids including those that are known targets in human autoimmune disease.
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36
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Godfrey DI, Le Nours J, Andrews DM, Uldrich AP, Rossjohn J. Unconventional T Cell Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immunity 2018; 48:453-473. [PMID: 29562195 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on the immunotherapeutic potential of T cells have focused on CD8 and CD4 T cells that recognize peptide antigens (Ag) presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II molecules, respectively. However, unconventional T cells, which interact with MHC class Ib and MHC-I like molecules, are also implicated in tumor immunity, although their role therein is unclear. These include unconventional T cells targeting MHC class Ib molecules such as HLA-E and its murine ortholog Qa-1b, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γδ T cells. Here, we review the current understanding of the roles of these unconventional T cells in tumor immunity and discuss why further studies into the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Shang S, Kats D, Cao L, Morgun E, Velluto D, He Y, Xu Q, Wang CR, Scott EA. Induction of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lipid-Specific T Cell Responses by Pulmonary Delivery of Mycolic Acid-Loaded Polymeric Micellar Nanocarriers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2709. [PMID: 30538700 PMCID: PMC6277542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acid (MA), a major lipid component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cell wall, can be presented by the non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecule CD1b to T cells isolated from Mtb-infected individuals. These MA-specific CD1b-restricted T cells are cytotoxic, produce Th1 cytokines, and form memory populations, suggesting that MA can be explored as a potential subunit vaccine candidate for TB. However, the controlled elicitation of MA-specific T cell responses has been challenging due to difficulties in the targeted delivery of lipid antigens and a lack of suitable animal models. In this study, we generated MA-loaded micellar nanocarriers (MA-Mc) comprised of self-assembled poly(ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide; PEG-PPS) copolymers conjugated to an acid sensitive fluorophore to enhance intracellular delivery of MA to phagocytic immune cells. Using humanized CD1 transgenic (hCD1Tg) mice, we found these nanobiomaterials to be endocytosed by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and localized to lysosomal compartments. Additionally, MA-Mc demonstrated superior efficacy over free MA in activating MA-specific TCR transgenic (DN1) T cells in vitro. Following intranasal immunization, MA-Mc were primarily taken up by alveolar macrophages and DCs in the lung and induced activation and proliferation of adoptively transferred DN1 T cells. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with MA-Mc induced MA-specific T cell responses in the lungs of hCD1Tg mice. Collectively, our data demonstrates that pulmonary delivery of MA via PEG-PPS micelles to DCs can elicit potent CD1b-restricted T cell responses both in vitro and in vivo and MA-Mc could be explored as subunit vaccines against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dina Kats
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Diana Velluto
- Diabetes Research Institute and Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ying He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qichen Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Evan A Scott
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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38
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Shahine A. The intricacies of self-lipid antigen presentation by CD1b. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:27-36. [PMID: 30399491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 family of glycoproteins are MHC class I-like molecules that present a wide array of self and foreign lipid antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs) on T-cells. Humans express three classes of CD1 molecules, denoted as Group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c), Group 2 (CD1d), and Group 3 (CD1e). Of the CD1 family of molecules, CD1b exhibits the largest and most complex antigen binding groove; allowing it the capabilities to present a broad spectrum of lipid antigens. While its role in foreign-lipid presentation in the context of mycobacterial infection are well characterized, understanding the roles of CD1b in autoreactivity are recently being elucidated. While the mechanisms governing proliferation of CD1b-restricted autoreactive T cells, regulation of CD1 gene expression, and the processes controlling CD1+ antigen presenting cell maturation are widely undercharacterized, the exploration of self-lipid antigens in the context of disease have recently come into focus. Furthermore, the recently expanded pool of CD1b crystal structures allow the opportunity to further analyze the molecular mechanisms of T-cell recognition and self-lipid presentation; where the intricacies of the two-compartment system, that accommodate both the presented self-lipid antigen and scaffold lipids, are scrutinized. This review delves into the immunological and molecular mechanisms governing presentation and T-cell recognition of the broad self-lipid repertoire of CD1b; with evidence mounting pointing towards a role in diseases such as microbial infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia.
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39
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Park JS, Kim JH. Role of non-classical T cells in skin immunity. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:286-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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40
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Bagchi S, Genardi S, Wang CR. Linking CD1-Restricted T Cells With Autoimmunity and Dyslipidemia: Lipid Levels Matter. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1616. [PMID: 30061888 PMCID: PMC6055000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, or altered blood lipid content, is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, are correlated highly with dyslipidemia. One common thread between both autoimmune diseases and altered lipid levels is the presence of inflammation, suggesting that the immune system might act as the link between these related pathologies. Deciphering the role of innate and adaptive immune responses in autoimmune diseases and, more recently, obesity-related inflammation, have been active areas of research. The broad picture suggests that antigen-presenting molecules, which present self-peptides to autoreactive T cells, can result in either aggravation or amelioration of inflammation. However, very little is known about the role of self-lipid reactive T cells in dyslipidemia-associated autoimmune events. Given that a range of autoimmune diseases are linked to aberrant lipid profiles and a majority of lipid-specific T cells are reactive to self-antigens, it is important to examine the role of these T cells in dyslipidemia-related autoimmune ailments and determine if dysregulation of these T cells can be drivers of autoimmune conditions. CD1 molecules present lipids to T cells and are divided into two groups based on sequence homology. To date, most of the information available on lipid-reactive T cells comes from the study of group 2 CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells while T cells reactive to group 1 CD1 molecules remain understudied, despite their higher abundance in humans compared to NKT cells. This review evaluates the mechanisms by which CD1-reactive, self-lipid specific T cells contribute to dyslipidemia-associated autoimmune disease progression or amelioration by examining available literature on NKT cells and highlighting recent progress made on the study of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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41
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Shahine A, Van Rhijn I, Cheng TY, Iwany S, Gras S, Moody DB, Rossjohn J. A molecular basis of human T cell receptor autoreactivity toward self-phospholipids. Sci Immunol 2018; 2:2/16/eaao1384. [PMID: 29054999 PMCID: PMC6649662 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell autoreactivity toward lipid antigens presented by CD1 proteins can manifest in numerous diseases, including psoriasis, contact hypersensitivities, and allergies. However, the molecular mechanisms for regulating T cell autoreactivity toward lipid antigens remain unclear. We determined the basis for T cell receptor (TCR) autoreactivity toward CD1b bound to self-phospholipids. The spectrum of self-antigens captured by CD1b skews toward abundant membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. However, TCRs can specifically recognize rare phospholipids, including phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The structure of an autoreactive TCR bound to CD1b-PG shows that discrimination occurs through a marked induced fit movement of PG so that its polar head group fits snugly into the cationic cup of the TCR. Conversely, TCR binding toward ubiquitous self-phospholipids was sterically or electrostatically repelled. Accordingly, we describe a mechanism of TCR autoreactivity toward rare phospholipids and avoidance of autoreactivity to the most abundant self-phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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42
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Lepore M, Mori L, De Libero G. The Conventional Nature of Non-MHC-Restricted T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1365. [PMID: 29963057 PMCID: PMC6010553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition “unconventional T cells” identifies T lymphocytes that recognize non-peptide antigens presented by monomorphic antigen-presenting molecules. Two cell populations recognize lipid antigens and small metabolites presented by CD1 and MR1 molecules, respectively. A third cell population expressing the TCR Vγ9Vδ2 is stimulated by small phosphorylated metabolites. In the recent past, we have learnt a lot about the selection, tissue distribution, gene transcription programs, mode of expansion after antigen recognition, and persistence of these cells. These studies depict their functions in immune homeostasis and diseases. Current investigations are revealing that unconventional T cells include distinct sub-populations, which display unexpected similarities to classical MHC-restricted T cells in terms of TCR repertoire diversity, antigen specificity variety, functional heterogeneity, and naïve-to-memory differentiation dynamic. This review discusses the latest findings with a particular emphasis on these T cells, which appear to be more conventional than previously appreciated, and with the perspective of using CD1 and MR1-restricted T cells in vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lepore
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Al-amodi O, Jodeleit H, Beigel F, Wolf E, Siebeck M, Gropp R. CD1a-Expressing Monocytes as Mediators of Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1225-1236. [PMID: 29788291 PMCID: PMC6176881 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD1a-expressing CD14+ monocytes have been identified as inducers of autoreactive T cells. In this study, the link between inflammatory and metabolic signals and CD1a-expressing monocytes in vitro and in vivo was examined, and CD1a was evaluated as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from UC patients and non-UC donors were incubated with phosphatidylcholine (PC) for 2 and 7 days and subjected to flow cytometric analysis. Triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol levels and frequencies of CD14+ CD1a+ monocytes were determined in a mouse model of UC that is based on NOD/scid IL2Rγnull mice reconstituted with PBMCs from UC patients (NSG-UC). NSG-UC mice were treated with anti-CD1a antibodies. Response to treatment was determined by clinical and histological scores, flow cytometric analysis of human leucocytes from the spleen and colon, and expression levels of TGFß1, HGF, IFNγ, and TARC. RESULTS Incubation of PBMCs with PC resulted in an increase of the frequency of CD1a+ CD14+ monocytes at the expense of CCR2-, CD86-, and TSLPR-expressing CD14+ monocytes. CD1a+ CD14+ monocytes induced the activation of CD4+ T cells and differentiation of Th cells. In vivo, TAG and cholesterol levels increased upon inflammation and correlated positively with CD14+ CD1a+ monocytes. NSG-UC mice benefitted from treatment with anti-CD1a antibodies, as indicated by a reduced histological score and reduced frequencies of CD1a+ CD14+ monocytes in the colon and spleen of mice. CONCLUSION CD1a-expressing monocytes might act as sensors and mediators of inflammation in UC. Mice benefitted from treatment with anti-CD1a antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-amodi
- Department of General- Visceral-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrika Jodeleit
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Beigel
- Department of Medicine II-Grosshadern, Hospital of the LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Siebeck
- Department of General- Visceral-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Gropp
- Department of General- Visceral-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany,Address correspondence to: Roswitha Gropp, PhD, Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Nussbaumstraße 20, 80336 Munich, Germany ()
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44
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Gras S, Van Rhijn I, Shahine A, Le Nours J. Molecular recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1623-1639. [PMID: 29340708 PMCID: PMC6328055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect hosts from pathogens. T cells represent a critical component of the immune system by their engagement in host defence mechanisms against microbial infections. Our knowledge of the molecular recognition by T cells of pathogen-derived peptidic antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins is now well established. However, lipids represent an additional, distinct chemical class of molecules that when presented by the family of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can serve as antigens, and be recognized by specialized subsets of T cells leading to antigen-specific activation. Over the past decades, numerous CD1-presented self- and bacterial lipid-based antigens have been isolated and characterized. However, our understanding at the molecular level of T cell immunity to CD1 molecules presenting microbial lipid-based antigens is still largely unexplored. Here, we review the insights and the molecular basis underpinning the recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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45
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Burugupalli S, Richardson MB, Williams SJ. Total synthesis and mass spectrometric analysis of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphatidylglycerol featuring a two-step synthesis of (R)-tuberculostearic acid. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7422-7429. [PMID: 28831486 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the total synthesis of (R)-tuberculostearic acid-containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The approach features a two-step synthesis of (R)-tuberculostearic acid, involving an (S)-citronellyl bromide linchpin, and the phosphoramidite-assisted assembly of the full PG structure. Collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry of two chemically-synthesized PG acyl regioisomers revealed diagnostic product ions formed by preferential loss of carboxylate at the secondary (sn-2) position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvika Burugupalli
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010.
| | - Mark B Richardson
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010.
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010.
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46
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O'Donnell VB, Rossjohn J, Wakelam MJ. Phospholipid signaling in innate immune cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2670-2679. [PMID: 29683435 DOI: 10.1172/jci97944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids comprise a large body of lipids that define cells and organelles by forming membrane structures. Importantly, their complex metabolism represents a highly controlled cellular signaling network that is essential for mounting an effective innate immune response. Phospholipids in innate cells are subject to dynamic regulation by enzymes, whose activities are highly responsive to activation status. Along with their metabolic products, they regulate multiple aspects of innate immune cell biology, including shape change, aggregation, blood clotting, and degranulation. Phospholipid hydrolysis provides substrates for cell-cell communication, enables regulation of hemostasis, immunity, thrombosis, and vascular inflammation, and is centrally important in cardiovascular disease and associated comorbidities. Phospholipids themselves are also recognized by innate-like T cells, which are considered essential for recognition of infection or cancer, as well as self-antigens. This Review describes the major phospholipid metabolic pathways present in innate immune cells and summarizes the formation and metabolism of phospholipids as well as their emerging roles in cell biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, and.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Wun KS, Reijneveld JF, Cheng TY, Ladell K, Uldrich AP, Le Nours J, Miners KL, McLaren JE, Grant EJ, Haigh OL, Watkins TS, Suliman S, Iwany S, Jimenez J, Calderon R, Tamara KL, Leon SR, Murray MB, Mayfield JA, Altman JD, Purcell AW, Miles JJ, Godfrey DI, Gras S, Price DA, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Rossjohn J. T cell autoreactivity directed toward CD1c itself rather than toward carried self lipids. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:397-406. [PMID: 29531339 PMCID: PMC6475884 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark function of αβ T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) involves the highly specific co-recognition of a major histocompatibility complex molecule and its carried peptide. However, the molecular basis of the interactions of TCRs with the lipid antigen-presenting molecule CD1c is unknown. We identified frequent staining of human T cells with CD1c tetramers across numerous subjects. Whereas TCRs typically show high specificity for antigen, both tetramer binding and autoreactivity occurred with CD1c in complex with numerous, chemically diverse self lipids. Such extreme polyspecificity was attributable to binding of the TCR over the closed surface of CD1c, with the TCR covering the portal where lipids normally protrude. The TCR essentially failed to contact lipids because they were fully seated within CD1c. These data demonstrate the sequestration of lipids within CD1c as a mechanism of autoreactivity and point to small lipid size as a determinant of autoreactive T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok S Wun
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josephine F Reijneveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma J Grant
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Oscar L Haigh
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Thomas S Watkins
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics and Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairn, Australia
| | - Sara Suliman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Iwany
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob A Mayfield
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D Altman
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics and Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairn, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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48
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Chancellor A, Gadola SD, Mansour S. The versatility of the CD1 lipid antigen presentation pathway. Immunology 2018; 154:196-203. [PMID: 29460282 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I like CD1 molecules has an emerging role in human disease. Group 1 CD1 includes CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, which function to display lipids on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells for direct recognition by T-cells. The recent advent of CD1 tetramers and the identification of novel lipid ligands has contributed towards the increasing number of CD1-restricted T-cell clones captured. These advances have helped to identify novel donor unrestricted and semi-invariant T-cell populations in humans and new mechanisms of T-cell recognition. However, although there is an opportunity to design broadly acting lipids and harness the therapeutic potential of conserved T-cells, knowledge of their role in health and disease is lacking. We briefly summarize the current evidence implicating group 1 CD1 molecules in infection, cancer and autoimmunity and show that although CD1 are not as diverse as MHC, recent discoveries highlight their versatility as they exhibit intricate mechanisms of antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephan D Gadola
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK.,F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salah Mansour
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK
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49
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. CD1-Restricted T Cells During Persistent Virus Infections: "Sympathy for the Devil". Front Immunol 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 29616036 PMCID: PMC5868415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the clinically most important viruses persist in the human host after acute infection. In this situation, the host immune system and the viral pathogen attempt to establish an equilibrium. At best, overt disease is avoided. This attempt may fail, however, resulting in eventual loss of viral control or inadequate immune regulation. Consequently, direct virus-induced tissue damage or immunopathology may occur. The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are known to present hydrophobic, primarily lipid antigens. There is ample evidence that both CD1-dependent and CD1-independent mechanisms activate CD1-restricted T cells during persistent virus infections. Sophisticated viral mechanisms subvert these immune responses and help the pathogens to avoid clearance from the host organism. CD1-restricted T cells are not only crucial for the antiviral host defense but may also contribute to tissue damage. This review highlights the two edged role of CD1-restricted T cells in persistent virus infections and summarizes the viral immune evasion mechanisms that target these fascinating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Durack J, Kimes NE, Lin DL, Rauch M, McKean M, McCauley K, Panzer AR, Mar JS, Cabana MD, Lynch SV. Delayed gut microbiota development in high-risk for asthma infants is temporarily modifiable by Lactobacillus supplementation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:707. [PMID: 29453431 PMCID: PMC5816017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction in infancy precedes childhood atopy and asthma development. Here we examined gut microbiota maturation over the first year of life in infants at high risk for asthma (HR), and whether it is modifiable by early-life Lactobacillus supplementation. We performed a longitudinal comparison of stool samples collected from HR infants randomized to daily oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (HRLGG) or placebo (HRP) for 6 months, and healthy (HC) infants. Meconium microbiota of HRP participants is distinct, follows a delayed developmental trajectory, and is primarily glycolytic and depleted of a range of anti-inflammatory lipids at 6 months of age. These deficits are partly rescued in HRLGG infants, but this effect was lost at 12 months of age, 6 months after cessation of supplementation. Thus we show that early-life gut microbial development is distinct, but plastic, in HR infants. Our findings offer a novel strategy for early-life preventative interventions. Gut microbial dysbiosis in infancy is associated with childhood atopy and the development of asthma. Here, the authors show that gut microbiota perturbation is evident in the very earliest stages of postnatal life, continues throughout infancy, and can be partially rescued by Lactobacillus supplementation in high-risk for asthma infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Durack
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nikole E Kimes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Siolta Therapeutics, 953 Indiana Street, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Din L Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Marcus Rauch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Janssen Prevention Center, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Michelle McKean
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn McCauley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ariane R Panzer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jordan S Mar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Genentech, 340 Pt. San Bruno Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael D Cabana
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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